Veterinary Sciences

28 pages, 10417 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Part 1: A Sector-Wide Survey of UK/British Isles Shelter Organisations Caring for Cats: Caregiver-Reported Approaches to Housing, Husbandry and General Care Provision

by Lauren R. Finka, Ana M. Barcelos, James Waterman, Avni Bhatia, Jenni L. McDonald, Rae Foreman-Worsley and Beth Skillings

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13060587 - 16 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 512

Abstract

Meeting the physiological and psychological needs of shelter cats through appropriate care is critical to reducing stress and disease risk, as well as enabling positive homing outcomes. Shelter organisations across the British Isles provide care for many cats; however, little is known about [...] Read more.

Meeting the physiological and psychological needs of shelter cats through appropriate care is critical to reducing stress and disease risk, as well as enabling positive homing outcomes. Shelter organisations across the British Isles provide care for many cats; however, little is known about the types of housing and husbandry approaches applied. This study, therefore, aimed to quantify current approaches to cat housing, husbandry, and general care practices, in addition to providing information relevant to local site capacity, considering reported practices against sector minimum standards where applicable. Nine hundred and sixty-one shelter organisations and/or sites caring for cats were identified and invited to complete an online survey including predominantly multiple-choice questions. A total of 393 unique responses were collected from employees and volunteers, and quantitative data were summarised descriptively. In most cases, the results provided evidence of majority alignment with sector standards, although substantial variations in reported practices were also consistently captured. While most responses described approaches supportive of meeting cats’ basic physiological needs (e.g., access to veterinary care and basic resources), psychological needs were addressed less consistently (e.g., general housing and husbandry approaches), potentially leading to poor welfare outcomes. Identified opportunities to better meet cats’ needs include more cat-friendly, low-stress approaches to pen cleaning and cat handling; greater and more consistent provisioning of within-pen resources; and improved approaches to multi-cat housing and associated decision-making. Additional opportunities to enhance both cat and human wellbeing include more structured intake and assessment processes and capacity management to support optimal cat-to-staff ratios, staff working hours, cat lengths of stay and more consistent access to isolation and emergency intake facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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18 pages, 15058 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ferulic Acid Alleviates the Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 on Broilers by Conjugating and Down-Regulating Chicken CYP1A5 and CYP2W1

by Xinghe Wang, Weiwei Li, Jianan Dai, Meng Jia, Lingfang Na, Wenyang Xu, Changde Wu and Mingchun Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050476 - 14 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 448

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed to AFB1 (4 mg/kg) and treated with different doses of FA (60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg) continuously for 28 days. The production performance, biochemical indicators, morphological changes, CYP450 enzymes’ expression in ER, interactions between small molecules and CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes’ protein secondary structure were investigated. The results showed the following: (I) FA promoted broiler growth and reduced AFBO production. (II) AFB1-induced changes in serological indicators (AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, TBA, TG) and biochemical parameters (GST, SOD, MDA, ROS), which were reversed by FA. (III) AFB1-induced liver morphological changes and apoptosis were obviously alleviated by FA. (IV) AFB1-induced up-regulation of CYP1A5, CYP2A6, CYP2W1, and CYP3A4 in ER were reduced by FA. (V) The binding affinity of FA to CYP1A5 is lower than that of AFB1 to CYP1A5, and the binding affinity of FA to CYP2W1 is similar to that of AFB1 to CYP2W1. (VI) The contents of α helix, β sheet, β turn, and random coil in chicken CYP1A5 were 59.6%, 7.8%, 13.6%, and 19.0% respectively, and those in chicken CYP2W1 were 32.2%, 17.1%, 16.8%, and 33.9% respectively. In conclusion, FA can promote broiler growth and alleviate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibiting and conjugating CYP450 enzymes, thus reducing AFBO formation and oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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14 pages, 278 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beyond Antibiotics: The Expanding Role of Non-Antibiotic Therapies in Veterinary Ophthalmology

by Marta Leiva, Rita Vilao Cardoso, Laura Gaztelu and Teresa Peña

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050461 - 9 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 668

Abstract

The sustained increase in bacterial resistance has driven the search for therapeutic alternatives that may help reduce antibiotic use, particularly in empirical treatments. In this context, topical ophthalmic antiseptics have emerged as effective and safe tools, suitable for both perioperative prophylaxis and the [...] Read more.

The sustained increase in bacterial resistance has driven the search for therapeutic alternatives that may help reduce antibiotic use, particularly in empirical treatments. In this context, topical ophthalmic antiseptics have emerged as effective and safe tools, suitable for both perioperative prophylaxis and the management of mild or superficial ocular diseases. Their broad spectrum of activity—encompassing bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa—together with the low likelihood of inducing resistance, establishes them as valuable partners in daily clinical practice. This article reviews the current evidence on the use of antiseptics in veterinary ophthalmology, focusing on their clinical applications, therapeutic benefits, and limitations. It also highlights the need for further studies to establish species-specific, disease-specific, and context-based protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision in Focus: Advances in Veterinary Ophthalmology)

26 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Essential Oil Blend and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Performance, Semen Characteristics, Redox Balance, and Intestinal Integrity in Heat-Stressed Male Rabbits

by Haifa Ali Alqhtani, Huda A. Alqahtani, Ahmed M. Elbaz, Ahmed Ateya, AbdelRahman Y. Abdelhady, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Mohammed Al-Rasheed, Mahmoud H. Mohamed, Wael M. El-Deeb, Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Zakriya Al Mohamad and Mohamed Marzok

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050453 - 6 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1008

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing with an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid on performance, semen characteristics, antioxidant status, gut microbiota, immunity, and gene expression in heat-stressed male rabbits. One hundred and forty male New Zealand White rabbits, aged [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing with an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid on performance, semen characteristics, antioxidant status, gut microbiota, immunity, and gene expression in heat-stressed male rabbits. One hundred and forty male New Zealand White rabbits, aged 6 months, were randomly distributed into four dietary groups: the control group receiving basal feed (CON), the group receiving an essential oil blend (EOB, 200 mg/kg), the group receiving ascorbic acid (ASA, 1000 mg/kg), and the group receiving an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid (MAO). The experimental period lasted for eight weeks. The MAO mixture supported rabbits’ tolerance to heat stress by enhancing stress markers, as demonstrated by decreased glucose and HSP70 and increased triiodothyronine (T3). In addition, increased body weight, carcass weight, and nutrient digestibility, but reduced mortality rate, were observed in rabbits fed the MAO mixture. Additionally, semen density and volume, as well as sperm progressive motility and normality, were enhanced in rabbits fed the MAO mixture. Furthermore, MAO mixture supplementation decreases plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, urea, and creatinine levels, while raising HDL and total protein levels. Adding MAO mixture contributed to an increase in plasma SOD and GPx levels, as well as seminal fluid TAC and GSH levels. Additionally, the incorporation of MAO increases IgA, IgG, and IL-10 levels while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Adding the MAO mixture reduced C. perfringens and E. coli, as well as increased the expression of the MUC-2, CAT-1, and CLDN-1 genes. Combining an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid may contribute to improvements in performance, semen quality, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in heat-stressed male rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils in Livestock and Poultry Health: Alternatives to Antibiotics and Antiparasitics)

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15 pages, 562 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Forensic Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine: Current Perspectives, Analytical Progress, and Future Challenges

by Giulio Mannocchi, Filippo Roberto Busardò, Luigi Tonino Marsella and Roberta Tittarelli

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050444 - 30 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1145

Abstract

Over the past decade, veterinary forensic toxicology has gained increasing relevance due to the recognition of animal poisoning as a criminal, environmental, and public health concern. This review provides an updated overview on current perspectives in veterinary forensic toxicology, focusing on common toxicological [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, veterinary forensic toxicology has gained increasing relevance due to the recognition of animal poisoning as a criminal, environmental, and public health concern. This review provides an updated overview on current perspectives in veterinary forensic toxicology, focusing on common toxicological scenarios, analytical innovations, and interpretative challenges. Intentional poisoning of companion animals, wildlife intoxication, and environmental contamination are discussed within a One Health framework. Mass spectrometry-based techniques, including targeted gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for non-targeted screening, and emerging ambient mass spectrometry approaches are highlighted as pivotal tools in modern forensic investigations. Major limitations related to post-mortem changes, species-specific toxicokinetic, and the lack of harmonized interpretative criteria are critically examined. The review also identified future priorities such as methodological standardization, expansion of toxicokinetic databases across species, detection of emerging contaminants, and strengthened international cooperation. Overall, veterinary forensic toxicology is an emerging discipline at the intersection of animal welfare, environmental conservation, and public health providing essential evidence for legal, regulatory, and investigative purposes. Full article

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24 pages, 4875 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Omics Analyses of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolism in Cats with Different Body Conditions and the Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

by Yuchen Yao, Zixin Yang, Tianxiang Xie, Yuhe Zhang, Fuxiao Huang, Chenyuhan Meng and Yi Wu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050436 - 29 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1209

Abstract

Obesity is increasingly recognized in domestic cats and is associated with metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is considered an important regulator of host metabolism, yet its role in feline obesity remains unclear. In this study, a multi-omics [...] Read more.

Obesity is increasingly recognized in domestic cats and is associated with metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is considered an important regulator of host metabolism, yet its role in feline obesity remains unclear. In this study, a multi-omics approach was used to investigate gut microbiota composition and metabolic profiles in cats with different body conditions and to evaluate the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the feline gut microbiota and overall metabolism. In Experiment 1, twenty-four cats were classified as obese, normal, or lean, and their gut microbiota and serum metabolites were analyzed. In Experiment 2, fecal microbiota from obese or lean donors were transplanted into recipient cats. Although overall microbial diversity and community structure did not differ significantly among groups, Coriobacteriaceae and Collinsella were enriched in obese cats, whereas Enterobacteriaceae-related taxa were more abundant in normal-weight cats. Serum metabolomics revealed alterations mainly related to amino acid and antioxidant metabolism, including O-acetylcarnitine, glutathione, and tryptophan metabolism. FMT shifted the recipient gut microbial communities toward their respective donor profiles (obese or lean) but did not significantly affect body weight or routine serum biochemical parameters during the experimental period. These findings suggest that gut microbiota remodeling may influence metabolic processes prior to detectable phenotypic changes in cats. Full article

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38 pages, 837 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeting Mycotoxin Toxicity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Nutritional Interventions

by Shirui Huang, Yiqin Gao, Thobela Louis Tyasi, Abdelkareem A. Ahmed, In Ho Kim, Hao-Yu Liu, Saber Y. Adam and Demin Cai

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050421 - 26 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1239

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination is an important threat to food and feed safety as well as human and animal health, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Mycotoxins represent major health threats because they disturb cellular homeostasis and induce oxidative damage. [...] Read more.

