Nutrients

Review

20 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Frailty: Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment

by Mary Ni Lochlainn, Natalie J. Cox, Thomas Wilson, Richard P. G. Hayhoe, Sheena E. Ramsay, Antoneta Granic, Masoud Isanejad, Helen C. Roberts, Daisy Wilson, Carly Welch, Christopher Hurst, Janice L. Atkins, Nuno Mendonça, Katy Horner, Esme R. Tuttiett, Yvie Morgan, Phil Heslop, Elizabeth A. Williams, Claire J. Steves, Carolyn Greig, John Draper, Clare A. Corish, Ailsa Welch, Miles D. Witham, Avan A. Sayer and Sian Robinson Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072349 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 165 | Viewed by 20720

Abstract

Frailty is a syndrome of growing importance given the global ageing population. While frailty is a multifactorial process, poor nutritional status is considered a key contributor to its pathophysiology. As nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for frailty, strategies to prevent and treat [...] Read more.

Frailty is a syndrome of growing importance given the global ageing population. While frailty is a multifactorial process, poor nutritional status is considered a key contributor to its pathophysiology. As nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for frailty, strategies to prevent and treat frailty should consider dietary change. Observational evidence linking nutrition with frailty appears most robust for dietary quality: for example, dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet appear to be protective. In addition, research on specific foods, such as a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables and lower consumption of ultra-processed foods are consistent, with healthier profiles linked to lower frailty risk. Few dietary intervention studies have been conducted to date, although a growing number of trials that combine supplementation with exercise training suggest a multi-domain approach may be more effective. This review is based on an interdisciplinary workshop, held in November 2020, and synthesises current understanding of dietary influences on frailty, focusing on opportunities for prevention and treatment. Longer term prospective studies and well-designed trials are needed to determine the causal effects of nutrition on frailty risk and progression and how dietary change can be used to prevent and/or treat frailty in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin, Mineral Deficiency and Poor Diet Quality in Aging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Implications and Beneficial Effects against Irritable Bowel Syndrome

by Elemer Simon, Lavinia Florina Călinoiu, Laura Mitrea and Dan Cristian Vodnar

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062112 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 131 | Viewed by 19954

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still a common functional gastrointestinal disease that presents chronic abdominal symptoms but with a pathophysiology that is not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, the use of the synergistic combination of prebiotics and probiotics, known as synbiotics, for IBS therapy [...] Read more.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still a common functional gastrointestinal disease that presents chronic abdominal symptoms but with a pathophysiology that is not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, the use of the synergistic combination of prebiotics and probiotics, known as synbiotics, for IBS therapy is still in the early stages. Advancements in technology led to determining the important role played by probiotics in IBS, whereas the present paper focuses on the detailed review of the various pathophysiologic mechanisms of action of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics via multidisciplinary domains involving the gastroenterology (microbiota modulation, alteration of gut barrier function, visceral hypersensitivity, and gastrointestinal dysmotility) immunology (intestinal immunological modulation), and neurology (microbiota–gut–brain axis communication and co-morbidities) in mitigating the symptoms of IBS. In addition, this review synthesizes literature about the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of prebiotics and synbiotics for patients with IBS, discussing clinical studies testing the efficiency and outcomes of synbiotics used as therapy for IBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

by Yijing Chen, Jinying Xu and Yu Chen

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062099 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 529 | Viewed by 50576

Abstract

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome and neurons in the brain mutually interact or how these interactions affect normal brain functioning and cognition. We summarize the mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota regulate the production, transportation, and functioning of neurotransmitters. We also discuss how microbiome dysbiosis affects cognitive function, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Cognition, Behaviour and Alzheimer's Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Longevity

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Giovanna Di Bella, Nicola Veronese and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062028 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 222 | Viewed by 31227

Abstract

The average life expectancy of the world population has increased remarkably in the past 150 years and it is still increasing. A long life is a dream of humans since the beginning of time but also a dream is to live it in [...] Read more.

The average life expectancy of the world population has increased remarkably in the past 150 years and it is still increasing. A long life is a dream of humans since the beginning of time but also a dream is to live it in good physical and mental condition. Nutrition research has focused on recent decades more on food combination patterns than on individual foods/nutrients due to the possible synergistic/antagonistic effects of the components in a dietary model. Various dietary patterns have been associated with health benefits, but the largest body of evidence in the literature is attributable to the traditional dietary habits and lifestyle followed by populations from the Mediterranean region. After the Seven Countries Study, many prospective observational studies and trials in diverse populations reinforced the beneficial effects associated with a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet in reference to the prevention/management of age-associated non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, depression, respiratory diseases, and fragility fractures. In addition, the Mediterranean diet is ecologically sustainable. Therefore, this immaterial world heritage constitutes a healthy way of eating and living respecting the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 555 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing

by Katherina V. Gantenbein and Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061951 - 6 Jun 2021

Cited by 183 | Viewed by 21192

Abstract

It has been established, worldwide, that non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular events account for a high percentage of morbidity and mortality in contemporary societies. Several modifiable risk factors, such as sedentary activities, sleep deprivation, smoking, and unhealthy dietary [...] Read more.

It has been established, worldwide, that non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular events account for a high percentage of morbidity and mortality in contemporary societies. Several modifiable risk factors, such as sedentary activities, sleep deprivation, smoking, and unhealthy dietary habits have contributed to this increase. Healthy nutrition in terms of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in fruits, legumes, vegetables, olive oil, herbs, spices, and high fiber intake may contribute to the decrease in this pandemic. The beneficial effects of the MD can be mainly attributed to its numerous components rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the MD may further contribute to the improvement of reproductive health, modify the risk for neurodegenerative diseases, and protect against depression and psychosocial maladjustment. There is also evidence highlighting the impact of healthy nutrition in female people on the composition of the gut microbiota and future metabolic and overall health of their offspring. It is therefore important to highlight the beneficial effects of the MD on metabolic, reproductive, and mental health, while shaping the overall health of future generations. The beneficial effects of MD can be further enhanced by increased physical activity in the context of a well-balanced healthy lifestyle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habits, Beneficial Exercise and Chronic Diseases: Latest Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Kidney Stone Disease

by Roswitha Siener

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061917 - 3 Jun 2021

Cited by 201 | Viewed by 36049

Abstract

The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide. The recurrence rate of urinary stones is estimated to be up to 50%. Nephrolithiasis is associated with increased risk of chronic and end stage kidney disease. Diet composition is considered to play a crucial [...] Read more.

The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide. The recurrence rate of urinary stones is estimated to be up to 50%. Nephrolithiasis is associated with increased risk of chronic and end stage kidney disease. Diet composition is considered to play a crucial role in urinary stone formation. There is strong evidence that an inadequate fluid intake is the major dietary risk factor for urolithiasis. While the benefit of high fluid intake has been confirmed, the effect of different beverages, such as tap water, mineral water, fruit juices, soft drinks, tea and coffee, are debated. Other nutritional factors, including dietary protein, carbohydrates, oxalate, calcium and sodium chloride can also modulate the urinary risk profile and contribute to the risk of kidney stone formation. The assessment of nutritional risk factors is an essential component in the specific dietary therapy of kidney stone patients. An appropriate dietary intervention can contribute to the effective prevention of recurrent stones and reduce the burden of invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of urinary stone disease. This narrative review has intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the role of nutrition and diet in kidney stone disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Nutrition: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges)

20 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Athanasios A. Dalamitros, Pantelis A. Nikolaidis, Alberto Hormeño-Holgado and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061924 - 3 Jun 2021

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 18311

Abstract

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific [...] Read more.

