Veterinary Sciences

21 pages, 4872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Influence of Parity on Metabolic Profile, Performance and Offspring Growth in Bos indicus Beef Cows

by Isabela I. Rodrigues, Matheus L. Ferreira, Luciana N. Rennó, Naiara A. Marcos, Ronaldo G. da Silva Júnior, Isabelle P. Siqueira, Camila de P. Magalhães, Edenio Detmann and Sebastião de C. Valadares Filho

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121215 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate how parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) influences metabolic profile, performance, and offspring growth in grazing Nellore cows, and to explore potential associations among key metabolic traits, milk yield, and performance indicators. Thirty-four pregnant Nellore cows at [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) influences metabolic profile, performance, and offspring growth in grazing Nellore cows, and to explore potential associations among key metabolic traits, milk yield, and performance indicators. Thirty-four pregnant Nellore cows at approximately 230 ± 20 days of gestation were sorted by parity group and randomly allocated into one of six Uruchloa decumbens pastures, totaling 17 multiparous cows (597.8 ± 39 kg; age = 4 to 6 yrs) and 17 primiparous cows (407 ± 33 kg, age = 2 to 3 yrs). Considering calving day as day 0, cow full BW and BCS were collected on days −63, −21, −7, 0, 7, 21, 63, 91, 140 and 203. Cow blood samples were collected on days −21, −14, −7, 0, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, 91, 140 and 203. Milk yield was measured in the following day after all blood collections. Primiparous cows had higher glucose on days −7 and 0 (p = 0.04), greater NEFA concentration from −14 to 63 days (p < 0.001), and lower IGF-1 concentration from days 7 to 42 but higher on days 140 and 203 (p < 0.001). They also exhibited lower total proteins, albumin, and globulins, but higher serum urea N concentration (p < 0.001). Primiparous cows also had lower milk yield (p = 0.02), calf birth (p = 0.02) and weaning weights (p = 0.01) compared with multiparous cows. Pearson correlation analysis revealed distinct metabolic and physiological interrelationships across gestational and lactational stages in multiparous and primiparous cows. Overall, multiparous cows showed a less catabolic metabolic profile during the periparturient period to lactation. Primiparous cows experienced a more intense mobilization of body reserves during the early lactation period, but a more positive nutritional status towards late lactation, evidenced by recovery of IGF-1 levels and body weight gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Offspring Development and Health in Ruminants)

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16 pages, 1526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Cytokines in Wound Healing Following Wound Catheter Analgesia in Rats

by Marija Lipar, Andrea Martinović, Tamara Nikuševa Martić, Tihana Kurtović, Jadranka Bubić Špoljar, Andrea Gelemanović, Marko Hohšteter, Lidija Medven Zagradišnik, Ivana Mihoković Buhin, Andrija Musulin, Višnja Nesek Adam, Božo Gorjanc, Slobodan Vukičević and Dražen Vnuk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121214 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 750

Abstract

Background: Local analgesia administered through a wound catheter is widely used for postoperative pain control, yet its effects on wound healing remain incompletely understood. This study examined how levobupivacaine alone or combined with meloxicam or buprenorphine influences inflammatory markers, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and transforming [...] Read more.

Background: Local analgesia administered through a wound catheter is widely used for postoperative pain control, yet its effects on wound healing remain incompletely understood. This study examined how levobupivacaine alone or combined with meloxicam or buprenorphine influences inflammatory markers, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression during wound healing in rats. Methods: Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to five groups: control, saline, levobupivacaine (L), levobupivacaine/meloxicam (L/MEL), and levobupivacaine/buprenorphine (L/BUP). Treatments were administered via a wound catheter for three days. Blood and skin samples were collected before surgery and on days 3, 10, and 21. Results: Levobupivacaine combined with meloxicam or buprenorphine caused fluctuations in white blood cell counts, while albumin levels remained stable. Angiogenesis in the L/MEL group was markedly increased compared with the control, saline, and levobupivacaine-only groups, but the newly formed vessels exhibited consistently narrow lumina during the early healing phase. Caspase-3–positive cells were most numerous in L/MEL during inflammatory and proliferative phases, whereas delayed caspase-3 activation was observed in L/BUP. TGF-β1 expression peaked in both adjuvant groups on days 3 and 10. Conclusions: Meloxicam and buprenorphine increased TGF-β1 expression, but their vascular effects differed considerably. Meloxicam induced a marked increase in angiogenesis, but the newly formed vessels were structurally immature, displaying uniformly narrow lumina and poor architectural organisation, which led to their subsequent regression. In contrast, buprenorphine supported the formation of more mature vascular structures, characterised by wider vessel lumina and a more organised vascular network. These findings demonstrate that adjuvants used with levobupivacaine can significantly modify angiogenic and apoptotic responses and should be carefully considered when selecting multimodal local analgesia strategies after surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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29 pages, 2642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic and Endocrine Markers of Oregano Essential Oil Effects on Antibacterial Immunity, Reproductive Function, Nutritional Status, and Production Performance of Late-Phase Laying Hens

by Samira Hadef, Nawel Lezzar, Mohamed Walid Hamlaoui and Ahmed Hadef

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121213 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1777

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OEO) in improving the production performance, health, and welfare of late-phase laying hens raised under commercial farm conditions by analyzing its effect on performance metrics and metabolic and endocrine profiles. Daily performance [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OEO) in improving the production performance, health, and welfare of late-phase laying hens raised under commercial farm conditions by analyzing its effect on performance metrics and metabolic and endocrine profiles. Daily performance data for approximately 7884 Hy-Line Brown layers divided into two commercial flocks, one consisting of 96-week-old hens (n = 3849) and the other of 79-week-old hens (n = 4035), were recorded before (Pre-OEO Tx), during (OEO Tx-Week) and one week (Post-OEO Tx Week) following the week of water supplementation with commercial oregano essential oil (5%) of Origanum heracleoticum containing carvacrol (79.75%) as the main component (300 mL of product/1000 L of water). The results show a significant improvement in hen-day egg production (HDEP) during treatment (p < 0.05), a significant decrease in daily mortality one week after the cessation of treatment, mainly in the youngest hens (p < 0.05), and a reduction in feed conversion rate (p < 0.05). The general model (GLM) analysis of data from blood samples collected before and after OEO addition showed a significant decrease in plasma levels of procalcitonin (PCT), calcium, albumin (p < 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p < 0.01). In contrast, a significant increase in estradiol, total protein globulin (p < 0.01), and phosphorus levels (p < 0.05) was recorded. The changes in endocrine profiles were significantly related to a restoration of calcium–phosphorus balance and a decrease in hepatic activity of AST and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). These results reveal the investigative value of PCT, in conjunction with metabolic profiling and reproductive hormones, for evaluating the effectiveness of phytogenic additives. Further studies are suggested to determine whether essential oil components can improve health and production performances of laying hens by a potential concurrent modulation of their metabolism, inflammatory response, and reproductive axis function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Feeds and Additives on Metabolic or Metabolomic Research on Animal Production)

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17 pages, 1509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Full Characterization of Corpus Luteum Morphological Dynamics, Echotexture, and Blood Flow During Different Stages of the Follicular Wave in Spontaneously Non-Mated Female Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

by Abdulrhman K. Alhaider, Ibrahim A. Emam and Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121212 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 848

Abstract

This study was designed, for the first time, to fully characterize the corpus luteum’s (CL) dynamics, echotexture, and ovarian blood flow on the ipsilateral side of the CL during different stages of the follicular wave in spontaneously non-mated camels (Camelus dromedarius) [...] Read more.