Mycotoxin contamination is an important threat to food and feed safety as well as human and animal health, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Mycotoxins represent major health threats because they disturb cellular homeostasis and induce oxidative damage. Nutritional factors, such as dietary antioxidants and bioactive chemicals, can influence the body’s reaction to mycotoxin exposure, either reducing or increasing its effects. This study discusses how mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) induce oxidative stress by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage, which induces cellular damage and activates apoptosis, an intended cell death process that is critical for tissue integrity. Furthermore, mycotoxins alter autophagy, a cellular degradation process that can be beneficial or destructive depending on the situation, affecting cell survival. The inflammatory response is particularly important because mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress and cell damage activate inflammatory pathways, which contribute to tissue injury and disease progression. Nutritional factors high in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory substances (Lycopene, Curcumin, Thyme oil, Gum Arabic, and Ginger), probiotics, and prebiotics show potential in mitigating these negative consequences by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Advances in molecular biology and omics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and single-cell sequencing) can lead to better knowledge of the underlying pathways, allowing for more tailored nutritional recommendations and medicinal interventions. Finally, combining dietary modulation with mycotoxin risk management is a viable path for protecting health and increasing resilience to mycotoxin-related toxicities in animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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21 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Some of the Newest Therapeutic Methods in Canine Atopic Dermatitis

by Constantin-Cătălin Mazilu, Anamaria-Hortensia Strichea and Gheorghe Solcan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040403 - 20 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3241

Abstract

Canine atopic dermatitis is a hereditary chronic inflammatory and pruritic skin disease, which is mediated by T cells and requires long-term, individualized management. In recent years, numerous studies have described a wide range of therapeutic approaches for canine atopic dermatitis, including fast-acting symptomatic [...] Read more.

Canine atopic dermatitis is a hereditary chronic inflammatory and pruritic skin disease, which is mediated by T cells and requires long-term, individualized management. In recent years, numerous studies have described a wide range of therapeutic approaches for canine atopic dermatitis, including fast-acting symptomatic treatments, long-term immune-modulating interventions, and strategies to support skin barrier function and microbial balance. This review summarizes the principal treatment modalities currently available, including glucocorticoids, cyclosporine A, mycophenolate, Janus kinase inhibitors, lokivetmab, and allergen-specific immunotherapy, as well as complementary strategies aimed at restoring skin barrier integrity. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a multimodal and personalized approach to optimize long-term disease control and improve quality of life in affected dogs. Providing an integrated overview of current evidence, this article aims to guide clinicians in making informed, evidence-based decisions and to support the safe and effective management of canine atopic dermatitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Small Animal Clinical Dermatology)

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15 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological and Productive Impacts of Including Artificial Saliva in Lamb Diets: Growth, Carcass Traits, and Fermentation Efficiency

by Mutassim M. Abdelrahman, Ibrahim A. Alhidary, Gamaleldin M. Suliman, Mohsen M. Alobre, Mohammed M. Qaid, Faisal A. Alshamiry and Abdulkareem M. Matar

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040395 - 17 Apr 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 691

Abstract

The intensive lamb rearing and finishing systems are usually based on nutritionally balanced concentrate-based rations. However, the inclusion of feed additives is often necessary to avoid possible disturbances of digestibility. Artificial saliva plays an important role in ruminal buffering, improving the digestibility of [...] Read more.

The intensive lamb rearing and finishing systems are usually based on nutritionally balanced concentrate-based rations. However, the inclusion of feed additives is often necessary to avoid possible disturbances of digestibility. Artificial saliva plays an important role in ruminal buffering, improving the digestibility of the feed under conditions where natural saliva production may be insufficient. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary artificial saliva (AS) on the total mixed ration (TMR) on lambs’ growth performance, carcass characteristics and the efficacy of ruminal fermentation. Forty-five male Naemi lambs (mean body weight of 23 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly assigned to five experimental groups (n = 9 per group) and kept in complete confinement with water and adlibitum feeding. During the 84-day feeding period, animals received isonitrogenous and isoenergetic TMRs that vary in AS inclusion by level: T0 (0% AS), T2 (1.5% AS), T3 (3.0% AS), T4 (4.5% AS), and T5 (6% AS). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the overall performance parameters. However, lambs fed the control diet (0% AS) had a higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed intake (FI) than those receiving AS supplementation (p < 0.01). Ruminal pH measured 3 h after feeding and at slaughter remained comparatively stable in lambs fed 3% and 4.5% AS treatments, whereas it declined to 5.21 in the control group. Dietary inclusion of AS at 4.5% significantly increased (p < 0.05 < 0.05) the molar proportions of butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, and valeric acid in ruminal fluid while other levels of artificial saliva were associated with reduced concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In conclusion, AS effectively functioned as a buffering agent, enhancing dietary safety without adverse health effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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14 pages, 2242 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetic Selection for Growth Rate Reshapes the Plasma Metabolome of Rabbit Does Derived from Vitrified Embryos: Insights into Nutrient Metabolism and Productive Efficiency

by Jorge Mateo-López, Alejandro Huertas-Herrera, Mónica Toro-Manríquez, Mette Skou Hedemann, César Cortés-García, Lola Llobat, Diego Páez-Rosas, María Cambra-López, Juan José Pascual and Pablo Jesús Marín-García

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040391 - 17 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1067

Abstract

In response to the growing global demand for food, intensive genetic selection programs have been implemented to improve livestock efficiency and productivity. Understanding how such selection alters metabolism across nutritional stages is essential for optimizing feeding strategies. In this study, we examined the [...] Read more.

In response to the growing global demand for food, intensive genetic selection programs have been implemented to improve livestock efficiency and productivity. Understanding how such selection alters metabolism across nutritional stages is essential for optimizing feeding strategies. In this study, we examined the impact of long-term genetic selection for growth rate (GR) on the plasma metabolome of reproductive female rabbits using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Two vitrified–rederived populations from the same paternal line but separated by 18 generations of GR selection (R19V and R37V) were compared under identical environmental and nutritional conditions. We analyzed 48 plasma samples, showing that GR selection significantly influenced the metabolomic profile. Notably, R37V does exhibited a 76% increase in phospholipid LysoPE (0:0/20:4) concentrations (p < 0.0001) than R19V. GR selection affected key metabolites related to lipid metabolism and energy balance, reflecting potential changes in nutrient utilization efficiency. These findings highlight the interplay between genetics and nutrient efficiency in shaping the metabolome, offering insights that may support nutritional management in genetically improved livestock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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19 pages, 4309 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Epidemiology of Major Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex: A Cross-Sectional Study from Intensive Swine Farms in Xinjiang, China (2024–2025)

by Yaqi Guo, Yanfang Li, Zhenglong Wen, Yan Liang, Kexun Lian, Pei Zheng and Yonggang Qu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040366 - 9 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Glaesserella parasuis (formerly Haemophilus parasuis, HPS), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Streptococcus suis (SS), and Pasteurella multocida (PM) are common bacterial pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC), a major cause of economic losses in the swine industry. To address this, a cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Glaesserella parasuis (formerly Haemophilus parasuis, HPS), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Streptococcus suis (SS), and Pasteurella multocida (PM) are common bacterial pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC), a major cause of economic losses in the swine industry. To address this, a cross-sectional study was conducted across 27 large-scale swine farms in Xinjiang, China (October 2024–May 2025). A total of 1239 clinical samples were analyzed by species-specific PCR, and positive samples were further serotyped. Overall, SS and HPS were the predominant pathogens, with higher detection rates in winter and spring. Notably, SS and HPS were most frequent in nasal swabs, while APP and PM predominated in tissue samples. Furthermore, co-infections were common, with HPS + SS being the most prevalent. Serotyping revealed dominance of HPS serotype 12, APP serotype 12, SS serotype 3, and PM serotypes A and B (serotypes E and F not detected). In addition, SS was also detected in environmental samples and farm workers’ nasal swabs. These findings suggest that future prevention and control strategies should focus on developing multivalent vaccines targeting the predominant serotypes identified, implementing regular serotype surveillance to guide precision immunization protocols, and strengthening environmental disinfection and biosecurity practices to reduce co-infections and occupational exposure risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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18 pages, 3342 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Look Trout in the Eye: Corneal Biomarkers of Ammonia Stress in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Treated with TiO₂ Photoelectrocatalysis

by Giorgio Mirra, Gaia Beatrice Maria Bianchi, Chiara Stocchero, Mirko Sergio, Lucia Aidos, Chiara Bazzocchi, Anna Zurlo, Annamaria Costa, Eleonora Buoio, Silvia Clotilde Modina, Giuseppe Radaelli, Daniela Bertotto, Tarek Temraz, Nadia Chérif, Gian Luca Chiarello, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Alessia Di Giancamillo and Chiara Giudice

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040347 - 2 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 787

Abstract

The eye is a sensitive target of sublethal stress in aquaculture-reared fish due to its direct exposure to the aquatic environment. This study tested a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water treatment system, integrated into a standard recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), to improve water quality and [...] Read more.

The eye is a sensitive target of sublethal stress in aquaculture-reared fish due to its direct exposure to the aquatic environment. This study tested a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water treatment system, integrated into a standard recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), to improve water quality and evaluated ocular health in Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) reared at 30 kg/m³ for 28 days, with particular emphasis on the cornea as an indicator of fish welfare. Ocular analyses focused on the cornea and retina, two anatomically and functionally distinct structures. PEC significantly reduced ammonia levels and modulated nitrate concentrations compared to the control group (CTR), represented by a standard RAS. No differences in growth performance or body condition were observed between groups. Corneal integrity was assessed using optical coherence tomography, histology, and mucous cell staining to evaluate epithelial structure and protective responses. Corneal tissue was examined to detect local oxidative effects through morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Alcian Blu–Periodic Acid–Schiff (AB–PAS) staining did not reveal significant differences in mucin-producing cells among groups. CTR fish exhibited epithelial disruption and increased 8-OHdG immunoreactivity, whereas fish reared in the RAS equipped with the PEC system, ensuring improved water quality, showed preserved corneal architecture despite mild oxidative stress. Molecular analysis of ocular tissues revealed no differential expression of oxidative stress-related genes, such as GPx1, GR, or sod1, in the two groups. Overall, these findings support the use of the cornea as a sensitive indicator of sublethal environmental stress in farmed fish and suggest that PEC treatment may contribute to improved water quality management and welfare monitoring in intensive aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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13 pages, 652 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceOpinion

The Future Toolbox for Managing Ketosis in Dairy Cow Herds: A European Key Opinion Leader Consensus

by Celien Kemel, Angelique C. M. Rijpert-Duvivier, Nina Strus, Florian Guigui and Frédéric Vangroenweghe

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040344 - 1 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 939

Abstract

Ketosis is a major metabolic disorder that significantly impacts dairy cow health, welfare, and farm profitability, posing challenges to both farmers and veterinarians. This opinion paper, derived from expert panel discussions and a review of the scientific literature, provides a comprehensive, proactive approach [...] Read more.