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. The method was a narrative literature review of the available literature regarding nutrition interventions and nutrition-related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found how the COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. Further investigations are needed to show the complete role and implications of nutrition both in the prevention and in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food, Nutrition, and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic)

36 pages, 2541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity

by Alejandro Carazo, Kateřina Macáková, Kateřina Matoušová, Lenka Kujovská Krčmová, Michele Protti and Přemysl Mladěnka

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051703 - 18 May 2021

Cited by 241 | Viewed by 40976

Abstract

Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays [...] Read more.

Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays a key role in the correct functioning of multiple physiological functions. The human organism can metabolize natural forms of vitamin A and provitamin A into biologically active forms (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), which interact with multiple molecular targets, including nuclear receptors, opsin in the retina and, according to the latest research, also some enzymes. In this review, we aim to provide a complex view on the present knowledge about vitamin A ranging from its sources through its physiological functions to consequences of its deficiency and metabolic fate up to possible pharmacological administration and potential toxicity. Current analytical methods used for its detection in real samples are included as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins: Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Aspects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review

by Kathryn Dowis and Simran Banga

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051654 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 74200

Abstract

Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, [...] Read more.

Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and cancer. The KD diet could potentially increase genetic diversity of the microbiome and increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The epigenome might be positively affected by the KD since it creates a signaling molecule known as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). KD has helped patients with diabetes reduce their HbA1c and reduce the need for insulin. There is evidence to suggest that a KD can help with weight loss, visceral adiposity, and appetite control. The evidence also suggests that eating a high-fat diet improves lipid profiles by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lowering triglycerides (TG). Due to the Warburg effect, the KD is used as an adjuvant treatment to starve cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The potential positive impacts of a KD on each of these areas warrant further analysis, improved studies, and well-designed randomized controlled trials to further illuminate the therapeutic possibilities provided by this dietary intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habits, Beneficial Exercise and Chronic Diseases: Latest Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selenium as a Bioactive Micronutrient in the Human Diet and Its Cancer Chemopreventive Activity

by Dominika Radomska, Robert Czarnomysy, Dominik Radomski, Anna Bielawska and Krzysztof Bielawski

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051649 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 9564

Abstract

This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is discussed in this paper, as well as the effects of its deficiency [...] Read more.

This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is discussed in this paper, as well as the effects of its deficiency and excess in the body. Moreover, the biological activity of selenium, which it performs mainly through selenoproteins, is discussed. These specific proteins are responsible for thyroid hormone management, fertility, the aging process, and immunity, but their key role is to maintain a redox balance in cells. Furthermore, taking into account world news and the current SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, the impact of selenium on the course of COVID-19 is also discussed. Another worldwide problem is the number of new cancer cases and cancer-related mortality. Thus, the last part of the article discusses the impact of selenium on cancer risk based on clinical trials (including NPC and SELECT), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Additionally, this review discusses the possible mechanisms of selenium action that prevent cancer development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Fermented Plant Foods

by Roghayeh Shahbazi, Farzaneh Sharifzad, Rana Bagheri, Nawal Alsadi, Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi and Chantal Matar

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051516 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 119 | Viewed by 20226

Abstract

Fermented plant foods are gaining wide interest worldwide as healthy foods due to their unique sensory features and their health-promoting potentials, such as antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anticarcinogenic activities. Many fermented foods are a rich source of nutrients, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, and probiotic [...] Read more.

Fermented plant foods are gaining wide interest worldwide as healthy foods due to their unique sensory features and their health-promoting potentials, such as antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anticarcinogenic activities. Many fermented foods are a rich source of nutrients, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, and probiotic microbes. The excellent biological activities of these functional foods, such as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, are widely attributable to their high antioxidant content and lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB). LAB contribute to the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota composition and improvement of local and systemic immunity. Besides, antioxidant compounds are involved in several functional properties of fermented plant products by neutralizing free radicals, regulating antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammatory responses, and enhancing immune system performance. Therefore, these products may protect against chronic inflammatory diseases, which are known as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Given that a large body of evidence supports the role of fermented plant foods in health promotion and disease prevention, we aim to discuss the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of selected fermented plant foods, including berries, cabbage, and soybean products, and their effects on gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Overview of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and the Role of Sugary Food Consumption and Other Dietary Components in Its Development

by Pau Vancells Lujan, Esther Viñas Esmel and Emilio Sacanella Meseguer

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051442 - 24 Apr 2021

Cited by 148 | Viewed by 25386

Abstract

NAFLD is the world’s most common chronic liver disease, and its increasing prevalence parallels the global rise in diabetes and obesity. It is characterised by fat accumulation in the liver evolving to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype that can lead to liver [...] Read more.

NAFLD is the world’s most common chronic liver disease, and its increasing prevalence parallels the global rise in diabetes and obesity. It is characterised by fat accumulation in the liver evolving to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment for NAFLD. Treatment is therefore based on lifestyle modifications including changes to diet and exercise, although it is unclear what the most effective form of intervention is. The aim of this review, then, is to discuss the role of specific nutrients and the effects of different dietary interventions on NAFLD. It is well established that an unhealthy diet rich in calories, sugars, and saturated fats and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and micronutrients plays a critical role in the development and progression of this disease. However, few clinical trials have evaluated the effects of nutrition interventions on NAFLD. We, therefore, summarise what is currently known about the effects of macronutrients, foods, and dietary patterns on NAFLD prevention and treatment. Most current guidelines recommend low-calorie, plant-based diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, as the most effective dietary pattern to treat NAFLD. More clinical trials are required, however, to identify the best evidence-based dietary treatment approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sugary Food Consumption and Its Impact on Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1015 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Maternal Microbiota and Metabolism in Pregnancy

by Maciej Ziętek, Zbigniew Celewicz and Małgorzata Szczuko

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041244 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 152 | Viewed by 14913

Abstract

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, are particularly relevant in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis. The most common studies of microbiome metabolites include butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid, which occur in varying proportions depending on diet, age, [...] Read more.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, are particularly relevant in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis. The most common studies of microbiome metabolites include butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid, which occur in varying proportions depending on diet, age, coexisting disease and other factors. During pregnancy, metabolic changes related to the protection of energy homeostasis are of fundamental importance for the developing fetus, its future metabolic fate and the mother’s health. SCFAs act as signaling molecules that regulate the body’s energy balance through G-protein receptors. GPR41 receptors affect metabolism through the microflora, while GPR43 receptors are recognized as a molecular link between diet, microflora, gastrointestinal tract, immunity and the inflammatory response. The possible mechanism by which the gut microflora may contribute to fat storage, as well as the occurrence of gestational insulin resistance, is blocking the expression of the fasting-induced adipose factor. SCFAs, in particular propionic acid via GPR, determine the development and metabolic programming of the fetus in pregnant women. The mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism during pregnancy are similar to those found in obese people and those with impaired microbiome and its metabolites. The implications of SCFAs and metabolic disorders during pregnancy are therefore critical to maternal health and neonatal development. In this review paper, we summarize the current knowledge about SCFAs, their potential impact and possible mechanisms of action in relation to maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Therefore, they constitute a contemporary challenge to practical nutritional therapy. Material and methods: The PubMed database were searched for “pregnancy”, “lipids”, “SCFA” in conjunction with “diabetes”, “hypertension”, and “microbiota”, and searches were limited to work published for a period not exceeding 20 years in the past. Out of 2927 publication items, 2778 papers were excluded from the analysis, due to being unrelated to the main topic, conference summaries and/or articles written in a language other than English, while the remaining 126 publications were included in the analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fat Diets and Metabolic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Paraprobiotics: A New Perspective for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

by Rosa Anna Siciliano, Anna Reale, Maria Fiorella Mazzeo, Stefano Morandi, Tiziana Silvetti and Milena Brasca

