Veterinary Sciences

15 pages, 1845 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of Behavioral Management in Enhancing Clinical Care and Efficiency, Minimizing Social Disruption, and Promoting Welfare in Captive Primates

by Scott H. Oppler, Sierra D. Palmer, Sydney N. Phu and Melanie L. Graham

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090401 - 1 Sep 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2709

Abstract

Medical procedures necessary for routine care can induce stress in both the veterinary and human clinical situations. In the research environment, nonhuman primates undergo procedures like physical examination, blood sampling, and intravenous drug or fluid administration either as a part of routine veterinary [...] Read more.

Medical procedures necessary for routine care can induce stress in both the veterinary and human clinical situations. In the research environment, nonhuman primates undergo procedures like physical examination, blood sampling, and intravenous drug or fluid administration either as a part of routine veterinary care or during the modeling of clinical disease and interventions under study. Behavioral management techniques, such as training for cooperation, allow caregivers to train primates to voluntarily engage in various medical procedures. This approach reduces stress and anxiety associated with necessary procedures, thereby enhancing efficiency and minimizing the invasiveness of medical care. Consequently, veterinary evaluation and care can be provided without compromise, resulting in enhanced clinical outcomes and overall better health. In this study, we explored the impact of the behavioral management program implemented at our center on a subset of animals undergoing routine veterinary care, focusing on the overall experience, including animal welfare, scientific rigor, and efficiency in terms of economics and time. We investigated its impact on key factors, such as the total procedure and recovery time, incidence of side effects, and welfare indicators, revealing a significant positive influence on animal care. Furthermore, through case studies, we illustrate how behavioral management facilitates timely medical care and monitoring, effectively mitigating stressors that could otherwise impair health and welfare, enabling the provision of care that would have otherwise been unachievable. A thoughtfully designed primate behavioral management program, integrating cooperation and participation with veterinary care, forms the cornerstone of superior animal welfare, enhanced clinical care, and more accurate scientific outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interface between Veterinary Management and Behavioral Management for Captive Nonhuman Primates)

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14 pages, 2305 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid on Growth Performance, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota of Growing Minks

by Yalin Li, Shibo Zhen, Fengxue Sun, Lin Cao and Lihua Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090398 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of growing minks. One hundred minks were evenly allocated across five groups, with each group consisting of 10 males and [...] Read more.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of growing minks. One hundred minks were evenly allocated across five groups, with each group consisting of 10 males and 10 females. The minks in these groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The results showed that GABA significantly affected immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota (p < 0.05). Compared to the control minks, minks in 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg GABA group had greater total protein quantitative (TP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM) content, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum as well as interleukin-4 (IL-4) level in jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05), and had less serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the control, the supplementation of GABA at 30 mg/kg of diet improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p < 0.05), increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in serum, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and secreted immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in jejunal mucosa, and decreased jejunal mucosal interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels (p < 0.05). The weight and feed intake of males were higher than females, and the feed/gain ratio (F/G) was lower than females (p < 0.05). Males also had greater serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-Px activities, and jejunal mucosa IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, SIgA, and IFN-γ levels (p < 0.05), and males had less serum IgA, IgM, and T-AOC contents, and jejunal mucosal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the supplementation of GABA at 30 mg/kg of diet can improve immune status and antioxidant capacity, and modulate the intestinal microbiota abundance of growing minks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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35 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

One Health Ethics and the Ethics of Zoonoses: A Silent Call for Global Action

by Jeyver Rodriguez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090394 - 27 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6288

Abstract

This paper presents a critical review of key issues related to the emergence of new networks for the spread of zoonotic diseases amid the mass extinction of species. Zoonotic and infectious diseases account for approximately 70% of new and existing diseases affecting humans [...] Read more.

This paper presents a critical review of key issues related to the emergence of new networks for the spread of zoonotic diseases amid the mass extinction of species. Zoonotic and infectious diseases account for approximately 70% of new and existing diseases affecting humans and animals. The initial section argues that the term “zoonoses” should not be confined to single-cause events within veterinary medicine. Instead, zoonoses should be viewed as complex, systemic phenomena shaped by interrelated factors, including environmental, sociocultural, and economic elements, influenced by anthropogenic climate change. The second section presents bioethical principles and potential strategies for those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention. The third section uses the slaughter of animals in disaster settings as a case study to illustrate the need for further clarification of normative and interspecies justice conflicts in One Health ethics. This section concludes with an outlook on “zoonoethics”. Section four develops the analysis of the interlinked elements that trigger zoonoses and examines antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from an ethical and political standpoint, concluding with policy recommendations for addressing AMR. Section five offers a critical reflection, integrating contributions from zoonoethics, human ecology, and the ecotheological turn. Finally, section six concludes with a call to action and policy recommendations for an inclusive, intercultural, and gender-sensitive One Health approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Challenges and Opportunities—Animals, Humans and Their Interconnected Ecosystems)

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9 pages, 2006 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Let-7f-5p Modulates Lipid Metabolism by Targeting Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 2 in Response to PRRSV Infection

by Dongfeng Jiang, Liyu Yang, Xiangge Meng, Qiuliang Xu, Xiang Zhou and Bang Liu

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090392 - 26 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused substantial damage to the pig industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were found to play crucial roles in modulating the pathogenesis of PRRS virus (PRRSV). In the present study, we revealed that PRRSV induced let-7f-5p to influence lipid [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused substantial damage to the pig industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were found to play crucial roles in modulating the pathogenesis of PRRS virus (PRRSV). In the present study, we revealed that PRRSV induced let-7f-5p to influence lipid metabolism to regulate PRRSV pathogenesis. A transcriptome analysis of PRRSV-infected PK15^CD163 cells transfected with let-7f-5p mimics or negative control (NC) generated 1718 differentially expressed genes, which were primarily associated with lipid metabolism processes. Furthermore, the master regulator of lipogenesis SREBP2 was found to be directly targeted by let-7f-5p using a dual-luciferase reporter system and Western blotting. The findings demonstrate that let-7f-5p modulates lipogenesis by targeting SREBP2, providing novel insights into miRNA-mediated PRRSV pathogenesis and offering a potential antiviral therapeutic target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Innovative Breeding in Pigs)

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9 pages, 1825 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Observation of the Microstructure of Cervical Mucus in Cows during the Proestrus, Estrus, and Metestrus Stages and the Impact on Sperm Penetration Ability

by Fei Huang, Lu-Lu Zhang, Peng Niu, Xiao-Peng Li, Xue-Yan Wang, Jie Wang, Jie-Ru Wang, Jia-Jia Suo, Di Fang and Qing-Hua Gao

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090391 - 25 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

Cervical mucus not only provides energy for sperm but also forms a barrier to block sperm. This paper aims to study the microstructure of cervical mucus in dairy cows during the proestrus, estrus, and metestrus and its effect on sperm permeability. The experiment [...] Read more.

Cervical mucus not only provides energy for sperm but also forms a barrier to block sperm. This paper aims to study the microstructure of cervical mucus in dairy cows during the proestrus, estrus, and metestrus and its effect on sperm permeability. The experiment collected cervical mucus from 60 Holstein cows during these phases, then observed the different shapes of the mucus after crystallization, classified the mucus, and analyzed its proportions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the cervical mucus and measure the micro-pore sizes, followed by sperm permeability tests using mucus from different estrous stages and counting the number of permeated sperm. The results indicate that cervical mucus from cows in different estrous phases includes four types (L, S, P, G), with each type constituting a different proportion. During the proestrus, the L type was significantly more prevalent than the other types (p < 0.05); during estrus, the S type was significantly more prevalent than the other types (p < 0.05); and during the metestrus, the p type was significantly more prevalent than the other types (p < 0.05). The micro-pore sizes of the same type of cervical mucus did not show significant differences across different estrous phases (p > 0.05). However, within the same estrous phase, there were significant differences in the micro-pore sizes among the four types (p < 0.05). The number of sperm that permeated the cervical mucus during estrus and metestrus was significantly higher than during the proestrus (p < 0.05). This study provides data support for the research on cervical mucus in dairy cows. Full article

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16 pages, 1673 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Laying Hens’ Performance, Egg Quality, Shelf Life during Storage, and Blood Biochemistry with Spirulina platensis Supplementation

by Md Salahuddin, Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth, Kayla G. Stamps, Cassandra D. Gray, Adrian M. W. Aviña, Sadanand Fulzele and Jayant Lohakare

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080383 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3860

Abstract

Enhancing the sustainability of chicken farming involves improving health and productivity and product qualities. This study explores the influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) supplementation on the productivity, egg quality, shelf life during storage, and blood biochemistry of laying hens. A total of 192 [...] Read more.

Enhancing the sustainability of chicken farming involves improving health and productivity and product qualities. This study explores the influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) supplementation on the productivity, egg quality, shelf life during storage, and blood biochemistry of laying hens. A total of 192 thirty-nine-week-old White Leghorn hens were randomly divided into 4 dietary groups: a control group and 3 treatment groups receiving 2.5 g/kg, 5 g/kg, or 10 g/kg of SP, respectively. The study was conducted for six weeks with measuring feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg quality, shelf life, and blood biochemistry. The results demonstrated significant enhancements in egg weight (p < 0.05) and egg mass (p < 0.05) in the treatment of SP groups. The SP treated hens showed significant improvements in yolk color (p < 0.05) and Haugh unit scores (p < 0.05). The SP supplementation showed a hepatoprotective effect, as indicated by significant reduction in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.05) levels; however, increases in total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were observed. Furthermore, the egg quality of stored eggs for 21 days linearly increased with increments in the SP levels. In conclusion, it can be speculated that adding SP at 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg can significantly improve the productivity of laying hens, eggs’ quality, shelf life, and blood biochemistry, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and efficient chicken production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Science: Nutritional Aspects of Poultry Production)

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15 pages, 3178 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preparation and Application of Clostridium perfringens Alpha Toxin Nanobodies

by Qiong Jia, Hongrui Ren, Shuyin Zhang, Haoyu Yang, Shuaipeng Gao and Ruiwen Fan

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080381 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

All subtypes of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) produce the alpha toxin (CPA), which can cause enteritis or enterotoxemia in lambs, cattle, pigs, and horses, as well as traumatic clostridial myonecrosis in humans and animals. CPA acts on cell membranes, ultimately leading [...] Read more.

