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Veterinary Sciences
Special Issues
Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses
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Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2024 | Viewed by 10962

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vasileios Papatsiros

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Guest Editor
Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Interests: porcine medicine; porcine herd health management; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD); porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC); reproductive diseases in sows and boars; welfare and production; heat stress, alternatives to antibiotics; vaccines; feed additives; mycotoxins; zoonoses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Georgios Papakonstantinou

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Guest Editor
Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Interests: porcine herd health management; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD); porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC); welfare management; antioxidants; vaccines; mycotoxins; zoonoses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past two decades, many viruses have emerged in the global swine population. This Special Issue focuses on important emerging and re-emerging swine viruses that influence pig production or overall porcine herd health management. This includes viruses that have recently caused outbreaks, such as the African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in Europe and Asia, which have led to devastating economic losses in the pig industry. Endemic swine viruses include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), swine influenza virus (SIV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine circovirus (PCV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), porcine astrovirus (PAstV), and any other emerging and re-emerging swine viruses.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect reviews and/or original research articles on emerging and re-emerging swine viruses. Submissions can include, but are not limited to:

  1. The efficacy of commercial vaccines for emerging and re-emerging swine viruses;
  2. The development of and new technology for vaccines against emerging and re-emerging swine viruses;
  3. The economic impact of emerging and re-emerging swine viruses on global pig production;
  4. New aspects of the pathogenesis of emerging and re-emerging swine viruses;
  5. Epidemiological studies for emerging and re-emerging swine viruses.

Dr. Vasileios Papatsiros
Dr. Georgios Papakonstantinou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • swine
  • emerging and re-emerging viruses
  • pathogenesis
  • vaccines