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041225 - 8 Apr 2021

Cited by 152 | Viewed by 21193

Abstract

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. However, in recent years, several concerns on their use have been raised. In particular, industrial processing and storage of probiotic products are still technological challenges as these could severely impair cell viability. [...] Read more.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. However, in recent years, several concerns on their use have been raised. In particular, industrial processing and storage of probiotic products are still technological challenges as these could severely impair cell viability. On the other hand, safety of live microorganisms should be taken into account, especially when administered to vulnerable people, such as the elderly and immunodeficient individuals. These drawbacks have enhanced the interest toward new products based on non-viable probiotics such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics. In particular, paraprobiotics, defined as “inactivated microbial cells (non-viable) that confer a health benefit to the consumer,” hold the ability to regulate the adaptive and innate immune systems, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties and exert antagonistic effect against pathogens. Moreover, paraprobiotics can exhibit enhanced safety, assure technological and practical benefits and can also be used in products suitable for people with weak immunity and the elderly. These features offer an important opportunity to prompt the market with novel functional foods or nutraceuticals that are safer and more stable. This review provides an overview of central issues on paraprobiotics and highlights the urgent need for further studies aimed at assessing safety and efficacy of these products and their mechanisms of action in order to support decisions of regulatory authorities. Finally, a definition is proposed that unambiguously distinguishes paraprobiotics from postbiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

44 pages, 1615 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency

by Diana Fiorentini, Concettina Cappadone, Giovanna Farruggia and Cecilia Prata

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041136 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 313 | Viewed by 83637

Abstract

Magnesium plays an important role in many physiological functions. Habitually low intakes of magnesium and in general the deficiency of this micronutrient induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness and, in particular, chronic degenerative diseases. The assessment of [...] Read more.

Magnesium plays an important role in many physiological functions. Habitually low intakes of magnesium and in general the deficiency of this micronutrient induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness and, in particular, chronic degenerative diseases. The assessment of magnesium status is consequently of great importance, however, its evaluation is difficult. The measurement of serum magnesium concentration is the most commonly used and readily available method for assessing magnesium status, even if serum levels have no reliable correlation with total body magnesium levels or concentrations in specific tissues. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent insights into magnesium from multiple perspectives. Starting from a biochemical point of view, it aims at highlighting the risk due to insufficient uptake (frequently due to the low content of magnesium in the modern western diet), at suggesting strategies to reach the recommended dietary reference values, and at focusing on the importance of detecting physiological or pathological levels of magnesium in various body districts, in order to counteract the social impact of diseases linked to magnesium deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium in Human Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children’s Eating Habits

by Lubna Mahmood, Paloma Flores-Barrantes, Luis A. Moreno, Yannis Manios and Esther M. Gonzalez-Gil

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041138 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 218 | Viewed by 53171

Abstract

Poor dietary habits established during childhood might persist into adulthood, increasing the risk of developing obesity and obesity-related complications such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It has been found that early modifications in eating habits, especially during childhood, might promote health and decrease [...] Read more.

Poor dietary habits established during childhood might persist into adulthood, increasing the risk of developing obesity and obesity-related complications such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It has been found that early modifications in eating habits, especially during childhood, might promote health and decrease the risk of developing diseases during later life. Various studies found a great influence of parental dietary habits on dietary behaviors of their children regardless of demographic characteristics such as gender, age, socioeconomic status and country; however, the exact mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to investigate both parents’ and children’s dietary behaviors, and to provide evidence for the potential influence of parents’ dietary behaviors and practices on certain children’s eating habits. Family meals were found to contribute the most in modeling children’s dietary habits as they represent an important moment of control and interaction between parents and their children. The parental practices that influenced their children most were role modeling and moderate restriction, suggesting that the increase of parental encouragement and decrease of excessive pressure could have a positive impact in their children’s dietary behaviors. This narrative review highlights that parental child-feeding behaviors should receive more attention in research studies as modifiable risk factors, which could help to design future dietary interventions and policies to prevent dietary-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Obesity: Nutrition and Lifestyle Determinants, Prevention and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3946 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle

by Verónica Sambra, Francisca Echeverria, Alfonso Valenzuela, Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins and Rodrigo Valenzuela

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030986 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 104 | Viewed by 11896

Abstract

The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure [...] Read more.

The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Lipid Nutrients on Brain Function)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Vitamin D in the Metabolic Syndrome

by Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez, Víctor J. Costela-Ruiz, Enrique García-Recio, Elvira De Luna-Bertos, Concepción Ruiz and Rebeca Illescas-Montes

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030830 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 14729

Abstract

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has risen in developed countries over the past few years in association with lifestyle changes and an increase in unhealthy habits. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is clinically defined [...] Read more.

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has risen in developed countries over the past few years in association with lifestyle changes and an increase in unhealthy habits. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is clinically defined by a set of metabolic and vascular disorders. The objective of this study was to review scientific evidence on the relationship between MetS and vitamin D deficiency to support the development of prevention strategies and health education programs. An inverse relationship has been reported between plasma vitamin D concentrations and the features that define MetS, i.e., elevated serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin, and a high body mass index. Numerous studies have described the benefits of vitamin D supplementation to improve outcomes in individuals with MetS. Interventions to maintain optimal vitamin D concentrations are proposed as a preventive strategy against MetS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 2459 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vegan Diet Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome

by Giulia Marrone, Cristina Guerriero, Daniela Palazzetti, Paolo Lido, Alessandro Marolla, Francesca Di Daniele and Annalisa Noce

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030817 - 2 Mar 2021

Cited by 104 | Viewed by 48216

Abstract

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are increasingly consumed by the Italian population and around the world. In particular, among PBDs, the vegan diet is a food pattern characterized by the exclusion of all animal-origin foods. What drives people to adopt this model are mainly ethical, [...] Read more.

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are increasingly consumed by the Italian population and around the world. In particular, among PBDs, the vegan diet is a food pattern characterized by the exclusion of all animal-origin foods. What drives people to adopt this model are mainly ethical, health and environmental reasons. A vegan diet, if well-balanced and varied, can help in achieving and maintaining an optimal state of health. However, this nutritional approach, if not well-balanced, can cause deficiencies in proteins, ω-3 fatty acids, iron, vitamin D and calcium, zinc, iodine and, above all, vitamin B12. Oral food supplements especially fortified foods are recommended in these cases to restore the nutritional deficiencies. A vegan diet generally reduces the risk of developing chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and, in addition, requires fewer natural resources for food production than an omnivorous diet. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible impact of the vegan diet on MetS onset and its treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association of Dietary Patterns with Metabolic Syndrome)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sarcopenia, Malnutrition, and Cachexia: Adapting Definitions and Terminology of Nutritional Disorders in Older People with Cancer

by Delky Meza-Valderrama, Ester Marco, Vanesa Dávalos-Yerovi, Maria Dolors Muns, Marta Tejero-Sánchez, Esther Duarte and Dolores Sánchez-Rodríguez

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030761 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 158 | Viewed by 20227

Abstract

The recent publication of the revised Consensus on definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria changed the approach to research on sarcopenia and malnutrition. Whilst sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease, malnutrition and cachexia are nutritional [...] Read more.

