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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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30 pages, 2355 KB  
Review
Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance
by Sahdeo Prasad, Bhaumik Patel, Prafulla Kumar and Rajiv Lall
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121191 - 12 Dec 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
Postbiotics, which are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components, have emerged as a promising functional ingredient in animal health and nutrition. Postbiotics are primarily composed of microbial cell fractions, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not [...] Read more.
Postbiotics, which are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components, have emerged as a promising functional ingredient in animal health and nutrition. Postbiotics are primarily composed of microbial cell fractions, metabolites, enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids. Unlike probiotics, postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, which strengthens their greater stability and safety in feed/food formulations. Postbiotics offer several beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and antimicrobial actions. They enhance antioxidant enzymes, neutralize reactive oxygen species, and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting tissues from oxidative damage. Postbiotics also inhibit pro-inflammatory molecules like TNF-α and IL-6, while enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, promoting the maturation and function of immune cells, and increasing secretory IgA production. They suppress a variety of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, etc., both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they increase beneficial gut bacteria and improve the digestion and integrity of the intestine. This article outlines the beneficial effects of postbiotics in animals including poultry, swine, canine, feline, horses, and ruminant animals, either as feed/food or as a supplement. The integration of postbiotics into animal feed improves growth performance, feed conversion ratios, and disease resistance in animals. Thus, the multifunctional benefits of postbiotics make them a valuable tool for healthy companion animals and sustainable livestock production, supporting both animal welfare and productivity without the drawbacks associated with antibiotic growth promoters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A One Health Perspective: Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Diseases in Animals)
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26 pages, 1095 KB  
Review
Microbial Aerosols in Livestock Farming Environment: A Threat That Cannot Be Ignored
by Hao Lu, Yuqing Xie, Longxin Chen, Yue Song, Limeng Zhang, Runting Li, Xiaoning Nie, Yichen Liu, Guoqiang Zhu, Xueyan Ding and Linqing Wang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121147 - 1 Dec 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, [...] Read more.
Under modern intensive and large-scale animal farming practices, the high animal density and confined spaces have progressively elevated the risk of disease transmission while complicating epidemic prevention and control. Current estimates indicate that over 70% of animal disease risks stem from viral infections, primarily transmitted via aerosol pathways. Such aerosol-mediated transmission not only triggers concentrated disease outbreaks within farms but also endangers farm workers and adjacent environments, thereby amplifying prevention challenges and substantially impeding the sustainable development of livestock industries. Therefore, this review systematically expounds the sources, hazards, and influencing factors of microbial aerosols in livestock farming environments. Furthermore, it proposes targeted prevention and control measures to address these challenges, aiming to provide theoretical and practical insights for enhancing disease prevention and promoting the healthy development of the livestock industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)
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23 pages, 1688 KB  
Review
The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance in Poultry: Veterinary and One Health Perspectives
by Shaikh Sumayya Sana, David Atuahene, Vivien Nagy, Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh and Renáta Knop
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(11), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111059 - 4 Nov 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5815
Abstract
The extensive application of antibiotics in poultry production has resulted in the emergence of resistant bacteria, which pose a great threat to the health of birds and humans. In this review, the literature is searched using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of [...] Read more.
The extensive application of antibiotics in poultry production has resulted in the emergence of resistant bacteria, which pose a great threat to the health of birds and humans. In this review, the literature is searched using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies concerning antimicrobial resistance in poultry, the One Health approach, and alternative strategies to antibiotics are included, while studies not in English, opinion-based papers, and studies not related to poultry or AMR are excluded. This review explores the increasing challenges of antibiotic resistance in poultry, emphasizing the One Health framework related to animal, human, and environmental health. The risks of zoonotic transmission from poultry, the mode of development of resistance, and alternative antibiotics (comprising probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and essential oils) are the key topics discussed. This review further touches on critical barriers in fighting antibiotic resistance, which include economic constraints, a lack of awareness, and coordination challenges. This study highlights regulatory and consumer-driven changes in antibiotic use. The poultry industry can reduce the use of antibiotics by adopting the One Health approach and implementing evidence-based alternatives that support productivity. However, sustainable solutions require further research, policy reforms, and collaboration across sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)
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29 pages, 1253 KB  
Review
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Pigs and Poultry: A Review of Gut Health, Performance, and Environmental Outcomes
by David Atuahene, Bernard Abeiku Sam, Frank Idan, Shaikh Sumayya Sana, Renáta Knop, Tejas Suthar, Harsh Kumar and Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(11), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111054 - 2 Nov 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7608
Abstract
The cardinal Physiology of Gut Health in monogastric animals such as swine and poultry is vital. It is critical for digestive efficiency, immune status, and production levels. This system is related not only to the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed ingredients [...] Read more.
The cardinal Physiology of Gut Health in monogastric animals such as swine and poultry is vital. It is critical for digestive efficiency, immune status, and production levels. This system is related not only to the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed ingredients contributing to growth and feed utilization efficiency but also to having a strategic microbiota that supports immunity and pathogen resistance, as well as metabolic support. Gut disease, for example, bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection, diet, or stress, can reduce nutrient digestion and absorption. They can also suppress the immune system and render patients more prone to disease. These are efficiency degradations and increase veterinary and husbandry costs. In addition, nutrient absorption because of deteriorated gut health can affect the environment in different ways: removal of nutrients through leaching and the release of gases (including CH4 and NH4). These pressures have led to a focus on the gut in animal research to improve the welfare of animals and ensure sustainable practices in animal production. Recent studies have included the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other feed additives to enhance the positive effects of the gut microbiota. These are also intervention points to increase nutrient absorption and animal well-being, in turn sustainability. Such approaches are expected to promote a stable microbial community with less dependence on the use of antibiotics, less waste generation, and less environmental impact from animal farming. This review provides a critical evaluation of the current literature on gut health in monogastric livestock, with pigs and poultry as the principal focus. We also considered the impact of gut health on production efficiency and Environmental sustainability. Current progress in nutritional modulation of gut health for increased productivity, enhanced animal welfare, and better profitability are presented. Gut-related biological mechanisms are linked to practical nutritional strategies, and subsequently to animal welfare, production efficiency, and environmental effects, offering a coherent concept for moving from mechanism to system-level sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)
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14 pages, 386 KB  
Review
Application of Probiotics in Cats and Dogs: Benefits and Mechanisms
by Jintao Sun, Xinshu Gu, Huaiyu Zhang, Lihong Zhao, Jinquan Wang, Xiumin Wang, Hui Tao, Zhenlong Wang and Bing Han
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12101008 - 17 Oct 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 9055
Abstract
Probiotics have grown increasingly pivotal for the health of pets, particularly dogs and cats. Emerging research demonstrates that probiotics exert a significant positive impact on gut health, including alleviating intestinal inflammation, regulating gut microbiota balance, and relieving diarrhea symptoms for pets. Regarding nutrient [...] Read more.
Probiotics have grown increasingly pivotal for the health of pets, particularly dogs and cats. Emerging research demonstrates that probiotics exert a significant positive impact on gut health, including alleviating intestinal inflammation, regulating gut microbiota balance, and relieving diarrhea symptoms for pets. Regarding nutrient metabolism, probiotics aid in prevention and management of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, primarily by enhancing nutrient digestibility and regulating energy utilization and fat metabolism. Furthermore, probiotics exhibit positive effects, including antiviral activity, immune regulation, and antioxidation. Specific probiotic strains exert their functions via mechanisms such as increasing immunoglobulin levels, suppressing the expression of inflammatory factors, and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity. The underlying mechanisms primarily involve regulating metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs), strengthening the intestinal barrier function, modulating immune responses, and optimizing the gut microbial composition. While existing studies highlight the broad potential of probiotics in preventing and managing various chronic diseases in dogs and cats, their utility in addressing acute illnesses and severe organ damage remains limited. Future research should prioritize investigating species-specific mechanisms of actions and extend to exploring potential applications in the neurological health and behavior of pets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disease and Health in Pets)
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14 pages, 261 KB  
Article
Targeted Macrophage Modulation as a Disease-Modifying Approach in Canine Osteoarthritis: The Efficacy of EF-M2 (ImmutalonTM) in a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study
by Evgeny Pokushalov, Dmitry Kudlay, Nikolai Revkov, Anastasya Shcherbakova, Michael Johnson and Richard Miller
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090919 - 22 Sep 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1381
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a prevalent and disabling condition in companion dogs, yet existing treatments are primarily symptomatic and limited by safety concerns. EF-M2, a defined derivative of vitamin D-binding protein, selectively biases macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis is a prevalent and disabling condition in companion dogs, yet existing treatments are primarily symptomatic and limited by safety concerns. EF-M2, a defined derivative of vitamin D-binding protein, selectively biases macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (IMPAWS-OA-1) in 60 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring hip or elbow osteoarthritis. Animals were allocated to subcutaneous EF-M2 (0.1 µg/kg) given thrice weekly or twice weekly, or to saline placebo for four weeks, followed by four weeks off-drug. The primary endpoint was change in Canine Brief Pain Inventory–Pain Severity Score (CBPI-PSS) at Day 28. EF-M2 produced dose–frequency-dependent benefits: LS-mean ΔPSS was −2.11 for thrice weekly, −1.42 for twice weekly, and −0.54 for placebo (arm effect p < 0.001). Objective measures showed parallel improvements in peak vertical force and accelerometery. Serum biomarkers confirmed macrophage repolarisation (ARG1/iNOS ratio, IL-10 increase, TNF-α decrease), correlating with clinical response. Adverse events were infrequent and mild, with no excess over placebo. In conclusion, EF-M2 achieved clinically meaningful pain relief, functional gains, and biomarker shifts without safety signals, establishing first-in-species proof that targeted macrophage modulation may be a viable disease-modifying approach for canine osteoarthritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)
14 pages, 867 KB  
Article
Current Perspectives and Practices of Pet Owners in Türkiye on Animal Care, Nutrition, and Welfare
by Salih Çelik, Habip Muruz, Seda Çelik, Mehmet Ferit Can and Mehmet Çelik
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090904 - 18 Sep 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2923
Abstract
Although pet ownership is rapidly increasing in developing countries like Turkey, information on how animals are cared for and fed and on perceived animal welfare remains limited. To address this gap, a survey was conducted with 410 participants from 65 provinces, representing over [...] Read more.