Ketosis is a major metabolic disorder that significantly impacts dairy cow health, welfare, and farm profitability, posing challenges to both farmers and veterinarians. This opinion paper, derived from expert panel discussions and a review of the scientific literature, provides a comprehensive, proactive approach to modern ketosis management. It addresses the critical need for increased farmer awareness, emphasizing the veterinarians’ involvement as consultants and data interpreters and equipping them with essential skills in data analysis, communication, and farmer education. This paper also details a practical toolbox of diagnostic, therapeutic, management, and preventive strategies, including precision technologies and welfare-enhancing practices, to optimize metabolic health, enhance productivity, and ensure the long-term sustainability of dairy farming. This expert consensus translates scientific knowledge into practical on-farm actions, empowering farmers with risk-based insights and equipping veterinarians with tools and strategies for success. Ultimately, the consensus of our opinion paper reflects an industry-wide transition toward absolute transparency in diagnostic reporting, based on reliable data that creates an indispensable foundation for evidence-based ketosis management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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18 pages, 2089 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Paula Nistor, Livia Stanga, Vlad Iorgoni, Alexandru Gligor, Alexandru Ciresan, Horia Iorgoni, Bogdan Florea, Vlad Cocioba, Ionica Iancu, Cosmin Horatiu Maris, Beata Nowicka and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040332 - 30 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus of growing importance for both human and equine health in Europe. Horses are highly susceptible to neurological disease and, because they share ecological exposure with humans, they represent valuable sentinels for detecting local viral circulation [...] Read more.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus of growing importance for both human and equine health in Europe. Horses are highly susceptible to neurological disease and, because they share ecological exposure with humans, they represent valuable sentinels for detecting local viral circulation within a One Health framework. However, diagnosis of WNV infection in equines is complicated by the short and low-level viraemia, which limits the sensitivity of molecular assays, and by serological cross-reactivity with related flaviviruses and the confounding effects of vaccination. In this narrative review, we summarise the current diagnostic tools for WNV in horses, including direct detection methods (RT-qPCR, virus isolation, antigen detection) and indirect serological approaches (IgM and IgG ELISA, virus neutralisation tests), and discuss their practical performance and constraints in clinical and surveillance settings. We further examine equine surveillance systems, passive clinical reporting, active serosurveys and sentinel cohorts, and their integration with vector, avian and environmental monitoring. Key challenges include methodological heterogeneity, limited access to confirmatory testing and variable cross-sector data sharing. Finally, we outline future directions, highlighting the need for harmonised laboratory protocols, innovative field-deployable diagnostics, genomic surveillance and integrated, multi-source monitoring systems to strengthen early warning capacity and improve preparedness for WNV outbreaks in equine populations. Full article

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12 pages, 211 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCase Report

A Case of Starch Overload in Young Dairy Heifers: A Physiological and Nutritional Point of View

by Tommaso Danese, Emanuela Valle, Martina Lamanna, Riccardo Colleluori, Giovanni Buonaiuto, Isa Fusaro and Damiano Cavallini

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040319 - 26 Mar 2026

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1268

Abstract

In order to guarantee sufficient growth, digestive stability, and long-term productivity in dairy heifers, proper nutritional management is crucial both before and after weaning. This case study assesses the impact of dietary modifications on growth performance and digestive parameters in commercial settings and [...] Read more.

In order to guarantee sufficient growth, digestive stability, and long-term productivity in dairy heifers, proper nutritional management is crucial both before and after weaning. This case study assesses the impact of dietary modifications on growth performance and digestive parameters in commercial settings and details a field observation of concentrate overload in young Holstein heifers. From 77 to 165 days of age, the body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), feed intake, and fecal characteristics of 15 calves were monitored. Infectious and parasitic causes of diarrhea were ruled out by fecal examinations. Ad libitum concentrate feeding resulted in low fecal scores with undigested grain particles and acidic smell, starch intake exceeding requirements, and concentrate intake reaching up to 6 kg as fed head×day. The BCS gradually rose, and ADG peaked at 1.64 kg/day. Forage intake increased, fecal consistency improved, and ADG stabilized after restricting concentrate allowance to 2.5% of BW. These results underline the significance of controlling starch intake and concentrate allowance to avoid excessive growth and digestive disorders in developing dairy heifers, and they support a nutritional basis for the observed digestive imbalance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

15 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Behavior in Australian Shepherd Dogs Assessed Using the C-BARQ: A Preliminary Study of Associations with Coat Color, Sex, and Neutering Status

by Valentina Gazzano, Sofia Maria Alessi, Chiara Santoni, Maria Claudia Curadi, Francesca Cecchi, Stefano Cavallo, Luigi Sacchettino, Danila D’Angelo, Francesco Napolitano, Elisabetta Giannessi and Angelo Gazzano

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030299 - 21 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3444

Abstract

Domestic dogs show substantial behavioral variability shaped by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Although breed-specific behavioral profiles are documented, associations between coat color and behavior within individual breeds remain poorly understood. This preliminary study characterized the behavioral profile of Australian Shepherd dogs and [...] Read more.

Domestic dogs show substantial behavioral variability shaped by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Although breed-specific behavioral profiles are documented, associations between coat color and behavior within individual breeds remain poorly understood. This preliminary study characterized the behavioral profile of Australian Shepherd dogs and exploratorily investigated associations between behavior, coat color, sex, and neuter status using the validated Italian C-BARQ. A total of 215 Australian Shepherds aged 1–8.5 years were included; behavioral responses were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression with sex, neuter status, and coat color as predictors. Overall, Australian Shepherds showed high trainability and low aggression and fear toward humans. Sex emerged as the most consistent predictor: females showed lower odds of high-intensity responses in attachment- and excitability-related behaviors (OR ~0.44–0.56), with context-dependent differences in dog-directed and environmental responses. Neuter status was selectively associated with increased fear-related reactions to noise and stranger approaches (OR ~1.9–2.2) and reduced restlessness during separation (OR ~0.45). Coat color was not associated with generalized behavioral tendencies; item-level exploratory analyses revealed only a limited number of suggestive, context-specific associations in merle-coated dogs, and most analyses did not yield significant effects. All coat-color findings should be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating. These results underscore the context-dependent nature of behavioral variation in Australian Shepherds and highlight the need for confirmatory studies with larger, coat-color-stratified samples. Full article

60 pages, 7634 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration

by Maurizio Dondi, Ezio Bianchi, Paolo Borghetti, Rosanna Di Lecce, Giacomo Gnudi, Chiara Guarnieri, Valentina Buffagni, Francesca Ravanetti, Roberta Saleri and Attilio Corradi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030298 - 21 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2446

Abstract

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic [...] Read more.

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic loss, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to progressive cognitive decline. Increasing evidence indicates that impairment of brain clearance mechanisms, particularly the glymphatic system, represents a central pathogenic mechanism in both CCD and AD. The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent perivascular network involved in the clearance of Aβ and other metabolic waste products from the brain. Its function declines with aging, vascular disease, and astrocytic alterations, including changes in aquaporin-4 distribution. Reduced glymphatic and periarterial drainage promotes the retention and aggregation of Aβ and tau proteins. Compared with AD, tau pathology in CCD is generally less extensive, supporting the interpretation of CCD as an Aβ-predominant condition and a partial pathological analog of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinically, CCD is characterized by a constellation of behavioral changes including, disorientation, altered social interactions, sleep–wake cycle disturbances, a loss of housetraining, changes in activity levels, and increased anxiety, commonly summarized by the DISHAA acronym. Overall, CCD represents a valuable spontaneous large-animal model for investigating neurodegenerative mechanisms and clearance-related therapeutic targets relevant to both veterinary and human medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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14 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sella Turcica Shape as a Marker for Breed and Sex Classification in Sheep

by Eylem Bektaş Bilgiç, Tomasz Szara, Ozan Gündemir, Zuzanna Kaska, Muhammed Taha Temir, Barış Can Güzel, Fatma İşbilir, Emine İrem Deveci, Alexandra-Andreea Cherșunaru and Mihaela-Claudia Spataru

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030290 - 19 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 591

Abstract

Recent anatomical and morphometric studies indicate that the sella turcica is a structurally informative region and a distinctive anatomical formation that can exhibit shape variation among individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in three dimensions, the extent to which sella [...] Read more.

Recent anatomical and morphometric studies indicate that the sella turcica is a structurally informative region and a distinctive anatomical formation that can exhibit shape variation among individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in three dimensions, the extent to which sella turcica morphology differs among three sheep breeds (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Zom) and between sexes. A total of 102 specimens were examined. All skulls were CT-scanned specifically for this study; the sella turcica region was reconstructed as a three-dimensional model, and 12 anatomical landmarks were manually digitized for each specimen. The findings showed that sella turcica size differed among breeds, with the Zom group exhibiting the largest sella turcica size. In contrast, no clear size difference was observed between females and males. Shape assessment also revealed differences among breeds, largely driven by the separation of Zom from Akkaraman and Morkaraman, whereas no distinct sex-related shape pattern was detected. Importantly, the breed-related shape differences persisted after accounting for size effects. Overall, these results suggest that the sella turcica carries a breed-associated morphological signal in sheep, while showing no pronounced sexual differentiation in the present sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 7082 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Study of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Normal and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Cats

by Cho-Rok Jeong, Yoon-Joo Shin and Chul Park

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030277 - 17 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1175

Abstract

Background: Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a well-established tool in human cardiology for detecting subtle myocardial dysfunction using strain indices. In cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), STE has been applied in several studies and has identified myocardial deformation abnormalities. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a well-established tool in human cardiology for detecting subtle myocardial dysfunction using strain indices. In cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), STE has been applied in several studies and has identified myocardial deformation abnormalities. This study aimed to identify sensitive echocardiographic markers of myocardial dysfunction in cats with HCM by comparing global strain and strain rate parameters with those of healthy cats. Methods: Sixty cats were examined, including 31 healthy controls and 29 HCM-affected cats. Echocardiographic assessments included global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), global longitudinal strain (GLS), their corresponding strain rates (GCSR, GRSR, and GLSR), left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), and atrial reservoir strain (RS). Results: GLS and GRS were significantly lower in HCM cats than in controls, while GCS showed no significant difference. Among strain rate parameters, only GRSR was significantly reduced in the HCM group. Additionally, both LAEF and RS were markedly decreased, suggesting atrial dysfunction associated with HCM. Conclusions: These findings indicate that GLS and GRS are reliable indicators of left ventricular dysfunction in feline HCM and that GRSR may offer additional insight into myocardial deformation dynamics. Overall, STE provides a useful, non-invasive tool for improving the diagnosis and clinical evaluation of feline HCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Cardiology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches)

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15 pages, 3099 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals the Impact of SHEV ORF3-Related LncRNA Network on Bile Secretion Pathway (ko 04976) in HepG2 Cells

by Hanwei Jiao, Jiya Li, Shengping Wu, Lingjie Wang, Yu Zhao, Yulong Yin, Xin Cao and Leli Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030276 - 16 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 777

Abstract

(1) Background: Swine hepatitis E (SHE) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV). The open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein is a recognized virulence factor of SHEV. Jaundice, the typical clinical sign of SHE, primarily results from [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Swine hepatitis E (SHE) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV). The open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein is a recognized virulence factor of SHEV. Jaundice, the typical clinical sign of SHE, primarily results from disruptions in bile production, secretion, and excretion. However, the mechanism by which SHEV ORF3 influences bile metabolism remains unclear. (2) Methods: Building on our previous work involving adenovirus-mediated overexpression of genotype IV SHEV ORF3 in HepG2 cells and subsequent high-throughput lncRNA/transcriptome sequencing, this study performed KEGG enrichment analysis on differentially expressed lncRNAs. Candidate lncRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. Cis-regulated target genes were predicted by integrating differentially expressed mRNA data. Furthermore, AlphaFold 3.0 was employed to analyze the molecular binding sites between lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4) and its target, UBC protein. (3) Results: We identified three lncRNAs associated with the bile secretion pathway (ko 04976) in HepG2 cells expressing genotype IV SHEV ORF3, which were further confirmed by qRT-PCR: lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4), lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.9), and lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.12). Bioinformatics prediction suggested six lncRNA-mRNA regulatory networks involved these lncRNAs and two downregulated UBC mRNA transcripts (ENST00000540700 and ENST00000536769). Molecular docking indicated that nucleotides 395U and 41C of lncRNA UBC (MSTRG.6881.4) could potentially bind to residues 82Lys, 88Thr, and 90Thr of the UBC protein, with predicted binding energies ranging from −4.73 to −0.75 kcal/mol. (4) Conclusions: The successful identification of bile secretion-related lncRNAs, coupled with the prediction of their regulatory networks and molecular interaction sites, has advanced our understanding of SHEV ORF3 function and the pathogenesis of SHEV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3664 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shotgun Metagenomics Reveals Microbial Diversity, Resistome, and Plasmidome in Dairy Cattle Feces

by Shehla Shehla, Muhammad Kashif Obaid, Sadaf Niaz, Munir Ahmad Khan, Anum Ali Ahmad, Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud, Abdulaziz Alamri, Salman Alrokayan, Muhammad Shoaib, Sumaira Shams and Qiaoyun Ren

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030275 - 16 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Fecal microbiota are shaped by upstream digestive processes and reflect the outcome of host–microbe interactions, including the resistant microbial fraction that survives to be excreted. This is particularly crucial for assessing zoonotic risks and environmental contamination, as feces are the primary source of [...] Read more.

