This review article is focused on the progress made in the synthesis of 5′-α-P-modified nucleoside triphosphates (α-phosphate mimetics). A variety of α-P-modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPαXYs, Y = O, S; X = S, Se, B...
Nucleoside triphosphates are moldable entities that can easily be functionalized at various locations. The enzymatic polymerization of these modified triphosphate analogues represents a versatile platform for the facile and mild generation of (highly...
This review provides a short account of the chemical synthesis of nucleoside di- and triphosphates on a historical background, together with the use of this class of compounds as potential pronucleotides in anti-HIV therapy.
Recently, KOD and its related DNA polymerases have been used for preparing various modified nucleic acids, including not only base-modified nucleic acids, but also sugar-modified ones, such as bridged/locked nucleic acid (BNA/LNA) which would be prom...
Nucleoside-5′-triphosphates (5′-NTPs) are essential building blocks of nucleic acids in nature and play an important role in molecular biology, diagnostics, and mRNA therapeutic synthesis. Chemical synthesis has long been the standard met...
A general approach is presented for synthesizing alkyne-modified nucleoside triphosphates via the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of unprotected halogenated 2ʹ-deoxynucleoside, followed by monophosphorylation and the reaction of the correspo...
The enzymatic co-polymerization of modified nucleoside triphosphates (dN*TPs and N*TPs) is a versatile method for the expansion and exploration of expanded chemical space in SELEX and related combinatorial methods of in vitro selection. This strategy...
Cid1 protein is a crucial component in the RNA interference pathway and abnormal nuclear RNA turnover processes, primarily responsible for adding uridine to the 3′ end of RNA. Cid1 exhibits selective polymerization of UTP over other nucleoside...
DNA is constantly damaged by various external and internal factors. In particular, oxidative damage occurs in a steady state, and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (oxodG) is known as the main oxidative damage. OxodG is a strong genotoxic nucleoside and...
To expand the chemical functionality of DNAzymes and aptamers, several new modified deoxyuridine triphosphates have been synthesized. An important precursor that enables this aim is 5-aminomethyl dUTP, whereby the pendent amine serves as a handle for...
Many potent antibiotics fail to treat bacterial infections due to emergence of drug-resistant strains. This surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) calls in for the development of alternative strategies and methods for the development of drugs with r...
Mapping the route of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) entry into the sequestered active site of RNA polymerase (RNAP) has major implications for elucidating the complete nucleotide addition cycle. Constituting a dichotomy that remains to be resolved, tw...
The vascular endothelium is key target for immune and thrombotic responses that has to be controlled in successful xenotransplantation. Several genes were identified that, if induced or overexpressed, help to regulate the inflammatory response and pr...
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric illness characterized by altered neurotransmission, in which adenosine, a modulator of glutamate and dopamine, plays a critical role that is relatively unexplored in the human brain. In the present study, postmorte...
The heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase, also known as heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI), detects misfolded proteins and induces cytoprotective response to stress, mainly caused by heme-shortage. The nucleoside trip...
Considering that practically all reactions that involve nucleotides also involve metal ions, it is evident that the coordination chemistry of nucleotides and their derivatives is an essential corner stone of biological inorganic chemistry. Nucleotide...
The ergothioneine transporter ETT (formerly OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). Recently, Sparreboom et al. reported that the ETT would transport nucleosides and nucleo...
Nucleoside analogues have excellent records as anti-HBV drugs. Chronic infections require long-term administration ultimately leading to drug resistance. Therefore, the search for nucleosides with novel scaffolds is of high importance. Here we report...
Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) is an enzyme encoded by the ITPA gene and functions to prevent the incorporation of noncanonical purine nucleotides into DNA and RNA. Specifically, the ITPase catalyzed the hydrolysis of (deoxy) nucleosid...
Broad-spectrum antiviral therapies hold promise as a first-line defense against emerging viruses by blunting illness severity and spread until vaccines and virus-specific antivirals are developed. The nucleobase favipiravir, often discussed as a broa...
Cladribine triphosphate is the active compound of the anti-cancer and multiple sclerosis drug Mavenclad (cladribine). Biosynthesis of such non-natural deoxyribonucleotides is challenging but important in order to study the pharmaceutical modes of act...
The ancient guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins are a group of critical regulatory and signal transduction proteins, widely involved in diverse cellular processes of all kingdoms of life. YchF is a kind of universally conserved novel unconvention...
Pleurotus ostreatus is widely cultivated in China. H2O2, as a signaling molecule, can regulate the formation of cap color, but its regulatory pathway is still unclear, severely inhibiting the breeding of dark-colored strains. In this study, 614 DEGs...
At the focus of abiotic chemical reactions is the synthesis of ribose. No satisfactory explanation was provided as to the missing link between the prebiotic synthesis of ribose and prebiotic RNA (preRNA). Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is assumed to have bee...
The design of novel nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogues bearing an all-carbon quaternary center at C2′ or C3′ is described. The construction of this all-carbon stereogenic center involves the use of an intramoleculer photoredox-cataly...