The recent publication of the revised Consensus on definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria changed the approach to research on sarcopenia and malnutrition. Whilst sarcopenia is a nutrition-related disease, malnutrition and cachexia are nutritional disorders sharing the common feature of low fat-free mass. However, they have differential characteristics and etiologies, as well as specific therapeutic approaches. Applying the current definitions in clinical practice is still a challenge for health professionals and the potential for misdiagnosis is high. This is of special concern in the subgroup of older people with cancer, in which sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cancer cachexia are highly prevalent and can overlap or occur separately. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the latest research and consensus definitions of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cachexia and to discuss their implications for clinical practice in older patients with cancer. The overall aim is to improve the quality of nutritional care in light of the latest findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Individualized Care for Malnourished Cancer Patients)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Gut Bacterial Metabolites in Brain Development, Aging and Disease

by Shirley Mei-Sin Tran and M. Hasan Mohajeri

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030732 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 148 | Viewed by 12149

Abstract

In the last decade, emerging evidence has reported correlations between the gut microbiome and human health and disease, including those affecting the brain. We performed a systematic assessment of the available literature focusing on gut bacterial metabolites and their associations with diseases of [...] Read more.

In the last decade, emerging evidence has reported correlations between the gut microbiome and human health and disease, including those affecting the brain. We performed a systematic assessment of the available literature focusing on gut bacterial metabolites and their associations with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The bacterial metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as non-SCFAs like amino acid metabolites (AAMs) and bacterial amyloids are described in particular. We found significantly altered SCFA levels in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affective disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Non-SCFAs yielded less significantly distinct changes in faecal levels of patients and healthy controls, with the majority of findings were derived from urinary and blood samples. Preclinical studies have implicated different bacterial metabolites with potentially beneficial as well as detrimental mechanisms in brain diseases. Examples include immunomodulation and changes in catecholamine production by histone deacetylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects through activity on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and involvement in protein misfolding. Overall, our findings highlight the existence of altered bacterial metabolites in patients across various brain diseases, as well as potential neuroactive effects by which gut-derived SCFAs, p-cresol, indole derivatives and bacterial amyloids could impact disease development and progression. The findings summarized in this review could lead to further insights into the gut–brain–axis and thus into potential diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies in brain diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Brain Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

49 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease

by Cielo García-Montero, Oscar Fraile-Martínez, Ana M. Gómez-Lahoz, Leonel Pekarek, Alejandro J. Castellanos, Fernando Noguerales-Fraguas, Santiago Coca, Luis G. Guijarro, Natalio García-Honduvilla, Angel Asúnsolo, Lara Sanchez-Trujillo, Guillermo Lahera, Julia Bujan, Jorge Monserrat, Melchor Álvarez-Mon, Miguel A. Álvarez-Mon and Miguel A. Ortega

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020699 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 283 | Viewed by 43141

Abstract

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied [...] Read more.

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising worldwide. All of them share the condition of an “inflammatory disorder”, with impaired immune functions frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. These multifactorial maladies also have in common malnutrition related to physiopathology. In this context, diet is the greatest modulator of immune system–microbiota crosstalk, and much interest, and new challenges, are arising in the area of precision nutrition as a way towards treatment and prevention. It is a fact that the westernized diet (WD) is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of NCDs, negatively affecting both gut microbiota and the immune system. Conversely, other nutritional approaches, such as Mediterranean diet (MD), positively influence immune system and gut microbiota, and is proposed not only as a potential tool in the clinical management of different disease conditions, but also for prevention and health promotion globally. Thus, the purpose of this review is to determine the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Microbiota as Modulators of Immunometabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2583 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Meng Thiam Lim, Bernice Jiaqi Pan, Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Clarinda Nataria Sutanto and Jung Eun Kim

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020661 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 103 | Viewed by 162188

Abstract

Although animal protein is usually considered to be a more potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis than plant protein, the effect of protein source on lean mass and muscle strength needs to be systematically reviewed. This study aimed to examine potential differences in [...] Read more.

Although animal protein is usually considered to be a more potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis than plant protein, the effect of protein source on lean mass and muscle strength needs to be systematically reviewed. This study aimed to examine potential differences in the effect of animal vs. plant protein on lean mass and muscle strength, and the possible influence of resistance exercise training (RET) and age. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and 3081 articles were screened. A total of 18 articles were selected for systematic review, of which, 16 were used for meta-analysis. Total protein intakes were generally above the recommended dietary allowance at the baseline and end of intervention. Results from the meta-analyses demonstrated that protein source did not affect changes in absolute lean mass or muscle strength. However, there was a favoring effect of animal protein on percent lean mass. RET had no influence on the results, while younger adults (<50 years) were found to gain absolute and percent lean mass with animal protein intake (weighted mean difference (WMD), 0.41 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.74; WMD 0.50%; 95% CI 0.00 to 1.01). Collectively, animal protein tends to be more beneficial for lean mass than plant protein, especially in younger adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Considerations for Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 4124 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin C—Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination

by Martin Doseděl, Eduard Jirkovský, Kateřina Macáková, Lenka Kujovská Krčmová, Lenka Javorská, Jana Pourová, Laura Mercolini, Fernando Remião, Lucie Nováková, Přemysl Mladěnka and on behalf of The OEMONOM

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020615 - 13 Feb 2021

Cited by 332 | Viewed by 53625

Abstract

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic [...] Read more.

Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence—scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins: Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Aspects)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Polyphenols and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Ludovico Abenavoli, Tiziana Larussa, Alessandro Corea, Anna Caterina Procopio, Luigi Boccuto, Marcello Dallio, Alessandro Federico and Francesco Luzza

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020494 - 3 Feb 2021

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 9064

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is emerging as a major public health issue worldwide, is characterized by a wide spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from simple fat accumulation in hepatocytes, also known as steatosis, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. At present, [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is emerging as a major public health issue worldwide, is characterized by a wide spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from simple fat accumulation in hepatocytes, also known as steatosis, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. At present, the pharmacological treatment of NAFLD is still debated and dietary strategies for the prevention and the treatment of this condition are strongly considered. Polyphenols are a group of plant-derived compounds whose anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are associated with a low prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Since inflammation and oxidative stress are the main risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, recent studies suggest that the consumption of polyphenol-rich diets is involved in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. However, few clinical trials are available on human subjects with NAFLD. Here, we reviewed the emerging existing evidence on the potential use of polyphenols to treat NAFLD. After introducing the physiopathology of NAFLD, we focused on the most investigated phenolic compounds in the setting of NAFLD and described their potential benefits, starting from basic science studies to animal models and human trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Gene Storm)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium in Aging, Health and Diseases

by Mario Barbagallo, Nicola Veronese and Ligia J. Dominguez

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020463 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 220 | Viewed by 43252

Abstract

Several changes of magnesium (Mg) metabolism have been reported with aging, including diminished Mg intake, impaired intestinal Mg absorption and renal Mg wasting. Mild Mg deficits are generally asymptomatic and clinical signs are usually non-specific or absent. Asthenia, sleep disorders, hyperemotionality, and cognitive [...] Read more.

Several changes of magnesium (Mg) metabolism have been reported with aging, including diminished Mg intake, impaired intestinal Mg absorption and renal Mg wasting. Mild Mg deficits are generally asymptomatic and clinical signs are usually non-specific or absent. Asthenia, sleep disorders, hyperemotionality, and cognitive disorders are common in the elderly with mild Mg deficit, and may be often confused with age-related symptoms. Chronic Mg deficits increase the production of free radicals which have been implicated in the development of several chronic age-related disorders. Numerous human diseases have been associated with Mg deficits, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and stroke, cardio-metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, airways constrictive syndromes and asthma, depression, stress-related conditions and psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementia syndromes, muscular diseases (muscle pain, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia), bone fragility, and cancer. Dietary Mg and/or Mg consumed in drinking water (generally more bioavailable than Mg contained in food) or in alternative Mg supplements should be taken into consideration in the correction of Mg deficits. Maintaining an optimal Mg balance all through life may help in the prevention of oxidative stress and chronic conditions associated with aging. This needs to be demonstrated by future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Creatine in Health and Disease

by Richard B. Kreider and Jeffery R. Stout

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020447 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 118 | Viewed by 80669

Abstract

Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in [...] Read more.

Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine’s role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current scientific evidence. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creatine Supplementation for Health and Clinical Diseases)

34 pages, 5444 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Immunopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease Is Related to the Composition of Gut Microbiota

by Friedrich Leblhuber, Daniela Ehrlich, Kostja Steiner, Simon Geisler, Dietmar Fuchs, Lukas Lanser and Katharina Kurz

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020361 - 25 Jan 2021

Cited by 98 | Viewed by 15925

Abstract

The microbiota–gut–brain axis plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria can influence brain and immune system function by the production of lipopolysaccharides and amyloid. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome induces local and consecutively systemic immune-mediated [...] Read more.

The microbiota–gut–brain axis plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria can influence brain and immune system function by the production of lipopolysaccharides and amyloid. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome induces local and consecutively systemic immune-mediated inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines then trigger neuroinflammation and finally neurodegeneration. Immune-mediated oxidative stress can lead to a deficiency of vitamins and essential micronutrients. Furthermore, the wrong composition of gut microbiota might impair the intake and metabolization of nutrients. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) significant alterations of the gut microbiota have been demonstrated. Standard Western diet, infections, decreased physical activity and chronic stress impact the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. A higher abundancy of “pro-inflammatory” gut microbiota goes along with enhanced systemic inflammation and neuroinflammatory processes. Thus, AD beginning in the gut is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. Modulation of gut microbiota by Mediterranean diet, probiotics and curcumin can slow down cognitive decline and alter the gut microbiome significantly. A multi-domain intervention approach addressing underlying causes of AD (inflammation, infections, metabolic alterations like insulin resistance and nutrient deficiency, stress) appears very promising to reduce or even reverse cognitive decline by exerting positive effects on the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Cognition, Behaviour and Alzheimer's Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability

by Chiara Di Lorenzo, Francesca Colombo, Simone Biella, Creina Stockley and Patrizia Restani

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010273 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 627 | Viewed by 28505

Abstract

Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with potential health-promoting effects. They are classified as flavonoid (flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) and non-flavonoid molecules (phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and tannins). Although an increasing number of trials have shown a correlation [...] Read more.

Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with potential health-promoting effects. They are classified as flavonoid (flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) and non-flavonoid molecules (phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and tannins). Although an increasing number of trials have shown a correlation among polyphenol consumption and a reduction in risk factors for chronic diseases, discrepancies in explaining their positive effects have been found in terms of the bioavailability. In fact, polyphenols show a low bioavailability due to several factors: interaction with the food matrix, the metabolic processes mediated by the liver (phase I and II metabolism), intestine and microbiota. On the other hand, the biological activities of phenol compounds may be mediated by their metabolites, which are produced in vivo, and recent studies have confirmed that these molecules may have antioxidant and anti-phlogistic properties. This review discusses the studies performed in vivo, which consider the polyphenol bioavailability and their different food sources. Factors influencing the biological effects of the main classes of polyphenols are also considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenol-Rich Foods for Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review

by Monika Michalak, Monika Pierzak, Beata Kręcisz and Edyta Suliga

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010203 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 202 | Viewed by 46748

Abstract

Human skin is continually changing. The condition of the skin largely depends on the individual’s overall state of health. A balanced diet plays an important role in the proper functioning of the human body, including the skin. The present study draws attention to [...] Read more.

Human skin is continually changing. The condition of the skin largely depends on the individual’s overall state of health. A balanced diet plays an important role in the proper functioning of the human body, including the skin. The present study draws attention to bioactive substances, i.e., vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, polyphenols, and carotenoids, with a particular focus on their effects on the condition of the skin. The aim of the study was to review the literature on the effects of bioactive substances on skin parameters such as elasticity, firmness, wrinkles, senile dryness, hydration and color, and to define their role in the process of skin ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Synthetic Bioactives for Skin Health, Disease and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3486 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

by Umair Shabbir, Momna Rubab, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Ramachandran Chelliah, Ahsan Javed and Deog-Hwan Oh

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010206 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 243 | Viewed by 23022

Abstract

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention [...] Read more.

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Factors

by Anna Izzo, Elena Massimino, Gabriele Riccardi and Giuseppe Della Pepa

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010183 - 9 Jan 2021

Cited by 261 | Viewed by 20233

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a major health burden for the elderly population, affecting approximately 25% of people over the age of 65 years. This percentage is expected to increase dramatically in the next decades in relation to the increased longevity of [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a major health burden for the elderly population, affecting approximately 25% of people over the age of 65 years. This percentage is expected to increase dramatically in the next decades in relation to the increased longevity of the population observed in recent years. Beyond microvascular and macrovascular complications, sarcopenia has been described as a new diabetes complication in the elderly population. Increasing attention has been paid by researchers and clinicians to this age-related condition—characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass together with the loss of muscle power and function—in individuals with T2DM; this is due to the heavy impact that sarcopenia may have on physical and psychosocial health of diabetic patients, thus affecting their quality of life. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on: (1) the risk of sarcopenia in individuals with T2DM, and (2) its association with relevant features of patients with T2DM such as age, gender, body mass index, disease duration, glycemic control, presence of microvascular or macrovascular complications, nutritional status, and glucose-lowering drugs. From a clinical point of view, it is necessary to improve the ability of physicians and dietitians to recognize early sarcopenia and its risk factors in patients with T2DM in order to make appropriate therapeutic approaches able to prevent and treat this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 2067 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Regulation of Postabsorptive and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism by Insulin-Dependent and Insulin-Independent Mechanisms: An Integrative Approach

by George D. Dimitriadis, Eirini Maratou, Aikaterini Kountouri, Mary Board and Vaia Lambadiari

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010159 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 118 | Viewed by 26598

Abstract

Glucose levels in blood must be constantly maintained within a tight physiological range to sustain anabolism. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via its effects on glucose production from the liver and kidneys and glucose disposal in peripheral tissues (mainly skeletal muscle). Blood levels of [...] Read more.

Glucose levels in blood must be constantly maintained within a tight physiological range to sustain anabolism. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via its effects on glucose production from the liver and kidneys and glucose disposal in peripheral tissues (mainly skeletal muscle). Blood levels of glucose are regulated simultaneously by insulin-mediated rates of glucose production from the liver (and kidneys) and removal from muscle; adipose tissue is a key partner in this scenario, providing nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) as an alternative fuel for skeletal muscle and liver when blood glucose levels are depleted. During sleep at night, the gradual development of insulin resistance, due to growth hormone and cortisol surges, ensures that blood glucose levels will be maintained within normal levels by: (a) switching from glucose to NEFA oxidation in muscle; (b) modulating glucose production from the liver/kidneys. After meals, several mechanisms (sequence/composition of meals, gastric emptying/intestinal glucose absorption, gastrointestinal hormones, hyperglycemia mass action effects, insulin/glucagon secretion/action, de novo lipogenesis and glucose disposal) operate in concert for optimal regulation of postprandial glucose fluctuations. The contribution of the liver in postprandial glucose homeostasis is critical. The liver is preferentially used to dispose over 50% of the ingested glucose and restrict the acute increases of glucose and insulin in the bloodstream after meals, thus protecting the circulation and tissues from the adverse effects of marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load: Clinical Significance and Limitations in the Prevention, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Factors Modulating Colorectal Carcinogenesis

by Filippo Vernia, Salvatore Longo, Gianpiero Stefanelli, Angelo Viscido and Giovanni Latella

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010143 - 3 Jan 2021

Cited by 126 | Viewed by 13254

Abstract

The development of colorectal cancer, responsible for 9% of cancer-related deaths, is favored by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The modification of diet and lifestyle may modify the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and prevent neoplasia in up to 50% of [...] Read more.