All subtypes of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) produce the alpha toxin (CPA), which can cause enteritis or enterotoxemia in lambs, cattle, pigs, and horses, as well as traumatic clostridial myonecrosis in humans and animals. CPA acts on cell membranes, ultimately leading to endocytosis and cell death. Therefore, the neutralization of CPA is crucial for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by C. perfringens. In this study, utilizing CPA as an antigen, a nanobody (CPA-VHH) with a half-life of 2.9 h, an affinity constant (KD) of 0.9 nmol/L, and good stability below 60 °C was prepared from a natural nanobody library from alpacas. The biological activity analysis of CPA-VHH revealed its ability to effectively neutralize the phospholipase and hemolytic activity of CPA at a 15-fold ratio. In Vero cells, 9.8 μg/mL CPA-VHH neutralized the cytotoxicity of CPA at two times the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). In a mouse model, 35.7 ng/g body weight (BW) of CPA-VHH neutralized 90% of the lethality caused by a 2× median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of CPA. It was found that CPA-VHH protected 80% of mice within 30 min at 2 × LD₅₀ CPA, but this dropped below 50% after 2 h and to 0% after 4 h. Rescue trials indicated that using CPA-VHH within 30 min post-infection with 2 × LD₅₀ CPA achieved an 80% rescue rate, which decreased to 10% after 2 h. Furthermore, CPA-VHH effectively mitigated the reduction in the expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, while also attenuating the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induced by CPA infection. Overall, this study has identified a specific nanobody, CPA-VHH, that effectively neutralizes CPA toxins in vitro and in animal models, providing a new tool for inhibiting the pathogenicity resulting from these toxins and laying an important foundation for the development of new anti-C. perfringens toxin-related therapeutic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 4565 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Renaltec on Serum Uremic Toxins in Cats with Experimentally Induced Chronic Kidney Disease

by Rene E. Paschall, Jessica M. Quimby, Bianca N. Lourenço, Stacie C. Summers and Chad W. Schmiedt

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080379 - 17 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6393

Abstract

Serum uremic toxins markedly increase in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and have deleterious consequences. Renaltec is an oral adsorbent that binds uremic toxin precursors in the gut. In this prospective cohort study utilizing 13 purpose-bred cats with remnant kidney model-induced CKD [...] Read more.

Serum uremic toxins markedly increase in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and have deleterious consequences. Renaltec is an oral adsorbent that binds uremic toxin precursors in the gut. In this prospective cohort study utilizing 13 purpose-bred cats with remnant kidney model-induced CKD (12 IRIS Stage 2, 1 IRIS Stage 3) eating a standardized renal diet, we aimed to assess the effect of Renaltec administration on serum indoxyl sulfate (IDS) and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) concentrations. Cats were sequentially treated with standard of care for 56 days, 500 mg Renaltec orally once daily for 56 days, and then three months later, 500 mg Renaltec orally twice daily for 56 days. Serum IDS and pCS concentrations were measured 28 and 56 days after the administration of Renaltec. Blood pressure and kidney function were measured before and 56 days after the administration of Renaltec. Significant decreases in serum IDS and pCS concentrations were observed for both once- and twice-daily dosing, particularly during the first 28 days of administration. More cats with BID dosing had clinically significant reductions in serum IDS and pCS concentrations than with SID dosing. Renaltec can reduce the serum concentrations of deleterious gut-derived uremic toxins in cats with CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)

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20 pages, 8278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Comparative Study of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Propolis Extracts in Veterinary Medicine

by Dovile Svetikiene, Gintaras Zamokas, Monika Jokubaite, Mindaugas Marksa, Liudas Ivanauskas, Lina Babickaite and Kristina Ramanauskiene

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080375 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4100

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Efforts to combat AMR include the introduction of antimicrobial drugs as alternative treatment options. To contribute to an effective plan for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Efforts to combat AMR include the introduction of antimicrobial drugs as alternative treatment options. To contribute to an effective plan for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, the development of new antimicrobial agents is increasingly being explored. Propolis has garnered significant attention from both scientists and industry due to its extensive spectrum of biological activity. The growing interest in polyphenols of natural origin and their plant sources further encourages the investigation of their chemical composition and biological effects. Propolis serves as a rich source of phenolic compounds. Baltic region propolis, classified as poplar-type propolis, was selected for this study, and extracts were prepared using raw propolis materials from various Baltic countries. The production of liquid extracts utilized a combination of 70 percent ethanol, a mixture of water and poloxamer P407, and DES (deep eutectic solvent). The research aims to produce liquid propolis extracts using different solvents and to assess their chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity against different veterinary pathogens. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), revealing antioxidant activity in all extracts, with results correlating with the total phenolic compound content. It was found that p-coumaric acid predominated in the studied propolis extracts (in ethanol extracts 1155.90–1506.65 mg/g, in DES extracts 321.13–954.76 mg/g, and in polymeric extracts 5.34–30.80 mg/g), with smaller amounts of ferulic acid and vanillin detected. Clinical and reference bacterial strains were collected from the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, the Academy of Veterinary Medicine, and the Institute of Microbiology and Virology. To effectively treat bacterial infections, the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts was tested against six pathogenic bacterial species and one pathogenic fungus (S. aureus, S. agalactiae, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans). Antimicrobial activity studies demonstrated that DES propolis extracts exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity compared to ethanolic propolis extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of DES propolis extracts against the tested strains ranged between 50 and 1000 μg/mL. Considering the study results, it can be concluded that propolis from the Baltic region is abundant in phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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17 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Blood Parameters, and Cecal Bacteria of Broilers

by Md G. Akib, Al Rifat, Chondhon Bormon, Amitush Dutta, Mohammad Shamsul Ataher, Mahmoud Azzam, Mohammed Hamdy Farouk, Razib Das, Md Abul Kalam Azad and Shad Mahfuz

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080374 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4628

Abstract

The effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) on the growth, meat quality, carcass characteristics, hematobiochemical profile, and cecal bacteria of broiler chicken was investigated in this research trial. In this study, 192-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were assigned in [...] Read more.

The effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) on the growth, meat quality, carcass characteristics, hematobiochemical profile, and cecal bacteria of broiler chicken was investigated in this research trial. In this study, 192-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to three groups: control, antibiotic, and MLP. A standard basal diet was given to the control group, while the antibiotic group received 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, and the MLP group received 100 mg/kg M. oleifera leaf powder supplemented basal diet. Each group was further divided into eight replicates consisting of eight birds each, and the trial ran for 35 days. Among the groups, the MLP-fed broilers achieved the highest final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI). Notably, the FCR for the whole experimental period was lower in the MLP group, indicating a more efficient use of feed for growth. Supplementation of MLP with basal diet significantly increased (p < 0.05) the weight of thighs and drumsticks relative to live weight %, while the spleen and abdominal fat weight (% of live weight) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Adding MLP to the diet improved the meat quality of broilers, as indicated by the highest pH of meat at 45 min and the lowest cooking loss (%) observed in this group. MLP exhibited hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects, with the lowest total cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to non-supplemented groups. The hematological profile revealed that the MLP group exhibited the highest RBC count and Hb level, while also showing the lowest H/L ratio. Moringa supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) modulated the cecal bacterial population, reducing pathogenic E. coli and Shigella spp. while increasing beneficial Lactobacillus spp. and the total aerobic plate count (TAPC). In conclusion, Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) can be used as a natural feed supplement for promoting the growth, meat quality, healthy blood, and sound health of broilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Monogastric Farm Animal Microbiome and Metabolome)

10 pages, 2849 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin C Improves Oocyte In Vitro Maturation and Potentially Changes Embryo Quality in Cattle

by Yueqi Wang, Aibing Wang, Hongmei Liu, Rui Yang, Boyang Zhang, Bo Tang, Ziyi Li and Xueming Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080372 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

To obtain high-quality bovine oocytes, the effects of vitamin C (VC) on the IVM of bovine oocytes and early embryo development were investigated. The results showed the following. (1) The IVM medium containing 50 µg/mL VC improved the oocyte maturation rate but did [...] Read more.

To obtain high-quality bovine oocytes, the effects of vitamin C (VC) on the IVM of bovine oocytes and early embryo development were investigated. The results showed the following. (1) The IVM medium containing 50 µg/mL VC improved the oocyte maturation rate but did not affect the parthenogenetic embryo development. (2) The IVC medium containing 20 µg/mL VC improved the cleavage rate of the IVF embryos and enhanced the mRNA transcriptions of pluripotency gene Oct4, Sox2, Cdx2, and Nanog in the blastocysts but had no effects on the blastocyst rate. (3) Combining supplementation of 50 µg/mL VC in IVM medium + 20 µg/mL VC in IVC medium (named as VC 50/20, similar hereinafter) elevated the cleavage rate of IVF embryos and enhanced the mRNA expressions of Oct4, Sox2, Cdx2, and Nanog in the blastocysts. (4) Combination of VC 0/20 and VC 50/20 enhanced the transcription of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and VC 50/0 weakened the transcription of pro-apoptotic gene Bax, while VC 0/40 and VC 0/60 increased Bax expression and diminished the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in blastocysts. Together, employing 50 µg/mL VC improves the IVM of bovine oocytes and combination of VC 50/20 potentially changes bovine embryo quality by enhancing the expressions of the pluripotency genes and regulating the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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15 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preclinical Efficacy of Cap-Dependent and Independent mRNA Vaccines against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1

by Jing Huang, Yaping Hu, Zikang Niu, Wei Hao, Hirpha Ketema, Zhipeng Wang, Junjie Xu, Le Sheng, Yuze Cai, Zhenghong Yu, Yafei Cai and Wei Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080373 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus associated with severe economic losses in animal production. Effective vaccination and viral surveillance are urgent for the prevention and control of BVDV infection. However, the application of traditional modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an RNA virus associated with severe economic losses in animal production. Effective vaccination and viral surveillance are urgent for the prevention and control of BVDV infection. However, the application of traditional modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines is faced with tremendous challenges. In the present study, we describe the preclinical efficacy of two BVDV mRNA vaccines tested in mice and guinea pigs, followed by a field trial in goats, where they were compared to a commercial vaccine (formaldehyde inactivated). The two mRNAs were engineered to express the envelope protein E2 of BVDV-1, the most prevalent subtype across the world, through a 5′ cap-dependent or independent fashion. Better titers of neutralizing antibodies against BVDV-1 were achieved using the capped RNA in the sera of mice and guinea pigs, with maximum values reaching 9.4 and 13.7 (by −log₂), respectively, on the 35th day post-vaccination. At the same time point, the antibody levels in goats were 9.1 and 10.2 for the capped and capless RNAs, respectively, and there were no significant differences compared to the commercial vaccine. The animals remained healthy throughout the experiment, as reflected by their normal leukogram profiles. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that mRNA vaccines have good safety and immunogenicity, and we laid a strong foundation for the further exploitation of efficient and safe BVDV vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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16 pages, 3696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Relationships of Honey Bee-Associated Viruses in Bee Products

by Delka Salkova, Ralitsa Balkanska, Rositsa Shumkova, Stela Lazarova, Georgi Radoslavov and Peter Hristov