Although pet ownership is rapidly increasing in developing countries like Turkey, information on how animals are cared for and fed and on perceived animal welfare remains limited. To address this gap, a survey was conducted with 410 participants from 65 provinces, representing over 80% of the country. The study collected data on pet owner demographics, care and feeding practices, and awareness of animal welfare. The results show that most participants (80.6%) have at least a bachelor’s degree, and most pets (80.9%) were acquired within the last 10 years. Monthly spending on pet care typically ranges from USD 30 to 90. Ingredient quality emerged as the primary factor driving food choices (51%), driven by a growing interest in premium and super-premium products aimed at improving health and well-being. Veterinary clinics play a significant role in shaping feeding decisions. Most pet owners consider their pets family members and feel quite knowledgeable about their welfare and nutrition. The results suggest that recent trends in human nutrition, such as increasing interest in functional foods and higher ingredient standards, are also shaping pet feeding practices, and that closer collaboration between veterinarians and the pet food industry is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Companion Animal Nutrition)
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18 pages, 2122 KB  
Article
Effect of Immunization Against Inhibin on Camel Testicular Morphometry, Echotexture Analysis, Semen Quality, and Vascularization in Relation to Hormonal Aspect
by Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby, Hossam R. El-Sherbiny, Abdulrhman K. Alhaider, Mohamed Marzok and Ibrahim A. Emam
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090896 - 15 Sep 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate whether immunization against inhibin could alters testicular echotexture (TE), hemodynamics (resistance and pulstalilty index [RI and PI], testicular blood flow volume [TBFV]), and semen picture. Senile male camels were immunized actively against inhibin alpha subunit (immunized males; n [...] Read more.
This study aims to demonstrate whether immunization against inhibin could alters testicular echotexture (TE), hemodynamics (resistance and pulstalilty index [RI and PI], testicular blood flow volume [TBFV]), and semen picture. Senile male camels were immunized actively against inhibin alpha subunit (immunized males; n = 5; subcutaneous route; 1 mL) or non immunized (control males; n = 5). The injection was four times with four weeks intervals. Semen was collected by electroejaculator once per week. Blood sampling, ultrasonography, and hormonal assaying was performed once per week. The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and nitric oxide (NO) were calculated. Regarding control camels, the FSH levels were elevated (p < 0.01) in immunized males weeks 6–9 in August. Both E2 and NO were increased in the same group at weeks 7–11 with the highest level in week 10 for E2 (17.01 ± 0.11 pg/mL) in September and in week 9 for NO (44.66 ± 0.15 µmol/L). The Doppler indices RI and PI were declined (p < 0.01) in immunized camels in weeks 7–11, while the TBFV was elevated (p < 0.01). A marked elevation (p < 0.05) in testicular volume was noticed in the immunized group with a decline in the TE in week 9. The sperm cell concentration and viability were elevated (p < 0.01) in the immunized group. In conclusion, the active immunization against inhibin in senile camels shows a positive effect via improvement of testicular hemodynamics, flow volume, testicular volume, FSH, E2, NO, and sperm cell concentration with viability %, and alterations in both Doppler indices with the TE. Full article
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16 pages, 440 KB  
Review
Comparative Genetics of Canine and Human Cancers
by Richard Curtis Bird and Bruce F. Smith
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090875 - 10 Sep 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4432
Abstract
Domestic dogs develop cancer at rates similar to, or greater than, humans and suffer from cancer types that also reflect several similar common types of human disease. Canine cancers have, as a consequence, been investigated as a model of human cancer that is [...] Read more.
Domestic dogs develop cancer at rates similar to, or greater than, humans and suffer from cancer types that also reflect several similar common types of human disease. Canine cancers have, as a consequence, been investigated as a model of human cancer that is particularly attractive because it is an intermediate sized animal model with an intact immune system that develops spontaneous disease. This discipline has had extraordinary consequences for canine medicine as well, promoting the exploration of the genetics of canine cancers and the development of new therapies designed to be translated to humans but that also benefit the dogs themselves. We review the gene defects found in the most well-studied canine cancers and the new therapeutic approaches such investigations have promoted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Animal Models: From Physiology to Pathology)
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20 pages, 1400 KB  
Review
The Ecological–Evolutionary Game of the Insect Gut Microbiome: Environmental Drivers, Host Regulation, and Prospects for Cross-Cutting Applications
by Ying Wang, Jie Tang, Yao Chen, Shuyi Chen, Sumin Chen, Xin Yu, Caijing Wan, Guoqi Xiang, Yaping Chen and Qiang Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090866 - 5 Sep 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4290
Abstract
The insect gut contains a complex and diverse microbial community, and the composition of the insect gut microbial community is influenced by multiple factors such as the host’s genetics, dietary habits, and the external environment. The host’s immune system maintains the stability and [...] Read more.
The insect gut contains a complex and diverse microbial community, and the composition of the insect gut microbial community is influenced by multiple factors such as the host’s genetics, dietary habits, and the external environment. The host’s immune system maintains the stability and balance of the microbial community through a number of mechanisms. The microorganisms in this community play key roles in the nutrient metabolism, detoxification, immune regulation, development, and behaveior of insects. In recent years, the relevant literature has reported advances in the study of insect gut microbes, indicating the potential applications of insect gut microbes in several fields. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current information on the structure of insect gut microbial communities and complex host–microbe–environment interactions. The diversity of insects’ gut microbial communities and the functions of their gut microbes are revealed. By studying insect gut microbial communities, we can gain insights into the functions of these microbes in the host and explore the causal relationships between them and the host’s physiology and behavior. This will not only help us to understand the mechanism of action of the microbiome, but also provide a basis for the development of innovative biotechnology based on insect gut microbes. This research has significant theoretical value in academia and also has a wide range of applications in agriculture, environmental protection, industrial production, and healthcare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth)
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42 pages, 2279 KB  
Review
From Farm to Fork: Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Livestock Production and the Food Chain
by Ayman Elbehiry and Eman Marzouk
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090862 - 4 Sep 2025
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5869
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production systems has emerged as a major global health concern, threatening not only animal welfare and agricultural productivity but also food safety and public health. The widespread, and often poorly regulated, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, prophylaxis, [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production systems has emerged as a major global health concern, threatening not only animal welfare and agricultural productivity but also food safety and public health. The widespread, and often poorly regulated, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, prophylaxis, and metaphylaxis has accelerated the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. These elements circulate across interconnected animal, environmental, and human ecosystems, driven by mobile genetic elements and amplified through the food production chain. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of medically important antimicrobials are used in animals, and AMR could cause millions of human deaths annually by mid-century if unchecked. In some livestock systems, multidrug-resistant E. coli prevalence already exceeds half of isolates, particularly in poultry and swine in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, ecological drivers, and One Health implications of AMR in food-producing animals. We highlight key zoonotic and foodborne bacterial pathogens—including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus—as well as underappreciated reservoirs in commensal microbiota and livestock environments. Diagnostic platforms spanning phenotypic assays, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing, and CRISPR-based tools are examined for their roles in AMR detection, surveillance, and resistance gene characterization. We also evaluate current antimicrobial stewardship practices, global and regional surveillance initiatives, and policy frameworks, identifying critical implementation gaps, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging sectors such as aquaculture and insect farming are considered for their potential role as future AMR hotspots. Finally, we outline future directions including real-time genomic surveillance, AI-assisted resistance prediction, and integrated One Health data platforms as essential innovations to combat AMR. Mitigating the threat of AMR in animal agriculture will require coordinated scientific, regulatory, and cross-sectoral responses to ensure the long-term efficacy of antimicrobial agents for both human and veterinary medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens in Primary Animal Food Production)
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22 pages, 641 KB  
Review
Zoonotic Yersinia enterocolitica in Swine: One Health Implications for Food Safety and Public Health
by Sónia Saraiva, Juan García-Díez, Telma de Sousa, Rita Calouro, Diana Fernandes, Ana V. Mourão, Cristina Saraiva, João R. Mesquita, Ana C. Coelho and Patrícia Poeta
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090795 - 23 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3085
Abstract
Y. enterocolitica is a cold-tolerant, foodborne pathogen that poses a significant risk to public health, with pigs identified as its main reservoir. This review explores the current knowledge on the epidemiology, transmission, and virulence of Y. enterocolitica in pigs, highlighting their central role [...] Read more.
Y. enterocolitica is a cold-tolerant, foodborne pathogen that poses a significant risk to public health, with pigs identified as its main reservoir. This review explores the current knowledge on the epidemiology, transmission, and virulence of Y. enterocolitica in pigs, highlighting their central role in spreading the bacterium to humans—primarily through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork. The pathogen is frequently found in pig tonsils and intestines and can contaminate meat during slaughter. Among the various strains, bioserotype 4/O:3 is the most common cause of human illness. Y. enterocolitica carries a diverse set of virulence genes, such as ail, yst, inv, and yad, and evades immune responses. The review also covers major outbreaks, risk factors on farms and in slaughterhouses, and the limitations of current surveillance systems. Reducing the impact of Y. enterocolitica requires a One Health approach linking animal health, food safety, and public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Bacterial Pathogens in Veterinary Medicine)
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42 pages, 1210 KB  
Review
Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Mastitis in Dairy Cows: From Etiology to Prevention
by Wenjing Yu, Zixuan Zhang, Zhonghua Wang, Xueyan Lin, Xusheng Dong and Qiuling Hou
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090800 - 23 Aug 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8702
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammatory disease caused by the invasion of various pathogenic microorganisms into mammary gland tissue, is a core health issue plaguing the global dairy industry. The consequences of this disease are manifold. In addition to directly compromising the health and welfare of [...] Read more.