This study was designed, for the first time, to fully characterize the corpus luteum’s (CL) dynamics, echotexture, and ovarian blood flow on the ipsilateral side of the CL during different stages of the follicular wave in spontaneously non-mated camels (Camelus dromedarius) and to correlate the CL’s size echotexture with Doppler parameters. Of 20 non-mated camels, only 7 exhibited spontaneous ovulation. B- and color-mode analyses of the CL were estimated; CL frozen image echotextures [CL echogenicity (CLE) and CL heterogeneity (CLH)] and ovarian artery (OV. A.) dynamics were recorded, and ultrasound scanning was performed. Blood sampling and progesterone (P4) levels were measured after ovulation. CL diameter and echotexture were elevated (p = 0.025 and p = 0.037) at the mid-maturation stage and compared to the early growth and late regression stages (1.03 ± 0.45/cm and 82.65 ± 2.87 for CLE and 33.65 ± 1.83 for CLH vs. 1.98 ± 0.88 cm; 66.52 ± 4.32 for CLE and 15.66 ± 0.25 for CLH vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 cm, 65.12 ± 2.66 for CLE, and 19.32 ± 1.33 for CLH), as those parameters are critical in the determination of CL activity. Ipsilateral OV. A. diameter increased (p = 0.021) in the mid-maturation and regression stages, with a significant elevation in Doppler velocities (p = 0.025) in the maturation stage, with a decline in Doppler indices (p = 0.013), while the contralateral side was not affected. Ipsilateral mean velocity (Vm; cm/s) and blood flow volume (BFV; mL/min) were increased in the mid-maturation stage (23.55 ± 0.66 cm/s and 25.62 ± 0.32 mL/min). CL diameter was positively correlated with the CL’s total colored area/pixels (r = 0.81; p = 0.001), total colored area % (r = 0.93; p = 0.001), and OV. A. velocities (r = 0.96; p = 0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between CLH and OV. A.BFV (r = 0.89; p = 0.001). After spontaneous ovulation, the CL increases in diameter and reaches its peak on day 12, with an elevation in the P4 level at day 10, and the total colored area of the CL continues to elevate until day 14. Ipsilateral OV. A. blood flow is elevated and linked to changes that occur in the CL’s total coloration %. Evaluating luteal function in camels presents several challenges due to the species’ unique reproductive physiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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15 pages, 2097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinicopathological Features, Treatment Outcome, and the Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System Titer in Feline Cryptococcosis Treated with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole

by Suprawee Treekhunrungruang, Chompoonek Yurayart, Chaiyakorn Thitiyanaporn and Tassanee Jaroensong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121211 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Feline cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis that typically begins in the nasal cavity and can extend to the eyes, skin, and CNS. Objective monitoring during therapy remains limited. This study aimed to test whether serial serum cryptococcal antigen titers (CALAS) and a [...] Read more.

Feline cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis that typically begins in the nasal cavity and can extend to the eyes, skin, and CNS. Objective monitoring during therapy remains limited. This study aimed to test whether serial serum cryptococcal antigen titers (CALAS) and a simple six-domain clinical score can track response, and to describe clinicopathologic trends during amphotericin B and fluconazole treatment. We retrospectively reviewed cases from 2014 to 2023 and analyzed a single-center cohort of 35 cats. Management used amphotericin B plus fluconazole for ~3–4 months, then fluconazole maintenance. Monthly assessments included CALAS (log₂), the clinical score (0–18), and routine hematology/biochemistry; mixed-effects models tested change over time. CALAS fell (mean log₂ 12.00 to 6.79), total leukocytes decreased (16.85 × 10⁹/L to 10.90 × 10⁹/L) with a similar neutrophil decline, alanine aminotransferase remained stable, and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine increased in some cats. The clinical score improved from 3.83 to 0.68. Seven cats developed azotemia during amphotericin B; the drug was stopped, renal values normalized in three, and four remained azotemic at the last follow-up. These findings support the use of CALAS and a simple score as practical monitoring tools and underscore the need for routine renal surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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16 pages, 346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Johne’s Disease Control in Beef Cattle: Balancing Test-and-Cull Strategies with Economic and Epidemiological Trade-Offs

by Leigh Rosengren, Steven M. Roche, Kathy Larson and Cheryl L. Waldner

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121210 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1311

Abstract

Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic infection of cattle that undermines herd productivity and profitability. While test-and-cull programs are commonly proposed for control, their effectiveness and economic feasibility remain uncertain in beef production systems. This study used an updated agent-based model (ABM) to [...] Read more.

Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic infection of cattle that undermines herd productivity and profitability. While test-and-cull programs are commonly proposed for control, their effectiveness and economic feasibility remain uncertain in beef production systems. This study used an updated agent-based model (ABM) to simulate JD transmission in a representative 300-cow Western Canadian beef herd, coupled with a partial budget model to evaluate net present value (NPV) over a 10-year time horizon. Seven diagnostic test-and-cull strategies were compared, varying in test type (ELISA, individual PCR, and pooled PCR), sampling frequency (6, 12, or 24 mo), and risk-based sampling protocols. Results showed that, under baseline assumptions (6% starting prevalence; 1% prevalence in purchased stock), all strategies reduced JD prevalence relative to no testing, and six of seven yielded higher NPVs. Annual individual PCR testing provided the best balance between prevalence reduction and profitability, whereas semi-annual PCR most effectively reduced prevalence but at greater economic cost. Failure to implement control measures resulted in increasing prevalence and long-term economic losses. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that strategy performance was consistent across variations in market conditions, cost of production, and replacement female management, although profitability declined substantially when JD prevalence in externally sourced stock was high (i.e., 10%). Collectively, these findings indicate that JD can be controlled economically in beef herds, with long-term application of various test-and-cull strategies offering robust options adaptable to management preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Cattle Infectious Diseases)

18 pages, 1929 KB

Open AccessArticle

DAXX and ATRX Expression in Canine Prostate and Bladder Cancer Identified by Immunohistochemistry—A Digital Quantitative Pilot Study

by Annika Spitzer, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach, Martin Spitzer, Silvia Weidle, Leonore Aeschlimann, Joshua Schwinn, Robert Klopfleisch and Simone de Brot

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121209 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1898

Abstract

The chromatin remodelling proteins DAXX and ATRX are key regulators of genome stability and epigenetic processes. Alterations in their expression have been associated with tumour stage and prognostic outcomes in various human cancer types, whereas their role in veterinary oncology has received little [...] Read more.