Fecal microbiota are shaped by upstream digestive processes and reflect the outcome of host–microbe interactions, including the resistant microbial fraction that survives to be excreted. This is particularly crucial for assessing zoonotic risks and environmental contamination, as feces are the primary source of dissemination, which is considered an emerging One Health threat. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to obtain the exploratory findings regarding the cattle GIT microbial composition, potential resistome, and their transmission drivers, such as plasmids, using metagenomic analysis from different districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 150 fecal samples (50 from each district) of healthy cattle were collected from various farms in Mardan (FC1), Peshawar (FC2), and Dera Ismail Khan (FC3) districts. Total DNA from each sample was extracted, pooled (FC1, FC2, and FC3), and sequenced via the Illumina platform. Bacteria were the highly abundant kingdom, while Pseudomonadota and Bacillota were dominant phyla in all samples. Caryophanon latum and Escherichia coli were highly abundant at the species level. A large resistome (40–49 genes), including critical genes, such as tet(X), bla_OXA-427, and plasmidomes (16–22), such as IncF, was detected in the samples. The prominence of certain commensal or opportunistic pathogens in the fecal microbiota may indicate the presence of sub-clinical gastrointestinal disruptions or disease that may affect cattle herds. The fecal resistome is extensive, identifying dairy cattle in these regions as important reservoirs for AMR genes capable of spreading via HGT. This pilot study establishes that the fecal microbiota of dairy cattle in this region are not merely a waste product but a complex ecosystem, rich in microbiota of One Health significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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23 pages, 1318 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Regulating Oxidative Damage, Lipid Metabolism, and Inflammation in Chickens: A Comprehensive Review

by Bo Zheng, Xueqing Xiao, Yanli Wang, Dongying Bai, Wenrui Zhen, Fangshen Guo, Bingkun Zhang, Yi Zhang and Yanbo Ma

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030267 - 13 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1398

Abstract

Heat stress, high stocking density, and feed safety risks are common features of modern intensive poultry production and collectively disrupt metabolic homeostasis in chickens. These stressors promote oxidative stress, lipid metabolic dysfunction, and inflammatory activation, ultimately reducing growth performance and overall health. This [...] Read more.

Heat stress, high stocking density, and feed safety risks are common features of modern intensive poultry production and collectively disrupt metabolic homeostasis in chickens. These stressors promote oxidative stress, lipid metabolic dysfunction, and inflammatory activation, ultimately reducing growth performance and overall health. This review summarizes current evidence on the effects of major stressors under intensive farming conditions on lipid metabolic homeostasis, redox balance, and immune regulatory networks, with particular emphasis on the supplementation strategies and physiological effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in chickens. Available studies indicate that CGA may regulate lipid metabolic homeostasis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathways, enhance antioxidant defenses mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and suppress inflammatory responses associated with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), thereby contributing to protective regulation at multiple levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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13 pages, 1010 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Stereotypic Behaviors and Personality Traits of Captive Male Forest Musk Deer and Relationships with Musk Secretion

by Xiaoping Lu, Yan Sheng, Hong Ye, Zisong Yang and Xiuxiang Meng

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030261 - 11 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1030

Abstract

Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) are endangered ungulates, and captive breeding has been effective for its ex situ conservation and sustainable medicinal musk utilization in traditional Asian traditional medicine. Methods of focal sampling and all-occurrence recording were used to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) are endangered ungulates, and captive breeding has been effective for its ex situ conservation and sustainable medicinal musk utilization in traditional Asian traditional medicine. Methods of focal sampling and all-occurrence recording were used to evaluate the intensity of stereotypic behaviors and personality traits in 25 captive male forest musk deer. Additionally, musk secretion was monitored in this study, and muscone content was measured with gas chromatography, thereby analyzing the interrelationship between their stereotypic behavior, personality traits, and musk secretion. The results revealed no significant differences in stereotypic behaviors or personality traits across age groups (p > 0.05). Individuals with stereotypic behaviors showed a tendency toward secreting higher amounts of musk and muscone content compared to those without stereotypic behaviors, although these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the exploratory behavior level and active behavior level were not significantly correlated with the secretion amount of musk. However, both the exploratory behavior level and active behavior level exhibited significant positive correlations with muscone content (p < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights for the breeding, welfare, and ex situ conservation of endangered forest musk deer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Disease: Implications for Animal Welfare and Conservation)

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20 pages, 563 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bovine Tuberculosis as a Neglected Zoonotic Disease in Mexico and Latin America: Epidemiological Challenges, Diagnostic Insights, and Public Health Implications in Emerging Economies

by Luis M. Rodríguez-Martínez, Jose L. Chavelas-Reyes, Carlo F. Medina-Ramírez, Jorge A. Valdés-González, Eli Fuentes-Chávez, Carlos A. Ríos-Saldaña, Miguel A. de León-Zapata and Josefina G. Rodríguez-González

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030259 - 11 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1836

Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains one of the most relevant zoonotic diseases worldwide due to its dual impact on livestock production and human health. Although zoonotic tuberculosis has been virtually eradicated from cattle in a few settings, particularly in [...] Read more.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains one of the most relevant zoonotic diseases worldwide due to its dual impact on livestock production and human health. Although zoonotic tuberculosis has been virtually eradicated from cattle in a few settings, particularly in Australia, the disease persists in much of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, where it continues to limit cattle productivity and pose a threat to public health through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and occupational exposure. This review integrates historical, epidemiological, clinical, and molecular perspectives of bTB, with particular emphasis on Mexico, highlighting the role of wildlife reservoirs, socioeconomic factors, and diagnostic limitations in maintaining endemicity. Recent advances in molecular epidemiology, such as PCR, MIRU-VNTR, and whole-genome sequencing, provide promising avenues for surveillance and control. Finally, we discuss the importance of adopting a One Health framework that bridges veterinary, medical, and environmental approaches to achieve sustainable control of this silent zoonosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Cattle Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Transcriptomics Reveals a SHEV ORF3-Mediated circRNA Network That Disrupts Riboflavin Metabolism and Activates the ko05212 Pathway

by Weihao Luo, Jiya Li, Shengping Wu, Lingjie Wang, Yulong Yin, Xin Cao, Leli Wang and Hanwei Jiao

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030253 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1060

Abstract

The Swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV) ORF3 protein is pivotal in pathogenesis, yet its regulation of host metabolic homeostasis via endogenous RNA networks remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how the SHEV ORF3-mediated circRNA-miRNA network modulates riboflavin metabolism and triggers the aberrant [...] Read more.

The Swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV) ORF3 protein is pivotal in pathogenesis, yet its regulation of host metabolic homeostasis via endogenous RNA networks remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how the SHEV ORF3-mediated circRNA-miRNA network modulates riboflavin metabolism and triggers the aberrant activation of the ko05212 pathway, while also evaluating their physical interactions using AlphaFold 3 structural simulations. To achieve this, high-throughput RNA sequencing, KEGG pathway analysis, and AlphaFold 3 structural simulations were employed to elucidate the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network and potential physical interactions. Transcriptomics revealed a “dual activation” of Riboflavin metabolism and Pancreatic cancer pathways. Specifically, we identified an “ENPP Isozyme Switch,” where upregulated hsa_circ_0077855 sponges miR-181a-2-3p, relieving repression of the metabolic enzyme ENPP3 and proto-oncogene KRAS. Furthermore, AlphaFold 3 simulations yielded an extremely low interface predicted Template Modeling score (ipTM = 0.08), refuting direct physical binding, and ORF3 was found to suppress the m6A eraser FTO, suggesting host epigenetic instability. Consequently, SHEV ORF3 induces metabolic remodeling through a dual “epigenetic-post-transcriptional” mechanism: disrupting m6A homeostasis via FTO suppression and constructing a pathogenic ceRNA network via the ENPP3/miR-181a/KRAS axis. These findings highlight the critical role of non-coding RNAs in driving the virus-induced “pre-pathological state”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 301 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Carcasses in Romania: Zoonotic Potential and Public Health Impact

by Ionica Iancu, Sebastian Alexandru Popa, Alexandru Gligor, Vlad Iorgoni, Paula Nistor, Ionela Popa, Janos Degi, Kálmán Imre, Livia Stângă and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030256 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1228

Abstract

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria associated with poultry production pose an ongoing challenge for food safety and veterinary public health. The present study evaluated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and selected resistance genes of E. coli recovered from broiler chicken carcasses and cecal content in Romania. [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria associated with poultry production pose an ongoing challenge for food safety and veterinary public health. The present study evaluated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and selected resistance genes of E. coli recovered from broiler chicken carcasses and cecal content in Romania. Over a 12-month period in 2024, a total of 444 samples were collected, including 300 carcasses obtained from slaughterhouses and retail outlets and 144 cecal samples collected at slaughterhouses. Isolates were recovered using standard microbiological procedures and confirmed through biochemical and automated identification systems. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using a minimum inhibitory concentration–based automated platform, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was evaluated phenotypically. Target resistance genes were investigated by PCR. E. coli was identified in 36.0% of carcass samples and 64.6% of cecal samples. High resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (82.6%), ampicillin (68.3%), and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (61.2%), while multidrug resistance occurred in 34.3% of isolates. ESBL production was detected in 11.1% of carcass isolates and 11.8% of cecal isolates and was associated with the presence of blaCTX-M. Additional resistance determinants, including blaTEM, tetA, tetB, sul1, dfrA1, and aadA1, were widely distributed among isolates from both sources. The results suggest that poultry carcasses may contribute to the dissemination of resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli, reflecting intestinal carriage and contamination during processing. Strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, systematic resistance monitoring, and improved hygiene practices throughout the poultry production chain are essential to reduce the public health impact of resistant bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Bacterial Pathogens in Veterinary Medicine)

15 pages, 1017 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A DNA Prime-Inactivated Boost Regimen Enhances Immunogenicity Against Pigeon Newcastle Disease: A Comparative Study and Analysis of Synergistic Effects

by Shuai Luo, Yiyi Ren, Nikolai Vladimirovich Tarlavin, Dmitrii Andreevich Kraskov, Edward Javadovich Javadov, Da Xu, Houqiang Luo and Suzhen Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030251 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Pigeon Newcastle disease poses a persistent threat to the global pigeon industry, underscoring the need for effective vaccination strategies. While both inactivated and DNA vaccines offer distinct advantages, the immunogenicity of a combined heterologous regimen remains underexplored. This study evaluated and compared three [...] Read more.