Mastitis, an inflammatory disease caused by the invasion of various pathogenic microorganisms into mammary gland tissue, is a core health issue plaguing the global dairy industry. The consequences of this disease are manifold. In addition to directly compromising the health and welfare of dairy cows, it also precipitates a substantial decline in lactation function, a precipitous drop in raw milk production, and alterations in milk composition (e.g., increased somatic cell counts and imbalanced ratios of milk protein to fat). These changes result in a marked degradation of milk quality and safety, and in turn, engender significant economic losses for the livestock industry. Therefore, the establishment and implementation of a comprehensive prevention and control system is a key strategy to effectively curb the occurrence of mastitis, reduce its incidence rate, and minimise economic losses. This review systematically explores the complex etiological factors and pathogenic mechanisms of mastitis in dairy cows, and summarises various diagnostic methods, including milk apparent indicators monitoring, pathogen detection, physiological parameter monitoring, omics technologies, and emerging technologies. Furthermore, it undertakes an analysis of treatment protocols for mastitis in dairy cows, with a particular emphasis on the significance of rational antibiotic use and alternative therapies. Moreover, it delineates preventive measures encompassing both environmental and hygiene management, and dairy cow health management. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and scientific theoretical basis and practical guidance for dairy farming practices. This will help to improve the health of dairy cows, ensure a stable supply of high-quality dairy products, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the dairy farming industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mammary Development and Health: Challenges and Advances)
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17 pages, 1289 KB  
Article
Live Yeast Supplementation Attenuates the Effects of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows
by Ana R. J. Cabrita, Júlio Carvalheira and António J. M. Fonseca
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090791 - 22 Aug 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
High temperature typically decreases feed intake, milk production, and efficiency and increases metabolic disorders and health problems, greatly impacting farm economics. Supplements based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been suggested to benefit cows under heat stress, but effects on dairy cow performance are contradictory. [...] Read more.
High temperature typically decreases feed intake, milk production, and efficiency and increases metabolic disorders and health problems, greatly impacting farm economics. Supplements based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been suggested to benefit cows under heat stress, but effects on dairy cow performance are contradictory. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of heat stress on the effects of live yeast supplementation on the performance of dairy cows. Environmental temperature parameters were compared to two thermal humidity indices (THI1 and THI2) using wet bulb or dew point temperatures, as explanatory variables of dairy cow performance during the hot season. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with 12 Holstein cows blocked by lactation number, days in milk, and milk production (two cows per block) and within each block, each cow was randomly assigned to a maize silage-based TMR with a concentrate mixture containing no yeast culture (Control) or 1 g/kg concentrate dry matter of a live yeast culture based on S. cerevisiae (Yeast) for 35 days. The experiment lasted for 35 d. Dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly higher for Yeast than it was for Control for all classes of temperature and THIs studied with an average increase of 2 kg DM per day, except for mean THI1 (from 54 to 60), for which the DMI was similar between treatments. Yeast promoted significantly higher milk yield than Control for all classes of daily maximum and mean temperature, averaging an increase of 4 kg of milk per day. Results suggest a more marked effect of temperature and indicate that yeast supplementation improved lactation performance of dairy cows exposed to hot weather. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Nutrition and Feeding Innovations: Enhancing Welfare, Health, and Sustainability)
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18 pages, 540 KB  
Review
The Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS): Beyond Cardiovascular Regulation
by Agnese Valentini, Romy M. Heilmann, Anna Kühne, Lucia Biagini, Danilo De Bellis and Giacomo Rossi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080777 - 20 Aug 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 14520
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular function, fluid balance, and blood pressure. Recent research has revealed the RAAS’s influence extends beyond cardiovascular physiology, encompassing key roles in inflammation, fibrosis, immune regulation, cancer progression, and organ-specific disease mechanisms. This [...] Read more.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular function, fluid balance, and blood pressure. Recent research has revealed the RAAS’s influence extends beyond cardiovascular physiology, encompassing key roles in inflammation, fibrosis, immune regulation, cancer progression, and organ-specific disease mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of classical and alternative RAAS pathways, focusing on the dual roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang 1–7), mediated through AT1R, AT2R, MasR, and MrgD receptors. We discuss molecular signaling cascades, including mitochondrial, nuclear, and caveolae-mediated mechanisms, and explore the impact of RAAS modulation on hepatic fibrosis, vascular remodeling, and autoimmune inflammation. Genetic models and emerging pharmacologic strategies illustrate tissue-specific RAAS actions, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of enhancing the ACE2/Ang 1–7/Mas axis while inhibiting the deleterious ACE/Ang II/AT1R signaling. Furthermore, we highlight implications for veterinary medicine, particularly in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies, where RAAS dysfunction may contribute to treatment resistance. Understanding RAAS complexity and inter-receptor crosstalk is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies targeting cardiovascular, hepatic, and inflammatory diseases in both human and veterinary contexts. Full article
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20 pages, 317 KB  
Review
Diagnosis of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: A Narrative Review
by Claudia Vitturini, Matteo Cerquetella, Andrea Spaterna, Marilena Bazzano and Andrea Marchegiani
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080781 - 20 Aug 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7148
Abstract
Many recent progresses in the overall quality of life have allowed for an increase in life expectancy, both in humans and in dogs. In addition, long-lived individuals may develop neurodegenerative disorders, and one of the most important in human medicine is Alzheimer’s disease [...] Read more.
Many recent progresses in the overall quality of life have allowed for an increase in life expectancy, both in humans and in dogs. In addition, long-lived individuals may develop neurodegenerative disorders, and one of the most important in human medicine is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In veterinary medicine, the AD counterpart is Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS), which, generally, affects elderly dogs from 8 years of age. These cognitive disorders are becoming frequently encountered conditions and, despite researchers’ attention towards pathogenesis, treatment and diagnosis, more efforts are required to outline which clinical and laboratory evaluations must be carried out to reach a presumptive antemortem diagnosis of CCDS. The biggest need is the establishment of standardized protocols and guidelines for a correct clinical and diagnostic approach towards dogs with clinical signs referrable to CCDS. In this narrative review, we examined the up-to-date scientific literature on the topic, focusing our attention on sensitive and reliable markers for clinical antemortem CCDS diagnosis. Even if some parameters analyzed are interesting and promising, more investigations are needed to confirm the results obtained so far. This is crucial because a correct diagnosis is fundamental to determine the best treatment and, thus, to guarantee animals’ health and welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
31 pages, 617 KB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review: Bovine Respiratory Disease, Current Insights into Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Vaccination
by Stephanie O’Donoghue, Sinéad M. Waters, Derek W. Morris and Bernadette Earley
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080778 - 20 Aug 2025
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9273
Abstract
The aim of this comprehensive review is to synthesize current knowledge on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), enhance diagnostic strategies, and support effective prevention and management practises. BRD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle, driven by a complex interplay of [...] Read more.
The aim of this comprehensive review is to synthesize current knowledge on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), enhance diagnostic strategies, and support effective prevention and management practises. BRD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle, driven by a complex interplay of viral and bacterial pathogens, host factors, environmental stressors, and management conditions. Its prevalence (2.1% to 20.2%) varies across geographical regions, age groups, and diagnostic methods. BRD leads to significant economic losses through direct impacts such as mortality, reduced growth rates, and lighter carcass weights, as well as indirect costs like market restrictions and long-term productivity declines. Diagnosing BRD is challenging due to its non-specific clinical signs and frequent subclinical presentations. Traditional diagnostic tools like clinical respiratory scoring (CRS) systems provide structure but suffer from low sensitivity and subjectivity. Behavioural monitoring shows promise by detecting early changes in feeding, movement, and social behaviours. Thoracic auscultation is widely used but limited in accuracy. Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) stands out as a more sensitive method for detecting subclinical disease and correlating with growth outcomes. Combining CRS with TUS enhances early and accurate detection. Advancing diagnostic approaches is critical for improving animal health and minimizing economic losses in cattle production systems. Full article
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42 pages, 1635 KB  
Review
Review of Toxoplasmosis: What We Still Need to Do
by Muhammad Farhab, Muhammad Waqar Aziz, Aftab Shaukat, Ming-Xing Cao, Zhaofeng Hou, Si-Yang Huang, Ling Li and Yu-Guo Yuan
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080772 - 18 Aug 2025
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 15709
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for the disease toxoplasmosis and has the broadest host range among apicomplexan parasites, as it infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and emerging public health concern with considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for the disease toxoplasmosis and has the broadest host range among apicomplexan parasites, as it infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and emerging public health concern with considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world, affecting approximately one-third of the world’s human population. Clinical presentation varies among species, and the infection establishes lifelong chronicity in hosts. Most of the host species (including healthy humans) are asymptomatic on the one hand, it is fatal to marsupials, neotropical primates and some marine mammals on the other hand. In immunocompetent humans, infection is typically asymptomatic, whereas immunocompromised individuals may develop disseminated disease affecting virtually any organ system—most commonly reproductive, cerebral, and ocular systems. Toxoplasmosis spreads by ingestion of food or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts, consumption of undercooked/raw meat containing tissue cysts, transplacental transmission from mother to fetus, or by receiving infected organ/blood from the infected individual. Toxoplasmosis is mainly diagnosed by serologic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is treated with pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine or clindamycin, often supplemented with leucovorin, atovaquone, and dexamethasone. Despite having many potent anti-T. gondii antigenic candidates, there is no commercially available vaccine for humans due to many factors, including the complex life cycle of the parasite and its evasion strategies. To date, the only commercially available anti-T. gondii vaccine is for sheep, licensed for veterinary use to prevent ovine abortions. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of toxoplasmosis. Full article
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29 pages, 787 KB  
Review
Proposed Physiological and Neurobiological Mechanisms of Music’s Effect, with a Focus on the Perioperative Period: Literature Evidence from Human, Canine and Feline Medicine
by Stefanos G. Georgiou and Apostolos D. Galatos
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080770 - 17 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5666
Abstract
There is growing evidence regarding non-pharmacological therapies such as music as a supportive approach for the treatment of various clinical conditions in humans. Physiological and neurobiological research suggests that music exposure is related to endorphin, endocannabinoid and dopamine release, favourable effects on autonomic [...] Read more.
There is growing evidence regarding non-pharmacological therapies such as music as a supportive approach for the treatment of various clinical conditions in humans. Physiological and neurobiological research suggests that music exposure is related to endorphin, endocannabinoid and dopamine release, favourable effects on autonomic nervous system functioning and is associated with decreased pain perception and reduced stress response. Further evidence in humans demonstrates a beneficial role of music application during the perioperative period by improving various outcome measures, such as the perioperative stress and anxiety levels, the sedation or general anaesthetic requirements, the pain levels, the analgesic requirements and other parameters related to patient prognosis, without reported side effects. Accordingly, such interventions have been considered as a method of environmental enrichment for animal welfare enhancement, by masking potentially disturbing background noises and by ameliorating anxiety or aggressive behaviours in different stressful settings in dogs and cats. Furthermore, research has been lately extended to the potential music’s effect in these species during the perioperative period, considered a stressful setting, as well. This review presents the existing evidence of music application focusing on the perioperative period of dogs and cats, as part of a multimodal approach, to improve their surgical outcome and welfare. Full article
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10 pages, 381 KB  
Communication
Multiwave Locked System Laser Treatment Reduces the Bacterial Load in the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs After Plaque Removal
by Ivana Pallante, Paolo Squarzoni, Elisa Mazzotta, Nicola Pozzato and Monica Monici
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080767 - 16 Aug 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a prevalent condition in companion animals. It is crucial to prevent the plaque and bacteria on tooth surfaces to avoid gingivitis and the more harmful periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of MLS laser [...] Read more.