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080369 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2201

Abstract

In the last few years, the isolation and amplification of DNA or RNA from the environment (eDNA/eRNA) has proven to be an alternative and non-invasive approach for molecular identification of pathogens and pests in beekeeping. We have recently demonstrated that bee pollen and [...] Read more.

In the last few years, the isolation and amplification of DNA or RNA from the environment (eDNA/eRNA) has proven to be an alternative and non-invasive approach for molecular identification of pathogens and pests in beekeeping. We have recently demonstrated that bee pollen and bee bread represent suitable biological material for the molecular identification of viral RNA. In the present study, we extracted total RNA from different bee products (pollen, n = 25; bee bread, n = 17; and royal jelly, n = 15). All the samples were tested for the presence of six of the most common honey bee-associated viruses—Deformed wing virus (DWV), Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and Black queen cell virus (BQCV)—using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We successfully detected six records of DWV (10.5%, 6/57), four of ABPV (7.0%, 4/57), three of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) (5.3%, 3/57), and two of BQCV (3.5%, 2/57). Using ABPV primers, we also successfully detected the presence of IAPV. The obtained viral sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships with the highly similar sequences (megablast) available in the GenBank database. The Bulgarian DWV isolates revealed a high homology level with strains from Syria and Turkey. Moreover, we successfully detected a DWV strain B for the first time in Bulgaria. In contrast to DWV, the ABPV isolates formed a separate clade in the phylogenetic tree. BQCV was closely grouped with Russian isolates, while Bulgarian IAPV formed its own clade and included a strain from China. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that eRNA can be successfully used for molecular detection of honey bee-associated viruses in bee products. The method can assist the monitoring of the health status of honey bee colonies at the local, regional, and even national levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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17 pages, 3553 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unveils Regulatory Factors Influencing Fatty Liver Development in Lion-Head Geese under High-Intake Feeding Compared to Normal Feeding

by Jie Kong, Ziqi Yao, Junpeng Chen, Qiqi Zhao, Tong Li, Mengyue Dong, Yuhang Bai, Yuanjia Liu, Zhenping Lin, Qingmei Xie and Xinheng Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080366 - 11 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

The lion-head goose is the only large goose species in China, and it is one of the largest goose species in the world. Lion-head geese have a strong tolerance for massive energy intake and show a priority of fat accumulation in liver tissue [...] Read more.

The lion-head goose is the only large goose species in China, and it is one of the largest goose species in the world. Lion-head geese have a strong tolerance for massive energy intake and show a priority of fat accumulation in liver tissue through special feeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of high feed intake compared to normal feeding conditions on the transcriptome changes associated with fatty liver development in lion-head geese. In this study, 20 healthy adult lion-head geese were randomly assigned to a control group (CONTROL, n = 10) and high-intake-fed group (CASE, n = 10). After 38 d of treatment, all geese were sacrificed, and liver samples were collected. Three geese were randomly selected from the CONTROL and CASE groups, respectively, to perform whole-transcriptome analysis to analyze the key regulatory genes. We identified 716 differentially expressed mRNAs, 145 differentially expressed circRNAs, and 39 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including upregulated and downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were significantly enriched in molecular function. The node degree analysis and centrality metrics of the mRNA–lncRNA–circRNA triple regulatory network indicate the presence of crucial functional nodes in the network. We identified differentially expressed genes, including HSPB9, Pgk1, Hsp70, ME2, malic enzyme, HSP90, FADS1, transferrin, FABP, PKM2, Serpin2, and PKS, and we additionally confirmed the accuracy of sequencing at the RNA level. In this study, we studied for the first time the important differential genes that regulate fatty liver in high-intake feeding of the lion-head goose. In summary, these differentially expressed genes may play important roles in fatty liver development in the lion-head goose, and the functions and mechanisms should be investigated in future studies. Full article

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19 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Canine and Human Soft Tissue Sarcomas: New Insights on Prognosis Factors and Treatment Measures

by Filippo Dell’Anno, Roberta Giugliano, Valeria Listorti and Elisabetta Razzuoli

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080362 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4702

Abstract

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, affecting both humans and animals, including dogs. Although STSs represent a class of rare tumors, especially in humans, they pose significant clinical challenges due to their potential for local [...] Read more.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, affecting both humans and animals, including dogs. Although STSs represent a class of rare tumors, especially in humans, they pose significant clinical challenges due to their potential for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Dogs, as a model for human STSs, offer several advantages, including exposure to similar environmental risk factors, genetic diversity among breeds, and the spontaneous development of tumors. Furthermore, canine tumors closely mimic the heterogeneity and complexity of human tumors, making them valuable for research into disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Current treatment approaches for STSs in both dogs and humans primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with treatment decisions based on tumor characteristics and patient factors. However, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is essential, given the high failure rate of new drugs in clinical trials. To better design new tailored treatments, comprehension of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamental, since it plays a crucial role in STS initiation and progression by modulating tumor behavior, promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing immune responses. Notably, TME features include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that, depending on their polarization state, can affect immune responses and thus the patient’s prognosis. In this review, new therapeutical approaches based on immunotherapy will be deeply explored as potential treatment options for both dogs and humans with STSs. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the current understanding of STSs in dogs and humans, emphasizing the importance of the TME and potential treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)

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25 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals

by Kaining Zhong, Xinting Chen, Junhao Zhang, Xiaoyu Jiang, Junhui Zhang, Minyi Huang, Shuilian Bi, Chunmei Ju and Yongwen Luo

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080353 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides [...] Read more.

Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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8 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Variation in Interleukin-4, -6, and -10 in Mastitis Milk: Associations with Infections, Pathogens, Somatic Cell Counts, and Oxidative Stress

by Wasana Chaisri, Montira Intanon, Duanghathai Saipinta, Anyaphat Srithanasuwan, Noppason Pangprasit, Weerin Jaraja, Areerat Chuasakhonwilai and Witaya Suriyasathaporn

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080350 - 2 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Poor mastitis control favors intramammary infection (IMI), which always involves CNS. This study aimed to determine the relationships of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in mastitis milk with concurrent infection, bacterial pathogens, SCC, and MDA, an oxidative stress marker. All mastitis quarters from five [...] Read more.

Poor mastitis control favors intramammary infection (IMI), which always involves CNS. This study aimed to determine the relationships of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in mastitis milk with concurrent infection, bacterial pathogens, SCC, and MDA, an oxidative stress marker. All mastitis quarters from five smallholder dairy farms were sampled aseptically before morning milking and again before afternoon milking for bacteriological identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The samples with the concomitant infection between streptococci and CNS and their pairs of another sample from the quarters were selected. In addition, samples were randomly chosen to have a controlled single infection. IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured with ELISA kits. MDA was measured using HPLC, while SCC was measured using Fossomatic™ FC. The results from a repeated measure analysis showed that IL-4 positively correlated with SCC, while IL-6 showed a negative trend. IL-4 levels were highest in CNS infections and significantly higher than in non-infected or mixed infections (p < 0.05). The IL-6 level of the mixed bacteria was highest and showed a different trend from non-infection, and the quarter was infected with streptococcal bacteria. In conclusion, from a single infection, the streptococci and CNS quarter showed varied immune responses, including trendily higher IL-6 and IL-4. Full article

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12 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigation of Extracted Plasma Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Foals with Sepsis

by Kallie J. Hobbs, Bethanie L. Cooper, Katarzyna Dembek and M. Katie Sheats

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080346 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2270

Abstract

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is fragmented extracellular DNA that is released from cells into various body fluids. Previously published data from adult horses supports cfDNA as a potential disease biomarker, but also shows that direct measurement in plasma is inaccurate due to matrix effect. [...] Read more.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is fragmented extracellular DNA that is released from cells into various body fluids. Previously published data from adult horses supports cfDNA as a potential disease biomarker, but also shows that direct measurement in plasma is inaccurate due to matrix effect. It is currently unknown whether a similar matrix effect exists in foal plasma. Given this, the objectives of the current study were to investigate foal plasma for potential matrix effect during fluorescence measurement of cfDNA using a Qubit fluorometer, and to determine whether neat and/or extracted plasma cfDNA concentrations are significantly different in healthy, sick non-septic (SNS) or septic foals. We hypothesized that matrix effect would interfere with accurate fluorescent measurement of cfDNA in foal plasma. Further, we hypothesized that mean extracted cfDNA concentrations, and/or extracted cfDNA:neutrophil ratio, would be elevated in plasma of septic foals compared to healthy or SNS foals. Cell-free DNA was measured in neat plasma, and following DNA extraction with a commercial kit, from 60 foals. Foal plasma exhibited both autofluorescence and non-specific dye binding, confirming matrix effect. However, even with extraction, no significant difference was found in cfDNA concentrations, or cfDNA:neutrophil ratios, between healthy (sepsis score ≤ 5), SNS (sepsis score 6–11 and negative blood culture), or septic (sepsis score ≥ 12 ± positive blood culture) foals. Our data show that matrix effect interferes with accurate Qubit measurement of cfDNA in foal plasma and supports previous findings that plasma cfDNA concentrations are not associated with sepsis diagnosis in foals. Further research is needed to better understand neutrophil function and dysfunction in foal sepsis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases in Horses)