The chromatin remodelling proteins DAXX and ATRX are key regulators of genome stability and epigenetic processes. Alterations in their expression have been associated with tumour stage and prognostic outcomes in various human cancer types, whereas their role in veterinary oncology has received little investigation to date. We analysed canine prostate and urinary bladder samples, including 18 prostate carcinomas (12 adenocarcinomas and 6 prostatic urothelial carcinomas), 10 non-malignant prostate tissues, 22 urinary bladder carcinomas, and 6 non-malignant bladder tissues. Nuclear expression of DAXX and ATRX was assessed using fully quantitative digital immunohistochemistry. Overall, DAXX exhibited consistently higher expression than ATRX across benign and malignant samples from the prostate and bladder. DAXX and ATRX expression demonstrated a positive correlation across all samples (ρ = 0.553, p < 0.05), suggesting coordinated regulation. They displayed organ-specific expression patterns: prostate carcinomas showed increased expression of DAXX compared with non-malignant prostate tissues (p < 0.05). In contrast, in the bladder, expression of DAXX and ATRX declined with increasing tumour grade (p < 0.05). Our findings provide new insights into the potential of DAXX and ATRX as biomarkers, offering new insights into their clinical relevance in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Research in Pathology of Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats)

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12 pages, 905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogenetic Analysis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H7 Viruses in Australia and New Zealand Suggests Local Viral Evolution

by Jesiaman Silaban, Stephen Ogada, Muhammad Noman Naseem, Yun Hee Baek, Min-Suk Song and Sheila Cecily Ommeh

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121208 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 988

Abstract

Avian Influenza (AI) remains a critical threat to livestock production in Oceania, with recent outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H7 subtypes in Australia and New Zealand. Historically, AI detections in these countries were largely confined to wild birds. However, since 2024, [...] Read more.

Avian Influenza (AI) remains a critical threat to livestock production in Oceania, with recent outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H7 subtypes in Australia and New Zealand. Historically, AI detections in these countries were largely confined to wild birds. However, since 2024, multiple outbreaks in commercial poultry populations have been reported, with the emergence of HPAI H7N3, H7N8, and H7N9 in Australia and H7N6 in New Zealand. To investigate the epidemiological links of these outbreaks, we retrieved all publicly available H7 hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences from animals in Oceania between 2014 and 2025 that were deposited in GISAID and NCBI databases. Phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood methods revealed distinct Australian and New Zealand clades, suggesting local viral evolution rather than recent transboundary introductions. The absence of phylogenetic clustering between Oceanian and Asian H7 sequences suggests limited recent gene flow between regions, particularly in the HA gene segment. These local viral mutations can pose a threat to the poultry industry; therefore, continuous genomic surveillance in commercial farms and wild bird reservoirs is crucial. Such efforts support the One Health framework by enabling early detection of pathogenic variants and reducing zoonotic spillover risks for animal and public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 2011 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Pathogenic Providencia rettgeri Isolated and Identified from Pelodiscus sinensis

by Yan Meng, Mingyang Xue, Nan Jiang, Chunjie Zhang, Wei Liu, Tong Zhou, Yuding Fan, Ke Jin, Zidong Xiao and Yong Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121207 - 16 Dec 2025

Viewed by 908

Abstract

The infectious diseases have become more frequent with the production of farmed Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) increasing. In this study, bacterial strain was isolated, identified, and characterized from the liver of diseased Chinese soft-shelled turtles exhibiting body surface hemorrhages, claws [...] Read more.

The infectious diseases have become more frequent with the production of farmed Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) increasing. In this study, bacterial strain was isolated, identified, and characterized from the liver of diseased Chinese soft-shelled turtles exhibiting body surface hemorrhages, claws and tail tips necrosis, and bleeding spots in visceral tissues. Based on the analysis results of morphology, biochemistry, and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing, one bacterium Providencia rettgeri (P. rettgeri) was identified. The histopathological examination results revealed varying degrees of tissue damage in the spleen, liver, kidneys, and intestines of individuals with P. rettgeri. Challenge experiments results confirmed that the P. rettgeri caused morbidity and mortality in healthy Chinese soft-shelled turtles, reproducing similar clinical symptoms of naturally infected individuals. And, its mortality rate was up to 91% in the highest concentration group. Screening of eight virulence-associated genes results revealed that this P. rettgeri strain carried virulence factors including invasion protein gene, alpha-hemolysin, and others which were considered to contribute to pathogenicity. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the bacterium was sensitive to amikacin and ciprofloxacin, which may be effective therapeutic options. In conclusion, this bacterium P. rettgeri was the pathogen that caused this disease in Pelodiscus sinensis. These results provide valuable research basis for the disease prevention and control of Pelodiscus sinensis farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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17 pages, 1069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Combined Oregano Essential Oil and Macleaya cordata Extract on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function, and Fecal Microbiota in Broilers

by Yi Lu, Zhenyue Li, Zitong Yang, Ran Zhu, Mengxi Yan, Zhuhua Liu, Mingli Liu, Yuan Wang, Jue Wang, Qi Wang, Juxiang Liu, Cheng Zhang, Xuejing Wang and Huan Cui

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121206 - 16 Dec 2025

Viewed by 829

Abstract

With the growing demand for antibiotic-free and sustainable poultry production, plant-derived antimicrobials have emerged as promising alternatives. However, a systematic understanding of the combined effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) and Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the broiler gut microbiome remains lacking. This [...] Read more.

With the growing demand for antibiotic-free and sustainable poultry production, plant-derived antimicrobials have emerged as promising alternatives. However, a systematic understanding of the combined effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) and Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the broiler gut microbiome remains lacking. This study employed an integrated “structure–function–phenotype” framework to investigate the individual and combined (OMS) effects of OEO and MCE on gut microecological remodeling and its coupling with host growth, metabolic, and immune phenotypes. A total of 960 one-day-old broiler chicks were individually weighed and then randomly allocated to four treatments using body-weight-stratified randomization, with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 40 birds per pen, to ensure similar initial body weight across groups. Over a 42-day trial, we evaluated growth performance, serum biochemistry, antioxidant status, and immune parameters. Compared to the control, the OMS treatment significantly enhanced average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG), increased serum total protein (TP), and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) was also higher in the OMS group, indicating that the improvement in growth rate did not translate into enhanced feed efficiency but was primarily driven by increased feed consumption. OMS also improved overall antioxidant capacity and key enzyme activities, elevated immunoglobulin levels, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, OMS maintained Lactobacillus dominance, enriched Bacteroides, Enterococcus, and Butyricicoccus, and reduced Escherichia–Shigella. Functional predictions via PICRUSt2 suggested enhanced metabolic pathways related to antioxidant and immune functions; however, these results represent inference-based predictions and should be interpreted cautiously. Overall, the combination of OEO and MCE exerted synergistic benefits on growth, physiological health, and gut microbiota, supporting its potential as a phytogenic strategy for antibiotic-free broiler production. Full article

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16 pages, 470 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Good Veterinary Practices for Managing the Colostral Period in Dairy Calves to Improve Their Immune Competence—A Systematic Review

by Elena Stancheva and Toncho Penev

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121205 - 16 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1072

Abstract

Passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) through colostrum is essential for early immune protection in dairy calves. This systematic review synthesizes the most relevant evidence on colostrum quality, feeding practices, storage methods, and post-feeding assessment. High-quality colostrum (≥50 g/L IgG and low bacterial [...] Read more.

Passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) through colostrum is essential for early immune protection in dairy calves. This systematic review synthesizes the most relevant evidence on colostrum quality, feeding practices, storage methods, and post-feeding assessment. High-quality colostrum (≥50 g/L IgG and low bacterial contamination) can be reliably assessed using Brix refractometry (≥22%) or radial immunodiffusion. Early administration is critical: feeding within 1–2 h after birth maximizes IgG absorption. Providing 8.5–10% of body weight (≈3–4 L) at first feeding, followed by a second feeding within 8–12 h, significantly reduces failure of passive transfer. Pasteurization at 60 °C for 60 min and controlled freezing maintain immunological integrity while reducing microbial load. Monitoring passive immunity using serum total protein (5.0–5.5 g/dL) or serum Brix (8.1–8.5%) offers practical field diagnostics aligned with the IgG ≥ 10 g/L threshold. Integrated colostrum management protocols—combining quality evaluation, timely feeding, hygienic handling, and trained personnel—are essential to improve passive immunity, health, and overall performance of dairy calves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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18 pages, 2782 KB

Open AccessArticle

LigiLactobacillus saerimneri M-11 as a Promising Mucosal Delivery Vector for Chickens: Genomic Insights and Discriminative Modulation of Dendritic Cell Activation

by Sunting Ma, Haoran Qin, Shuanglin Guo, Lei Zhang, Rong Chen, Wei Ouyang, Bin Xu, Zhenzhen Zhang, Qiyan Xiong, Xing Xie and Zhixin Feng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121204 - 16 Dec 2025

Viewed by 657

Abstract

LigiLactobacillus saerimneri (L. sae) has shown considerable promise as a probiotic in recent years, particularly in poultry production. Comprehensive evaluation of its genetic functions, safety profile, and immunogenicity is essential prior to practical application. Our previous study demonstrated that the chicken-derived [...] Read more.

LigiLactobacillus saerimneri (L. sae) has shown considerable promise as a probiotic in recent years, particularly in poultry production. Comprehensive evaluation of its genetic functions, safety profile, and immunogenicity is essential prior to practical application. Our previous study demonstrated that the chicken-derived strain L. sae M-11 colonizes effectively and exhibits a favorable safety profile at adequate dosages. In this study, we further evaluated the potential of L. sae M-11 by analyzing its genetic basis for intestinal adaptation, metabolic features, safety risks, and suitability as a delivery vector. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that L. sae has evolved distinctive genetic features and functional specialization that may facilitate host adaptation. Genomic stability assessments and virulence factor screening confirmed that L. sae M-11 poses no substantial health risks. Furthermore, based on transmembrane protein predictions, the LPQTGE-motif protein was identified as a cell wall anchor in genetically engineered L. sae M-11 using immunoelectron microscopy. Notably, this delivery system selectively activated peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (PB-MoDCs) in vitro, as evidenced by the up-regulation of maturation markers (CD83, CD80), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), Th1-associated IL-12, and the chemokine CXCLi1. However, it exhibited a limited antigen presentation capacity, indicated by low expression levels of CD40, MHCII, DEC205, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The prospects and challenges associated with the application of L. sae M-11 have been discussed. Overall, these findings support the potential development of L. sae M-11 as a microbial cell factory and mucosal delivery vector. Full article

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38 pages, 2311 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Reasoning Uncertainty in Veterinary Medical Encounters with a Clinical Example

by Kiro Risto Petrovski and Roy Neville Kirkwood

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121203 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1221

Abstract

This narrative review examines the complexities of medical uncertainty in veterinary practice, highlighting its significant implications for clinical reasoning and decision-making. Veterinary professionals face inherent uncertainties due to factors such as biological variability, incomplete knowledge, and the pressures of rapidly evolving practices. The [...] Read more.

This narrative review examines the complexities of medical uncertainty in veterinary practice, highlighting its significant implications for clinical reasoning and decision-making. Veterinary professionals face inherent uncertainties due to factors such as biological variability, incomplete knowledge, and the pressures of rapidly evolving practices. The distinction between clinical ambiguity and medical uncertainty is crucial, as it informs the coping strategies employed by veterinarians. While uncertainty is often viewed negatively, it can stimulate curiosity and enhance problem-solving capabilities. This review categorizes uncertainty into aleatoric and epistemic types, offering insights into their origins and impacts on veterinary professionals and client interactions. The dynamic nature of uncertainty influences both immediate clinical encounters and long-term professional development, with varying effects based on individual tolerance levels and situational stakes. Despite the growing body of literature on uncertainty, veterinary education often neglects to address this critical aspect, leading to a gap in metacognitive competencies among practitioners. We have included a case example that offers explicit guidelines on the application of the Five Microskills model of clinical teaching. This model is proposed to assist veterinary professionals in effectively managing uncertainty. To enhance the quality of veterinary care, there is an urgent need to integrate uncertainty management into veterinary curricula and ongoing professional development. By fostering an environment that acknowledges and addresses uncertainty, veterinary professionals can improve their clinical reasoning, strengthen client relationships, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes. This review advocates for the adoption of evidence-based practices and collaborative approaches to navigate the complexities of uncertainty, ensuring high standards of care in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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12 pages, 242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Characterization and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR Profiling of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated from Erysipelas in Domestic Geese in Poland (2008–2018)

by Kamila Bobrek and Andrzej Gaweł

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121202 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 728

Abstract

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small Gram-positive rod causing erysipelas in many animal species and humans. In poultry, disease which takes an acute form with high mortality is noted mostly in turkey, hen, and goo se flocks. Especially in geese, erysipelas cause high economic [...] Read more.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small Gram-positive rod causing erysipelas in many animal species and humans. In poultry, disease which takes an acute form with high mortality is noted mostly in turkey, hen, and goo se flocks. Especially in geese, erysipelas cause high economic losses. In this study, we determined the phenotypic and genotypic features of Erysipelothrix strains isolated from diseased geese, using the API Coryne tests for biochemical characteristics and PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for genetic characteristics. The isolates were confirmed with PCR to be E. rhusiopathiae and belonged to serotypes 1b, 2, and 5 with 1b serotype domination (55.3%). Among 47 isolates, five RAPD profiles (marked as A–E) and 7 PFGE profiles (marked I–VII) were noted. The RAPD profiles contained four to six bands and the PFGE profiles nine to eleven bands. The most common RAPD profile was B profile (42.5%), and the most common PFGE profile was I (36.2%). Five biochemical types of E. rhusipathiae were identified with the most common biochemical type (pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, acetyl-b-glucosaminidase, glucose, ribose, lactose- positive), which included 68.1% isolates and was matched to E. rhusiopathiae in 99.9%. Differences in biochemical reactions among the strains were related to the ability to degrade pyrazinamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and ribose. This study shows that most E. rhusiopathiae strains isolated from geese differ in their phenotypic and molecular characteristics, and there are no distinctive features that are typical of strains from geese. Full article

17 pages, 3537 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram Analysis of Bovine Mastitis in Northern Bangladesh

by Md. Ashraf Zaman Faruk, Md. Mizanur Rahman Manu, Farzana Afroz, Md. Wajed Ali, Md Atiqul Haque, Danishuddin and Md Azizul Haque

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121201 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1239

Abstract

Mastitis remains a major constraint to dairy production in Bangladesh, particularly in high-demand regions. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of major pathogens associated with bovine mastitis in Northern Bangladesh. A total of 488 milk samples from 122 [...] Read more.