Periodontal disease is a prevalent condition in companion animals. It is crucial to prevent the plaque and bacteria on tooth surfaces to avoid gingivitis and the more harmful periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of MLS laser treatment on the bacterial load by analyzing the gingival swabs of a total of 16 owned dogs with no history of dental disease that were selected from a cohort of patients admitted for plaque removal and dental hygiene procedures. Following each dental hygiene session, each dog received a single MLS laser therapy treatment (808–905 nm diode laser, frequency 36 Hz, and fluence 0.16 J/cm2). Swabs were collected from the two upper premolars before and after the laser treatment. These were submitted for mesophilic bacteria counts, and microbiological analysis was conducted on 10 positive cultures to evaluate the changes in the oral bacterial microbiota. MLS laser therapy statistically significantly reduced the mesophilic bacteria count by 1 log, with higher pre-laser treatment counts (n = 0.44; 5.77 ± 0.21 95%CI) in comparison to post-laser treatment counts (n = 0.73; 4.80 ± 0.346 95%CI). The MLS laser therapy was found to reduce the bacterial load in 80% of the subjects (p < 0.05). No significant differences pre- and post-laser treatment were observed in the bacteria species isolated from the microbiological cultures. MLS laser therapy appears to be a useful, non-invasive method for reducing the bacterial load in the treatment and prophylaxis of periodontal disease in dogs. Full article
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18 pages, 635 KB  
Article
Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE): Cushing’s Syndrome and Hypoadrenocorticism—A Modified Delphi-Method-Based System to Create Consensus Definitions
by Stijn J. M. Niessen, Ellen N. Behrend, Federico Fracassi, David B. Church, Sue F. Foster, Sara Galac, Carlos Melian, Álan G. Pöppl, Ian K. Ramsey, Nadja S. Sieber-Ruckstuhl and on behalf of the ESVE/SCE membership
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080761 - 14 Aug 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5213
Abstract
Progress in clinical practice, research, and teaching needs a common language. Agreement among veterinary endocrinologists on definitions of concepts related to Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and hypoadrenocorticism is lacking. After a successful inaugural cycle on diabetes mellitus terminology, project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology [...] Read more.
Progress in clinical practice, research, and teaching needs a common language. Agreement among veterinary endocrinologists on definitions of concepts related to Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and hypoadrenocorticism is lacking. After a successful inaugural cycle on diabetes mellitus terminology, project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE) held a second cycle, with simplified methodology, and brought together 10 experts of the European Society of Veterinary Endocrinology (ESVE) and the Society of Comparative Endocrinology (SCE). It employed a four-round modified Delphi Method to generate draft definitions and try and achieve consensus. A final round used an endorsement survey of the expert-generated definitions distributed to the ESVE and SCE memberships, seeking a simple majority endorsement. A minimum of 20% membership participation was sought. The 10 experts achieved 100% consensus on the definition of 35 adrenal disease-associated concepts, including disease definitions, diagnostic criteria, and test definitions, a disease classification system for CS and hypoadrenocorticism, and a clinical scoring system for CS. Definitions were subsequently assessed by 78 ESVE and SCE members (26% of combined memberships). All definitions achieved a simple majority, ranging from 83.1 to 100%. ALIVE proved effective in creating a body of terminology for adrenal disease in companion animals, which met the overall approval of a majority of those participating in the endorsement phase. The prospective use of these definitions could help improve comparability and standards for adrenal disease research, education, and clinics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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34 pages, 1808 KB  
Article
Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome in Young Piglets—A Longitudinal Study
by Sabrina Becker, Katrin Hindenlang, Josef Kuehling, Mirjam Lechner and Gerald Reiner
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080752 - 13 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) is a simple and non-invasive animal-based health and welfare indicator that combines the clinical observation of bristle loss, swelling, redness, exudation, necrosis and haemorrhage in various parts of the body. It provides a point-of-care measure with direct [...] Read more.
Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) is a simple and non-invasive animal-based health and welfare indicator that combines the clinical observation of bristle loss, swelling, redness, exudation, necrosis and haemorrhage in various parts of the body. It provides a point-of-care measure with direct intervention capability. Several studies from different countries demonstrate its considerable prevalence, particularly among newborn, suckling and weaned piglets. The syndrome has been demonstrated to be endogenous, as evidenced by clinical, pathohistological, clinical chemical, metabolomic, transcriptomic and genomic analysis. It has been established that the first and fourth weeks of life represent suitable time points for examination. However, longitudinal follow-up of individual animals has hitherto been lacking. In order to address this issue, a total of 1080 complete SINS examinations were conducted on 59 piglets at days 1 to 14, 19, 22, 26 and 41 of life. The findings substantiate the bimodal progression and evince a robust correlation between signs in disparate anatomical regions, including body temperature. Two peaks with significantly increased SINS signs were observed, the first around the fourth day of life and the second around day 26. The majority of indications of SINS in the second peak manifested prior to the initiation of the weaning process. The development of SINS signs in the piglets as a group followed a clear pattern. However, it was not feasible to predict the subsequent course of SINS based on individual animals. It is recommended that SINS, as an animal-based health and welfare indicator, be screened on days three to four and/or in the fourth week of life. It is imperative that the day of life is specified with the greatest possible precision, given the propensity for considerable deviations to occur within a time frame of one to three days, especially during the initial week of life. The implementation of these findings has the potential to make a decisive contribution to improving inventory herd analyses and studies on SINS, thereby improving the welfare and health of piglets. Full article
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35 pages, 2278 KB  
Review
Staphylococci in Livestock: Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Translational Strategies for One Health Protection
by Ayman Elbehiry and Eman Marzouk
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080757 - 13 Aug 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3525
Abstract
Livestock-associated Staphylococcus species—particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)—pose escalating threats to animal health, food safety, and public health due to their evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This review synthesizes recent insights into [...] Read more.
Livestock-associated Staphylococcus species—particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)—pose escalating threats to animal health, food safety, and public health due to their evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This review synthesizes recent insights into the molecular epidemiology, resistance determinants, and host adaptation strategies of these pathogens across food-producing animals. We highlight the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), clonal dissemination, and biofilm formation in shaping multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns. Diagnostic advancements, including MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and PCR-based assays, are discussed alongside treatment challenges arising from therapeutic failures and limited vaccine efficacy. The review critically examines current AMR surveillance gaps and the need for integrative One Health frameworks that encompass animals, humans, and the environment. Novel tools such as metagenomics, real-time genomic surveillance, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics are proposed to enhance predictive monitoring and resistance management. Together, these insights underscore the urgency of coordinated, evidence-based interventions to curb the spread of MDR staphylococci and safeguard One Health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Staphylococcus sp.)
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26 pages, 1985 KB  
Review
Feline Mammary Tumors: A Comprehensive Review of Histological Classification Schemes, Grading Systems, and Prognostic Factors
by Joana Rodrigues-Jesus, Hugo Vilhena, Ana Canadas-Sousa and Patrícia Dias-Pereira
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080736 - 5 Aug 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10993
Abstract
As the body of knowledge on feline mammary tumors (FMTs) continues to grow, their histological classification and grading systems have undergone revisions and updates to better reflect the biological behavior of these tumors. In this review, the historical evolution of these frameworks is [...] Read more.
As the body of knowledge on feline mammary tumors (FMTs) continues to grow, their histological classification and grading systems have undergone revisions and updates to better reflect the biological behavior of these tumors. In this review, the historical evolution of these frameworks is traced and later revisited in the context of their prognostic relevance. Numerous studies have investigated clinicopathological prognostic factors in feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs); however, the heterogeneity in assessment methods, inclusion criteria for survival analysis, and the clinical endpoints considered can often complicate direct comparisons across different studies and may contribute to seemingly conflicting results. Furthermore, the small cohort size of many studies limits the robustness and transferability of their findings. This paper provides an updated overview of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological prognostic factors of these tumors, while also highlighting current challenges, methodological limitations, and areas for future improvement. Full article
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20 pages, 907 KB  
Review
Challenges and Future Prospects of Pakistan’s Animal Industry: Economic Potential, Emerging Trends, and Strategic Directions
by Ejaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Rizwan, Yuqi Wang, Furqan Munir and Jinlian Hua
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080733 - 4 Aug 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8337
Abstract
Livestock, poultry, and fisheries play an important economic role in Pakistan’s animal industry. The pet industry is also emerging and contributing to the country’s economy and people’s emotional well-being. This review provides insight into the current challenges and future directions of the animal [...] Read more.
Livestock, poultry, and fisheries play an important economic role in Pakistan’s animal industry. The pet industry is also emerging and contributing to the country’s economy and people’s emotional well-being. This review provides insight into the current challenges and future directions of the animal industry in Pakistan. Livestock, poultry, and fisheries provide an economically beneficial source of milk, meat, and eggs; however, they face challenges such as disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, climate change, natural disasters, and a lack of proper policies. Likewise, humans benefit from companion animals that provide emotional attachment. Moreover, the pet food market has also shown potential growth, contributing to the country’s economy. Due to the close association between animals and humans, both are at risk for infectious disease transmission. Challenges such as the lack of strong animal welfare laws and the increasing number of stray dogs and cats threaten human safety and that of other animals. We highlight current problems and additional approaches to the management of livestock, poultry, fisheries, and pets, which need to be addressed to further advance the animal industry in Pakistan. Full article
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28 pages, 17610 KB  
Article
Histological Assessment of Intestinal Changes Induced by Liquid Whey-Enriched Diets in Pigs
by Kamel Mhalhel, Mauro Cavallaro, Lidia Pansera, Leyanis Herrera Ledesma, Maria Levanti, Antonino Germanà, Anna Maria Sutera, Giuseppe Tardiolo, Alessandro Zumbo, Marialuisa Aragona and Giuseppe Montalbano
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080716 - 30 Jul 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4081
Abstract
Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 [...] Read more.
Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 crossbred pigs divided into control (fed 3% of their body weight pelleted feed) and LW (fed 3% of their body weight supplemented with 1.5 L of LW) groups. The results show a significantly increased body weight gain in LW pigs during the second half of the experiment. Moreover, an increased ileal villus height, deeper crypts, and a thicker muscularis externa in the duodenum and jejunum have been reported in LW-fed pigs. Goblet cell count revealed a significant abundance of these cells in duodenal villi and jejunal crypts of the LW group, suggesting enhanced mucosal defense in all segments of LW-fed pigs. While Cholecystokinin8 and Galanin showed the same expression pattern among both groups and SI segments, the leptin expression was significantly higher in LW swine. These findings indicate that LW promotes growth, gut mucosa remodeling, and neuroendocrine signaling, thus supporting LW use as a functional dietary strategy with attention to the adaptation period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)
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36 pages, 539 KB  
Review
Genomic Adaptation, Environmental Challenges, and Sustainable Yak Husbandry in High-Altitude Pastoral Systems
by Saima Naz, Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha, Qudrat Ullah, Muhammad Farooq, Tariq Jamil, Raja Danish Muner and Azka Kiran
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080714 - 29 Jul 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2812
Abstract
The yak (Bos grunniens) is a key species in high-altitude rangelands of Asia. Despite their ecological and economic importance, yak production faces persistent challenges, including low milk yields, vulnerability to climate changes, emerging diseases, and a lack of systematic breeding programs. [...] Read more.
The yak (Bos grunniens) is a key species in high-altitude rangelands of Asia. Despite their ecological and economic importance, yak production faces persistent challenges, including low milk yields, vulnerability to climate changes, emerging diseases, and a lack of systematic breeding programs. This review presents the genomic, physiological, and environmental dimensions of yak biology and husbandry. Genes such as EPAS1, which encodes hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, underpin physiological adaptations, including enlarged cardiopulmonary structures, elevated erythrocyte concentrations, and specialized thermoregulatory mechanisms that enable their survival at elevations of 3000 m and above. Copy number variations (CNVs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present promising markers for improving milk and meat production, disease resistance, and metabolic efficiency. F1 and F2 generations of yak–cattle hybrids show superior growth and milk yields, but reproductive barriers, such as natural mating or artificial insemination, and environmental factors limit the success of these hybrids beyond second generation. Infectious diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea and antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming Enterococcus and E. coli, pose risks to herd health and food safety. Rising ambient temperatures, declining forage biomass, and increased disease prevalence due to climate changes risk yak economic performance and welfare. Addressing these challenges by nutritional, environmental, and genetic interventions will safeguard yak pastoralism. This review describes the genes associated with different yak traits and provides an overview of the genetic adaptations of yaks (Bos grunniens) to environmental stresses at high altitudes and emphasizes the need for conservation and improvement strategies for sustainable husbandry of these yaks. Full article
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15 pages, 5270 KB  
Article
Dynamic Changes in Microorganisms and Metabolites During Silage Fermentation of Whole Winter Wheat
by Li Zhang, Yu Zeng, Lin Fu, Yan Zhou, Juncai Chen, Gaofu Wang, Qifan Ran, Liang Hu, Rui Hu, Jia Zhou and Xianwen Dong
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080708 - 28 Jul 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1284
Abstract
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) silage has high feeding value and has become an important roughage resource in China. To recognize the optimal fermentation time of the silage product, this study systematically evaluated the temporal dynamics of microbial communities and metabolic profiles [...] Read more.
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) silage has high feeding value and has become an important roughage resource in China. To recognize the optimal fermentation time of the silage product, this study systematically evaluated the temporal dynamics of microbial communities and metabolic profiles in whole winter wheat silage at days 7, 14, 30, 50, and 70. The dry matter (DM) content slightly fluctuated with the extension of fermentation time, with 28.14% at 70 days of ensiling. The organic matter and neutral detergent fiber content gradually decreased with the extension of fermentation time. A significant decrease in pH was observed at days 30, 50, and 70 compared to days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05), with the lowest pH value of 4.4 recorded at day 70. The contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acids gradually increased with the extension of fermentation time, reaching a maximum at 70 days of ensiling. The dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at the phylum level, and the predominant bacteria were Hafnia-Obesumbacterium, Enterobacter, and Lactobacillus at the genus level. The relative abundance of Hafnia-Obesumbacterium and Lactobacillus fluctuated slightly with the duration of fermentation, reaching a minimum for the former and a maximum for Lactobacillus at 50 days of ensiling. By day 70, Sporolactobacillus emerged as a distinct silage biomarker. The dominant fungi was Ascomycota at the phylum level, and the predominant fungi were Fusarium and an unidentified fungus at the genus level. The correlation analysis revealed significant pH–organic acid–microbe interactions, with pH negatively correlating with organic acids but positively with specific bacteria, while organic acids showed complex microbial associations. Collectively, under natural fermentation conditions, the optimal fermentation period for wheat silage exceeds 70 days, and Sporolactobacillus shows potential as a microbial inoculant for whole winter wheat silage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing whole winter wheat silage utilization and enhancing fermentation quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Nutrition and Feeding Innovations: Enhancing Welfare, Health, and Sustainability)
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15 pages, 790 KB  
Review
A Review of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Patterns and Risks Among Occupational Populations
by Huimin Li, Ruiqi Ren, Wenqing Bai, Zhaohe Li, Jiayi Zhang, Yao Liu, Rui Sun, Fei Wang, Dan Li, Chao Li, Guoqing Shi and Lei Zhou
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080704 - 28 Jul 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7651
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through [...] Read more.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal–human–environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global ‘One Health’ collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 683 KB  
Article
What Comes from Cytology Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Epidemiological Retrospective Analysis of 3068 Feline Cases
by Paula Brilhante-Simões, Ricardo Lopes, Leonor Delgado, Ana Machado, Augusto Silva, Ângela Martins, Ricardo Marcos, Felisbina Queiroga and Justina Prada
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070671 - 17 Jul 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2726
Abstract
This study evaluated diagnostic trends and the overall utility of cytology in feline patients through the analysis of a large, multicentric dataset from Portugal. A retrospective review of 3068 cytological cases from 130 veterinary practices was conducted, with samples categorised by anatomical location [...] Read more.
This study evaluated diagnostic trends and the overall utility of cytology in feline patients through the analysis of a large, multicentric dataset from Portugal. A retrospective review of 3068 cytological cases from 130 veterinary practices was conducted, with samples categorised by anatomical location and lesion type. Diagnostic outcomes were statistically assessed, revealing an overall success rate of 66.20%. The highest diagnostic yields occurred in fluid samples (83.48%), glandular tissues (76.67%), and mucous membranes (75.81%), followed by organ-based samples (67.79%), miscellaneous tissues (66.98%), cutaneous/subcutaneous nodules (62.16%), and lymph nodes (57.93%). Neoplastic lesions showed age-associated prevalence, being more common in older cats, with epithelial and melanocytic lesions more frequent in females and round cell/mesenchymal lesions predominating in males. Non-diagnostic samples (33.80%) primarily resulted from insufficient cellularity or suboptimal quality, though no significant correlation existed between diagnostic success and clinical setting. This study underscores that cytology remains a fundamental diagnostic tool in feline medicine, particularly when combined with proper sampling techniques and complementary diagnostic methods, and reinforces its value in clinical decision-making, thereby supporting its broader utilisation in routine veterinary practice. Full article
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16 pages, 442 KB  
Review
Enhancing Agricultural Productivity in Dairy Cow Mastitis Management: Innovations in Non-Antibiotic Treatment Technologies
by Lijie Jiang, Qi Li, Huiqing Liao, Hourong Liu and Zhiqiang Wang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070662 - 12 Jul 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4313
Abstract
Dairy mastitis is a common dairy farming disease. It severely affects the health of dairy cows and the quality and yield of dairy products. This paper reviews the main current mastitis treatments and associated bacterial resistance. It emphasizes the importance of integrated resistance [...] Read more.
Dairy mastitis is a common dairy farming disease. It severely affects the health of dairy cows and the quality and yield of dairy products. This paper reviews the main current mastitis treatments and associated bacterial resistance. It emphasizes the importance of integrated resistance and treatment management. The therapeutic efficacy and resistance associated with commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are analyzed. The principles, application effects and benefits of non-antibiotic therapies are also discussed, including those of immunotherapy, herbal therapy, probiotic therapy and phage therapy. The paper presents the latest gene editing and nanotechnology advances in the contexts of big data and artificial intelligence. It suggests future research directions such as developing new antibiotics, optimizing treatment and enhancing immunity. In conclusion, effective treatment and management can control dairy cow mastitis. It can guarantee cow health, improve dairy product quality and promote sustainable dairy industry development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)
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15 pages, 1423 KB  
Review
Sperm Membrane Stability: In-Depth Analysis from Structural Basis to Functional Regulation
by Shan-Hui Xue, Bing-Bing Xu, Xiao-Chun Yan, Jia-Xin Zhang and Rui Su
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070658 - 11 Jul 2025
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3643
Abstract
Sperm membrane stability is a key factor in determining sperm viability and fertilization capability, with broad implications ranging from basic reproductive biology to livestock breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the structural and functional mechanisms underlying sperm membrane integrity, including defensive barrier functions, [...] Read more.