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18 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbiota in Mild Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Can Be Modulated by Beta-Glucans and Mannanoligosaccharides: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Study in Dogs

by Andressa Rodrigues Amaral, Mariana Fragoso Rentas, Thais Caroline Taveira Rosa, Thais Araújo Esteves Pereira, Pedro Henrique Marchi, Fabio Alves Teixeira, Fernando de Oliveira Roberti Filho, Thaila Cristina Putarov, Bruno Cogliati, Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro and Marcio Antonio Brunetto

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(8), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080349 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2813

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Its etiology evolves an aberrant immunological response towards food antigens and indigenous bacteria in the gut bacteria and, consequently, dysbiosis. Prebiotics provide substrates for the growth of beneficial [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Its etiology evolves an aberrant immunological response towards food antigens and indigenous bacteria in the gut bacteria and, consequently, dysbiosis. Prebiotics provide substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria and promote the production of beneficial fermentation products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral supplementations of beta-glucans and mannanoligosaccharides (MOSs) over 60 days in fecal microbiota and fecal concentrations of fermentation products in dogs with mild IBD. Eighteen dogs with mild IBD were divided into three experimental groups in a blinded and randomized manner: A—dogs received 0.1% of a beta-glucan-based prebiotic, B—dogs received 0.1% of a MOS + beta-glucan-based prebiotic, and C—dogs received 0.1% of a placebo. Fecal microbiota was analyzed using the latest generation 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina^®). Relative abundances of each taxon were analyzed using a generalized linear model, and fermentation products using a mixed model. A significance level of p was used. The prebiotics positively modulated the bacterial population of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Treatment A improved alpha diversity and populations of beneficial bacteria. Beta-glucan supplementation for 60 days had beneficial effects on modulating intestinal microbiota in dogs with mild IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver and Pancreas in Dogs and Cats)

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16 pages, 2043 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Changes in the Antimicrobial-Resistance Gene Set (ARG) of Raw Milk and Dairy Products in a Cattle Farm, from Production to Consumption

by Ádám Kerek, Virág Németh, Ábel Szabó, Márton Papp, Krisztián Bányai, Gábor Kardos, Eszter Kaszab, Krisztina Bali, Zoltán Nagy, Miklós Süth and Ákos Jerzsele

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(6), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11060265 - 8 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

Raw milk and dairy products can serve as potential vectors for transmissible bacterial, viral and protozoal diseases, alongside harboring antimicrobial-resistance genes. This study monitors the changes in the antimicrobial-resistance gene pool in raw milk and cheese, from farm to consumer, utilizing next-generation sequencing. [...] Read more.

Raw milk and dairy products can serve as potential vectors for transmissible bacterial, viral and protozoal diseases, alongside harboring antimicrobial-resistance genes. This study monitors the changes in the antimicrobial-resistance gene pool in raw milk and cheese, from farm to consumer, utilizing next-generation sequencing. Five parallel sampling runs were conducted to assess the resistance gene pool, as well as phage or plasmid carriage and potential mobility. In terms of taxonomic composition, in raw milk the Firmicutes phylum made up 41%, while the Proteobacteria phylum accounted for 58%. In fresh cheese, this ratio shifted to 93% Firmicutes and 7% Proteobacteria. In matured cheese, the composition was 79% Firmicutes and 21% Proteobacteria. In total, 112 antimicrobial-resistance genes were identified. While a notable reduction in the resistance gene pool was observed in the freshly made raw cheese compared to the raw milk samples, a significant growth in the resistance gene pool occurred after one month of maturation, surpassing the initial gene frequency. Notably, the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, such as OXA-662 (100% coverage, 99.3% identity) and OXA-309 (97.1% coverage, 96.2% identity), raised concerns; these genes have a major public health relevance. In total, nineteen such genes belonging to nine gene families (ACT, CMY, EC, ORN, OXA, OXY, PLA, RAHN, TER) have been identified. The largest number of resistance genes were identified against fluoroquinolone drugs, which determined efflux pumps predominantly. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring gene pool variations throughout the product pathway and the potential for horizontal gene transfer in raw products. We advocate the adoption of a new approach to food safety investigations, incorporating next-generation sequencing techniques. Full article

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14 pages, 5268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain

by Richard A. J. Williams, Hillary A. Criollo Valencia, Irene López Márquez, Fernando González González, Francisco Llorente, Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero, Núria Busquets, Marta Mateo Barrientos, Gustavo Ortiz-Díez and Tania Ayllón Santiago

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(6), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11060259 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2933

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging flavivirus, primarily circulating among avian hosts and mosquito vectors, causing periodic outbreaks in humans and horses, often leading to neuroinvasive disease and mortality. Spain has reported several outbreaks, most notably in 2020 with seventy-seven human cases [...] Read more.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging flavivirus, primarily circulating among avian hosts and mosquito vectors, causing periodic outbreaks in humans and horses, often leading to neuroinvasive disease and mortality. Spain has reported several outbreaks, most notably in 2020 with seventy-seven human cases and eight fatalities. WNV has been serologically detected in horses in the Community of Madrid, but to our knowledge, it has never been reported from wild birds in this region. To estimate the seroprevalence of WNV in wild birds and horses in the Community of Madrid, 159 wild birds at a wildlife rescue center and 25 privately owned equines were sampled. Serum from thirteen birds (8.2%) and one equine (4.0%) tested positive with a WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) designed for WNV antibody detection but sensitive to cross-reacting antibodies to other flaviviruses. Virus-neutralization test (VNT) confirmed WNV antibodies in four bird samples (2.5%), and antibodies to undetermined flavivirus in four additional samples. One equine sample (4.0%) tested positive for WNV by VNT, although this horse previously resided in a WN-endemic area. ELISA-positive birds included both migratory and resident species, juveniles and adults. Two seropositive juvenile birds suggest local flavivirus transmission within the Community of Madrid, while WNV seropositive adult birds may have been infected outside Madrid. The potential circulation of flaviviruses, including WNV, in birds in the Madrid Community raises concerns, although further surveillance of mosquitoes, wild birds, and horses in Madrid is necessary to establish the extent of transmission and the principal species involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Birds as Sentinels of the Health Status of the Environment)

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11 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond Borders: Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs Spreads to Previously Non-Enzootic Areas in Greece—A Serological Survey

by Isaia Symeonidou, Georgios Sioutas, Athanasios I. Gelasakis, Dimitra Bitchava, Eleni Kanaki and Elias Papadopoulos

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(6), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11060255 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

Although Dirofilaria immitis in dogs is considered enzootic in northern Greece, the available data on the occurrence of infection in southern parts of the country demonstrate its scarcity. The aim of this study was to update the current knowledge on D. immitis infection [...] Read more.

Although Dirofilaria immitis in dogs is considered enzootic in northern Greece, the available data on the occurrence of infection in southern parts of the country demonstrate its scarcity. The aim of this study was to update the current knowledge on D. immitis infection in dogs in areas of Greece previously considered non-enzootic (Central Greece, Attica, Peloponnese, North Aegean, South Aegean, Crete and the Ionian islands). In total, 1528 dog blood samples were collected from the aforementioned areas and examined by Dirochek^® ELISA (Synbiotics). Additionally, data published until 2022 on the prevalence of infection in these areas were compared to the data of this study. The ‘Wilson’ Score interval method (Epitools) was employed. Overall, 10.8% of dogs were positive for D. immitis. In detail, the prevalence was 21.7, 13.7, 10.7, 5.4, 4.7, 6.2 and 17.0% for D. immitis, in Central Greece, Attica, Peloponnese, North Aegean, South Aegean, Crete and the Ionian islands, respectively. Infection with D. immitis is recorded for the first time in Crete. The probability of a dog becoming infected has increased 4.1 times since 2022 in previously non-enzootic areas. This study denotes the spread of D. immitis and highlights the necessity for preventive measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Zoonotic Vector-Borne Diseases of Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 3727 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wildlife–Livestock Host Community Maintains Simultaneous Epidemiologic Cycles of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in a Mountain Ecosystem

by Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Eva Ramírez, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco and José Enrique Granados

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(5), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050217 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is an eye disease caused by Mycoplasma conjunctivae that affects domestic and wild caprines, including Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), a medium-sized mountain ungulate. However, its role in IKC dynamics in multi-host communities has been poorly studied. This study [...] Read more.

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is an eye disease caused by Mycoplasma conjunctivae that affects domestic and wild caprines, including Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), a medium-sized mountain ungulate. However, its role in IKC dynamics in multi-host communities has been poorly studied. This study assessed M. conjunctivae in Iberian ibex and seasonally sympatric domestic small ruminants in the Natural Space of Sierra Nevada (NSSN), a mountain habitat in southern Spain. From 2015 to 2017, eye swabs were collected from 147 ibexes (46 subadults, 101 adults) and 169 adult domestic small ruminants (101 sheep, 68 goats). Mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated through real-time qPCR and statistically assessed according to species, sex, age category, year, period, and area. The lppS gene of M. conjunctivae was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was endemic and asymptomatic in the host community of the NSSN. Three genetic clusters were shared by ibex and livestock, and one was identified only in sheep, although each host species could maintain the infection independently. Naïve subadults maintained endemic infection in Iberian ibex, with an epizootic outbreak in 2017 when the infection spread to adults. Wild ungulates are epidemiologically key in maintaining and spreading IKC and other shared diseases among spatially segregated livestock flocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Ophthalmologic Pathology in Animals)

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13 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Metronidazole versus a Synbiotic on Clinical Course and Core Intestinal Microbiota in Dogs with Acute Diarrhea

by Helene Stübing, Jan S. Suchodolski, Andrea Reisinger, Melanie Werner, Katrin Hartmann, Stefan Unterer and Kathrin Busch

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(5), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050197 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6130

Abstract

The usefulness of antibiotics in dogs with acute diarrhea (AD) is controversial. It is also unclear what effect metronidazole has on potential enteropathogens such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of [...] Read more.