Pigeon Newcastle disease poses a persistent threat to the global pigeon industry, underscoring the need for effective vaccination strategies. While both inactivated and DNA vaccines offer distinct advantages, the immunogenicity of a combined heterologous regimen remains underexplored. This study evaluated and compared three immunization strategies in pigeons: a DNA vaccine encoding the NDV F protein fused with chicken IL-18, an inactivated vaccine from a local virulent strain, and a DNA prime-inactivated boost regimen. The preparation workflows for both vaccine platforms are described in detail to provide methodological context for the immunological comparison. Critically, the prime–boost regimen elicited significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers than either vaccine administered alone, demonstrating a clear synergistic effect. These findings highlight the complementary roles of the two platforms and provide a strong immunological rationale for further evaluation of this sequential strategy. Future studies incorporating viral challenge experiments and long-term immune monitoring are needed to determine whether the enhanced HI antibody response translates into protective efficacy under field conditions. Full article

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19 pages, 2009 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Astragalus Crude Extract Boosts Piglet Growth and Mitigates Weaning Stress by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity, Improving Immunity, and Modulating Intestinal Microbiota

by Yuyan Che, Long Cai, Longlong Zhu, Lu Li, Lufang Deng, Guoshun Chen and Jing Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030242 - 3 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 773

Abstract

Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains various bioactive compounds, which exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. This research aimed to investigate the impacts of Astragalus crude extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and intestinal health in weaned piglets. Sixty crossbred [...] Read more.

Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains various bioactive compounds, which exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. This research aimed to investigate the impacts of Astragalus crude extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and intestinal health in weaned piglets. Sixty crossbred weaned piglets at 28 days of age (8.12 ± 0.14 kg) were allocated into three dietary treatments: a control group fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet (CON), an antibiotic group received the basal diet with 1000 mg/kg aureomycin (AN), and a treatment group administered the basal diet with 500 mg/kg Astragalus crude extract (CE), with 5 replicates per group, 4 piglets per replicate. The experimental trial lasted for 28 days. Feed intake and body weight were recorded to evaluate growth performance. Blood, intestine, and liver tissue samples were collected for the analysis of antioxidant capacity and gene expression. Compared to the CON group, supplementation with CE or AN significantly enhanced growth performance and decreased diarrhea incidence on days 0–14, whereas only CE tended to improve crude protein digestibility. Piglets supplemented with AN or CE showed improved antioxidant capacity and immune response relative to the CON group, as evidenced by increased liver and intestinal antioxidant enzyme activities, upregulated intestinal antioxidant gene expression, and enhanced plasma immunoglobulin A levels. Further, the upregulated intestinal tight junction protein expression was observed in CE or AN groups compared with the CON. Notably, dietary CE significantly modulated gut microbiota composition, particularly enriching the genera Blautia, Turicibacter, Agathobacter, and Clostridium. These findings indicate that dietary Astragalus crude extract promotes the gut health of weaned piglets by reducing oxidative stress and modulating gut microbiota composition, thereby decreasing diarrhea incidence and improving growth performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Nutrition and Feed)

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14 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gaps Between Awareness and Prevention of West Nile Virus Among Horse Owners in an Endemic Country: A Cross-Sectional Study from Romania

by Paula Nistor, Livia Stânga, Andreia Chirilă, Vlad Iorgoni, Vlad Cocioba, Răzvan Grigore Cojocaru, Alexandru Gligor, Alexandru Cireșan, Bogdan Florea, Horia Iorgoni, Ionica Iancu, Cosmin Horațiu Mariș, Janos Degi and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030239 - 1 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 917

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Romania, yet prevention of WNV infection in horses largely depends on owner-driven decisions that require accurate risk perception and veterinary guidance. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out between May and November 2025 to evaluate the [...] Read more.

West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Romania, yet prevention of WNV infection in horses largely depends on owner-driven decisions that require accurate risk perception and veterinary guidance. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out between May and November 2025 to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices (KAP) regarding WNV among 227 horse owners from various Romanian regions. In total, 67.4% of respondents had previously heard of WNV. The main transmission route was correctly identified as mosquito bites by 49.8% of participants, while 32.2% answered “don’t know” or presented misconceptions: horse-to-horse contact (9.3%), tick bites (10.6%) and blood transfusion (0.4%). Recognition of clinical signs was limited, with fever (31.3% of respondents) and gait abnormalities or ataxia (24.7% of respondents) being most frequently mentioned, followed by inappetence (19.4% of respondents), seizures (18.1% of respondents), coughing (8.8% of respondents), and abortions (10.6% of respondents); 47.6% of respondents were unable to identify any specific signs. Awareness of the existence of an equine WNV vaccine was reported by 23.8% of respondents, while only 4.0% indicated that their horses had been vaccinated. The most common preventive measures included the use of insecticides in stables (61.2%) and topical repellents on horses (55.5%), whereas environmental control actions such as removing standing water (14.1%) or avoiding swampy areas (11.9%) were less frequent; 19.4% reported taking no preventive measures. Veterinary communication was limited, with only 17.2% of respondents having received information about WNV from a veterinarian, and 21.6% perceiving a real risk of infection in Romania. Overall, the data show a marked disconnect between awareness and actionable prevention (particularly vaccination and environmental mosquito control), indicating that targeted owner education must be paired with structured veterinary communication to translate knowledge into preventive uptake in endemic settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in Animals: Molecular Insights, Diagnostic Innovations, and One Health Implications)

19 pages, 621 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association Between Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Tooth Resorption in Cats: An Exploratory Study on the Oral-Renal Axis

by Kurtuluş Parlak, Murat Kaan Durgut, Hilmican Ergin, Elgin Orçum Uzunlu, Selman Pulat and Furkan Çağrı Beşoluk

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030233 - 28 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1060

Abstract

Background: Tooth resorption (TR) is a prevalent dental condition with under-investigated systemic implications, particularly regarding renal health. This study aimed to evaluate renal biomarkers, specifically symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and the association between TR and blood parameters. Methods: Thirty-six cats (24 TR; 12 controls) [...] Read more.

Background: Tooth resorption (TR) is a prevalent dental condition with under-investigated systemic implications, particularly regarding renal health. This study aimed to evaluate renal biomarkers, specifically symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and the association between TR and blood parameters. Methods: Thirty-six cats (24 TR; 12 controls) were evaluated via intraoral radiography and blood analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors for TR, adjusting for age and sex. Results: Tooth resorption was diagnosed in 66.7% of the cats, predominantly affecting the mandibular first molars (409) and fourth premolars (108). A strong association was identified between TR stages and lesion types (p < 0.001). Cats with TR exhibited significantly higher serum SDMA concentrations (p = 0.011) and significantly lower albumin levels (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Hematological analysis revealed marked leukocytosis and monocytosis (p < 0.001) in the TR group. Most importantly, multivariable logistic regression identified SDMA as a predictor with TR presence (p = 0.012), with each unit increase in SDMA associated with a 3.5-fold increase in the likelihood of having resorptive lesions, independent of age and sex. Conclusions: Our findings regarding the oral-renal axis emphasize that feline TR involves chronic systemic inflammation. Consequently, it should be managed as a condition with measurable systemic impacts rather than merely a localized disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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21 pages, 1429 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanopore Sequencing in Veterinary Pathogen Detection: A Review of Technologies and Applications

by Lei Xu, Leilei Zhao, Zeyu Tong, Kai Peng, Mianzhi Wang, Runsheng Li, Zhiqiang Wang and Ruichao Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030216 - 25 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

Nanopore-based sequencing has emerged as a revolutionary tool for animal pathogen genomics, offering capabilities unattainable with Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Despite rapid technical progress, routine veterinary deployment still faces uncertainty in study design, sample preparation, and interpretation thresholds across diverse hosts and [...] Read more.

Nanopore-based sequencing has emerged as a revolutionary tool for animal pathogen genomics, offering capabilities unattainable with Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Despite rapid technical progress, routine veterinary deployment still faces uncertainty in study design, sample preparation, and interpretation thresholds across diverse hosts and sample matrices. Accordingly, this review consolidates recent evidence and provides workflow-oriented guidance for veterinary diagnostics and One Health surveillance. Its portability, ability to generate real-time long-read data, and minimal infrastructure requirements enable rapid, on-site sequencing for veterinary diagnostics and surveillance. This review examines the principles of nanopore sequencing and its advantages over conventional methods, surveying recent applications across viral, bacterial (including antimicrobial resistance, AMR), and parasitic pathogen detection in animals. In viral diagnostics, it facilitates rapid whole-genome sequencing and outbreak tracing in field settings. For bacterial pathogens, it enables near-complete genome assembly and identification of plasmid-borne AMR genes. Emerging studies also demonstrate its utility in parasitology, from high-resolution species identification to whole-genome assemblies. We compare these advancements with traditional diagnostics, highlighting strengths in speed and comprehensiveness while addressing current limitations in accuracy and host-DNA interference. As technology matures through improvements in chemistry and adaptive sampling, nanopore sequencing is poised to transform veterinary pathogen detection and bolster One Health surveillance of emerging zoonoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sequencing and Bioinformatics for Tracking MDR Bacteria in Veterinary and One Health Interfaces)

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17 pages, 545 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Life Stage-Specific Burdens and Impacts of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Beef Cattle in the United States: A Review of Diagnostics, Impacts on Productivity, and Immune Response

by Brooklyn L. Laubinger, Kelsey M. Harvey and William Isaac Jumper

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030210 - 24 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) remain a significant challenge to productivity and sustainability in beef cattle systems in the United States, contributing to subclinical reductions in growth, reproductive performance, and overall herd health across production stages. Control programs have historically relied on routine anthelmintic use; [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) remain a significant challenge to productivity and sustainability in beef cattle systems in the United States, contributing to subclinical reductions in growth, reproductive performance, and overall herd health across production stages. Control programs have historically relied on routine anthelmintic use; however, increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance highlight the need for alternative management strategies. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature identified through targeted searches of major scientific databases spanning approximately seven decades, with articles selected for relevance to GIN epidemiology, diagnostics, and control in beef cattle. Particular emphasis is placed on life stage-specific susceptibility, host immune development, and the role of diagnostic tools in guiding evidence-based interventions. The review further examines non-anthelmintic strategies such as grazing management, nutritional supplementation, selective breeding, and integrated parasite management practices adapted from small ruminant systems. Across studies, young and immunologically developing cattle experience the greatest productivity losses, while mature animals contribute disproportionately to pasture contamination, reinforcing the importance of targeted control measures. Overall, the literature supports a transition toward integrated, diagnostics-driven parasite control programs that sustain productivity and animal well-being while preserving long-term anthelmintic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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28 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Five Key Minerals (Cu, Se, Zn, Co, Fe) in Reproductive Function of Female Cattle: Current Insights and Future Directions

by Beiyao Wang, Xinlin Li, Zimo Zhou, Yanqiu Zhu, Zhicai Zuo and Hongrui Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020208 - 23 Feb 2026

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2526

Abstract

Reproductive efficiency in female cattle is significantly influenced by micronutrient status, particularly the availability and balance of essential trace minerals. Selenium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and iron serve as critical components of enzymatic systems, antioxidant defense networks, hormone synthesis, and cellular metabolism, collectively sustaining [...] Read more.