Sperm membrane stability is a key factor in determining sperm viability and fertilization capability, with broad implications ranging from basic reproductive biology to livestock breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the structural and functional mechanisms underlying sperm membrane integrity, including defensive barrier functions, potentiometric ion channel regulation, and motility modulation that collectively optimize sperm survival, motility, and fertilization potential. Environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations, abnormal pH levels (outside the optimal 7.2–8.2 range), pathological conditions, and hormonal imbalances can compromise membrane stability by inducing oxidative stress and protein denaturation. Key regulatory proteins, notably NPC2 for cholesterol homeostasis, Flotillin proteins for lipid raft organization, and Annexin V for membrane repair mechanisms, demonstrate essential roles in maintaining structural integrity. In livestock reproduction, membrane stability research facilitates the optimization of cryoprotectant formulations and freezing protocols, resulting in 15–25% improvements in post-thaw sperm survival rates and enhanced artificial insemination success. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing assisted reproductive technologies and improving reproductive efficiency in animal husbandry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sperm Conservation Techniques for Better Fertility—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1718 KB  
Article
Epidemiological Patterns of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Equine Populations from Urumqi and Ili, Xinjiang, China
by Yabin Lu, Penghui Ru, Sinan Qin, Yukun Zhang, Enning Fu, Mingyue Cai, Nuermaimaiti Tuohuti, Hui Wu, Yi Zhang and Yang Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070644 - 6 Jul 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1997
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases pose significant health risks to equine populations. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns of equine gastrointestinal parasites in Xinjiang by analyzing 83 fecal samples collected from Ili (n = 62) and Urumqi (n = 21) between August and [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases pose significant health risks to equine populations. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns of equine gastrointestinal parasites in Xinjiang by analyzing 83 fecal samples collected from Ili (n = 62) and Urumqi (n = 21) between August and November 2024. The modified McMaster technique was employed to quantify fecal egg counts (EPG) and was complemented by morphological identification to assess infection dynamics related to geography, breed specificity, and management practices. The results demonstrated an overall infection prevalence of 66.3% (55/83), with strongyles, Parascaris equorum, and Eimeria oocysts being present. Significant geographical variation was observed, with Ili exhibiting a higher prevalence (74.2%) compared to Urumqi (42.9%). Breed susceptibility analysis revealed that there was a 94.1% prevalence in Yili horses versus 42.9% in Kazakh horses. Pasture-managed herds showed markedly higher infection rates (94.1%) than stable-based systems (50.0%). Parasite community composition was dominated by strongyles (82.1%), followed by Triodontophorus spp. (27.7%) and P. equorum (2.4%). These findings highlight severe parasitic infection risks in Xinjiang’s grazing equids, underscoring the urgency of implementing targeted anthelmintic protocols to mitigate disease transmission. Full article
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33 pages, 5065 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Brucellosis in Humans and Animals: A Meta-Analytical Approach
by Shahid Nazir, Muhammad Farooq, Raheel Khan, Aman Ullah Khan, Ali Husnain, Muhammad Ali Hassan, Hosny El-Adawy and Heinrich Neubauer
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070638 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8708
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious, neglected, and re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease that poses significant health and economic challenges globally for both humans and animals. Extensive literature is available for various diagnostic strategies; however, no comprehensive meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic tests used has been [...] Read more.
Brucellosis is a highly contagious, neglected, and re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease that poses significant health and economic challenges globally for both humans and animals. Extensive literature is available for various diagnostic strategies; however, no comprehensive meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic tests used has been published. The present study aimed to estimate the relative risk (RR) of diagnostic tests used in humans and animals published between 2013 and 2023. Four databases were systematically searched, and the articles were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ultimately, the screening process resulted in a total of 135 studies, including 328 comparisons of relevant data of 19,921 humans and 64,145 animals. The data from these studies were extracted, and the subgroup meta-analyses were conducted using the METABIN procedure in the “meta” package of the R statistical software (version 4.4.1). The forest plots were generated to estimate RR, and the funnel plots were used to assess publication and report bias. The subgroup analysis revealed that primary binding assays had higher comparative detection rates than the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) for brucellosis in humans [RR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.35–2.26), I2 = 73%]. Slow agglutination tests had lower detection rates than the RBPT, both in humans [RR = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.48–0.96), I2 = 90%] and cattle [RR = 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25–0.68), I2 = 96%]. Similarly, the complement fixation test (CFT) had a lower detection rate than the RBPT for brucellosis both in cattle [RR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94–0.99), I2 = 9%] and sheep [RR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95–0.99), I2 = 0%]. This meta-analysis demonstrated that, for the screening of brucellosis in both humans and animals, primary binding assays are the preferred diagnostic tools, followed by the RBPT and slow agglutination tests. However, their effective implementation requires context-specific diagnostic strategies and combined testing approaches to enhance accuracy and reliability. Full article
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12 pages, 694 KB  
Review
The Role of Outer Membrane Protein 16 in Brucella Pathogenesis, Vaccine Development, and Diagnostic Applications
by Lu Zhang, Jun Bai, Long Li, Yanqing Jia, Xinxin Qiu, Yan Luo, Dong Zhou and Zhencang Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070605 - 20 Jun 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2376
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella species, remains a significant zoonotic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. Among the outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Brucella, Omp16 has emerged as a key immunogenic target with potential applications in vaccine development and diagnostics. Omp16, [...] Read more.
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella species, remains a significant zoonotic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. Among the outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Brucella, Omp16 has emerged as a key immunogenic target with potential applications in vaccine development and diagnostics. Omp16, a lipidated peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, stimulates a strong proinflammatory response and is essential for maintaining the bacterial outer membrane integrity and facilitating host cell invasion. This review examines the immunogenic properties of Omp16, its role in Brucella pathogenesis, and its potential as a candidate for vaccine development. We discuss how Omp16-based vaccines, including recombinant proteins, outer membrane vesicles, and viral vector vaccines, have shown promise in providing protection against Brucella infections in animal models. Additionally, Omp16’s utility in diagnostic applications, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), offers a reliable method for detecting brucellosis in both humans and animals. Overall, Omp16 represents a crucial antigen with significant potential for advancing both the diagnosis and prevention of brucellosis, offering insights into the next generation of brucellosis vaccines and diagnostic tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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12 pages, 2884 KB  
Article
Multivariate Analysis of Microbiological and Incubation Parameters in Hatching Eggs Sanitized with or Without Essential Oils
by Gabriel da Silva Oliveira, Concepta McManus and Vinícius Machado dos Santos
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070600 - 20 Jun 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
Aspects related to the contamination of hatching eggs, sanitary management during pre-incubation, and the performance of the incubation process can compromise productive efficiency in poultry farming. When these factors negatively influence poultry farming, they can destabilize the generation and distribution of financial resources [...] Read more.
Aspects related to the contamination of hatching eggs, sanitary management during pre-incubation, and the performance of the incubation process can compromise productive efficiency in poultry farming. When these factors negatively influence poultry farming, they can destabilize the generation and distribution of financial resources throughout the production chain, as well as limit public access to poultry-derived proteins. Understanding how these aspects are interrelated is essential for making decisions that benefit poultry health and productivity. Therefore, we conducted a multivariate analysis of microbiological and incubation parameters to evaluate whether bacterial contamination of the eggshell and yolk sac negatively affects HI and to compare the effectiveness of different sanitization protocols in reducing bacterial contamination in these regions. To achieve this, we utilized the raw data from our previous research on the sanitization of hatching eggs and conducted a detailed statistical analysis to evaluate the relationships between the studied variables. The correlation analysis revealed that eggshell mesophilic bacterial contamination (EGM) was strongly associated with yolk sac mesophilic bacterial contamination (YSM) (r = 0.76) and yolk sac contamination by Enterobacteriaceae (YSE) (r = 0.73). The principal component analysis indicated a negative association between HI performance and eggshell and yolk sac contamination. Results indicated beneficial associations between the reduction of contamination in hatching eggs and increased hatchability rates when using essential oils. The bacterial load of hatching eggs contributes to reduced productivity, reaffirming the need for proper egg sanitization, especially using essential oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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13 pages, 552 KB  
Article
Physiological and Behavioral Evaluation of Shelter Dogs During Veterinary Routine Health Checks
by Valentina Gazzano, Maria Claudia Curadi, Paolo Baragli, Chiara Mariti, Francesca Cecchi, Stefano Cavallo, Luigi Sacchettino and Angelo Gazzano
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060583 - 13 Jun 2025
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5491
Abstract
Shelter environments can be inherently stressful for dogs, a highly social species that forms strong attachment bond with humans. This study evaluated stress responses in 26 shelter dogs during routine veterinary examinations, analyzing behavioral scores alongside physiological and hormonal parameters, including heart rate, [...] Read more.
Shelter environments can be inherently stressful for dogs, a highly social species that forms strong attachment bond with humans. This study evaluated stress responses in 26 shelter dogs during routine veterinary examinations, analyzing behavioral scores alongside physiological and hormonal parameters, including heart rate, body temperature, cortisol (CRT), oxytocin (OXT), serotonin (5-HT), tryptophan (TRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). A significant negative correlation was observed between OXT and CRT (ρ = –0.540, p = 0.007), particularly in dogs exhibiting relaxed behavior. OXT was also negatively correlated with body temperature (ρ = –0.435, p = 0.034), supporting its potential role in modulating stress-induced hyperthermia. No significant associations were found between TRP, 5-HT, IL-6, or other physiological measures and behavioral scores. The absence of correlation between TRP and 5-HT may be due to blood–brain barrier regulation, while IL-6′s lack of association suggests further investigation is needed to clarify its role in canine stress responses. These findings highlight OXT’s possible buffering effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and suggest that behavioral assessment may offer a more sensitive measure of canine stress than hormonal or physiological parameters alone. Future studies with larger and more diverse samples are needed to confirm and expand upon these results. Full article
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16 pages, 288 KB  
Review
Seminal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles: Key Mediators of Intercellular Communication in Mammalian Reproductive Systems
by Yanshe Xie, Chen Peng, Jiayi He, Zhengguang Wang and Jizhong Xiang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060585 - 13 Jun 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3752
Abstract
Seminal plasma, traditionally regarded as a passive transport medium for sperm, has emerged as a sophisticated biofluid orchestrating critical dialogues in reproductive physiology. Contemporary research reveals its multifunctional role in modulating endometrial receptivity through molecular priming of the female reproductive tract, a process [...] Read more.
