Symmetry, Volume 15, Issue 5

In the extension of Maxwell equations based on the Aharonov–Bohm Lagrangian, the e.m. field has an additional degree of freedom, namely, a scalar field generated by charge and currents that are not locally conserved. We analyze the propagation...

According to BESO’s principle of binarizing continuous design variables and the excellent performance of the standard HPO algorithm in terms of solving continuous optimization problems, a discrete binary Hunter-prey optimization algorithm is in...

A toy model (suggested by Klauder) was analyzed from the perspective of first-class and second-class Dirac constrained systems. First-class constraints are often associated with the existence of important gauge symmetries in a system. A comparison wa...

We developed a new family of optimal eighth-order derivative-free iterative methods for finding simple roots of nonlinear equations based on King’s scheme and Lagrange interpolation. By incorporating four self-accelerating parameters and a weig...

We define a four-dimensional Lie algebra g in this paper and then prove that this Lie algebra is solvable but not nilpotent. Due to the fact that g is a Lie algebra, ∀x,y∈g,[x,y]=−[y,x], that is, the operation [,] has anti symmetry....

In this research paper, we study 3-uniform hypergraphs H=(X,E) with circular symmetry. Two parameters are considered: the largest size α(H) of a set S⊂X not containing any edge E∈E, and the maximum number χ¯(H) of colors in a...

In this paper, we study the existence of the families of odd symmetric periodic solutions in the generalized elliptic Sitnikov (N+1)-body problem for all values of the eccentricity e∈[0,1) using the global continuation method. First, we obtain t...

The notion of background independence is a distinguished feature that should characterize the conceptual foundation of any physically-acceptable theory of quantum gravity. It states that the structure of the space-time continuum described by classica...

In this paper, we use an algebraic approach to classify cylindrically symmetric static spacetimes according to their killing vector fields. This approach is based on using a maple algorithm to re-cast the Killing’s equations into a reduced invo...

In the present work, two SIR patterns with demography will be considered: the classical pattern and a modified pattern with a linear coefficient of the infection transmission. By reformulating of each first-order differential systems as a system with...