The usefulness of antibiotics in dogs with acute diarrhea (AD) is controversial. It is also unclear what effect metronidazole has on potential enteropathogens such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metronidazole vs. a synbiotic on the clinical course and core intestinal bacteria of dogs with AD. Twenty-seven dogs with AD were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial and treated with either metronidazole (METg) or a synbiotic (SYNg; E. faecium DSM 10663; NCIMB 10415/4b170). The Canine Acute Diarrhea Severity (CADS) index was recorded daily for eleven days. Bacteria were quantified using qPCR. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. A higher concentration of E. coli was observed in the METg group vs. the SYNg group on Day 6 (p < 0.0001) and Day 30 (p = 0.01). Metronidazole had no effect on C. perfringens. C. hiranonis was significantly lower in the METg group than in the SYNg group on Days 6 and 30 (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0015). No significant differences were observed in CADS index, fecal consistency, or defecation frequency between treatment groups (except for the CADS index on one single day). In conclusion, metronidazole negatively impacts the microbiome without affecting clinical outcomes. Thus, synbiotics might be a preferred treatment option for dogs with AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digestive Diseases of Dogs and Cats)

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16 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales at the Human–Domestic Animal–Wildlife Interface: A One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance in Piauí, Northeastern Brazil

by Sandy Kelly S. M. da Silva, Danny A. Fuentes-Castillo, Ana Carolina Ewbank, Carlos Sacristán, José L. Catão-Dias, Anaiá P. Sevá, Nilton Lincopan, Sharon L. Deem, Lauro C. S. Feitosa and Lilian S. Catenacci

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050195 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3425

Abstract

The use, misuse, and overuse of antimicrobials is one of the main public health threats of the 21st century. We investigated the risk factor of the presence of extended-spectrum, cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in feces of non-domestic and domestic birds and other domestic animals in [...] Read more.

The use, misuse, and overuse of antimicrobials is one of the main public health threats of the 21st century. We investigated the risk factor of the presence of extended-spectrum, cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in feces of non-domestic and domestic birds and other domestic animals in Piauí State, northeast Brazil. We collected a total of 387 cloacal and rectal swab samples of free-living birds, domestic birds, and domestic mammals in five municipalities: Amarante, Água Branca, Lagoa Alegre, Parnaíba, and Teresina. A total of 59/387 (15.2%) of these samples harbored extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. Using the MALDI-TOF technique, we identified fifty-seven samples as Escherichia coli and two samples as Klebsiella pneumoniae. Teresina and Parnaíba had the highest prevalence of animals with resistant bacteria (32.1% and 27.1%, respectively) and highest exposure risk factor (OR of 16.06 and 8.58, respectively, and p < 0.001 for all). Multidrug-resistant, ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were observed in 72.8% of the samples (43/59). For the free-living birds, the positive samples belonged to a great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) and a semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) in migratory and resident species, respectively. For domestic animals, the swine samples showed the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. The lack of access to veterinary care and information regarding antimicrobial therapy, along with the easy access to antimicrobials without medical prescription, favors the inadequate use of antimicrobials in Piauí. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Canine Prostate Cancer: Current Treatments and the Role of Interventional Oncology

by Erin A. Gibson and William T. N. Culp

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040169 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9630

Abstract

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide in men, with over 3 million men currently living with prostate carcinoma. In men, routine screening and successful treatment schemes, including radiation, prostatectomy, or hormone therapy, have allowed for high survivability. Dogs are [...] Read more.

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide in men, with over 3 million men currently living with prostate carcinoma. In men, routine screening and successful treatment schemes, including radiation, prostatectomy, or hormone therapy, have allowed for high survivability. Dogs are recognized as one of the only mammals to spontaneously develop prostate neoplasia and are an important translational model. Within veterinary medicine, treatment options have historically been limited in efficacy or paired with high morbidity. Recently, less invasive treatment modalities have been investigated in dogs and people and demonstrated promise. Below, current treatment options available in dogs and people are reviewed, as well as a discussion of current and future trends within interventional treatment for canine PC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Interventional Radiology in Small Animals)

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8 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Animal Health Discourse during Ecological Crises in the Media—Lessons Learnt from the Flood in Thessaly from the One Health Perspective

by Eleftherios Meletis, Andrzej Jarynowski, Stanisław Maksymowicz, Polychronis Kostoulas and Vitaly Belik

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040140 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3674

Abstract

Due to the increasing risk of extreme events caused by climate change (i.e., floods, fires and hurricanes) or wars, European veterinary public health may need some improvement. Utilizing a mix of qualitative (participatory observation) and quantitative methods (Internet mining), we analyzed the Greek [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing risk of extreme events caused by climate change (i.e., floods, fires and hurricanes) or wars, European veterinary public health may need some improvement. Utilizing a mix of qualitative (participatory observation) and quantitative methods (Internet mining), we analyzed the Greek media’s responses to the millennial flood in Thessaly (September 2023), focusing on animal health (including wild, companion animals and livestock) and public sentiment towards epizootic/epidemic threats. The study revealed a gap in crisis management plans regarding veterinary-related issues, emphasizing the need for comprehensive emergency response strategies. Our findings show how (i) the lay referral system is projecting the perception of epidemic threats into the population; (ii) the emotional load of images of animal carcasses is misused by media creators aiming for a big audience; and (iii) pets’ owners are creating online communities for the searching and treatment of their pets. Our results stress the importance of integrating crisis communication in consecutive phases of the discourse, such as the following: (i) weather change; (ii) acute flood; (iii) recovery; and (iv) outbreaks, into veterinary practices to better prepare for such disasters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Special Issue on the Occasion of the One Health Day)

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20 pages, 1362 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of a Subsequent Dose of Dexmedetomidine or Other Sedatives following an Initial Dose of Dexmedetomidine on Electrolytes, Acid–Base Balance, Creatinine, Glucose, and Cardiac Troponin I in Cats: Part II

by Chrysoula Margeti, Georgios Kazakos, Apostolos D. Galatos, Vassilis Skampardonis, Theodora Zacharopoulou, Vassiliki Tsioli, Panagiota Tyrnenopoulou, Epameinondas Loukopoulos, Vasileios G. Papatsiros and Eugenia Flouraki

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040143 - 22 Mar 2024

Viewed by 3766

Abstract

The administered dose of dexmedetomidine may occasionally fail to produce the anticipated sedative effects. Therefore, a subsequent dose or administration of another sedative may enhance sedation; however, patient safety may be affected. The safety of seven different drugs administered at the following time [...] Read more.

The administered dose of dexmedetomidine may occasionally fail to produce the anticipated sedative effects. Therefore, a subsequent dose or administration of another sedative may enhance sedation; however, patient safety may be affected. The safety of seven different drugs administered at the following time point after an insufficient dose of dexmedetomidine was evaluated in a crossover, blind, experimental study that included six healthy adult cats. All cats received an initial dose of dexmedetomidine and a subsequent dose of either dexmedetomidine (Group DD), NS 0.9% (DC), tramadol (DT), butorphanol (DBT), buprenorphine (DBP), ketamine (DK), or midazolam (DM). Animal safety was assessed using repeated blood gas analysis and measurement of electrolytes, glucose, cardiac troponin I, and creatinine to evaluate cardiac, respiratory, and renal function. The median values of creatinine, cardiac troponin I, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, potassium, and sodium did not change significantly throughout the study. Heart rate was significantly decreased in all groups after administration of the drug combinations, except for in the DK group. Respiratory rate decreased significantly after administration of the initial dose of dexmedetomidine and in the DBP and DM groups. The partial pressure of oxygen, although normal, decreased significantly after the administration of dexmedetomidine, whereas the median concentration of glucose increased significantly following the administration of dexmedetomidine. The results of our study suggest that the drug combinations used did not alter the blood parameters above normal limits, while cardiac and renal function were not compromised. Therefore, a safe level of sedation was achieved. However, the administration of dexmedetomidine reduced the partial pressure of oxygen; thus, oxygen supplementation during sedation may be advantageous. Additionally, the increase in glucose concentration indicates that dexmedetomidine should not be used in cats with hyperglycaemia, whereas the decrease in haematocrit suggests that dexmedetomidine is not recommended in anaemic cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minimizing Anesthetic Risks in Dogs and Cats)

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15 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Strategies for Transboundary Swine Disease Management in Asian Islands: Foot and Mouth Disease, Classical Swine Fever, and African Swine Fever in Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines

by Chia-Hui Hsu, Chia-Yi Chang, Satoshi Otake, Thomas W. Molitor and Andres Perez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030130 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4872

Abstract

Swine transboundary diseases pose significant challenges in East and Southeast Asia, affecting Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines. This review delves into strategies employed by these islands over the past two decades to prevent or manage foot and mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever [...] Read more.

Swine transboundary diseases pose significant challenges in East and Southeast Asia, affecting Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines. This review delves into strategies employed by these islands over the past two decades to prevent or manage foot and mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF), and African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite socio-economic differences, these islands share geographical and climatic commonalities, influencing their thriving swine industries. Focusing on FMD eradication, this study unveils Taiwan’s success through mass vaccination, Japan’s post-eradication surveillance, and the Philippines’ zoning strategy. Insights into CSF in Japan emphasize the importance of wild boar control, whereas the ASF section highlights the multifaceted approach implemented through the Philippine National ASF Prevention and Control Program. This review underscores lessons learned from gained experiences, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of swine disease management in the region. Full article

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15 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surgical Outcomes of Laminectomy, Durotomy and a Non-Synthetic Dura Substitute Application in Ten Dogs with a Spinal Subarachnoid Diverticulum

by Michał Mól, Ricardo Fernandes, Simon Wheeler and Massimo Mariscoli

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030128 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5048

Abstract

This retrospective study aimed to report the surgical treatment and outcomes of laminectomies followed by durotomy and the application of a non-synthetic collagen matrix dura substitute (Durepair^TM) in ten dogs with a spinal subarachnoid diverticulum (SAD). The medical records of these [...] Read more.