The development of colorectal cancer, responsible for 9% of cancer-related deaths, is favored by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The modification of diet and lifestyle may modify the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and prevent neoplasia in up to 50% of cases. The Western diet, characterized by a high intake of fat, red meat and processed meat has emerged as an important contributor. Conversely, a high intake of dietary fiber partially counteracts the unfavorable effects of meat through multiple mechanisms, including reduced intestinal transit time and dilution of carcinogenic compounds. Providing antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) and leading to increased intraluminal production of protective fermentation products, like butyrate, represent other beneficial and useful effects of a fiber-rich diet. Protective effects on the risk of developing colorectal cancer have been also advocated for some specific micronutrients like vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. Diet-induced modifications of the gut microbiota modulate colonic epithelial cell homeostasis and carcinogenesis. This can have, under different conditions, opposite effects on the risk of CRC, through the production of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents or, conversely, of protective compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on the role of diet as a potential risk factor for the development of colorectal malignancies, as well as providing possible prevention dietary strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Role of Diet and Nutrients in Immunity, Autoimmunity and Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

40 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Mediterranean Diet and Quality of Life in Adults: A Systematic Review

by Justyna Godos, Monica Guglielmetti, Cinzia Ferraris, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Irma Domínguez Azpíroz, Vivian Lipari, Andrea Di Mauro, Fabrizio Furnari, Sabrina Castellano, Fabio Galvano, Licia Iacoviello, Marialaura Bonaccio and Giuseppe Grosso

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030577 - 5 Feb 2025

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 10925

Abstract

Background/Objectives: With the increasing life expectancy and, as a result, the aging of the global population, there has been a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, which can significantly impact individuals’ health-related quality of life, a multidimensional concept that comprises an individual’s [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: With the increasing life expectancy and, as a result, the aging of the global population, there has been a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, which can significantly impact individuals’ health-related quality of life, a multidimensional concept that comprises an individual’s physical, mental, and social wellbeing. While a balanced, nutrient-dense diet, such as Mediterranean diet, is widely recognized for its role in chronic disease prevention, particularly in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, its potential benefits extend beyond these well-known effects, showing promise in improving physical and mental wellbeing, and promoting health-related quality of life. Methods: A systematic search of the scientific literature in electronic databases (Pubmed/Medline) was performed to identify potentially eligible studies reporting on the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and health-related quality of life, published up to December 2024. Results: A total of 28 studies were included in this systematic review, comprising 13 studies conducted among the general population and 15 studies involving various types of patients. Overall, most studies showed a significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and HRQoL, with the most significant results retrieved for physical domains of quality of life, suggesting that diet seems to play a relevant role in both the general population and people affected by chronic conditions with an inflammatory basis. Conclusions: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet provides significant benefits in preventing and managing various chronic diseases commonly associated with aging populations. Furthermore, it enhances the overall health and quality of life of aging individuals, ultimately supporting more effective and less invasive treatment approaches for chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Chronic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 4544 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Patterns, Oxidative Stress, and Early Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean, Vegan, and Vegetarian Diets

by Sara Ilari, Stefania Proietti, Francesca Milani, Laura Vitiello, Carolina Muscoli, Patrizia Russo and Stefano Bonassi

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030548 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5761

Abstract

Background: Dietary habits influenced by lifestyle and cultural factors play a critical role in health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. While diets offer significant benefits, they may also pose risks, such as nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. Exploring [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary habits influenced by lifestyle and cultural factors play a critical role in health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. While diets offer significant benefits, they may also pose risks, such as nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. Exploring Mediterranean and plant-based diet effects on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers may help improve health outcomes and disease prevention strategies. Methods: This study analyzed 65 studies following PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the effects of Mediterranean and plant-based diets on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy individuals. Results: The Mediterranean diet was weakly associated with reductions in oxidative stress markers, including MDA (ROM: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.57–1.13; p = 0.2092) and 8OHdG (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59–1.11; p = 0.1847), as well as inflammation markers such as CRP (ROM: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.42–1.23; p = 0.1545) and IL-6 (ROM: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.97–1.55; p = 0.08). The vegetarian diet significantly reduced CRP (ROM: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69–0.98; p = 0.0297), while the vegan diet showed a borderline reduction (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.56–1.17; p = 0.2544), suggesting lower systemic inflammation compared to omnivorous diets. Conclusions: Although all three diets demonstrate potential in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, the antioxidant effects—especially for the Mediterranean diet—are lower than anticipated, indicating alternative mechanisms. Further research is essential to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms to enhance preventive health strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 928 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Supplementation for Fatigue Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)—A Systematic Review

by Marie Celine Dorczok, Gloria Mittmann, Nilufar Mossaheb, Beate Schrank, Lucie Bartova, Matthias Neumann and Verena Steiner-Hofbauer

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030475 - 28 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8843

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex neuroimmunological disorder with limited treatment options. Despite the widespread use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) among ME/CFS patients to alleviate fatigue and associated symptoms, evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review aims to provide an [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex neuroimmunological disorder with limited treatment options. Despite the widespread use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) among ME/CFS patients to alleviate fatigue and associated symptoms, evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review aims to provide an updated synthesis of the efficacy of DS interventions and explore possible mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Several databases (Ebsco Host, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) were used for the systematic search, which was based on the broad search terms ME/CFS and DS with a focus on publications between 1994 and 2024. The primary outcome was fatigue, with additional considerations including psychological well-being, physical activity, and biochemical markers. Two independent researchers screened the studies for eligibility in a multi-stage process and assessed quality and bias using Cochrane’s risk of bias tools (RoB-2, ROBINS-I). Results: Fourteen studies (N = 809) of heterogeneous designs were included, showing a high risk of bias, mostly due to missing data and selection bias. While some interventions (L-carnitine and guanidinoacetic acid, oxaloacetate, CoQ10–selenium combination, NADH and NADH-CoQ10 combination) showed significant reductions in fatigue, methodological limitations, like small sample sizes and missing data, prevent firm conclusions. Mixed results were reported for secondary outcomes like cognitive function and inflammatory markers. Six studies noted adverse effects, including nausea and insomnia. Conclusions: Though some DSs showed potential in reducing fatigue in ME/CFS, methodological limitations and inconsistent results hinder definitive conclusions. Future research should improve diagnostic criteria and include more diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Chewing Gum on Satiety, Appetite Regulation, Energy Intake, and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review

by Claudia Jiménez-ten Hoevel, Elisabet Llauradó, Rosa M. Valls, Maria Besora-Moreno, Judit Queral, Rosa Solà and Anna Pedret

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030435 - 25 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6915

Abstract

Background: New approaches for the management of obesity, a worldwide problem and a major determinant of disability and mortality, are needed. Mastication influences appetite and satiety mechanisms via actual food or sham feeding. However, the effect of mastication of chewing gum, a type [...] Read more.