Reproductive efficiency in female cattle is significantly influenced by micronutrient status, particularly the availability and balance of essential trace minerals. Selenium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and iron serve as critical components of enzymatic systems, antioxidant defense networks, hormone synthesis, and cellular metabolism, collectively sustaining reproductive health. This review integrates current research evidence on the physiological functions and molecular mechanisms through which these five trace minerals regulate reproductive performance in female cattle, with a specific focus on iron—an often overlooked element—highlighting the novelty of this synthesis. Both deficiency and excess of these minerals impair key reproductive outcomes such as estrous cyclicity, conception rate, and embryonic survival. Furthermore, complex interactions among minerals influence their bioavailability and physiological responses. Advances in mineral supplementation strategies, particularly the application of organic minerals and precision feeding technologies, offer promising solutions to improve reproductive performance. Elucidating these interrelationships provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing trace mineral nutrition, thereby enhancing female cattle fertility, reducing metabolic disorders and promoting the sustainable development of beef and dairy industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

23 pages, 1211 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Combined Thyme Meal and Bacillus subtilis to Promote Growth Performance, Immune Function, Gene Expression, Antioxidant Defense, and Cecal Microbiota in Growing Rabbits Under Heat Stress Conditions

by Haifa Ali Alqhtani, Ahmed M. Elbaz, Safaa A. Hegazy, AbdelRahman Y. Abdelhady, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Mohamed Marzok, Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Mohammed Al-Rasheed, Mahmoud H. Mohamed, Sherief M. Abdel-Raheem, Ayman E. Taha and Ahmed A. Marwan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020204 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1551

Abstract

This study investigates the nutritional effects of a thyme meal and B. subtilis mixture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits. One hundred and twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four dietary [...] Read more.

This study investigates the nutritional effects of a thyme meal and B. subtilis mixture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits. One hundred and twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four dietary treatments (five replicates/group). The rabbits in the first group were fed a basal diet, while the other three groups were fed a basal diet containing B. subtilis, thyme meal, and their mixture, respectively. The B. subtilis and thyme meal mixture increases the heat-stressed rabbits’ body weight gain and carcass weight, and enhances nutrient digestibility and the feed conversion ratio. Supplementing the CBT mixture improved the lipid profile and liver and kidney function via decreasing plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, creatinine, urea, and AST levels, while increasing total protein and albumin levels. Furthermore, the CBT mixture enhanced the immune response and oxidative stability by increasing IgA and IgG levels, GPx enzyme activity, and SOD, while decreasing plasma MDA content. Adding the CBT mixture enhanced gut health by reducing pathogens and inflammation, as well as increasing volatile fatty acid levels and the expression of CAT-1, MUC-2, and SGLT-1 genes. The combination of a thyme meal and B. subtilis enhanced growth, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota modification, and the expression of gut health nutrient absorption-related genes in heat-stressed rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies to Mitigate Heat Stress in Livestock Production)

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13 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Different Benzimidazole Formulations Against Sheep Naturally Infected with Fasciola hepatica and Anthelmintic Resistance Analysis

by Laura González del Palacio, Matthew James Denwood, Elora Valderas-García, Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero, Rafael Balaña-Fouce and María Martínez-Valladares

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020205 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Fasciola infection, which is widely distributed and has a major impact on livestock production, is emerging as a significant zoonotic parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. The main control strategy currently relies on a limited number of anthelmintic drugs, especially [...] Read more.

Fasciola infection, which is widely distributed and has a major impact on livestock production, is emerging as a significant zoonotic parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. The main control strategy currently relies on a limited number of anthelmintic drugs, especially benzimidazoles such as albendazole and triclabendazole. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole and triclabendazole in a sheep flock in northwestern Spain naturally infected with F. hepatica and to test fenbendazole and oxfendazole as alternative formulations. For this purpose, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted applying various statistical methods based on the guidelines used for gastrointestinal nematodes. This study represents the first application of the new classification framework for F. hepatica, emphasizing the urgent need for standardized resistance detection protocols for this parasite and underlining the growing challenge of anthelmintic resistance in the treatment of fasciolosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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33 pages, 3414 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Environmental Pathways and Veterinary Health Implications of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Emerging Contaminants from a One Health Perspective

by Muhammad Farhan Rahim, Saisai Gong, Kewei Li, Chuxian Quan, Farah Ijaz, Yan Li, Quan Mo and Jiakui Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020202 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

Background: Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are now common in land and water ecosystems. Their spread is an increasing issue from a One Health perspective. These particles end up in soils, water, air, and farm inputs. This poses direct risks to animal health [...] Read more.

Background: Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are now common in land and water ecosystems. Their spread is an increasing issue from a One Health perspective. These particles end up in soils, water, air, and farm inputs. This poses direct risks to animal health and indirect risks to people who eat animal-derived food. There are also risks from plastic additives and pesticides migrating with these particles in animal-based food. Scope and Approach: This review summarizes how MPs and NPs move in agroecosystems and livestock production. It covers their main sources, such as agricultural plastics, sludge-amended soils, plastic-lined storage, and environmental fallout. It explains how farm animals are exposed, including through feed, water, soil contact, and inhalation. Evidence is condensed for occurrence in manure, tissues, and animal products. The review also highlights key analysis challenges, especially those limiting the assessment of nanoplastic exposure. Key Findings: Field surveys show very different contamination levels in the environment. Agricultural soils range from 0.36 to 42,960 particles/kg. Livestock indicators, like contaminated feed and manure, range from 10² to 10⁵ particles/kg. In free-roaming systems, chicken feces have very high loads, showing trophic transfer in land food chains. A pilot study found plastic particles in pig and cow blood, suggesting some particles cross the gut into the blood. Experimental models link MPs/NPs to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, and potential reproductive toxicity in livestock and poultry. Conclusions and outlook: Animal-based foods provide a major source of human exposure. MPs and NPs have been observed in milk and poultry products, such as packaged meat and eggs (mean 11.67 ± 3.98 particles/egg). There is still a research gap on raw milk taken directly from the teat and on raw eggs that have not been handled or packaged. This gap makes it hard to identify real contamination sources and control strategies. The review stresses the need for harmonized detection methods (especially for NPs), monitoring from farm to fork, and practical ways to reduce plastic use on farms and minimize contamination during processing, feed handling, and packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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15 pages, 1082 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Brucellosis in Kazakhstan: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Smallholder Farmers and Veterinary Specialists

by Spandiyar Tursunkulov, Faruza Zakirova, Zamzagul Moldakhmetova, Alexandra Tegza, Zaure Sayakova, Nurzhan Abekeshev, Alim Bizhanov, Assiya Mussayeva, Serik Kanatbayev, Gulnur Admanova, Nurkuisa Rametov, Temirlan Bakishev, Zhanar Bakisheva, Aigul Bulasheva, Akerke Temirova and Arman Issimov

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020191 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

Brucellosis continues to pose a substantial zoonotic risk in Kazakhstan; however, evidence describing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of cattle farmers and veterinary personnel remains limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between May and October 2024 across twelve administrative locations nationwide. Structured [...] Read more.

Brucellosis continues to pose a substantial zoonotic risk in Kazakhstan; however, evidence describing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of cattle farmers and veterinary personnel remains limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between May and October 2024 across twelve administrative locations nationwide. Structured questionnaires were administered to 506 cattle farmers and 33 veterinary professionals, and the data were evaluated using descriptive analyses and univariable logistic regression. Awareness of brucellosis in cattle was relatively high among farmers, yet understanding of its implications for human health was markedly lower. In contrast, animal health workers demonstrated consistently higher levels of knowledge (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 9.88–16.34; p < 0.001). Several practices associated with zoonotic transmission were commonly reported by farmers, including handling aborted materials without protective gloves, consumption of unpasteurised milk, and leaving reproductive tissues in grazing areas. Nevertheless, most farmers expressed readiness to adopt preventive measures, particularly cattle vaccination and the use of basic protective practices. These findings reveal important gaps between awareness and behavior that may contribute to continued transmission of brucellosis. Strengthening farmer education through locally tailored, One Health-based interventions offers a practical pathway to improving brucellosis control and enhancing cattle productivity in Kazakhstan. Full article

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18 pages, 1506 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Dietary Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Meal on Performance, Gut Health, and Meat Quality of Japanese Quail

by Kadir Çakır and Hüseyin Çayan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020188 - 13 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary black cumin seed meal (BCSM) supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbiota, meat quality, and breast meat malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Japanese quail. A total of 200 one-week-old quail were randomly allocated to [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary black cumin seed meal (BCSM) supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbiota, meat quality, and breast meat malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Japanese quail. A total of 200 one-week-old quail were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 g/kg BCSM for a 35-day experimental period, with five replicates per treatment. Dietary BCSM supplementation did not significantly affect body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, or conversion ratio (p > 0.05). However, carcass weight was significantly increased in birds fed 20 g/kg BCSM (p < 0.05), while carcass yield and relative internal organ weight remained unchanged. Intestinal histomorphology was markedly influenced by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), with improved villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum of BCSM-fed birds. In addition, cecal microbiota analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase in Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05), whereas Escherichia coli counts were numerically reduced but not statistically affected (p > 0.05). Meat quality evaluation showed that BCSM supplementation significantly increased breast meat lightness (L*) and water-holding capacity and reduced post-slaughter pH values (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation, as assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, was observed to be significantly lower in breast meat during refrigerated storage, suggesting a potential improvement in oxidative stability and a possible contribution to extended shelf life (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of black cumin seed meal, particularly at 20 g/kg, positively modulated intestinal health, cecal microbiota composition, and meat oxidative stability without compromising growth performance. Owing to its high nutritional value and rich bioactive compound profile, BCSM can be considered a functional and sustainable feed ingredient for quail nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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23 pages, 1791 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Education: Preparing the Workforce for Clinical Applications in Diagnostics and Animal Health

by Esteban Pérez-García, Ana S. Ramírez, Miguel Ángel Quintana-Suárez, Magnolia M. Conde-Felipe, Conrado Carrascosa, Inmaculada Morales, Juan Alberto Corbera, Esther SanJuan and Jose Raduan Jaber

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020181 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2862