Mastitis remains a major constraint to dairy production in Bangladesh, particularly in high-demand regions. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of major pathogens associated with bovine mastitis in Northern Bangladesh. A total of 488 milk samples from 122 randomly selected milking cows were tested through clinical inspection and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Positive samples were subjected to bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. The overall cow-level prevalence was 35.24%, with 27.86% sub-clinical and 7.37% clinical cases. At the quarter level, prevalence was 21.72%. Among 166 bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus spp. (41.56%) was predominant, followed by Streptococcus spp. (23.49%), E. coli (17.47%), Klebsiella spp. (12.65%) and Bacillus spp. (4.82%). Gentamicin (100%) and Streptomycin (92.20%) were the most effective antibiotics, whereas Cefixime (100%) and Amoxicillin (87.40%) showed the highest resistance rates. Major risk factors included late lactation stage, high milk yield, previous mastitis history, and poor hygiene. In contrast, breed, age, and parity were not significant. These findings highlight a high prevalence of mastitis, predominance of Staphylococcus spp., and rising antimicrobial resistance, identify associated risk factors, and rising antimicrobial resistance profiles in Northern Bangladesh. Full article

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22 pages, 1956 KB

Open AccessReview

Host-Microbe Interactions: Understanding the Mechanism of Autophagy in Viral Replication and Immune Evasion

by Ziyuan Fu, Xiaowen Li, A. M. Abd El-Aty, Ridvan Yagan, Xianghong Ju and Yanhong Yong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121200 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1597

Abstract

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged or superfluous intracellular components. Autophagy plays a dual, paradoxical role during viral infection. However, for most viruses, the induction of autophagy provides a favorable intracellular environment [...] Read more.

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged or superfluous intracellular components. Autophagy plays a dual, paradoxical role during viral infection. However, for most viruses, the induction of autophagy provides a favorable intracellular environment for the full completion of their life cycles. Most viruses that benefit from autophagy adopt a “regulate but not destroy” strategy, i.e., they initiate the autophagic process while suppressing their immune system through mechanisms such as blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This allows them to avoid self-elimination while redirecting other functions of the autophagic machinery—for instance, utilizing autophagy-derived structures such as autophagosomes and double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) as specialized sites for viral genome replication, particle assembly, and maturation. The maintenance of cellular homeostasis by autophagy is crucial for the establishment of viral infection, as it provides a viable cellular microenvironment for viral replication; after infection occurs, inhibiting the degradative function of autophagy becomes a key strategy for viruses. Although canonical degradative autophagy exerts a negative effect on most viruses, redirected nondegradative autophagic structures and repurposed autophagic mechanisms are essential for the efficient replication of various viruses. In-depth analysis of this dynamic virus-autophagy interplay will provide important insights for elucidating virus-host interactions and developing autophagy-targeted antiviral strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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10 pages, 2661 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Complex Lymphatic Anomaly Presenting with Chylothorax, Chylous Ascites, and Generalized Subcutaneous Edema in a Young Cat: Comparative Insights Based on the Human ISSVA Classification

by Kazuyuki Terai, Aki Takeuchi, Ikki Mitsui, Tomohiro Yoshida, Akari Hatanaka, Ahmed Farag and Ryou Tanaka

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121199 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

In human medicine, the 2025 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification distinguishes localized lymphatic malformations from systemic disorders referred to as complex lymphatic anomalies (CLAs), including generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) and central conducting lymphatic anomaly (CCLA). GLA is characterized [...] Read more.

In human medicine, the 2025 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification distinguishes localized lymphatic malformations from systemic disorders referred to as complex lymphatic anomalies (CLAs), including generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) and central conducting lymphatic anomaly (CCLA). GLA is characterized by multifocal proliferation of dilated lymphatic channels infiltrating soft tissues and visceral organs, whereas CCLA involves structural or functional abnormalities of the central lymphatic pathways such as the thoracic duct commonly resulting in chylous effusion. Reports of systemic lymphatic disease in veterinary species are exceedingly rare. A five-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat presented with progressive dyspnea and was diagnosed with chylothorax and chylous ascites. Computed tomography (CT) revealed contrast leakage from both the thoracic duct and aortic hiatus, along with diffuse subcutaneous edema, indicating a systemic lymphatic disorder. Histopathology demonstrated proliferative lymphatic channels within the subcutaneous tissues, consistent with GLA, while imaging findings suggested concurrent CCLA, supporting classification as an overlapping CLA phenotype. Despite medical and surgical interventions, the cat developed progressive edema and recurrent pleural effusion and ultimately died. This case demonstrates that cats can develop systemic lymphatic disorders analogous to human CLAs and highlights the diagnostic value of CT lymphangiography. Furthermore, it underscores the utility of applying the ISSVA classification to enhance comparative understanding of lymphatic diseases in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Small Animal Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 1314 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Outbreak: Combination of Methods

by Cunshuai Gao, Yunzhou Wang, Mengmeng Liu, Haotian Yang, Wenjing Jiao, Xuanpan Ding, Yuan Zhao and Honggang Fan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121198 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 726

Abstract

The current application of the production data exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) model can detect PRRSV outbreaks earlier than that of processing fluid (PF) testing; however, its advantages have not been fully reported. This study aimed to analyze various production parameters, including abortion, [...] Read more.

The current application of the production data exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) model can detect PRRSV outbreaks earlier than that of processing fluid (PF) testing; however, its advantages have not been fully reported. This study aimed to analyze various production parameters, including abortion, off-feed, low appetite, and dead sows, on a daily basis following a PRRSV outbreak in an II-vx sow farm. The EWMA method was employed and the results were compared with the early detection of positive PF results. Differences in daily abnormal indicators across the three PRRSV status periods were analyzed. Additionally, this study evaluated the PRRSV detection rates in different sample types (AF, OS, and TBS) from aborted sows and compared the detection rates of different sample combinations using statistical tests. The 187-day study revealed that the first true positive (TP) alarm point for daily abortion sows occurred on day 107 and for off-feed sows on day 110. In contrast, the first RT-qPCR-positive result for PF was obtained on Day 122. The average values of daily abortions and off-feed sows in status I-A were significantly higher than those in status II-vx and I-B. Conversely, the average value of low appetite in status I-A was significantly lower than that in statuses II-vx and I-B. No significant differences were observed in the daily number of dead sows among the three groups. The RT-PCR detection rates varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the different sample types (AF, 43.04%; TBS, 65.82%; and OS, 74.68%), with amniotic fluid (AF) showing the lowest detection rate. Combining AF and oropharyngeal swabs (OS) samples yielded a higher detection rate than combining AF and TBS samples. Using the EWMA to monitor the daily number of aborted sows was effective for the early detection of PRRSV outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Post-Outbreak Control and Eradication of Swine Diseases)

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22 pages, 4484 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Insights Reveal PRTFDC1 as a Novel Regulator of Myogenic Differentiation in Sujiang Pig Satellite Cells

by Li Zhang, Xiaowei Ye, Suyi Sun, Lei Zhang, Yixin Gu, Shinuo Cao, Mo Zhou, Weixiang Sun, Changyao Fu, Qingqing Zhang, Mei Li, Ziyue Xu, Wei Miao, Qinse Xu and Shanyuan Zhu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121197 - 14 Dec 2025

Viewed by 727

Abstract

Sujiang pigs, a high-quality local Chinese breed, represent a valuable model for investigating muscle development and improving meat production through genetic selection. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are essential regulators of muscle growth, with differentiation tightly controlled by specific genes and signaling pathways. [...] Read more.