This retrospective study aimed to report the surgical treatment and outcomes of laminectomies followed by durotomy and the application of a non-synthetic collagen matrix dura substitute (Durepair^TM) in ten dogs with a spinal subarachnoid diverticulum (SAD). The medical records of these ten client-owned dogs with SAD diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed. All patients had chronic and progressive deficits. At presentation, common neurological signs were proprioceptive ataxia, ambulatory spastic paraparesis or tetraparesis, and faecal incontinence. Dorsal thoracolumbar laminectomy was performed in eight dogs; one dog underwent cervical dorsolateral laminectomy, and one patient had thoracic hemilaminectomy. Laminectomies were followed by durotomy, allowing the dissection of the pia-arachnoid adhesions. A rectangular patch of a non-synthetic dura substitute was applied as an onlay graft over the durotomy site before routine closure. Proprioceptive ataxia, paraparesis, and tetraparesis improved in all patients. Faecal incontinence in one patient resolved postoperatively. Laminectomy, durotomy, and the application of a non-synthetic dura substitute was a safe procedure facilitating postoperative improvement over a long-term follow-up period (from 9 to 40 months). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurology and Neurosurgery in Small Animals)

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12 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intraoperative Isoflurane End-Tidal Concentration during Infusion of Fentanyl, Tramadol, or Fentanyl–Tramadol Combination in Cats

by Claudia Interlandi, Fabio Bruno, Marco Tabbì, Francesco Macrì, Simona Di Pietro, Elisabetta Giudice, Patrizia Licata, Daniele Macrì, Viola Zappone and Giovanna Lucrezia Costa

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030125 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4046

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane required, clinical parameters, intraoperative antinociceptive effect, and postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, receiving fentanyl, tramadol, or fentanyl/tramadol. Sixty-six cats in three groups, were premedicated with dexmedetomidine and infused with [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane required, clinical parameters, intraoperative antinociceptive effect, and postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, receiving fentanyl, tramadol, or fentanyl/tramadol. Sixty-six cats in three groups, were premedicated with dexmedetomidine and infused with one of the following treatments: fentanyl, tramadol, or fentanyl/tramadol combination. Anesthesia was induced with alfaxolone and maintained with isoflurane, titrated to keep heart rate, respiratory rate and systolic arterial pressure within target values recorded at endotracheal intubation. An intraoperative cumulative scale was performed. Postoperatively, a short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale Feline was used at 2, 12, and 24 h. The groups were similar for age, weight, dose of dexmedetomidine, and alfaxalone administered. A greater reduction in the end-tidal isoflurane fraction was observed with the combined fentanyl/tramadol infusion than with either fentanyl or tramadol alone. No differences in the end-tidal isoflurane fraction were found between fentanyl or tramadol alone. Hemodynamic stability associated with minimal cardiopulmonary changes, low response to noxious intraoperative stimulation, and low postoperative pain scores were also observed with the fentanyl/tramadol combination. The fentanyl/tramadol combination provided a reduction in the end-tidal isoflurane fraction compared with fentanyl or tramadol alone. Full article

15 pages, 12504 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Virus-like Particle Plant-Based Vaccines against Avian H5 and H9 Influenza A Viruses

by Ola A. Elbohy, Munir Iqbal, Janet M. Daly and Stephen P. Dunham

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020093 - 18 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4494

Abstract

Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is a significant cause of mortality in poultry, causing substantial economic loss, particularly in developing countries, and has zoonotic potential. For example, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype have been circulating in Egypt for [...] Read more.

Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is a significant cause of mortality in poultry, causing substantial economic loss, particularly in developing countries, and has zoonotic potential. For example, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype have been circulating in Egypt for around two decades. In the last decade, H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.1 have been succeeded by the antigenically distinct H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Furthermore, H9N2 viruses co-circulate with the H5N8 viruses in Egyptian poultry. It is widely recognised that effective vaccination against IAV requires a close antigenic match between the vaccine and viruses circulating in the field. Therefore, approaches to develop cost-effective vaccines that can be rapidly adapted to local virus strains are required for developing countries such as Egypt. In this project, the haemagglutinin (HA) proteins of Egyptian H5 and H9 viruses were expressed by transient transfection of plants (Nicotiana benthamiana). The formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Mice were immunised with four doses of either H5 or H9 VLPs with adjuvant. Antibody and cellular immune responses were measured against the corresponding recombinant protein using ELISA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISpot), respectively. Chickens were immunised with one dose of H5 VLPs, eliciting HA-specific antibodies measured by ELISA and a pseudotyped virus neutralisation test using a heterologous H5 HA. In conclusion, plant-based VLP vaccines have potential for producing an effective vaccine candidate within a short time at a relatively low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Prevention and Control in Avian Virus Infections)

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23 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions

by Remco A. Nederlof, Melissa A. de la Garza and Jaco Bakker

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020078 - 7 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3943

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be [...] Read more.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions. Full article

19 pages, 3561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multidrug-Resistant Commensal and Infection-Causing Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Companion Animals in the Valencia Region

by Ana Marco-Fuertes, Clara Marin, Concepción Gimeno-Cardona, Violeta Artal-Muñoz, Santiago Vega and Laura Montoro-Dasi

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020054 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3226

Abstract

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) among microorganisms to commonly used antibiotics is a growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Companion animals play a significant role in the epidemiology of AMR, as their population is continuously increasing, [...] Read more.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) among microorganisms to commonly used antibiotics is a growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Companion animals play a significant role in the epidemiology of AMR, as their population is continuously increasing, posing a risk of disseminating AMR, particularly to strains of public health importance, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AMR and MDR in commensal and infection-causing Staphylococcus spp. in dogs and cats in Valencia region. For this purpose, 271 samples were taken from veterinary centers to assess antimicrobial susceptibility against 20 antibiotics, including some of the most important antibiotics for the treatment of Staphylococcus infections, including the five last resort antibiotics in this list. Of all the samples, 187 Staphylococcus spp. strains were recovered from asymptomatic and skin-diseased dogs and cats, of which S. pseudintermedius (≈60%) was more prevalent in dogs, while S. felis (≈50%) was more prevalent in cats. In the overall analysis of the isolates, AMR was observed for all antibiotics tested, including those crucial in human medicine. Furthermore, over 70% and 30% of the strains in dogs and cats, respectively, exhibited MDR. This study highlights the significance of monitoring the trends in AMR and MDR among companion animals. The potential contribution of these animals to the dissemination of AMR and its resistance genes to humans, other animals, and their shared environment underscores the necessity for adopting a One Health approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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25 pages, 5731 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Streptococcus suis Research Update: Serotype Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Distribution in Swine Isolates Recovered in Spain from 2020 to 2022

by Máximo Petrocchi Rilo, César Bernardo Gutiérrez Martín, Vanessa Acebes Fernández, Álvaro Aguarón Turrientes, Alba González Fernández, Rubén Miguélez Pérez and Sonia Martínez Martínez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010040 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3473

Abstract

This study aimed to update the Streptococcus suis serotype distribution in Spain by analysing 302 clinical isolates recovered from diseased pigs between 2020 and 2022. The main objectives were to identify prevalent serotypes, differentiate specific serotypes 1, 14, 2, and 1/2, investigate specific [...] Read more.

This study aimed to update the Streptococcus suis serotype distribution in Spain by analysing 302 clinical isolates recovered from diseased pigs between 2020 and 2022. The main objectives were to identify prevalent serotypes, differentiate specific serotypes 1, 14, 2, and 1/2, investigate specific genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance features, and explore associations between resistance genes and phenotypic resistances. Serotypes 9 (21.2%), 1 (16.2%), 2 (15.6%), 3 (6%), and 7 (5.6%) were the most prevalent, whereas serotypes 14 and 1/2 corresponded with 4.3% and 0.7% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes, including tet(O), erm(B), lnu(B), lsa(E), tet(M), and mef(A/E), were analysed, which were present in 85.8%, 65.2%, 7%, 7%, 6.3%, and 1% of the samples, respectively. Susceptibility testing for 18 antimicrobials revealed high resistance levels, particularly for clindamycin (88.4%), chlortetracycline (89.4%), and sulfadimethoxine (94.4%). Notably, seven significant associations (p < 0.0001) were detected, correlating specific antimicrobial resistance genes to the observed phenotypic resistance. These findings contribute to understanding the S. suis serotype distribution and its antibiotic resistance profiles in Spain, offering valuable insights for veterinary and public health efforts in managing S. suis-associated infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals)

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15 pages, 2231 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temporal Variability of the Dominant Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Adult Cats

by Chi-Hsuan Sung, Sina Marsilio, Rachel Pilla, Yu-An Wu, Joao Pedro Cavasin, Min-Pyo Hong and Jan S. Suchodolski

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010031 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3291

Abstract

While shifts in gut microbiota have been studied in diseased states, the temporal variability of the microbiome in cats has not been widely studied. This study investigated the temporal variability of the feline dysbiosis index (DI) and the abundance of core bacterial groups [...] Read more.

While shifts in gut microbiota have been studied in diseased states, the temporal variability of the microbiome in cats has not been widely studied. This study investigated the temporal variability of the feline dysbiosis index (DI) and the abundance of core bacterial groups in healthy adult cats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the relationship between the fecal abundance of Clostridium hiranonis and the fecal concentrations of unconjugated bile acids. A total of 142 fecal samples collected from 17 healthy cats were prospectively included: nine cats with weekly collection over 3 weeks (at least four time points), five cats with monthly collection over 2 months (three time points), and three cats with additional collections for up to 10 months. The DI remained stable within the reference intervals over two months for all cats (Friedman test, p > 0.2), and 100% of the DI values (n = 142) collected throughout the study period remained within the RI. While some temporal individual variation was observed for individual taxa, the magnitude was minimal compared to cats with chronic enteropathy and antibiotic exposure. Additionally, the abundance of Clostridium hiranonis was significantly correlated with the percentage of fecal primary bile acids, supporting its role as a bile acid converter in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digestive Diseases of Dogs and Cats)

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18 pages, 17295 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Histopathological Aspects of the Influence of Babesia microti on the Placentas of Infected Female Rats

by Krzysztof P. Jasik, Anna Kleczka and Aleksandra Franielczyk

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010018 - 3 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4158

Abstract

Babesiosis is perceived mainly an animal disease; however, awareness that Babesia spp. parasites that can cause diseases in humans is increasing significantly. Babesiosis is spread by the bite of an infected tick (Ixodes spp.), but it can also be transmitted by transfusion [...] Read more.