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is rapidly transforming clinical veterinary practice by enhancing diagnostics, disease surveillance and decision support processes across animal health domains. The safe and effective clinical deployment of these technologies, however, depends critically on [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is rapidly transforming clinical veterinary practice by enhancing diagnostics, disease surveillance and decision support processes across animal health domains. The safe and effective clinical deployment of these technologies, however, depends critically on the preparedness of the veterinary workforce, positioning veterinary education as a strategic enabler of translational adoption. This narrative review examines the integration of AI within veterinary education as a foundational step toward its responsible application in clinical practice. We synthesize current evidence on AI-driven tools relevant to veterinary curricula, including generative and multimodal large language models, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual and augmented reality platforms and AI-based decision support tools applied to imaging, epidemiology, parasitology, food safety and animal health. Particular attention is given to how the structured educational use of AI mirrors real-world clinical workflows and supports the development of competencies essential for clinical translation, such as data interpretation, uncertainty management, ethical reasoning and professional accountability. The review further addresses ethical, regulatory and cognitive considerations associated with AI adoption, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, equity of access and the risks of overreliance, emphasizing their direct implications for diagnostic reliability and animal welfare. By framing veterinary education as a controlled and reflective environment for AI engagement, this article highlights how pedagogically grounded training can facilitate safer clinical deployment, foster interdisciplinary collaboration and align technological innovation with professional standards in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI, Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Veterinary Clinical Applications)

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28 pages, 1514 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Vaccine Protection Strategies

by Xinyao Hu, Jing Huang, Yafei Cai, Wei Zhang and Yun Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020180 - 11 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical pathogen affecting the global cattle industry, causing severe economic losses primarily through persistent infection, immunosuppression, and reproductive failure. The virus exhibits substantial genetic diversity, with marked geographic variation in circulating subtypes, which complicates effective disease [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical pathogen affecting the global cattle industry, causing severe economic losses primarily through persistent infection, immunosuppression, and reproductive failure. The virus exhibits substantial genetic diversity, with marked geographic variation in circulating subtypes, which complicates effective disease control. BVDV evades host immune responses by suppressing type I interferon signaling, impairing neutrophil function, and reprogramming host cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to the generation of persistently infected (PI) animals that serve as the principal reservoir for viral transmission. Current prevention and control strategies rely mainly on the identification and elimination of PI animals in combination with vaccination. However, conventional vaccines, including inactivated vaccines (IVs) and modified live vaccines (MLVs), have notable limitations, such as suboptimal subtype matching, interference by maternal antibodies, and safety concerns associated with MLV use in pregnant cattle. Emerging vaccine platforms, including mRNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, and multi-epitope vaccines, offer promising alternatives owing to their improved safety profiles, rapid design and production, and potential to elicit broad and robust immune responses. Future BVDV vaccine development should integrate artificial intelligence-driven design strategies with high-throughput sequencing and molecular epidemiological surveillance to enable the rational development of multivalent and multi-epitope vaccines. In addition, coordinated implementation of strain monitoring, PI animal clearance, and enhanced biosecurity practices will be essential for establishing a comprehensive and sustainable BVDV prevention and control framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Cattle: Diagnosis and Control)

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41 pages, 5958 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Avian Candidiasis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Control

by Michelyne Haroun, Christophe Tratrat, Roshmon Thomas Mathew, Muhammad Munir, Muhammad Naeem Sattar, Mohamed Shawky, Hafedh Kochkar, Ouda Nasser Aldakhilallah, Abdul Ghafoor, Khalid G. Biro Turk, Athina Geronikaki and Hesham S. Ghazzawy

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020171 - 9 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3357

Abstract

This review is a comprehensive investigation of avian candidiasis, mainly caused by Candida albicans, although the prevalence of non-albicans Candida species has increased in domestic and wild birds. Avian candidiasis causes significant economic losses in poultry production through increased mortality, cost of [...] Read more.

This review is a comprehensive investigation of avian candidiasis, mainly caused by Candida albicans, although the prevalence of non-albicans Candida species has increased in domestic and wild birds. Avian candidiasis causes significant economic losses in poultry production through increased mortality, cost of treatments, and reduced growth rates, particularly in young birds and intensive farming operations. The pathogenesis section provides a description of the molecular virulence factors such as adhesin-mediated attachment (ALS, Agglutinin-Like Sequence family; HWP1, Hyphal Wall Protein 1), yeast-to-hypha morphogenesis, tissue damage by Candidalysin, biofilm formation on mucosal and abiotic surfaces, and secreted hydrolytic enzymes including secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) and phospholipases. The identified predisposing factors include immunosuppression, malnutrition, abuse of antibiotics, bad husbandry, and crop stasis. The diagnostic methods discussed encompass cytological analysis and fungal culture on selective media to more sophisticated methods of molecular analysis (PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, and NGS). Antifungal susceptibility investigations indicate that nystatin and amphotericin B are still very effective against most avian isolates and that resistance to the azoles is on the rise, especially with respect to the non-albicans Candida species. Nystatin is still the first-line treatment of localized infections; azoles are still used for resistant or systemic infections despite their hepatotoxicity. Sanitation, proper nutrition, and proper use of antimicrobials are essential to prevent diseases. The knowledge gaps comprise the absence of avian-specific pharmacokinetic information, poor knowledge of species-species virulence phenotypes, and the lack of point-of-care diagnostics. The need to have integrated One Health surveillance systems is emphasized by the zoonotic potential of the avian Candida reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Antimicrobial Strategies in Veterinary Medicine: From In Vitro Research to In Vivo Applications)

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21 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficacy of Early Feeding with Probiotic-Fermented Feed in Promoting Growth Performance, Immunity, Antioxidant Activity, Gene Expression, and Gut Integrity in Ostrich Chicks (Struthio camelus)

by Haifa Ali Alqhtani, Hadeel A. Almamoory, Huda A. Alqahtani, Ahmed M. Elbaz, Ahmed Sabry Arafa, Eman Kamel M. Khalfallah, Fatmah A. Safhi, Ahmed Ateya, Ayman Abd El-Aziz, Rowa K. Zarah, Ahmed H. Ghonaim, AbdelRahman Y. Abdelhady and Mohamed Marzok

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020168 - 8 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1444

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of early feeding with probiotic-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal microbiota structure, immune responses, and gene expression. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old African ostrich chicks were randomly divided into three groups (eight replicates/group). The [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of early feeding with probiotic-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal microbiota structure, immune responses, and gene expression. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old African ostrich chicks were randomly divided into three groups (eight replicates/group). The control group was fed a basal diet (CON), whereas the PELF3 and PELF6 groups were fed the probiotic-fermented feed for the first 3 or 6 days post-hatching, respectively, after which, all chicks were fed the basal diet for 56 days. The results showed that adding PELF3 or PELF6 significantly enhanced body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio. Chicks fed PELF had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD, p < 0.05), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IL-10 levels and lower IL-6 and malondialdehyde (MDA, p < 0.05) levels than those fed CON. Plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine, uric acid, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decreased; however, high-density lipoprotein (HDL, p < 0.05) levels increased in the PELF groups. The addition of PELF reduced the pathogenic counts in the intestines of chicks (p < 0.05). Moreover, increased expression of IGF-1 and MUC-2 genes was observed in the PELF3 and PELF6 groups, whereas the expression of SLC15A1 increased in the PELF6 group. In conclusion, growth performance, immunity, gene expression, oxidative stability, and gut microbiota can all be significantly enhanced by early feeding with PELF. This study demonstrated an effective technique for applying early feeding of PELF in ostrich chicks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Fermentation and Animal Health: Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 567 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hepatitis E in Wildlife: Emerging Threats to Human Health

by Slavica M. Vesković Moračanin, Branislav I. Kureljušić, Jelena Maletić, Jasna M. Kureljušić, Nemanja V. Jezdimirović, Ana M. Vasić, Bojan Z. Milovanović and Božidar M. Savić

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020160 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant public health concern and a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In recent years, HEV has been increasingly recognized as a wildlife-associated zoonotic pathogen, with numerous free-ranging species contributing to its maintenance and transmission. While [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant public health concern and a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In recent years, HEV has been increasingly recognized as a wildlife-associated zoonotic pathogen, with numerous free-ranging species contributing to its maintenance and transmission. While domestic pigs remain the primary reservoir for human infection globally, growing evidence indicates that wild animals, particularly wild boars, cervids, lagomorphs, rodents, and carnivores, play a critical role in the ecology of HEV. Wild boars are the principal wildlife reservoir, with HEV seroprevalence in Europe ranging from less than 5% to more than 50%, including some of the highest levels reported in the Balkans. In addition to the frequent detection of HEV RNA in wild boar liver and muscle, viral RNA has also been identified in several other game species, most consistently in red deer, roe deer, and, in some regions, hares and wild rabbits, highlighting food safety risks associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked game meat. In regions such as the Balkans, where hunting activities and handling of wild game are widespread, these practices may further increase occupational and dietary exposure to HEV. Rodents may further complicate the epidemiological landscape through environmental contamination of water, soil, and farm surroundings, thereby facilitating indirect transmission pathways. As wildlife populations expand and human–animal interfaces intensify, understanding HEV dynamics in free-ranging species is essential for assessing zoonotic risks and implementing a strengthened One Health approach. This narrative review synthesizes and critically examines current evidence on HEV prevalence, molecular characteristics, and transmission pathways in wildlife, with particular emphasis on Europe and focused consideration of the Balkans as an epidemiologically heterogeneous and underrepresented subregion; examines associated public health implications; and highlights the importance of integrating wildlife into food safety and One Health surveillance frameworks. Existing knowledge gaps and limitations in wildlife surveillance are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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21 pages, 4019 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Research Progress on Pathogenesis and Prevention of Avian Leukosis Virus J Subgroup (ALV-J)

by Xinyu Liu and Xi Lan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020152 - 4 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

As a major retrovirus threatening global poultry farming, Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J (ALV-J) has expanded its host range since discovery, extending from conventional broilers to layer chickens and native breeds. Its diverse oncogenic manifestations, including myeloid leukemia, hemangiomas, and tumors of immune [...] Read more.

As a major retrovirus threatening global poultry farming, Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J (ALV-J) has expanded its host range since discovery, extending from conventional broilers to layer chickens and native breeds. Its diverse oncogenic manifestations, including myeloid leukemia, hemangiomas, and tumors of immune and visceral organs, have led to increased mortality, reduced productivity, and substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Based on the current body of literature, this review summarizes and synthesizes advances in the etiological characteristics, infection and pathogenic mechanisms, host resistance, and research progress in prevention and control of ALV-J. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral evolution driven by mutations and recombination—particularly in the env gene and LTR regions—plays a central role in host range expansion, tumor diversity, and immune evasion. Current studies consistently demonstrate that host resistance to ALV-J is a multifactorial process involving genetic polymorphism, innate immune responses, and cellular autonomous defense systems. In this context, recent advances in disease-resistant breeding highlight CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing as a promising strategy for blocking viral entry or replication. Despite these advances, major gaps remain, including an incomplete understanding of virus–host interaction networks, limited insight into co-infection-mediated synergistic pathogenicity, the absence of effective vaccines, and insufficient large-scale epidemiological surveillance and purification systems. Addressing these challenges will be critical for the development of integrated prevention strategies and the sustainable control of ALV-J in poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immune Responses of Viral Infections in Poultry and Wild Birds)

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19 pages, 1521 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in CRISPR-Cas12a/13a-Based Nucleic Acid Detection for Porcine Viral Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

by Xianyu Zhang, Xin Zhao, Yating Song, Yuewen Luo, Li Yao, Qiaolin Wu, Tingzhang Ye, Wanqin Liang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Yingyu Liang, Baizheng Liang, Jingyan Zhang and Xiangyang Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020141 - 31 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2525

Abstract

The global swine industry suffers persistent economic losses and health challenges due to major viral pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus (PCV). Traditional diagnostic methods, including [...] Read more.