Sujiang pigs, a high-quality local Chinese breed, represent a valuable model for investigating muscle development and improving meat production through genetic selection. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are essential regulators of muscle growth, with differentiation tightly controlled by specific genes and signaling pathways. In this study, MuSCs were isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle and subjected to mRNA sequencing during proliferation (GM) and differentiation stages (DM1, DM2, and DM4, collectively referred to as DM). A total of 2790 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1551 upregulated and 1239 downregulated genes. Time-series analysis revealed 16 significant expression patterns. These DEGs were primarily associated with muscle development and differentiation and were enriched in Wnt, PI3K–Akt, JAK–STAT, p53, Hippo, and Apelin signaling pathways. Among them, phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 (PRTFDC1) exhibited pronounced downregulation during differentiation. Functional validation demonstrated that PRTFDC1 overexpression promoted myotube formation and upregulated MYOD1, MYOG, and MYH1 expression, whereas knockdown significantly inhibited differentiation. Furthermore, PRTFDC1 enhanced phosphorylation of key proteins in the cGAS–STING signaling pathway. Collectively, this study elucidates the temporal transcriptional regulation of MuSC differentiation in Sujiang pigs and identifies PRTFDC1 as a novel regulatory factor, providing a molecular foundation for breeding strategies and meat quality improvement. Full article

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13 pages, 423 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Dietary Moringa oleifera Leaf Polysaccharide on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chickens

by Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, WeiLong Peng, Raza Mohai Ud Din, Mudathir Yahia Abdulrahman, Nada N. A. M. Hassanine, Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem Essa, Saber Y. Adam, Hozifa S. Yousif, Ahmed A. Saleh, Mengzhi Wang and Jingui Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121196 - 13 Dec 2025

Viewed by 971

Abstract

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a versatile non-traditional feed supplement rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of MO leaf (MOL) polysaccharide (MOLP) intake as a natural product on broiler chicken production and antioxidant indices. A polysaccharide [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a versatile non-traditional feed supplement rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of MO leaf (MOL) polysaccharide (MOLP) intake as a natural product on broiler chicken production and antioxidant indices. A polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 182.989 kDa was isolated from MOL in a previous study. Broiler chickens were allocated at random into four groups receiving varying doses of MOLP (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg feed) for three weeks. Feed intake (FI), average daily feed ingestion (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG) were monitored. Serological markers, including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), albumin-to-globulin ratio (ALB/GLO), creatinine (CREA), as well as the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed. Results from days 21 to 28 demonstrated that the high dose of MOLP significantly enhanced BWG, ADFI, liver and bursa indices compared to the control group. Additionally, TP and GLO, T-SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC and MDA levels were elevated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MOLP supplementation, particularly at 0.4 g/kg feed, positively impacted broiler chicken growth performance and antioxidant indices, suggesting its potential as a valuable feed additive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Ruminant Health and Production: Alternatives to Antibiotics)

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15 pages, 411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Liposoluble Vitamins (A, D, E) in Dogs with Chronic Biliary Tract Diseases Versus Healthy Dogs

by Verena Habermaass, Francesco Bartoli, Eleonora Gori, Aurora Cogozzo, Alessio Pierini, Paola Anna Erba, Chiara Mariti, Simonetta Citi, Caterina Puccinelli and Veronica Marchetti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121195 - 12 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 772

Abstract

Humans with chronic biliary tract disease (CBTD) have low serum liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E). Few studies have been performed in veterinary medicine to evaluate whether vitamins vary in canine CBTD. This study aimed to compare liposoluble vitamin between CBTD and healthy dogs. [...] Read more.

Humans with chronic biliary tract disease (CBTD) have low serum liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E). Few studies have been performed in veterinary medicine to evaluate whether vitamins vary in canine CBTD. This study aimed to compare liposoluble vitamin between CBTD and healthy dogs. A total of 84 client-owned dogs with CBTD and 50 healthy dogs were included. CBTD diagnosis was based on clinical, blood biochemistry and abdominal ultrasound. Dogs with CBTD were divided into subgroups according to their cholestasis ultrasound severity. To measure vitamin concentrations, leftover serum samples were used. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D, α-tocopherol, and retinol, respectively, vitamin D, E, and A metabolites, were measured with HPLC. Both, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and α-tocopherol were significatively lower in CBTD than in healthy dogs. In contrast, retinol was higher in CBTD dogs. In CBTD dogs, no significant differences in vitamin concentrations considering ultrasound severity were found. Presence of biliary disease in dogs results in lower blood vitamins D and E, and higher vitamin A concentration. Lower vitamins D and E concentration could reflect a possible lipid malabsorption. The higher concentration of vitamin A could be in line with recent human studies, where retinol increases as an expression of dysregulated homeostasis during chronic liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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13 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Willingness of Layer Specialized Households to Participate in Cooperative Avian Influenza Prevention and Control: Evidence from China

by Donghao Guo and Hua Pu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121194 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 540

Abstract

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a significant threat to poultry production in China. Layer specialized households (LSHs)—characterized by medium-scale operations (1000–15,000 birds)—are particularly vulnerable due to frequently suboptimal biosecurity measures. Cooperative prevention and control (CPC) strategies, including unified disinfection and joint [...] Read more.

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a significant threat to poultry production in China. Layer specialized households (LSHs)—characterized by medium-scale operations (1000–15,000 birds)—are particularly vulnerable due to frequently suboptimal biosecurity measures. Cooperative prevention and control (CPC) strategies, including unified disinfection and joint monitoring, present a viable method for reducing HPAI risks. However, participation among LSHs remains low. Objectives: This study seeks to identify the key determinants influencing LSHs’ willingness to participate in CPC measures against HPAI, and further compare these driving factors across villages with versus without a documented history of HPAI outbreaks. Methods: A survey of 130 LSHs was conducted in two Chinese villages: Village A (with HPAI history) and Village B (without HPAI history). Data on socio-economic characteristics, production practices, and attitudes were collected via structured questionnaires. An Ordered Probit model was employed to analyze determinants of willingness to participate, measured on a 5-point ordinal scale. Results: Full-sample regression analysis demonstrated that older age, higher educational attainment, risk-tolerant attitudes, larger household scale, and higher annual household income exerted a significantly positive impact on the willingness to participate in the program. Surprisingly, greater knowledge of avian influenza exerted a significant negative effect. Regional subgroup analyses identified distinct drivers: in Village A (with HPAI history), prior experience of bird deaths positively influenced willingness, whereas longer breeding experience had a negative effect. In Village B (no HPAI history), frequent social interaction and greater breeding experience emerged as positive determinants. Conclusions: The findings underscore the critical role of regional context and specific household characteristics in shaping LSHs’ willingness to cooperate. Policy interventions to promote CPC should be regionally tailored: in previously affected areas, leveraging past outbreak experiences and ensuring equitable compensation is essential; in unaffected areas, fostering social networks and demonstrating CPC benefits through peer influence are more effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