Babesiosis is perceived mainly an animal disease; however, awareness that Babesia spp. parasites that can cause diseases in humans is increasing significantly. Babesiosis is spread by the bite of an infected tick (Ixodes spp.), but it can also be transmitted by transfusion of infected blood and from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or childbirth. The parasites multiply in the bloodstream and destroy red blood cells. This study aimed to assess the influence of Babesia microti on the histological structure of the placenta. Histopathological material collected from pregnant rats infected with Babesia microti was used in the experiment. Microscopic images of the placentas were assessed by Mallory staining and by using methylene blue-stained semi-thin sections. In addition, FISH was used to detect parasite DNA. The presence of piroplasms in both maternal and fetal vessels was demonstrated. Babesia microti infection caused vacuolization of syncytioblasts and cytotrophoblasts, accumulation of collagen fibers in placental villi, and increased adhesion of erythrocytes to the vascular walls. These results indicate that Babesia may influence the course of pregnancy and invite further research on the mechanism of piroplasm penetration into cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tick-Borne Diseases and Their Control)

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30 pages, 3107 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Obesity during Pregnancy in the Horse: Effect on Term Placental Structure and Gene Expression, as Well as Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Concentration

by Morgane Robles, Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard, Cédric Dubois, Tiphanie Josse, Émilie Nouveau, Michele Dahirel, Laurence Wimel, Anne Couturier-Tarrade and Pascale Chavatte-Palmer

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(12), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120691 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 3894

Abstract

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is [...] Read more.

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is a follow-up study of previous work showing that Obese mares (O, n = 10, body condition score > 4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n = 14, body condition score < 4 at insemination). Foals born to O mares were more insulin-resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation, and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as the fatty acid profile in the plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation, which, to our knowledge, has been poorly studied in the horse. Mares from both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were housed in pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation (summer of 2016 in the Limousin region, France). In the present article, term placental morphometry, structure (stereology), and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrum and milk, were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between the N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure, or gene expression. No difference in plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed until 18 months of age in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn that can also play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares, which could have further affected the metabolic development of their foals. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk, thus also influencing the foal’s plasma fatty acid composition and likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Placentation in Mammals: Development, Function and Pathology)

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20 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multifaceted Approach for Evaluating Hepatitis E Virus Infectivity In Vitro: Cell Culture and Innovative Molecular Methods for Integrity Assessment

by Tatjana Locus, Ellen Lambrecht, Sophie Lamoral, Sjarlotte Willems, Steven Van Gucht, Thomas Vanwolleghem and Michael Peeters

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(12), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120676 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus is a prominent cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. In Western countries, most infections are asymptomatic. However, acute self-limiting hepatitis and chronic cases in immunocompromised individuals can occur. Studying HEV is challenging due to its difficulty to grow in cell culture. [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus is a prominent cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. In Western countries, most infections are asymptomatic. However, acute self-limiting hepatitis and chronic cases in immunocompromised individuals can occur. Studying HEV is challenging due to its difficulty to grow in cell culture. Consequently, the detection of the virus mainly relies on RT-qPCR, which cannot differentiate between infectious and non-infectious particles. To overcome this problem, methods assessing viral integrity offer a possible solution to differentiate between intact and damaged viruses. This study aims at optimizing existing HEV cell culture models and RT-qPCR-based assays for selectively detecting intact virions to establish a reliable model for assessing HEV infectivity. In conclusion, these newly developed methods hold promise for enhancing food safety by identifying approaches for inactivating HEV in food processing, thereby increasing food safety measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Infectious Disease: Viral Enteric Pathogens with Zoonosis Potential in Domestic and Wild Animals)

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14 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Estimating Microbial Protein Synthesis in the Rumen—Can ‘Omics’ Methods Provide New Insights into a Long-Standing Question?

by Joana Lima, Winfred Ingabire, Rainer Roehe and Richard James Dewhurst

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(12), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120679 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5033

Abstract

Rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS) provides at least half of the amino acids for the synthesis of milk and meat protein in ruminants. As such, it is fundamental to global food protein security. Estimating microbial protein is central to diet formulation, maximising nitrogen [...] Read more.

Rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS) provides at least half of the amino acids for the synthesis of milk and meat protein in ruminants. As such, it is fundamental to global food protein security. Estimating microbial protein is central to diet formulation, maximising nitrogen (N)-use efficiency and reducing N losses to the environment. Whilst factors influencing MPS are well established in vitro, techniques for in vivo estimates, including older techniques with cannulated animals and the more recent technique based on urinary purine derivative (UPD) excretion, are subject to large experimental errors. Consequently, models of MPS used in protein rationing are imprecise, resulting in wasted feed protein and unnecessary N losses to the environment. Newer ‘omics’ techniques are used to characterise microbial communities, their genes and resultant proteins and metabolites. An analysis of microbial communities and genes has recently been used successfully to model complex rumen-related traits, including feed conversion efficiency and methane emissions. Since microbial proteins are more directly related to microbial genes, we expect a strong relationship between rumen metataxonomics/metagenomics and MPS. The main aims of this review are to gauge the understanding of factors affecting MPS, including the use of the UPD technique, and explore whether omics-focused studies could improve the predictability of MPS, with a focus on beef cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Feeding Strategies on Rumen Function and Animal Performance)

13 pages, 4095 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Sampling Method on Detection of the Equine Uterine Microbiome during Estrus

by B. A. Heil, M. van Heule, S. K. Thompson, T. A. Kearns, E. L. Oberhaus, G. King, P. Daels, P. Dini and J. L. Sones

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(11), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10110644 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3208

Abstract

Bacterial endometritis is among the most common causes of subfertility in mares. It has a major economic impact on the equine breeding industry. The sensitivity of detecting uterine microbes using culture-based methods, irrespective of the sample collection method, double-guarded endometrial swab, endometrial biopsy, [...] Read more.

Bacterial endometritis is among the most common causes of subfertility in mares. It has a major economic impact on the equine breeding industry. The sensitivity of detecting uterine microbes using culture-based methods, irrespective of the sample collection method, double-guarded endometrial swab, endometrial biopsy, or uterine low-volume lavage (LVL), is low. Therefore, equine bacterial endometritis often goes undiagnosed. Sixteen individual mares were enrolled, and an endometrial sample was obtained using each method from all mares. After trimming, quality control and decontamination, 3824 amplicon sequence variants were detected in the dataset. We found using 16S rRNA sequencing that the equine uterus harbors a distinct resident microbiome during estrus. All three sampling methods used yielded similar results in composition as well as relative abundance at phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota) and genus (Klebsiella, Mycoplasma, and Aeromonas) levels. A significant difference was found in alpha diversity (Chao1) between LVL and endometrial biopsy, suggesting that LVL is superior at detecting the low-abundant (rare) taxa. These new data could pave the way for innovative treatment methods for endometrial disease and subfertility in mares. This, in turn, could lead to more judicious antimicrobial use in the equine breeding industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Findings in Equine Reproduction and Neonatology)

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18 pages, 2405 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Sex and a High-Fiber Diet on the Gut Microbiome of Alentejano Pigs Raised to Heavy Weights

by André Albuquerque, Nicolás Garrido, Rui Charneca, Conceição Egas, Luísa Martin, Amélia Ramos, Filipa Costa, Carla Marmelo and José Manuel Martins

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(11), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10110641 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3473

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of sex and a dietary transition on the gut microbiota of a local Portuguese pig breed. Three groups of male Alentejano pigs (n = 10 each) were raised between ~40 and 160 kg LW. Group C included [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of sex and a dietary transition on the gut microbiota of a local Portuguese pig breed. Three groups of male Alentejano pigs (n = 10 each) were raised between ~40 and 160 kg LW. Group C included pigs that were surgically castrated, while the I group included intact ones; both were fed with commercial diets. The third group, IExp, included intact pigs that were fed commercial diets until ~130 kg, then replaced by an experimental diet based on legumes and agro-industrial by-products between ~130 and 160 kg. Fecal samples were collected two weeks before slaughter. The total DNA was extracted and used for 16S metabarcoding on a MiSeq^® System. The dietary transition from a commercial diet to the experimental diet substantially increased and shifted the diversity observed. Complex carbohydrate fermenting bacteria, such as Ruminococcus spp. and Sphaerochaeta spp., were significantly more abundant in IExp (q < 0.05). On the other hand, castrated pigs presented a significantly lower abundance of the potential probiotic, Roseburia spp. and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (q < 0.01), bacteria commonly associated with better gut health and lower body fat composition. Understanding the role of gut microbiota is paramount to ensure a low skatole deposition and consumers’ acceptance of pork products from non-castrated male pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis in Domestic Animal Breeds and Performance)

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12 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains, Isolated from Clinical Cases of Companion Animals in Greece

by Marios Lysitsas, Eleutherios Triantafillou, Irene Chatzipanagiotidou, Konstantina Antoniou and George Valiakos

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(11), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10110635 - 29 Oct 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii–calcoaceticus (Abc) Complex bacteria are troublesome nosocomial pathogens in human medicine, especially during the last 30 years. Recent research in veterinary medicine also supports its emergence as an animal pathogen. However, relevant data are limited. In this study, we obtained [...] Read more.