Seminal plasma, traditionally regarded as a passive transport medium for sperm, has emerged as a sophisticated biofluid orchestrating critical dialogues in reproductive physiology. Contemporary research reveals its multifunctional role in modulating endometrial receptivity through molecular priming of the female reproductive tract, a process essential for successful embryo implantation. Notably, seminal plasma contains numerous extracellular vesicles (EVs) that serve as critical mediators of intercellular communication via the regulation of biological processes in target cells. Through this sophisticated vesicular communication system, seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (SPEVs) coordinate critical reproductive events. Thus, it will be important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which SPEVs mediate reproductive processes, to provide knowledge that may improve fertility outcomes. Herein, we elucidated the emerging potential of SPEVs as non-invasive biomarkers for male fertility assessment and infertility diagnosis. Furthermore, this review systematically summarized current advances in SPEVs, highlighting their multifaceted roles in mediating sperm maturation, regulating sperm capacitation, and modulating embryo implantation through targeted delivery of bioactive signaling molecules. Full article
14 pages, 1166 KB  
Article
Epidemiology of Infectious Pathogens in Horses with Acute Respiratory Disease, Abortion, and Neurological Signs: Insights Gained from the Veterinary Surveillance System for Horses in The Netherlands (SEIN)
by Kees van Maanen, Linda van den Wollenberg, Tara de Haan and Thibault Frippiat
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060567 - 10 Jun 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Monitoring infectious diseases is essential for safeguarding equine health and ensuring the sustainability of the horse industry. In 2019, the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands (KNMvD) and Royal GD (GD Animal Health) launched SEIN (Surveillance of Equine Infectious diseases in the Netherlands), [...] Read more.
Monitoring infectious diseases is essential for safeguarding equine health and ensuring the sustainability of the horse industry. In 2019, the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands (KNMvD) and Royal GD (GD Animal Health) launched SEIN (Surveillance of Equine Infectious diseases in the Netherlands), a voluntary surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equid alphaherpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), equine influenza virus (EIV), and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. This retrospective study analyzed 364 confirmed outbreaks reported through SEIN between June 2019 and April 2023. S. equi was the most commonly reported pathogen overall (64%). Among outbreaks involving respiratory disease, S. equi accounted for 74% of cases, followed by EHV-4 (16%), EIV (6%), and EHV-1 (4%). The geographical distribution of outbreaks covered 80 of the 90 postal code regions (89%), and approximately half of all participating practices generated at least 1 alert. Vaccination data revealed low coverage against EHV-1/4, EIV, and S. equi among both affected horses and premises. Clinical signs overlapped between pathogens, but some were more pathogen-specific, e.g., coughing in EIV, and abscessation in S. equi. The SEIN system provided spatiotemporal information on confirmed outbreaks. These results underscore the importance of quick diagnostics and structured surveillance systems in guiding prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)
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5 pages, 176 KB  
Commentary
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus: How Far Are We from a New Pandemic?
by Giovanni Di Guardo
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060566 - 9 Jun 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3821
Abstract
The focus of this commentary is represented by the pandemic risk associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. More in detail, the herein dealt pandemic alarm appears to be primarily justified by the huge and progressively growing number [...] Read more.
The focus of this commentary is represented by the pandemic risk associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. More in detail, the herein dealt pandemic alarm appears to be primarily justified by the huge and progressively growing number of virus-susceptible domestic and wild birds and mammals, including threatened marine mammal species like South American sea lions and elephant seals as well as harbour porpoises, bottlenose dolphins and polar bears. Of major concern is the susceptibility of dairy cattle to HPAI A(H5N1) virus, particularly the documented and unprecedented colonization of host’s mammary gland tissue, resulting in viral shedding through the milk alongside a large series of cases of infection in dairy farm workers in several USA locations. Despite well-documented zoonotic capability, no evidences of a sustained and efficient HPAI A(H5N1) viral transmission between people have been hitherto reported. If this were to happen sooner or later, a new pandemic might consequently arise. Therefore, keeping all this in mind and based upon the lessons taught by the COVID-19 pandemic, a “One Health, One Earth, One Ocean”-centered approach would be absolutely needed in order to deal in the most appropriate way with the HPAI A(H5N1) virus-associated zoonotic and pandemic risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
21 pages, 264 KB  
Article
Incidence and Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infection in 376 Mastectomy Procedures in Female Dogs: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Manuel Fuertes-Recuero, Silvia Penelo, María Suarez-Redondo, Alba Eceiza-Zubicaray, Mario Arenillas, Guillermo Valdivia, Paula García San José, Laura Peña, Dolores Pérez-Alenza and Gustavo Ortiz-Díez
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060553 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4197
Abstract
The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following mastectomy in female dogs remains poorly characterized, despite its relevance to postoperative outcomes and patient welfare. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the incidence of SSI and identify associated clinical and surgical risk factors [...] Read more.
The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following mastectomy in female dogs remains poorly characterized, despite its relevance to postoperative outcomes and patient welfare. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the incidence of SSI and identify associated clinical and surgical risk factors in dogs undergoing mastectomy procedures at a veterinary teaching hospital between 2013 and 2022. SSI diagnosis was based on the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria and identified structured passive surveillance of medical records. Univariate logistic regression was carried out to screen for potential risk factors, followed by multivariate analysis of selected variables. Among 376 mastectomy procedures performed in 306 dogs, 33 SSIs were detected, resulting in an overall incidence of 8.8% (95% CI: 6.1–12.1). The majority were superficial infections (93.9%), with only two cases classified as deep SSI; no organ/space infections were recorded. Prolonged anaesthesia duration (p = 0.041) and intraoperative hypothermia (p = 0.026) were independently associated with increased SSI risk. These findings indicate that the incidence of SSI after canine mastectomy is comparable to that reported for other clean surgeries. Prolonged anaesthesia and hypothermia represent modifiable risk factors, highlighting the importance of perioperative temperature control and optimized anaesthetic management. No significant associations were observed with patient-related variables, mastectomy type, or wound soaker catheter use, supporting its safe inclusion in multimodal analgesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)
17 pages, 533 KB  
Review
Epidemiological Review of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) in Japan: From Discovery and Spread to Economic Losses and Future Prospects
by Osamu Taira, Atsushi Kato, Nobuyuki Tsutsumi and Katsuaki Sugiura
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060554 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6122
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a significant economic challenge to Japan’s swine industry. This review synthesizes the epidemiological evolution of PRRSV in Japan by examining the available scientific literature from its initial Type 2 isolation in 1993 to recent events. [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a significant economic challenge to Japan’s swine industry. This review synthesizes the epidemiological evolution of PRRSV in Japan by examining the available scientific literature from its initial Type 2 isolation in 1993 to recent events. Endemic Type 2 strains, initially dominated by Cluster III (Lineage 4), have diversified significantly. This diversification was marked by key events including the emergence of vaccine-associated Cluster II (Lineage 5) and incursions of virulent Cluster IV/Lineage 1F (MN184A-like) strains and Type 1 virus around 2008. By 2018–2020, Clusters II and IV predominated nationwide, a trend strongly linked to widespread modified live virus (MLV) vaccination. The recent detection of the globally significant NADC34-like (Lineage 1A) strain underscores ongoing foreign incursion risks. Current MLV vaccines face challenges, including safety concerns and limited cross-protection against diverse field strains. Consequently, effective control requires integrated strategies, comprising optimized vaccination, stringent biosecurity, advanced molecular surveillance, improved diagnostics, and coordinated regional control programs guided by systematic herd classification and stakeholder partnerships. The development of next-generation vaccines and sustained multi-stakeholder collaboration are critical for mitigating the impact of PRRSV in Japan. Full article
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13 pages, 399 KB  
Article
Transportation to the Slaughterhouse: Can Training Reduce the Stress Response in Horses?
by Francesca Dai, Marica Toson, Daniela Bertotto, Alessandro Dalla Costa, Eugenio Ugo Luigi Heinzl, Francesca Lega, Michela Minero, Barbara Padalino, Anna Lisa Stefani, Samuele Trestini, Federica Maietti, Gloria Zonta and Guido Di Martino
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060547 - 3 Jun 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1545
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of self-loading training on the overall stress response during pre-slaughter transportation in slaughter horses. Thirty-two slaughter horses were divided into two groups: the control group (CG) and the Trained Group (TG). For six weeks, the [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of self-loading training on the overall stress response during pre-slaughter transportation in slaughter horses. Thirty-two slaughter horses were divided into two groups: the control group (CG) and the Trained Group (TG). For six weeks, the TG horses were trained to self-load using a method based on target training and shaping. Animals from both groups were transported to the same slaughterhouse in small groups on different days using the same truck along the same route. The baseline and post-transportation values of the eye temperature and fecal cortisol metabolites were determined for all the animals. All the horses were video-recorded while being transported and unloaded. The horses’ behavior was analyzed using a focal animal sampling method. During transportation, the presence of head shaking, licking, and chewing was significantly higher in the CG than the TG. During unloading, walking forward tended to be more frequent in the TG. The fecal cortisol metabolites and eye temperature were higher after transportation than at the baseline, but no differences between the groups were found. Overall, the results confirm that transportation for less than one hour caused detectable stress in slaughter horses. Based on these results, self-loading training appears to be somewhat useful to mitigate the overall transport stress. Full article
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10 pages, 938 KB  
Article
Low-Volume (0.3 mL/kg) Ropivacaine 0.5% for a Quadratus Lumborum Block in Cats Undergoing Ovariectomy: A Randomized Study
by Chiara Di Franco, Camilla Cozzani, Iacopo Vannozzi and Angela Briganti
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060524 - 28 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Elective surgical ovariectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in veterinary medicine [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Loco-Regional Anaesthesia Techniques in Veterinary Medicine)
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22 pages, 2085 KB  
Article
Study on the Correlation Between Aggressive Behavior and Gut Microbiota and Serum Serotonin (5-HT) in Working Dogs
by Ning Sun, Liuwei Xie, Jingjing Chao, Fuxiao Xiu, He Zhai, Yuanting Zhou, Xi Yu and Yingyi Shui
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060526 - 28 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4061
Abstract
Aggressive canine behavior poses a significant threat to public health. Understanding aggressive behavior is crucial for canine socialization and human–dog interactions. This study conducted an exploratory analysis of working dogs to investigate changes in gut microbiota and neurotransmitters associated with aggressive behavior. Notably, [...] Read more.