13 pages, 1594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in a Case Series of Clinically Cachectic Cattle from Tiaret, Algeria

by Nacira Ghenoumat, Houari Hemida, Assia Boumezrag, Dimitrije Glišić, Sofija Šolaja, Ljubiša Veljović and Vesna Milićević

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121193 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 905

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) poses a serious disease in cattle. Cachexia is a condition marked by weight loss and muscle wasting and is often observed in infected animals. This study reports a case series from Tiaret province, Algeria, aimed at detecting and [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) poses a serious disease in cattle. Cachexia is a condition marked by weight loss and muscle wasting and is often observed in infected animals. This study reports a case series from Tiaret province, Algeria, aimed at detecting and genetically identifying BVDV in clinically cachectic cattle. A total of 100 cachectic animals from ten herds were examined using serological, molecular, and virological methods, including antibody ELISA, RT-qPCR, and virus isolation in cell culture. Overall, 93.6% of the animals tested were seropositive for BVDV, indicating extensive exposure to the sampled population. Higher antibody rates were observed in adults (≥12 months) and males compared to younger animals and females, but the differences were not statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5′UTR sequences confirmed the presence of the BVDV-1f subtype closely related to sequences reported in Europe. Although BVDV was detected in animals within the sampled herds, the data does not support a causal conclusion that BVDV was the direct cause of cachexia in this case series; rather, its immunosuppressive effects may predispose cattle to secondary infections contributing to wasting. These results are specific to this opportunistic case series from Tiaret province and should be considered exploratory; broader and representative surveillance is required to assess the national epidemiological situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidimensional Impacts of Infectious Diseases on Animal Welfare)

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16 pages, 2800 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deferoxamine Inhibits Canine Parvovirus by Suppressing Ferroptosis and Viral Replication

by Kai Yu, Haoyuan Ma, Siqi Zhang, Jiawei Zhao, Jingrui Hao, Jialiang Xie, Hao Yu, Jianyou Jin, Xinpeng Ji, Shuoning Cao, Zheng Sun, Shujiang Xue, Shengwei Ji, Zhiqiang Xu, Chenghui Li, Rui Du and Xu Gao

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121192 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 901

Abstract

CPV is a highly pathogenic virus that enters host cells via the TFR, but its pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that CPV infection induces ferroptosis in CRFK cells, characterized by elevated lipid peroxidation, increased intracellular ferrous iron, [...] Read more.

CPV is a highly pathogenic virus that enters host cells via the TFR, but its pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that CPV infection induces ferroptosis in CRFK cells, characterized by elevated lipid peroxidation, increased intracellular ferrous iron, a reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, and mitochondrial damage. At the molecular level, CPV downregulated the ferroptosis-inhibiting proteins GPX4 and FTH1 while upregulating NCOA4 and Drp1. Notably, treatment with the iron chelator DFO both inhibited viral replication and attenuated CPV-induced ferroptosis. Collectively, our findings identify ferroptosis as a critical pathogenic mechanism of CPV infection and highlight the therapeutic potential of DFO in controlling CPV by restoring iron homeostasis. These insights provide a mechanistic basis for the development of ferroptosis-targeted antiviral strategies against CPV. Full article

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30 pages, 2355 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance

by Sahdeo Prasad, Bhaumik Patel, Prafulla Kumar and Rajiv Lall

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121191 - 12 Dec 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2218

Abstract

Postbiotics, which are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components, have emerged as a promising functional ingredient in animal health and nutrition. Postbiotics are primarily composed of microbial cell fractions, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not [...] Read more.

Postbiotics, which are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components, have emerged as a promising functional ingredient in animal health and nutrition. Postbiotics are primarily composed of microbial cell fractions, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, which strengthens their greater stability and safety in feed/food formulations. Postbiotics offer several beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and antimicrobial actions. They enhance antioxidant enzymes, neutralize reactive oxygen species, and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting tissues from oxidative damage. Postbiotics also inhibit pro-inflammatory molecules like TNF-α and IL-6, while enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, promoting the maturation and function of immune cells, and increasing secretory IgA production. They suppress a variety of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, etc., both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they increase beneficial gut bacteria and improve the digestion and integrity of the intestine. This article outlines the beneficial effects of postbiotics in animals including poultry, swine, canine, feline, horses, and ruminant animals, either as feed/food or as a supplement. The integration of postbiotics into animal feed improves growth performance, feed conversion ratios, and disease resistance in animals. Thus, the multifunctional benefits of postbiotics make them a valuable tool for healthy companion animals and sustainable livestock production, supporting both animal welfare and productivity without the drawbacks associated with antibiotic growth promoters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One Health Perspective: Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Diseases in Animals)

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14 pages, 2034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Three-Dimensionally Printed, Patient-Specific Drill Guides for Implant Placement in Canine Cervical Vertebrae: A Cadaveric Study

by Christopher J. Ponticello, Christopher L. Mariani, Joshua M. R. Carrillo, Joshua A. Zlotnick, Kristen Malinak Blodgett, Ashley Gavitt and Ola Harrysson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121190 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 894

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of autoclavable, three-dimensionally (3D) printed drill guides (3DPG) created with a rapid printing protocol and utilized by both an experienced and inexperienced surgeon in constraining the trajectory of drill tracts to intended corridors [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of autoclavable, three-dimensionally (3D) printed drill guides (3DPG) created with a rapid printing protocol and utilized by both an experienced and inexperienced surgeon in constraining the trajectory of drill tracts to intended corridors within canine cervical vertebrae. The 3DPG were designed using computed tomographic (CT) images of six complete cadaveric canine cervical vertebral columns and used to create drill tracts in all vertebrae by both an experienced and a novice surgeon. Repeat CT imaging was used to assess the entry point (EPD) and angular deviation (AD) of the actual versus planned drill tracts. Unintended cortical bone violations were also assessed. A total of 80 3DPG were used to create 144 drill tracts in 42 vertebrae. The overall mean EPD was 1.1 mm (median 0.9 mm, range 0.1–5.1 mm) and the overall mean AD was 7.3° (median 5.2°, range 0.5–33.8°). There were no differences in overall EPD (p = 0.85) or AD (p = 0.20) between the inexperienced and novice surgeons. There were no unintended cortical bone breaches. These 3DPG allowed the creation of safe and accurate drill tracts within the canine cervical spine by both an experienced and an inexperienced surgeon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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23 pages, 3251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Veterinary Career Intentions Using Motivational Characteristics: A Survey Study Among Hungarian Students

by Laura Szücs, Péter Fehérvári and László Ózsvári

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121189 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

The path to becoming a veterinarian often begins well before university education, so understanding students’ career choices is essential. This study aimed to identify motivational characteristics of Hungarian high school students interested in veterinary medicine. Between December 2022 and March 2023, a questionnaire [...] Read more.