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
Isolation, Genomic Characterization and Evolution of Six Porcine Rotavirus A Strains in a Pig Farming Group
by Zhendong Zhang, Chengyue Wu, Yue Chen, Yubo Li, Duo Li, Wenqiang Wang, Wei Wen, Zhenbang Zhu and Xiangdong Li
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090436 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 281
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) is a significant enteric pathogen causing gastroenteritis in piglets, which causes huge economic loss to the Chinese pig industry. In this study, six porcine rotavirus A strains were isolated from three adjacent sow farms belonging to the same company within [...] Read more.
Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) is a significant enteric pathogen causing gastroenteritis in piglets, which causes huge economic loss to the Chinese pig industry. In this study, six porcine rotavirus A strains were isolated from three adjacent sow farms belonging to the same company within one year, which suffered severe diarrhea outbreaks. AHBZ2303 (G11P[7]) and AHBZ2305 (G9P[23]), AHBZ2304 (G9P[23]) and AHBZ2312 (G4P[6]), AHBZ2310 (G9P[23]) and AHBZ2402 (G5P[23]) were isolated from Farm A, B and C, respectively. All six isolates were related to human rotavirus through complete genome analysis, suggesting the potential cross–species infection between humans and pigs. Evolutionary analysis revealed that AHBZ2303 and AHBZ2304 likely emerged simultaneously in Farm A and B, and then AHBZ2304 was introduced to Farm A and C, leading to the emergence of AHBZ2305 and AHBZ2310. Recombination and large variation were identified for AHBZ2312 and AHBZ2402. These findings provided insights into the transmission and evolution of PoRV among farms and underscored the need for enhanced monitoring to mitigate the risk of outbreaks from novel variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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14 pages, 12365 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Study of Inoculation Approaches and Pathogenicity in African Swine Fever
by Qian Xu, Dongfan Li, Xiaoyu Chen, Xiaoli Liu, Hua Cao, Hui Wang, Haowei Wu, Tangyu Cheng, Wenhui Ren, Fengqin Xu, Qigai He, Xuexiang Yu and Wentao Li
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090403 - 1 Sep 2024
Viewed by 512
Abstract
African swine fever is an extremely infectious viral disease that can cause nearly 100% mortality in domestic pigs. In this study, we isolated an ASFV strain HB31A and characterized it using hemadsorption assay, immunofluorescence assay, and electron microscopy. We then performed animal experiments [...] Read more.
African swine fever is an extremely infectious viral disease that can cause nearly 100% mortality in domestic pigs. In this study, we isolated an ASFV strain HB31A and characterized it using hemadsorption assay, immunofluorescence assay, and electron microscopy. We then performed animal experiments on 20-day-old pigs through intramuscular and oronasal inoculations with HB31A. Pigs in the intramuscular group exhibited more consistent clinical disease, with an incubation period of 4.33 ± 0.47 days and a 100% mortality rate within 6.67 (±0.47) days post-inoculation (dpi). In contrast, the oronasal group experienced a longer course of disease, with an incubation period of 6.00 ± 0.82 days. Two out of three pigs in the oronasal group died at 8 and 10 dpi, while the surviving pig exhibited chronic disease and persistent infection, intermittently excreting ASFV through the oral, nasal, and rectal pathways. Virus DNA was found in oral, nasal, and rectal swabs at 1–3 dpi in the intramuscular group and at 3–5 dpi in the oronasal group. In summary, HB31A is highly lethal to domestic pigs, and field-infected pigs have the potential to develop non-lethal, chronic disease and persistent infection, with intermittent viral shedding, even when infected with a highly virulent strain. These findings offer a valuable understanding of the viral dynamics and pathogenicity of ASFV and highlight the difficulties in diagnosing, preventing, and controlling African swine fever. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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14 pages, 607 KiB  
Article
Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks
by René Renzhammer, Angelika Auer, Igor Loncaric, Annabell Entenfellner, Katharina Dimmel, Karin Walk, Till Rümenapf, Joachim Spergser and Andrea Ladinig
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100601 - 2 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1919
Abstract
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses [...] Read more.
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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12 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
Seroprevalence of Swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV) Infections in Commercial Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms in Greece
by Vasileios G. Papatsiros, Georgios I. Papakonstantinou, Eleftherios Meletis, Konstantinos Koutoulis, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Georgios Maragkakis, Georgia Labronikou, Ilias Terzidis, Polychronis Kostoulas and Charalambos Billinis
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100599 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus infection. Pigs play an important role in the overall epidemiology of influenza because of their ability to transmit influenza viruses of avian and human origin, which plays a potential role [...] Read more.
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus infection. Pigs play an important role in the overall epidemiology of influenza because of their ability to transmit influenza viruses of avian and human origin, which plays a potential role in the emergence of zoonotic strains with pandemic potential. The aim of our study was to assess the seroprevalence of Swine Influenza Viruses (swIAVs) in commercial pig farms in Greece. A total of 1416 blood samples were collected from breeding animals (gilts and sows) and pigs aged 3 weeks to market age from 40 different swIAV vaccinated and unvaccinated commercial farrow-to-finish pig farms. For the detection of anti-SIV antibodies, sera were analyzed using an indirect ELISA kit CIVTEST SUIS INFLUENZA®, Hipra (Amer, Spain). Of the total 1416 animals tested, 498 were seropositive, indicating that the virus circulates in both vaccinated (54% seroprevalence) and unvaccinated Greek pig farms (23% seroprevalence). In addition, maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels were lower in pigs at 4 and 7 weeks of age in unvaccinated farms than in vaccinated farms. In conclusion, our results underscore the importance of vaccination as an effective tool for the prevention of swIAV infections in commercial farrow-to-finish pig farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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14 pages, 4917 KiB  
