Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, such as mono-cistro...
Positive (+) sense RNA viruses include many important pathogens that exploit noncanonical translation mechanisms to express their genomes within the host cells. Unlike DNA or negative (−) sense RNA viruses, (+) sense RNA viruses can directly fu...
It was thought until the 1990s that the eukaryotic translation machinery was unable to translate a circular RNA. However internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and m6A-induced ribosome engagement sites (MIRESs) were discovered, promoting 5′ end-...
RNA therapy appears to be a promising strategy to treat various diseases. In recent years, mRNA vaccines have shown notable efficacy in preclinical studies for cancer vaccines, autoimmune disease, and pandemic intervention. Internal ribosome entry si...
mRNA secondary structure influences translation. Proteins that modulate the mRNA secondary structure around the translation initiation region may regulate translation in plastids. To test this hypothesis, we exposed Arabidopsis thaliana to high light...
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are pivotal regulators of all the steps of gene expression. RBPs govern gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level by virtue of their capacity to assemble ribonucleoprotein complexes on certain RNA structural elemen...
Viruses are obligate, intracellular parasites that co-opt host cell machineries for propagation. Critical among these machineries are those that translate RNA into protein and their mechanisms of control. Most regulatory mechanisms effectuate their a...
Protein synthesis is tightly regulated at each step of translation. In particular, the formation of the basic cap-binding complex, eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex, on the 5′ cap structure of mRNA is positioned as the rate-limiting ste...
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) undergoes post-transcriptional modification of over 200 nucleotides, predominantly 2′-O-methylation (2′-O-Me). 2′-O-Methylation protects RNA from hydrolysis and modifies RNA strand flexibility but does not contr...
RNA viruses rely on genomic structural elements to accomplish the functions necessary to complete the viral cycle. These elements participate in a dynamic network of RNA–RNA interactions that determine the overall folding of the RNA genome and...
Information is the currency of life, but the origin of prebiotic information remains a mystery. We propose transitional pathways from the cosmic building blocks of life to the complex prebiotic organic chemistry that led to the origin of information...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome multiplication requires the concerted action of the viral RNA, host factors and viral proteins. Recent studies have provided information about the requirement of specific viral RNA motifs that play an active role in the...
Gemin5 is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) that was first identified as a peripheral component of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. This predominantly cytoplasmic protein recognises the small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) through its WD repeat domains,...
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental condition associated with impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors. While the underlying disease mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, dysfunction o...
Translation is one of the main gene expression steps targeted by cellular stress, commonly referred to as translational stress, which includes treatment with anticancer drugs. While translational stress blocks the translation initiation of bulk mRNAs...
Synonymous codon usage (codon bias) greatly influences not only translation but also mRNA stability. In vertebrates, highly expressed genes preferentially use codons with an optimal tRNA adaptation index (tAI) that mostly end in C or G. Surprisingly,...
Leishmania parasites are trypanosomatid protozoans that cause leishmaniasis affecting millions of people worldwide. Sterols are important components of the plasma and organellar membranes. They also serve as precursors for the synthesis of signaling...
HAX1 is a human protein with no known homologues or structural domains. Mutations in the HAX1 gene cause severe congenital neutropenia through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Previous studies reported the RNA-binding capacity of HAX1, but the...
Replication proteins of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a positive-sense RNA virus, co-translationally bind to a 5′-proximal ~70-nucleotide (nt) region of the genomic RNA, referred to as the nuclease-resistant (NR) region for replication template s...
The feasibility of self-assembly of a translation system from prebiotic random RNA chains is a question that is central to the ability to conceive life emerging by natural processes. The spontaneous materialization of a translation system would have...
Many plant viral RNA genomes lack a 5′ cap, and instead are translated via a cap-independent translation element (CITE) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). The panicum mosaic virus-like CITE (PTE), found in many plant viral RNAs, binds and requires...
RNA secondary structures play diverse roles in positive-sense (+) RNA virus infections, but those located with the replication protein coding sequence can be difficult to investigate. Structures that regulate the translation of replication proteins p...
Specific sequences within RNA encoded by human genes essential for survival possess the ability to activate the RNA-dependent stress kinase PKR, resulting in phosphorylation of its substrate, eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2&al...
The coupling of transcription and translation is more than mere translation of an mRNA that is still being transcribed. The discovery of physical interactions between RNA polymerase and ribosomes has spurred renewed interest into this long-standing p...
Single-cell imaging has emerged as a powerful means to study viral replication dynamics and identify sites of virus–host interactions. Multivariate aspects of viral replication cycles yield challenges inherent to handling large, complex imaging...