Background: New approaches for the management of obesity, a worldwide problem and a major determinant of disability and mortality, are needed. Mastication influences appetite and satiety mechanisms via actual food or sham feeding. However, the effect of mastication of chewing gum, a type of sham feeding, on appetite regulation has not yet been elucidated. Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the influence of chewing gum on appetite regulation, satiety, energy intake, and weight loss via randomized controlled Trials. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023432699). Electronic databases MEDLINE^®/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from July 2023 to September 2024. The quality of each included study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, RoB 2. Results: A total of eight articles with nine RCTs were included in this systematic review. Seven out of nine RCTs evaluated appetite regulation. Five out of seven RCTs reported a significant suppressing effect of hunger, three out of five RCTs reported a significant reduction in desire to eat, and three out of four reported a significant reduction in the desire to eat a sweet snack, all of them compared to the control group. However, the effects on satiety, energy intake, and weight loss are not conclusive. Conclusions: Chewing gum could be a promising non-pharmacological tool for obesity management through appetite regulation; however, further research, with sustained RCTs evaluating the sustained effects of gum chewing on appetite and weight management, is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome, Tryptophan-Derived Metabolites, and Osteoarthritis-Related Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Erika Meléndez-Oliva, Oliver Martínez-Pozas, Pierluigi Sinatti, Carmen Martín Carreras-Presas, Juan Nicolás Cuenca-Zaldívar, Silvia Turroni and Eleuterio A. Sánchez Romero

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020264 - 12 Jan 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4397

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and affects over 528 million people worldwide. Degenerative joint disease involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation, leading to chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired joint function. Initially regarded as a “wear [...] Read more.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and affects over 528 million people worldwide. Degenerative joint disease involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation, leading to chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired joint function. Initially regarded as a “wear and tear” condition associated with aging and mechanical stress, OA is now recognized as a multifaceted disease influenced by systemic factors such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Recent studies have focused on the gut-joint axis to investigate how the gut microbiome modulates inflammation and pain in OA. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024556265). This review included studies involving adults with symptomatic OA and analyzed the relationship between the gut microbiome and OA-related pain. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, case reports, editorials, and pilot studies were excluded. Searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science without publication date restrictions, and filtered for “observational studies”. The study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent researchers, and the risk of bias was assessed using appropriate tools. Results: Five observational studies were included in the systematic review, and three were included in the meta-analysis. Two studies reported an association between different tryptophan metabolites and pain levels in patients with OA. Two other studies demonstrated a correlation between lipopolysaccharide levels and pain in OA. A fifth study confirmed the relationship between Streptococcus relative abundance of Streptococcus spp. and knee pain. These results were not supported by a meta-analysis, which found no significant association between the presence of pain in OA and the presence of bacilli of the genus Streptococcus or plasma markers of the tryptophan pathway. Conclusions: Current evidence indicates a potential link between gut microbiome dysbiosis and OA-related pain. However, methodological limitations preclude definitive conclusions. Further research using advanced techniques and larger cohorts is needed to validate and extend these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Targeted manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a valuable strategy for pain management in OA patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association of the Microbiota with Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Supplementation and Mitigating Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With or Without Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Systematic Review

by Qi Fu, Jill DeJager and Elizabeth M. Gardner

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203567 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 11687

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This review aims to delineate the relationship between micronutrient supplementation and cognitive decline in older subjects. In carrying out this review, we followed PRISMA, and our literature search was performed on PubMed. This systematic review includes only primary studies that have investigated the efficacy of nutritional interventions for the prevention of dementia and improvement of cognitive function in subjects aged 65 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A gross heterogeneity of studies forbids the possibility of a direct comparison of the results. A review of the inclusion criteria and restrictions has been conducted to check the validity and reliability of the results. In this review, thirty-three primary studies were included. Results have shown that supplementation with vitamin D, probiotics, and PUFAs would most likely reduce cognitive decline, dementia, or AD compared with vitamins A, B, C, and E, which were seen to be relatively ineffective. Of note, when considering vitamin B supplementation, positive effects were only observed in non-aspirin users having high ω-3 fatty acid (ω-3 FA) plasma levels. In some cases, however, there were genotypic differences in subjects in response to vitamin B supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults—A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Soledad Arribalzaga, Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Enrique Roche

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132044 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 21588

Abstract

Omega-3 is a family of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been used to treat a wide variety of chronic diseases, due mainly to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. In this context, omega-3 could be post-exercise recovery agent and sports [...] Read more.

Omega-3 is a family of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been used to treat a wide variety of chronic diseases, due mainly to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. In this context, omega-3 could be post-exercise recovery agent and sports supplement that could improve performance by preserving and promoting skeletal muscle mass and strength. No conclusive evidence, however, exists about the potential effects of omega-3 on post-exercise biomarkers and sports performance in physically healthy adults. Based on the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline to assess the effects of omega-3 on post-exercise inflammation, muscle damage, oxidant response, and sports performance in physically healthy adults. The search was performed on original articles published in the last 10 years up to 5 May 2024, with a controlled trial design in which omega-3 supplementation was compared with a control group. Among 14,971 records identified in the search, 13 studies met the selection criteria. The duration of the interventions ranged from 1 day to 26 weeks of supplementation and the doses used were heterogeneous. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group in 3 of the 4 studies where these markers were analyzed. C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group of 2 of the 13 studies where this marker was analyzed. The delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) gave mixed results. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed improvements with supplementation, but tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed no differences. The consumption of n-3 PUFAs improved some indicators of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio. Additional evidence is needed to establish clear recommendations regarding the dose and length of n-3 PUFA supplements. These may benefit the post-exercise inflammatory response, mitigate muscle damage, and decrease oxidative stress caused by exercise. However, studies did not evaluate omega-3 status at baseline or following supplementation and therefore the observations must be treated with caution Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Food First Approach in Sports Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Cycling: A Systematic Review

by Alberto Valiño-Marques, Alexandre Lamas, José M. Miranda, Alberto Cepeda and Patricia Regal

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111768 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8257

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the independent or combined use of nutritional ergogenic aids belonging to Group A of the ABCD classification by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in the context of cycling (caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, [...] Read more.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the independent or combined use of nutritional ergogenic aids belonging to Group A of the ABCD classification by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in the context of cycling (caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrates, and glycerol). A comprehensive search was carried out using three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. All the databases were searched for Randomized Controlled Trials or crossover design studies assessing the effects of supplementation on cycling performance in comparison with placebos in healthy adults. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Thirty-six articles involving 701 participants were included in this review, examining supplementation with caffeine (n = 5), creatine (n = 2), sodium bicarbonate (n = 6), beta-alanine (n = 3), and nitrates (n = 8). Additionally, supplemental combinations of caffeine and creatine (n = 3), caffeine and sodium bicarbonate (n = 3), caffeine and nitrates (n = 1), creatine and sodium bicarbonate (n = 1), and sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine (n = 4) were analyzed. A benefit for cyclists’ athletic performnce was found when consuming a caffeine supplement, and a potential positive effect was noted after the consumption of sodium bicarbonate, as well as after the combination of caffeine and creatine. However, no statistically significant effects were identified for the remaining supplements, whether administered individually or in combination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 12193 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Diet on Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Petros C. Dinas, on behalf of the Students of Module 5104 (Introduction to Systematic Reviews), Marianthi Karaventza, Christina Liakou, Kalliopi Georgakouli, Dimitrios Bogdanos and George S. Metsios

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111749 - 2 Jun 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7543