The global swine industry suffers persistent economic losses and health challenges due to major viral pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus (PCV). Traditional diagnostic methods, including virus isolation, serology, and quantitative PCR (qPCR), are limited by time, equipment requirements, and field applicability. Recent advances in CRISPR-based diagnostics, particularly those leveraging the collateral cleavage activity of Cas12a and Cas13a, have enabled rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable nucleic acid detection. This review outlines the principles of CRISPR-Cas12a/13a systems, their integration with isothermal amplification techniques, and their application in detecting major swine viruses. Cas12a-based platforms (e.g., DETECTR) and Cas13a-based systems (e.g., SHERLOCK) achieve detection limits as low as single-copy/μL within 25–60 min at 37 °C, offering high specificity and compatibility with visual readouts. Applications include ASFV, PRRSV, CSFV, PCV, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7). Despite significant advances, challenges remain, notably the reliance on nucleic acid extraction and the need for fully integrated “sample-in, result-out” systems. Ongoing innovations in extraction-free methods, lyophilized reagents, and multiplex detection will strengthen the role of CRISPR diagnostics in swine disease surveillance and control. From an application standpoint, the technology offers a low-capital, field-adaptable alternative to qPCR, with its value proposition rooted in early outbreak containment and loss prevention. Its adoption pathway is expected to vary across production systems—serving as a sentinel tool in intensive settings, a leapfrogging solution in rapidly intensifying regions, and through shared-service models in resource-limited contexts. However, translation to routine use still requires overcoming standardization hurdles, regulatory validation, and workflow integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic Strategies in Veterinary Internal Medicine: From Molecular Biomarkers to Imaging Innovations)

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11 pages, 782 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

First Detection and Genetic Characterization of Influenza D Virus in Cattle in Spain

by Alfredo A. Benito, Luis V. Monteagudo, Sofía Lázaro-Gaspar, Laura Garza-Moreno, Nuria Antón-Baltanás and Joaquín Quílez

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020130 - 29 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV) and co-circulating respiratory pathogens were investigated using RT-qPCR in 316 samples collected from 210 Spanish cattle farms with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks between July 2023 and September 2024. Thirty-eight IDV-positive samples, from 30 farms across 15 provinces throughout [...] Read more.

Influenza D virus (IDV) and co-circulating respiratory pathogens were investigated using RT-qPCR in 316 samples collected from 210 Spanish cattle farms with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks between July 2023 and September 2024. Thirty-eight IDV-positive samples, from 30 farms across 15 provinces throughout Spain, were identified. IDV was significantly more frequent in bronchoalveolar lavage samples (22.1%) and nasal swabs (13.5%) compared to lung tissues (5%) and other sample mixtures (5%). All IDV-positive specimens exhibited co-infections, with most (94.7%) harboring three to seven viral and/or bacterial pathogens, highlighting the complexity of BRD outbreaks. Cramer’s V analysis revealed moderate IDV association with Mycoplasma bovis (V = 0.255) and Pasteurella multocida (V = 0.223), and a weaker IDV-bovine coronavirus association (V = 0.202), while IDV association with Histophilus somni (V = 0.025) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (V = 0.000) was negligible. Partial sequences of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HEF) gene from a subset of 13 IDV-positive samples (Ct < 32) were obtained. This confirmed the presence of the two major genetic lineages detected among cattle in Europe, D/OK and D/660, with D/660 exhibiting higher genetic diversity, as determined by DNAsp 6.12 software. This is the first report of IDV infection in Spanish cattle, confirming the circulation of the D/OK and D/660 lineages within the cattle population. Full article

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17 pages, 1412 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Roles of Tight Junction Proteins in Intestinal Barrier Function and Health of Weaned Piglets: A Review

by Shijia Zhang, Guosheng Zhang, Jiqiu Xu, Danni Chen, Chenggang Yin, Jing Wang, Xianren Jiang and Chengwei Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020131 - 29 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

Growth stagnation or weight loss is prevalent in weaned piglets, with post-weaning diarrhea severely compromising intestinal health, underscoring the criticality of intestinal structural integrity for preventing digestive disorders. Tight junction proteins (TJPs), core components of intestinal intercellular junctions, play indispensable roles in maintaining [...] Read more.

Growth stagnation or weight loss is prevalent in weaned piglets, with post-weaning diarrhea severely compromising intestinal health, underscoring the criticality of intestinal structural integrity for preventing digestive disorders. Tight junction proteins (TJPs), core components of intestinal intercellular junctions, play indispensable roles in maintaining barrier function, nutrient absorption, and intestinal homeostasis by regulating paracellular permeability and mediating immune defense-related signaling pathways. Dysregulated TJP expression disrupts these processes and impairs piglet growth performance. Despite recent progress in characterizing TJP-mediated regulation of intestinal health in weaned piglets, key knowledge gaps remain regarding the specific regulatory mechanisms by which distinct TJP subtypes modulate intestinal microbiota–immune crosstalk. Future research should prioritize elucidating the effects of nutritional interventions on TJP expression and intestinal health, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying TJP involvement in intestinal diseases. These efforts will provide theoretical support for developing novel feed additives and nutritional strategies to improve weaned piglet health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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36 pages, 2189 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Bacterial Sampling Collection for Veterinary Microbiology in Companion Animals

by Inês C. Rodrigues, Joana C. Prata, Ângela Pista and Paulo Martins da Costa

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020126 - 28 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Accurate microbiological diagnosis in companion animals relies heavily on appropriate sample collection, handling, storage, and transport. This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, aimed to assess current microbiological sampling procedures used in dogs and cats, from specimen collection to laboratory [...] Read more.

Accurate microbiological diagnosis in companion animals relies heavily on appropriate sample collection, handling, storage, and transport. This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, aimed to assess current microbiological sampling procedures used in dogs and cats, from specimen collection to laboratory submission. Seventeen studies published in English over the past decade met the inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in sampling practices was observed across different anatomical systems. Although swabs were the most frequently employed sampling method, their use is limited by reduced representativeness and an increased risk of contamination, whereas tissue biopsies and aspirates provide more reliable diagnostic results. Sampling practices were generally more consistent for urine samples; however, pre-laboratory factors, such as prior antimicrobial exposure, as well as transport and storage conditions, were inconsistently reported, hindering reproducibility and standardisation. The anatomical site sampled and the suspected pathogen determined whether aerobic or combined aerobic–anaerobic cultures were recommended. Overall, the findings reveal considerable methodological gaps and underscore the need for harmonised, evidence-based guidelines to support accurate and clinically relevant bacterial culture in veterinary diagnostics. Standardised protocols, developed collaboratively by clinicians and diagnostic laboratories, have the potential to improve diagnostic consistency, strengthen antimicrobial stewardship, enhance surveillance, and ultimately benefit clinical outcomes within One Health initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in Wildlife and Companion Animal: From Discovery to One Health Implications)

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17 pages, 2918 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbiome as a Tool to Monitor Aquarium Systems

by Wisal A. Elmagzoub, Manfred Weidmann, Marwa H. E. Elnaiem, Andrea Dennig, Uwe Waller, Andreas Bernhard, Jörg Junhold, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, Uwe Truyen and Arianna Ceruti

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020125 - 28 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 908

Abstract

The bacterial microbiome in aquaria plays an essential role in system stability by metabolizing toxic compounds like ammonia. This study monitored microbiome changes in seven zoo aquatic systems during their first year to assess responses to external influences. Over one year (October 2021–October [...] Read more.

The bacterial microbiome in aquaria plays an essential role in system stability by metabolizing toxic compounds like ammonia. This study monitored microbiome changes in seven zoo aquatic systems during their first year to assess responses to external influences. Over one year (October 2021–October 2022), water and swab samples were collected from one seawater tank and six filtration systems at regular intervals. Bacterial cultivation included total bacterial counts. Metagenomic analysis was performed on samples corresponding to environmental events using Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Taxonomical analysis at the phylum and genus levels used EPI2ME software. Diversity analyses and statistical tests were performed using R. Total bacterial counts increased steadily after inoculation and stabilized by the end of the collection period. Diversity analysis revealed significant differences within and between freshwater and saltwater tanks. Each aquarium exhibited a distinct bacterial community with frequent compositional changes. Despite environmental conditions and maintenance interventions and resulting disturbances that affected the microbiome, the overall nitrifying capacity remained unaffected. Nitrifying taxa emerged as potential indicators for environmental effects. Combined with investigations of ecological function, next-generation sequencing could facilitate the development of aquarium management protocols, ultimately improving fish welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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24 pages, 1920 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Robust Goat-Derived Enterococcus Isolates with Broad-Spectrum Antipathogenic Activity as Next-Generation Probiotic Candidates

by Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem Essa, Nosiba S. Basher, Layla Ahmed Mohammed Abdelhadi, Nasir A. Ibrahim, Shahab Ur Rehman, Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, Ahmed A. Saleh and Darong Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020120 - 27 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906

Abstract

The rise of multidrug-resistant enteric pathogens and increased demand for antibiotic alternatives have intensified efforts to find reliable, safe, and effective probiotics. This study reports the isolation, characterization, and assessment of the probiotic potential of five Enterococcus strains isolated from the feces of [...] Read more.

The rise of multidrug-resistant enteric pathogens and increased demand for antibiotic alternatives have intensified efforts to find reliable, safe, and effective probiotics. This study reports the isolation, characterization, and assessment of the probiotic potential of five Enterococcus strains isolated from the feces of healthy goats aged 7–9 months raised under conventional management. Following an initial screening of 57 lactic acid bacteria, 5 isolates (Enterococcus faecium, E. hirae, E. faecalis, Enterococcus sp., and Streptococcus lutetiensis) were chosen based on their catalase-negative, non-motile, and non-hemolytic characteristics, in addition to their high tolerance to gastric (pH 2.0) and intestinal (pH 8.0, 0.3–1.5% bile salt) stress. In simulated gastric juice, survival rates reached 89.05% (E5) and 85.03% (E3), while in intestinal juice, survival peaked at 78.01% (E4). All strains thrived in 4% NaCl and maintained at least 8 Log₁₀ CFU/mL after 12 h of exposure to 1.5% porcine bile salt. Cell surface hydrophobicity (0.78–93.85%) and auto-aggregation (23–91%) properties were strain-dependent, but exceeded the thresholds required for efficient gut colonization. Co-aggregation assays demonstrated over 45% binding with E. coli and S. typhimurium, suggesting a strong potential to displace pathogens. Cell-free supernatants created inhibition zones measuring 15.02 mm against E. coli and 11.04 mm against S. flexneri, while maintaining activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Antibiotic testing indicated that all strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and florfenicol. No β-hemolysis or mobile resistance genes were found, supporting the initial safety findings. This study reveals that Enterococcus isolates from goats display a unique combination of gastrointestinal survivability and broad-spectrum antipathogenic activity and, therefore, are promising candidates for the development of next-generation probiotic strains for use in livestock (and, potentially, humans). Further in vivo validation and genome-based safety assessments are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One World, One Health: Combatting the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface)

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