The path to becoming a veterinarian often begins well before university education, so understanding students’ career choices is essential. This study aimed to identify motivational characteristics of Hungarian high school students interested in veterinary medicine. Between December 2022 and March 2023, a questionnaire was distributed during high school career days, university open days, and via online platforms to collect data on students’ backgrounds, motivations, childhood animal exposure, and alternative career options. Recursive conditional Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models were used to identify motivational characteristics predicting veterinary career intentions. Among 428 respondents (74.1% female; mean age 17.8 years), a fondness for animals emerged as the predominant motivational factor; 97.4% had childhood pets, most commonly dogs. Human medicine was the main alternative career, followed by agriculture and veterinary nursing. Most students were interested in small animal medicine, while horse-related experience strongly predicted interest in equine practice. Interest in agriculture predicted preference for farm animal care. Students inclined toward non-clinical roles showed stronger interest in natural sciences and decided on a veterinary career later in life. These findings suggest that many students commit to veterinary medicine before age 12, highlighting the need for early engagement through competitions, camps, and extracurricular activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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11 pages, 5104 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Tritrichomonas mobilensis in Captive Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta)

by Chaowu Fu, Yiheng Ma, Rao Li, Decheng Wang, Ziguo Yuan and Yurong Yang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121188 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

In September 2024, an acute hemorrhagic diarrhea occurred in a colony of captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) housed adjacent to an enclosure of squirrel monkeys in Henan Province, China. Three of the ring-tailed lemurs (1-year-old females) died, and necropsy revealed severe [...] Read more.

In September 2024, an acute hemorrhagic diarrhea occurred in a colony of captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) housed adjacent to an enclosure of squirrel monkeys in Henan Province, China. Three of the ring-tailed lemurs (1-year-old females) died, and necropsy revealed severe cecal hemorrhage. Histopathology demonstrated extensive mucosal necrosis, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the cecum, with parasite adhesion and invasion into the crypts. Microscopic examination and PCR targeting the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region (347 bp) confirmed the presence of T. mobilensis in the deceased lemurs’ intestinal contents and in feces from 40.0% (4/10) of the squirrel monkeys. Ultrastructural analysis (SEM/TEM) confirmed that the isolated parasites exhibited the morphology and key features of T. mobilensis, including prominent peripheral hydrogenosomal vesicles. Treatment with metronidazole and supportive care led to the recovery of the surviving lemurs. Post-treatment fecal exams of ring-tailed lemur were negative for T. mobilensis. This report provides the first evidence of T. mobilensis infection in ring-tailed lemurs, indicating cross-species transmission from squirrel monkeys to lemurs, likely facilitated by keeper-mediated mechanical transmission via tools and footwear that were used in both enclosures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zoo, Aquatic, and Wild Animal Medicine)

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25 pages, 6787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Spirulina platensis and Humic Acid in Mitigating Acute Cyclic Heat Stress: Effects on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Immunological Responses, and Tissue Histomorphology in Broiler Chickens

by Shimaa A. Amer, Ahmed Gouda, Rehab I. Hamed, Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith, Elsayed M. Younis, Arwa H. Nassar, Hanaa S. Ali, Rania M. Ibrahim, Mona S. Ibrahim, Shereen Badr, Simon J. Davies and Gehan K. Saleh

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121187 - 12 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Elevated ambient temperature is the primary abiotic element that possibly diminishes production and economic profitability in the chicken industry. The current study evaluated the role of dietary addition of Spirulina platensis (SP) and humic acid (HA) in mitigating the effects of acute cyclic [...] Read more.

Elevated ambient temperature is the primary abiotic element that possibly diminishes production and economic profitability in the chicken industry. The current study evaluated the role of dietary addition of Spirulina platensis (SP) and humic acid (HA) in mitigating the effects of acute cyclic heat stress on growth performance, meat quality, immune status, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Five hundred three-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (average body weight 101.42 ± 3.22 g) were assigned to five experimental groups, each with 10 replicates (10 birds per replicate). The chicks in the first group received a basal diet and were maintained in thermoneutral conditions (NEG CON). The remaining four groups received either a basal diet only (POS CON) or a basal diet added with SP (2 g/kg of feed; SP group), HA (5 g/kg of feed; HA group), or a mix of SP and HA by the same doses (SP+HA group). The four groups were exposed to acute cyclic heat stress (36 °C ± 2 °C) from the 22nd to the 25th day of age for 6 h/day. The HA group showed increased body weight and body weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio compared with other groups (p < 0.001). The addition of SP and HA improved sensory characteristics and reduced the dripping losses of the breast muscles. The phagocytic % and phagocytic index were higher in the SP group compared with the NEG and POS CON. The serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were higher in the HA and SP+HA groups compared with the control groups. The serum concentrations of interleukin-10, complement 3, and lysozymes, as well as the liver concentrations of HSP90A and HSP90B, were higher in the SP, HA, and SP+HA groups compared with the NEG and POS CON. The duodenal villous height and width were significantly greater in the HA group compared to the other groups. Spleen histomorphology in the SP and HA groups was better than that of the POS CON. The HA group showed up-regulation in the immune expression of clusters of differentiation 3 (CD3) and 20 (CD20) proteins in the spleen tissues. In conclusion, both HA and SP, individually but not in combination, mitigated the detrimental effects of acute cyclic heat stress on growth and immunity. Humic acid addition provided the most pronounced improvements in performance and intestinal morphology. Further studies are warranted to clarify the biochemical interactions between SP and HA under different stress intensities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Health of Monogastric Animals)

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Open AccessArticle

NEFA Promotes Bovine Granulosa Cell Apoptosis via Activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP Pathway

by Jiaxing Guo, Shenghong Zhang, Yunfei Zhai, Cheng Wang, Min Liu and Lian Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121186 - 11 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 975

Abstract

Previous studies have identified oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in granulosa cells (GCs) of periparturient dairy cows. However, whether non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in GC apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, treatment with NEFA (0.9 mM, 24 [...] Read more.

Previous studies have identified oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in granulosa cells (GCs) of periparturient dairy cows. However, whether non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in GC apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, treatment with NEFA (0.9 mM, 24 h) activated the ER stress pathway. This was evidenced by increased expression of both CHOP and GRP78. Furthermore, upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors BAX and Caspase-3 and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 were observed. Pretreatment of GCs with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, 2.5 mM, 2 h) reversed the ER stress and apoptotic effects. This suggests that NEFA-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of the PERK pathway of ER stress, and that 4-PBA alleviates this effect. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics revealed disruptions in lipid and hormone metabolism in GCs following NEFA treatment. Analysis revealed an increase in the levels of 26 types of fatty acids, while a decrease was detected in the levels of 3 types of fatty acids. In summary, NEFA induces ER stress and disrupts intracellular fatty acid, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis. Our findings offer valuable insights for developing strategies to regulate follicular development in dairy cows and mitigate the impacts of postpartum negative energy balance (NEB). Full article

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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 12 (December 2025) – 107 articles

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