Deoxyribozymes or DNAzymes are single-stranded catalytic DNA molecules that are obtained by combinatorial in vitro selection methods. Initially conceived to function as gene silencing agents, the scope of DNAzymes has rapidly expanded into diverse fi...
Iodosulfonylation of an ethynyl group at the C2 position of 2′-deoxyadenosine or adenosine with TsI provides (E)-2-(β-iodovinyl)sulfones. The latter undergo nucleophilic substitution with amines via an addition–elimination to give &b...
Selective recognition of nucleotides with synthetic receptors is an emerging direction to solve a series of nucleic acid-related challenges in biochemistry. Towards this goal, a new aza-cyclophane with two different dyes, naphthalimide and pyrene, co...
We here described a three-step multi-enzymatic reaction for the one-pot synthesis of vidarabine 5′-monophosphate (araA-MP), an antiviral drug, using arabinosyluracil (araU), adenine (Ade), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as precursors. To this...
The RNA world hypothesis states that during an early stage of life, RNA molecules functioned as genome and as the only genome-encoded catalyst. This hypothesis is supported by several lines of evidence, one of which is the in vitro selection of catal...
Studies implicating an important role for apyrase (NTPDase) enzymes in plant growth and development began appearing in the literature more than three decades ago. After early studies primarily in potato, Arabidopsis and legumes, especially important...
LAMP is an approach for isothermal nucleic acids diagnostics with increasing importance but suffers from the need of tedious systems design and optimization for every new target. Here, we describe an approach for its simplification based on a single...
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPK) are oligomeric proteins involved in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates. Their tridimensional structure has been solved by X-ray crystallography and shows that individual subunits present a conserved ferred...
The construction of supramolecular recognition systems based on specific host–guest interactions has been studied in order to design selective chemical sensors. In this study, guest-responsive receptors for ATP have been designed with cyclodextrins (...
Extracellular ATP mediates proinflammatory and antiproliferative effects via activation of P2 nucleotide receptors. In contrast, its metabolite, the nucleoside adenosine, is strongly immunosuppressive and enhances tumor proliferation and metastasis....
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, which tested healthcare systems, administrations, and treatment ingenuity across the world. COVID-19 is caused by the novel...
Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by cyanobacteria during the blooms that could accumulate in aquatic animals and be relocated to higher trophic levels. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter and/or a neuromodulator...
The genes encoding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and polyphosphate (polyP)-dependent glucokinases (Glk) were identified in the aerobic obligate methanotroph Methylomonas sp. 12. The recombinant proteins were obtained by the heterologous expression of...
Remdesivir is a nucleotide prodrug that is currently undergoing extensive clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. The prodrug is metabolized to its active triphosphate form and interferes with the action of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS...
The combination of the two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is used in most highly active antiretroviral therapies for treatment of HIV-1 infection, as well as in pre-expos...
Nucleoside analog, cytarabine (ara-C) is the mainstay of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy. Cytarabine and other nucleoside analogs require activation to the triphosphate form (ara-CTP). Intracellular ara-CTP levels demonstrate significant in...
The therapeutic advantages of some platinum complexes as major anticancer chemotherapeutic agents and of nucleoside analogue-based compounds as essential antiviral/antitumor drugs are widely recognized. Red blood cells (RBCs) offer a potential new st...
Pronucleotides, after entering the cell, undergo chemical or enzymatic conversion into nucleotides with a free phosphate residue, and the released nucleoside 5′-monophosphate is then phosphorylated to the biologically active form, namely nucleo...
Cancer is a complex expression of an altered state of cellular differentiation associated with severe clinical repercussions. The effort to characterize this pathological entity to understand its underlying mechanisms and visualize potential therapeu...
This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of Trypanosoma brucei to the Anthriscus nemorosa essential oils (EOs), isolated compounds from these oils, and artificial mixtures of the isolated compounds in their conventional and nanoencapsulated...
A series of 5′-phosphorylated (dialkyl phosphates, diaryl phosphates, phosphoramidates, H-phosphonates, phosphates) 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranose fragment is attached via a methylene...
RNA viruses with pandemic potential pose a significant global health risk. The adenosine nucleoside analog GS-441524 is metabolized to its active GS-443902 triphosphate metabolite to inhibit a broad spectrum of RNA viruses. Intravenous (IV) remdesivi...
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus that causes neurodevelopmental impairment to fetuses and has been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome continues to threaten global health due to the absence of targeted prophylaxis or treatment. Nucleosi...
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a potentially lethal, zoonotic, blood-borne flavivirus transmitted to humans and non-human primates by mosquitoes. Owing to multiple deadly epidemics, the WHO classifies YFV as a “high impact, high threat disease&rdq...
Every year, dengue virus affects hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. To date, there is no specific medication to treat dengue virus infections. Nucleobases, the base of a nucleoside without ribose, are understudied as potential treatments...
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