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of non-protein coding RNAs with lengths of more than 200 nucleotides, exert their effects by binding to DNA, mRNA, microRNA, and proteins and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptiona...
In bacteria, the translation of genetic information can begin through at least three different mechanisms: canonical or Shine-Dalgarno-led initiation, readthrough or 70S scanning initiation, or leaderless initiation. Here, we discuss the main feature...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome translation is initiated via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) embedded in the 5′-untranslated region (5′UTR). We have earlier shown that the conserved RNA stem-loops (SL) SL47 and SL87 of the HCV core-...
Translation is a fundamental process in biology, and understanding its mechanisms is crucial to comprehending cellular functions and diseases. The regulation of this process is closely linked to the structure of mRNA, as these regions prove vital to...
An important regulatory mechanism affecting mRNA translation involves various covalent modifications of RNA, which establish distinct epitranscriptomic signatures that actively influence various physiological processes. Dendritic translation in mamma...
Bacterial small non-coding RNA (sRNA) plays an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although the number of annotated sRNA is steadily increasing, their functional characterization is still lagging behind. Various computational stra...
To replicate and disseminate, viruses need to manipulate and modify the cellular machinery for their own benefit. We are interested in translation, which is one of the key steps of gene expression and viruses that have developed several strategies to...
Translation is a fundamental process in all living organisms that involves the decoding of genetic information in mRNA by ribosomes and translation factors. The dysregulation of mRNA translation is a common feature of tumorigenesis. Protein expressio...
Regulated mRNA translation plays a key role in control of cell cycle progression in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including in the self-renewal and survival of stem cells and cancer stem cells. While targeting mRNA translatio...
Experience-dependent changes to neural circuitry are shaped by spatially-restricted activity-dependent mRNA translation. Although the complexity of mRNA translation in neuronal cells is widely appreciated, translational profiles associated with neuro...
The papers introduced in the Commentary present new insights and review aspects of current knowledge concerning the competition between viruses and their hosts for the cellular translation apparatus. Viruses depend on this apparatus and utilize diver...
Fibrosing disorders including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are progressive irreversible diseases, often with poor prognoses, characterized by the accumulation of excessive scar tissue and extracellular matrix. Translational regulation has emer...
Pathogenic bacteria produce powerful virulent factors, such as pore-forming toxins, that promote their survival and cause serious damage to the host. Host cells reply to membrane stresses and ionic imbalance by modifying gene expression at the epigen...
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While numerous factors have been identified as contributing to the development of malignancy, our understanding of the mechanisms involved remains limited. Early cancer detection and the...
In this review, the latest research concerning the structure and function of the 5′-terminal region of p53 mRNA was discussed. Special attention was focused on defined structural motifs which are present in this region, as well as their conserv...
Transcriptomics profiles of miRNAs, tRNAs or tRFs are used as biomarkers, after separate examination of several cancer cell lines, blood samples or biopsies. However, the possible contribution of all three profiles on oncogenic signaling and translat...
Recently, the mRNA platform has become the method of choice in vaccine development to find new ways to fight infectious diseases. However, this approach has shortcomings, namely that mRNA vaccines require special storage conditions, which makes them...
The regulation of protein synthesis is of extreme importance for cell survival in challenging environmental conditions. Modulating gene expression at the level of translation allows a swift and low-energy-cost response to external stimuli. In the las...
Cardiac physiology and pathology have been extensively explored at the transcriptional level. Still, they are less understood at the translational level, including three major knowledge gaps: pathophysiological impact, molecular mechanisms, and thera...
mRNA translation requires the ordered assembly of translation initiation factors and ribosomal subunits on a transcript. Host signaling pathways regulate each step in this process to match levels of protein synthesis to environmental cues. In respons...
Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are mostly derived from the energy-consuming enzyme families such as ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases and kinases, and are important structural components of the ribosome, which is a supramolecular ribonucleo...
Viruses are obligatorily intracellular pathogens. To generate progeny virus particles, influenza A viruses (IAVs) have to divert the cellular machinery to ensure sufficient translation of viral mRNAs. To this end, several strategies have been exploit...
Proteins in the cell are synthesized by a ribosome translating the genetic information encoded on the single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA). It has been shown that the ribosome can also translate through the duplex region of the mRNA by unwinding the...
Because tRNA is the core biological intellectual property that was necessary to evolve translation systems, tRNAomes, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the genetic code, the evolution of tRNA is the core story in evolution of life on earth....
In the mitochondria of trypanosomes and related kinetoplastid protists, most mRNAs undergo a long and sophisticated maturation pathway before they can be productively translated by mitochondrial ribosomes. Some of the aspects of this pathway (identit...
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