Aggressive canine behavior poses a significant threat to public health. Understanding aggressive behavior is crucial for canine socialization and human–dog interactions. This study conducted an exploratory analysis of working dogs to investigate changes in gut microbiota and neurotransmitters associated with aggressive behavior. Notably, it represents the first research to systematically differentiate canine aggression into offensive and defensive subtypes for investigation. In this study, 56 working dogs from three regions of China, comprising different breeds (11 Spaniels, 13 German Shepherds, and 32 Belgian Malinois), aged 4.89 ± 1.54 years, and of both sexes (38 males and 18 females), were assessed and grouped for aggressive behavior using a C-BARQ-based questionnaire. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing and ELISA were employed to compare differences in gut microbiota and serotonin concentrations between aggressive (n = 35) and non-aggressive (n = 21) groups, as well as between offensive (n = 26) and defensive (n = 9) aggression subgroups. β-diversity analysis confirmed no significant correlation between aggressive behavior and gut microbiota composition (p > 0.05), suggesting a limited role of gut microbiota in modulating host behavior. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition revealed no significant differences in phylum-level abundance among different aggression types (p > 0.05). Notably, the non-aggressive group exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 compared to the aggressive group (p < 0.05). Random forest analysis identified Lactobacillus as a biomarker for canine aggressive behavior and Turicibacter as a discriminatory factor between offensive and defensive aggression. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between aggression and 5-HT neurotransmission. Serum serotonin levels were significantly lower in both the defensive (39.92 ± 2.58 ng/mL) and offensive (50.07 ± 3.90 ng/mL) aggression groups compared to the non-aggressive group (59.49 ± 2.76 ng/mL), with the lowest levels found in defensively aggressive dogs. The defensive group showed significantly lower serotonin levels than the offensive group (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate that different behavioral phenotypes in aggressive dogs lead to distinct gut microbiome compositions. This suggests that microbiome analysis may facilitate early diagnosis and preventive intervention before aggressive behavior manifests. As such, 5-HT shows potential as a monitoring tool for diagnosing canine aggression, with significant practical applications in canine behavior management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disease and Health in Pets)
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20 pages, 681 KB  
Article
Fine Mapping Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome
by Katharina Gerhards, Sabrina Becker, Josef Kühling, Joel Mickan, Mirjam Lechner, Hermann Willems and Gerald Reiner
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050508 - 21 May 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1466
Abstract
Swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome (SINS) is a widespread disease in pigs, causing pain, suffering, and damage. Inflammation is documented at different levels based on clinical signs, histopathology, clinical chemistry, metabolomics and transcriptomics. The influence of sow and boar, as well as a [...] Read more.
Swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome (SINS) is a widespread disease in pigs, causing pain, suffering, and damage. Inflammation is documented at different levels based on clinical signs, histopathology, clinical chemistry, metabolomics and transcriptomics. The influence of sow and boar, as well as a heritability of around 0.3, suggest a genetic component to the disease. The aim of the present study was to identify functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vicinity of gene markers previously mapped using GWAS. DNA samples were available from 234 already phenotyped piglets. These animals were re-sequenced with additional prior enrichment. The nine selected chromosomal regions cover a total length of 22 Mbp. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed two series with a total of 15 significant missense polymorphisms on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15. The homozygous genotypes of the most discriminating SNPs in series 1 resulted in SINS scores of 3.5 and 17.9, respectively. Despite the partial linkage of the SNPs, interesting candidate genes were defined. The results allow a significant narrowing of the possible candidate genes for understanding the pathogenesis of SINS and for future use in selection breeding to overcome the syndrome. Further studies should be carried out on larger animal populations. Full article
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17 pages, 1721 KB  
Article
Subclinical Hypocalcemia Across Lactation Stages Reflects Potential Metabolic Vulnerability in Korean Holstein Cows
by Hector M. Espiritu, Md. Shohel Al Faruk, Hee-Woon Lee, Jaylord M. Pioquinto, Sang-Suk Lee and Yong-Il Cho
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050495 - 19 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2676
Abstract
Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) is traditionally associated with the transition period. However, emerging evidence suggests it may persist or recur throughout lactation. This study investigated the prevalence, metabolic profile, and risk factors for SCH in lactating dairy cows in South Korea. A cross-sectional analysis [...] Read more.
Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) is traditionally associated with the transition period. However, emerging evidence suggests it may persist or recur throughout lactation. This study investigated the prevalence, metabolic profile, and risk factors for SCH in lactating dairy cows in South Korea. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 859 cows from 49 commercial dairy farms. SCH was defined as serum calcium ≤ 8.2 mg/dL. The individual-level prevalence was 9.4%, while 69.4% of herds had at least one affected cow, indicating widespread herd-level occurrence. SCH was significantly associated with parity, with cows in their fourth lactation or higher showing the highest prevalence. Although SCH prevalence did not differ significantly across lactation stages, early lactation cows had significantly lower mean serum calcium concentrations than those in later stages. Milk yield and composition did not differ significantly between groups. However, SCH cows showed notable metabolic differences, including higher serum phosphorus and lower albumin, total protein, and cholesterol levels, indicating potential energy and liver function challenges. Hematological values remained within physiological limits. These findings demonstrate that SCH can persist beyond the transition period, especially in older, high-producing cows, and may remain undetected by routine health checks. Broader monitoring and nutritional support are recommended to enhance metabolic resilience in at-risk animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)
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14 pages, 9003 KB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus G2c Strains Circulating in China from 2021 to 2024
by Xi Lu, Chen Chen, Zixuan Wang and Anding Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050444 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3186
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major pathogen responsible for viral diarrhea in pigs, causing particularly high mortality in neonatal piglets. In recent years, genetic variations in PEDV have resulted in alterations in both its virulence and antigenicity, leading to a reduced [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major pathogen responsible for viral diarrhea in pigs, causing particularly high mortality in neonatal piglets. In recent years, genetic variations in PEDV have resulted in alterations in both its virulence and antigenicity, leading to a reduced efficacy of existing vaccines. In this study, diarrheal samples were collected from four commercial pig farms in the Hubei, Guangxi, and Jiangxi provinces, China, which experienced vaccine failure. RT-qPCR confirmed PEDV infection, and three PEDV strains, 2021-HBMC, 2024-JXYX, and 2024-JXNC, were successfully isolated. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree construction classified these strains into the G2c genotype, the predominant subtype in China. The neutralization assays revealed a significant reduction in the neutralizing titers of these strains against the immune serum compared with the AJ1102 reference strain. Further amino acid sequence analysis of the spike (S) protein identified several mutations in key neutralizing epitopes compared with the AJ1102 strain, including S27L, E57A, N139D, M214T, and P229L in the S-NTD epitope; A520S, F539L, K566N, D569E, G612V, P634S, E636V/K in the COE epitope; and Y1376H in the 2C10 epitope, along with several deletions at N-glycosylation sites (347NSSD and 510NITV). Additionally, whole-genome sequencing and recombination analysis indicated that the 2021-HBMC strain may have resulted from a recombination event. The findings of this study underscore the challenge posed by the continuous genetic evolution of PEDV to vaccine efficacy and provide valuable insights for future vaccine development and control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)
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14 pages, 418 KB  
Article
Evaluating a Proprietary Tannin-Blend Product as an Alternative to Monensin and Tylosin Phosphate in Feedlot Cattle Diets
by Luana D. Felizari, Luke K. Fuerniss, Jonathan L. Beckett, David S. Secrist, Guy D. Hufstedler and Bradley J. Johnson
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050446 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of a proprietary tannin blend (BX), supplemented with or without sodium monensin (MON), on beef cattle performance, carcass traits, and health. Steers (n = 2986; initial shrunk body weight (SBW) 254 ± 9.2 kg) were allocated into [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the effects of a proprietary tannin blend (BX), supplemented with or without sodium monensin (MON), on beef cattle performance, carcass traits, and health. Steers (n = 2986; initial shrunk body weight (SBW) 254 ± 9.2 kg) were allocated into 48 pens (61–62 steers/pen; 12 pens/treatment) fed for 230 d. Treatments included: (1) no feed additives (CTL); (2) BX (7.95 g/animal daily); (3) MON + Tylosin phosphate (TYL; 437.52 mg MON/animal daily + 80 mg TYL/animal daily); or (4) MON + BX (437.52 mg MON/animal daily + 7.95 g BX/animal daily). Data were analyzed in R 4.2.1 using a randomized block design with pen as the experimental unit. Dry matter intake was lower (p < 0.001) in MON + TYL and MON + BX than in CTL. Steers fed MON + BX had greater carcass-adjusted final SBW (p = 0.002), average daily gain (p = 0.002), fat thickness (p = 0.035), and marbling score (p = 0.046) than BX. Feed conversion improved in MON + TYL and MON + BX (p < 0.001). CLT and BX had higher (p < 0.001) liver abscess prevalence compared to MON + BX and MON + TYL. The addition of BX did not improve the parameters measured. Steers fed MON + BX showed reduced liver abscesses and similar feed efficiency compared to MON + TYL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Ruminant Health and Production: Alternatives to Antibiotics)
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21 pages, 1527 KB  
Systematic Review
Zoonotic Agents in Farmed Fish: A Systematic Review from the Interdisciplinary Perspective of the One Health Concept
by Juliana Rosa Carrijo Mauad, Marcelo Corrêa da Silva, Carolina Marques Costa Araújo, Rosilda Mara Mussury Franco Silva, Silvia Morales de Queiroz Caleman and Márcia Regina Russo
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050437 - 2 May 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3747
Abstract
This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on zoonotic agents in farmed fish from the interdisciplinary One Health perspective. The review followed a protocol, following the PICOS strategy, where P represents population (farmed fish), I represents intervention (fish diseases), C represents comparison (healthy [...] Read more.
This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on zoonotic agents in farmed fish from the interdisciplinary One Health perspective. The review followed a protocol, following the PICOS strategy, where P represents population (farmed fish), I represents intervention (fish diseases), C represents comparison (healthy fish), O represents outcome (One Health) and S represents the type of study (experimental studies). The searches were conducted in the SCOPUS, Science Direct and PubMed Central databases. Of the 400 articles identified, 23 met the inclusion criteria due to their methodological robustness. These articles focused predominantly on parasitic (60.9%) and bacterial (39.1%) zoonotic agents. The One Health approaches discussed throughout the articles included host-parasite interactions (35%), antimicrobial resistance (22%), infections and food safety (18%), nutrition and immune responses (17%), stress and immune responses (4%) and anthelmintic testing (4%). The findings indicate that high-level scientific production is often confined to specific fields, such as veterinary medicine, biological sciences and animal science/fishery resources. There is a lack of broad interdisciplinary collaboration, limiting the integration of diverse fields to improve scientific production. Full article
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