Acinetobacter baumannii–calcoaceticus (Abc) Complex bacteria are troublesome nosocomial pathogens in human medicine, especially during the last 30 years. Recent research in veterinary medicine also supports its emergence as an animal pathogen. However, relevant data are limited. In this study, we obtained 41 A. baumannii isolates from clinical samples of canine and feline origin collected in veterinary clinics in Greece between 2020 and 2023. Biochemical identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular identification and statistical analysis were performed. Most of the samples were of soft tissue and urine origin, while polymicrobial infections were recorded in 29 cases. Minocycline was the most effective in vitro antibiotic, whereas high resistance rates were detected for almost all the agents tested. Notably, 20 isolates were carbapenem resistant and 19 extensively drug resistant (XDR). This is the first report of canine and feline infections caused by Abc in Greece. The results create concerns regarding the capability of the respective bacteria to cause difficult-to-treat infections in pets and persist in veterinary facilities through hospitalized animals, contaminated equipment, and surfaces. Moreover, the prevalence of highly resistant strains in companion animals constitutes a public health issue since they could act as a reservoir, contributing to the spread of epidemic clones in a community. Full article

11 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioactive Lipid Compounds as Eco-Friendly Agents in the Diets of Broiler Chicks for Sustainable Production and Health Status

by Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth and Jayant Lohakare

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100612 - 9 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Phytogenic compounds can improve feed efficiency, meat quality, and the health status of chickens under hot climatic conditions. The current study investigated the impact of the bioactive lipid compounds of oregano and peppermint and their combination on the sustainability of meat production and [...] Read more.

Phytogenic compounds can improve feed efficiency, meat quality, and the health status of chickens under hot climatic conditions. The current study investigated the impact of the bioactive lipid compounds of oregano and peppermint and their combination on the sustainability of meat production and the health of broiler chicks in hot climatic conditions. Two hundred and fifty-six one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed into four treatment groups. The birds were fed a control diet, bioactive lipid compounds of oregano (BLCO, 150 mg/kg), bioactive lipid compounds of peppermint (BLCP, 150 mg/kg), or a combination of BLCO and BLCP at 150 mg/kg each for 35 days. Each treatment included 8 replicates, each with 8 birds. The results showed that adding BLCO and BLCP separately or in combination to broiler diets improved body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. BLCO, BLCP, or their combination increased the percentages of the dressing and gizzard and lowered the percentage of abdominal fat as compared to the control. Supplementation of BLCO, BLCP, or their combination decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, and urea compared to control. BLCO, BLCP, or their combination reduced cook and drip loss in the meat of broilers. In conclusion, birds fed diets containing BLCO and BLCP, either independently or in combination, showed improvements in performance, blood biochemistry, and meat quality in hot climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Science: Nutritional Aspects of Poultry Production)

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17 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Immunocastration on Culled Sows—A Preliminary Study on Reproductive Tract, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality

by Sofia Botelho-Fontela, Gustavo Paixão, Ricardo Pereira-Pinto, Manuela Vaz-Velho, Maria dos Anjos Pires, Rita Payan-Carreira, Luís Patarata, José Lorenzo, António Silva and Alexandra Esteves

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100600 - 2 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3905

Abstract

The Bísaro pig is a Portuguese autochthonous breed greatly appreciated for its meat quality and is mainly reared outdoors. Immunocastration could be a solution to avoid undesirable pregnancies and boar taint in cull sows. The present study tested three immunocastration protocols (with Improvac [...] Read more.

The Bísaro pig is a Portuguese autochthonous breed greatly appreciated for its meat quality and is mainly reared outdoors. Immunocastration could be a solution to avoid undesirable pregnancies and boar taint in cull sows. The present study tested three immunocastration protocols (with Improvac^®) according to their reproductive cycle. The first inoculation was performed two weeks after farrowing (IM1, n = 5), at the beginning of estrus (IM2, n = 5), and one week after the end of estrus (IM3, n = 5), followed by a second administration four weeks apart. A control group (C, n = 5) was also included in the same housing conditions. The sample collection included the reproductive tract for morphometric evaluation, neck fat for the quantification of boar taint compounds, and a portion of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum for meat quality trait assessment. The reproductive tracts from intact sows (C) were significantly heavier compared to the immunocastrated groups (p < 0.05) (1.403 kg C to 0.508 kg IM1, 0.590 kg IM2, and 0.599 kg IM3), suggesting the regression of the reproductive tract to nonstimulated conditions due to immunization against GnRH. The IM1 group exhibited significantly smaller reproductive tract measurements compared to group C for most of the evaluated segments (p < 0.05). No marked differences were observed in the meat quality traits. Therefore, immunocastration can be used in culling sows to avoid ovarian activity, and it is not detrimental to pork quality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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14 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks

by René Renzhammer, Angelika Auer, Igor Loncaric, Annabell Entenfellner, Katharina Dimmel, Karin Walk, Till Rümenapf, Joachim Spergser and Andrea Ladinig

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100601 - 2 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses [...] Read more.

The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)

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13 pages, 2727 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Evolution of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans and Ruminants in Portugal—A One Health Approach

by Ana Margarida Alho, Miguel Canhão Dias, Miguel Cardo, Pedro Aguiar and Luís Madeira de Carvalho

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090584 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4068

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a significant parasitic zoonosis with public health implications, albeit often neglected. In Portugal, data on this zoonosis are scarce despite being a mandatory notifiable disease in both humans and animals. To assess the impact of [...] Read more.

Cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a significant parasitic zoonosis with public health implications, albeit often neglected. In Portugal, data on this zoonosis are scarce despite being a mandatory notifiable disease in both humans and animals. To assess the impact of cystic echinococcosis on both livestock and humans, we compiled data from slaughterhouse records of ruminants, human hospitalizations, and confirmed cases of human echinococcosis. Overall, a total of 298 cases of cystic echinococcosis were identified in ruminants slaughtered from national farms for human consumption in Portugal between 2008 and 2022, comprising 192 cases in ovines, 95 in bovines, and 11 in caprines. Echinococcosis led to 582 hospitalizations in Portuguese public hospitals, with an average hospital stay of 11 days (±15.66), and resulted in 13 deaths (2.23%) from 2008 to 2018. Each infected animal was associated with a 7% increase in the incidence rate of human hospitalization (p = 0.002, IRR = 1.070, 95% CI: 1.025–1.117). Additionally, for every 100,000 person-years observed between 2008 and 2018, the total number of hospitalizations was 0.528. Residence in the Alentejo region was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in the incidence rate of human hospitalizations and an 8-fold higher risk of death from echinococcosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echinococcosis)

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32 pages, 9199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lymphoma in Border Collies: Genome-Wide Association and Pedigree Analysis

by Pamela Xing Yi Soh, Mehar Singh Khatkar and Peter Williamson

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090581 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4784

Abstract

There has been considerable interest in studying cancer in dogs and its potential as a model system for humans. One area of research has been the search for genetic risk variants in canine lymphoma, which is amongst the most common canine cancers. Previous [...] Read more.

There has been considerable interest in studying cancer in dogs and its potential as a model system for humans. One area of research has been the search for genetic risk variants in canine lymphoma, which is amongst the most common canine cancers. Previous studies have focused on a limited number of breeds, but none have included Border Collies. The aims of this study were to identify relationships between Border Collie lymphoma cases through an extensive pedigree investigation and to utilise relationship information to conduct genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses to identify risk regions associated with lymphoma. The expanded pedigree analysis included 83,000 Border Collies, with 71 identified lymphoma cases. The analysis identified affected close relatives, and a common ancestor was identified for 54 cases. For the genomic study, a GWAS was designed to incorporate lymphoma cases, putative “carriers”, and controls. A case-control GWAS was also conducted as a comparison. Both analyses showed significant SNPs in regions on chromosomes 18 and 27. Putative top candidate genes from these regions included DLA-79, WNT10B, LMBR1L, KMT2D, and CCNT1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Lymphoma)

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30 pages, 3568 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Development and Degeneration of the Intervertebral Disc—Insights from Across Species

by Kathryn Murphy, Thomas Lufkin and Petra Kraus

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090540 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5447

Abstract

Back pain caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration has a major socio-economic impact in humans, yet historically has received minimal attention in species other than humans, mice and dogs. However, a general growing interest in this unique organ prompted the expansion of IVD [...] Read more.

Back pain caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration has a major socio-economic impact in humans, yet historically has received minimal attention in species other than humans, mice and dogs. However, a general growing interest in this unique organ prompted the expansion of IVD research in rats, rabbits, cats, horses, monkeys, and cows, further illuminating the complex nature of the organ in both healthy and degenerative states. Application of recent biotechnological advancements, including single cell RNA sequencing and complex data analysis methods has begun to explain the shifting inflammatory signaling, variation in cellular subpopulations, differential gene expression, mechanical loading, and metabolic stresses which contribute to age and stress related degeneration of the IVD. This increase in IVD research across species introduces a need for chronicling IVD advancements and tissue biomarkers both within and between species. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent single cell RNA sequencing data alongside existing case reports and histo/morphological data to highlight the cellular complexity and metabolic challenges of this unique organ that is of structural importance for all vertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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16 pages, 1947 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration on the Fecal Microbiome and Serum Concentrations of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins in Healthy Adult Cats

by Stacie Summers, Jessica Quimby, Jason Gagné and Michael Lappin

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(8), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080497 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding healthy adult cats with foods containing variable protein concentrations on the fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of the gut-derived uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and trimethylamine-n-oxide. Twenty healthy young [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding healthy adult cats with foods containing variable protein concentrations on the fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of the gut-derived uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and trimethylamine-n-oxide. Twenty healthy young adult cats were randomized into two groups and fed either a low-protein diet (LPD; 7.4 g/100 kcal ME) or a high-protein diet (HPD; 11.0 g/100 kcal ME) for a 12-week period. Serum uremic toxin concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the fecal microbiome was characterized using shallow sequence shotgun metagenomics. Cats that consumed the HPD had higher pCS concentrations at 8 weeks (p = 0.028) when compared to baseline. After 12 weeks, cats fed the HPD had higher fecal alpha diversity indices at both the taxonomic and functional levels and lower fecal Bifidobacterium relative abundance compared to those cats fed the LPD. In conclusion, a change in diet and dietary protein concentration shifted the fecal microbial community and microbial function. Feeding cats a high amount of protein increased serum concentrations of the uremic toxin pCS; however, the effect was short-lived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Small Animal Health)

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