Article
The Synergic Role of Emerging and Endemic Swine Virus in the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex: Pathological and Biomolecular Analysis
by Giovanni Pietro Burrai, Salwa Hawko, Silvia Dei Giudici, Marta Polinas, Pier Paolo Angioi, Lorena Mura, Alberto Alberti, Chadi Hosri, Georges Hassoun, Annalisa Oggiano and Elisabetta Antuofermo
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(10), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100595 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1559
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) represents a significant threat to the swine industry, causing economic losses in pigs worldwide. Recently, beyond the endemic viruses PRRSV and PCV2, emerging viruses such as TTSuV, PCV3, and PPV2, have been associated with PRDC, but their role [...] Read more.
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) represents a significant threat to the swine industry, causing economic losses in pigs worldwide. Recently, beyond the endemic viruses PRRSV and PCV2, emerging viruses such as TTSuV, PCV3, and PPV2, have been associated with PRDC, but their role remains unclear. This study investigates the presence of PCV2 and PRRSV and emerging viruses (PCV3, TTSuV, and PPV2) in the lungs of swine belonging to different age groups by histopathology and real-time PCR. The prevalent lung lesion was interstitial pneumonia with increased severity in post-weaning pigs. PRRSV was detected in 33% of piglets’ lungs and in 20% of adults and post-weaning pigs with high Ct, while PCV2 was found in 100% of adult pigs, 33% of post-weaning pigs, and 22% of piglets, with low Ct in post-weaning pigs. PCV3 was present in all categories and coexisted with other viruses. TTSuV was detected in all swine in combination with other viruses, possibly influencing the disease dynamics, while PPV2 was detected in 100% of adults’ and 90% of piglets’ lungs. The detection of TTSuV, PCV3, and PPV2 in affected pigs prioritizes the need for comprehensive approaches in implementing appropriate control measures and minimizing economic losses associated with PRDC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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11 pages, 942 KiB  
Article
Porcine Sapovirus in Northern Vietnam: Genetic Detection and Characterization Reveals Co-Circulation of Multiple Genotypes
by Hieu Van Dong, Thai Ha Truong, Giang Thi Huong Tran, Witsanu Rapichai, Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn, Kiattawee Choowongkomon and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070430 - 1 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1817
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) has been reported in many countries over the world, which may cause gastroenteritis symptoms in pigs with all ages. There has been no report on PoSaV infection in Vietnam up to now. In this study, a total of 102 samples [...] Read more.
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) has been reported in many countries over the world, which may cause gastroenteritis symptoms in pigs with all ages. There has been no report on PoSaV infection in Vietnam up to now. In this study, a total of 102 samples were collected from piglets, fattening pigs, and sows with diarrhea in several cities and provinces in northern Vietnam. The PoSaV genome was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences (324 bp) was performed. Of the 102 tested samples, 10 (9.8%) and 7/20 (35%) were detected as positive for the PoSaV RdRp gene using the PCR method at the individual and farm levels, respectively. Genetic analysis of the partial RdRp gene region of about 324 bp indicated that the nucleotide identity of the current 10 Vietnamese viral strains ranged from 61.39% to 100%. Among the 10 strains obtained, 8 belonged to genotype III and the remaining 2 strains were clustered in genotype VIII. The Vietnamese genotype III viruses formed two sub-clusters. The Vietnamese PoSaV strains were closely related to PoSaVs reported in South Korea, Venezuela, and the Netherlands. This research was the first to describe PoSaV infection in northern Vietnam during 2022–2023. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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Review

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25 pages, 1173 KiB  
Review
The Reproduction Number of Swine Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review
by Dana C. Pittman Ratterree, Sapna Chitlapilly Dass and Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(7), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070300 - 2 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R0 estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles [...] Read more.
Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R0 estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles on swine viral respiratory diseases’ R0 values. The study focused on seven diseases: Aujeszky’s disease (AD), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Circovirus, Influenza A (IA), Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EV), Classical Swine Fever (CSF), and African Swine Fever (ASF). R0 values were estimated for transmission within and between herds/farms using various methods, from complex mathematical models to simple calculations. Data primarily came from disease surveillance and laboratory experiments. The median R0 for within-herd and between-herd transmission was 10 and 3.31 for AD, 2.78 and 1.14 for PRRSV, 5.9 and 0.89 for Circovirus, 1.75 and 1.6 for CSF, and 3.94 and 3.15 for ASF. For IA and EV, only within-herd R0 values were estimated at 8.65 and 1.3, respectively. Diseases with high R0 values highlight the need for prompt detection and response to outbreaks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of pathogen transmissibility are crucial for enhancing disease surveillance and reducing the impact of livestock diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses)
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