Abstract

Background: The purpose of our systematic review was to examine the effects of any physical activity/exercise intervention combined with any diet/nutrition intervention on any biological/biochemical index, quality of life (QoL), and depression in breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, and liver cancer [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of our systematic review was to examine the effects of any physical activity/exercise intervention combined with any diet/nutrition intervention on any biological/biochemical index, quality of life (QoL), and depression in breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, and liver cancer patients and/or cancer survivors. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken, using PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. The systematic review protocol can be found in the PROSPERO database; registration number: CRD42023481429. Results: We found moderate-quality evidence that a combined intervention of physical activity/exercise and nutrition/diet reduced body mass index, body weight, fat mass, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and depression, while it increased high-density lipoprotein, the physical component of QoL, and general functional assessment of cancer therapy. Conclusions: We conclude that a combined intervention of physical activity/exercise and diet/nutrition may decrease body weight, fat mass, insulin levels, and inflammation, and improve lipidemic profile, the physical component of QoL, and depression in cancer patients and survivors. These outcomes indicate a lower risk for carcinogenesis; however, their applicability depends on the heterogeneity of the population and interventions, as well as the potential medical treatment of cancer patients and survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Nutrition as the Key Reference in Special Diets, Quality of Life, and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Associations between Intake of Dietary Sugars and Diet Quality: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature

by Kelly C. Cara, Zhongqi Fan, Yu-Hsiang Chiu, Xu Jiang, Haya F. Alhmly and Mei Chung

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111549 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6455

Abstract

Understanding the relationship between the intake of sugars and diet quality can inform public health recommendations. This systematic review synthesized recent literature on associations between sugar intake and diet quality in generally healthy populations aged 2 years or older. We searched databases from [...] Read more.

Understanding the relationship between the intake of sugars and diet quality can inform public health recommendations. This systematic review synthesized recent literature on associations between sugar intake and diet quality in generally healthy populations aged 2 years or older. We searched databases from 2010 to 2022 for studies of any design examining associations between quantified sugar intake in the daily diet and dietary indexes (DIs) or micronutrient intakes. Different sugar types and diet quality measures were analyzed separately. We converted DI results to Pearson’s r correlations and grouped indexes with or without a free or added sugar component to facilitate cross-study comparisons. Meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate. From 13,869 screened records, we included 27 cross-sectional studies. NUQUEST risk of bias ratings were neutral (n = 18 studies) or poor (n = 9), and strength of evidence by the GRADE approach was very low due to study design. Most studies reported negative associations for added and free sugars with diet quality indexes (r ranging from −0.13 to −0.42) and nutrients of public health concern (fiber, vitamin D, calcium, potassium), while associations with total sugars were mixed. Due to cross-sectional study designs, the clinical relevance of these findings is unclear. Prospective studies are needed to minimize confounding and inform causal relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Energy Delivery Guided by Indirect Calorimetry in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Shinichi Watanabe, Hiroo Izumino, Yudai Takatani, Rie Tsutsumi, Takahiro Suzuki, Hiroomi Tatsumi, Ryo Yamamoto, Takeaki Sato, Tomoka Miyagi, Isao Miyajima, Kensuke Nakamura, Naoki Higashibeppu and Joji Kotani

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101452 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

Background: The utility of using indirect calorimetry (IC) to estimate energy needs and methods for its application to this purpose remain unclear. This systematic review investigated whether using IC to estimate energy expenditure in critically ill patients is more meaningful for improving survival [...] Read more.

Background: The utility of using indirect calorimetry (IC) to estimate energy needs and methods for its application to this purpose remain unclear. This systematic review investigated whether using IC to estimate energy expenditure in critically ill patients is more meaningful for improving survival than other estimation methods. Methods: Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE using PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi up to March 2023. Results: Nine RCTs involving 1178 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The evidence obtained suggested that energy delivery by IC improved short-term mortality (risk ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.06). However, the use of IC did not appear to affect the length of ICU stay (mean difference [MD], 0.86; 95% CI, −0.98 to 2.70) or the duration of mechanical ventilation (MD, 0.66; 95% CI, −0.39 to 1.72). Post hoc analyses using short-term mortality as the outcome found no significant difference by target calories in resting energy expenditure, whereas more frequent IC estimates were associated with lower short-term mortality and were more effective in mechanically ventilated patients. Conclusions: This updated meta-analysis revealed that the use of IC may improve short-term mortality in patients with critical illness and did not increase adverse events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sheetal Kiran Shrestha, Amit Arora, Narendar Manohar, Kanchana Ekanayake and Jann Foster

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091355 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6427

Abstract

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association [...] Read more.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association between breastfeeding and ECC. Five electronic databases and backward citation chasing were performed from inception until May 2023. A total of 31 studies (22 cohort studies and 9 case-control studies) were included in this review. The meta-analysis of the case-control studies showed statistically significant fewer dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 6 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥6 months (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.67, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in dental caries between children who were breastfed for <12 months and those who were breastfed for ≥12 months (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.86, p < 0.002). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 18 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥18 months (RR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.18–0.92, p = 0.030). Nocturnal breastfeeding increases the risk of ECC compared with no nocturnal breastfeeding (RR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.42–3.89, p < 0.001). The findings suggest breastfeeding for more than 12 months and nocturnal breastfeeding increase the risk of ECC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infant and Pediatric Feeding and Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Antonio Sciurti, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091345 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8464

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of [...] Read more.

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins’ potential effects against SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

by Manuela Chiavarini, Giorgia Maria Ricciotti, Anita Genga, Maria Ilaria Faggi, Alessia Rinaldi, Oriana Dunia Toscano, Marcello Mario D’Errico and Pamela Barbadoro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071069 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4978

Abstract

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition [...] Read more.

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition and mortality, changes in mobility/living arrangements, and postoperative complications, such as delirium, in older patients with hip fractures. A literature search on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, up to September 2023, was conducted to identify all studies involving older subjects that reported an association between MNA/GNRI/PNI/CONUT and health outcome after hip fracture. Meta-analysis was performed by a random-effects model using risk values (RR, OR, and HR) extracted from the 14 eligible selected studies. Malnutrition significantly increased the risk of any analyzed adverse outcome by 70% at 1 month, and up to 250% at 1 year. Malnutrition significantly increased delirium risk by 275% (OR = 2.75; 95% CI 1.80–4.18; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 342% (OR = 3.42; 95% CI 2.14–5.48; p ≤ 0.05), mortality hazard risk by 351% (HR = 3.51; 95% CI 1.63–7.55; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 month, and transfer-to-more-supported-living-arrangements risk by 218% (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.58–3.01; p ≤ 0.05), and declined mobility risk by 41% (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.14–1.75; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 368% (OR = 3.68; 95% CI 3.00–4.52; p ≤ 0.05), and mortality hazard risk by 234% (HR = 2.34; 95% CI 1.91–2.87; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 year. Malnutrition of older patients increases the risk of death and worsens mobility and independence after hip fractures. The results of the present study highlight the importance of nutritional status evaluation of older subjects with hip fractures in order to prevent potential adverse outcomes (Registration No: CRD42023468751). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence from Nutritional Epidemiology: Food Consumption, Environment and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2888 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of a Low-Calorie Dietary Intervention on Liver Health and Body Weight in Adults with Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Laurence J. Dobbie, Jamie Burgess, Azlinda Hamid, Sarah J. Nevitt, Theresa J. Hydes, Uazman Alam and Daniel J. Cuthbertson

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071030 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5104

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered [...] Read more.

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021296501), and a literature search was conducted using multiple databases. The key inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials or cohort studies, obesity/overweight and MASLD. Two authors screened abstracts, reviewed full texts and performed data extraction and quality assessment. The primary outcome was the change in the serum ALT, and secondary outcomes included the changes in the serum AST, intrahepatic lipid content (IHL), quantified non-invasively via MRI/MRS, and body weight. Results: Fifteen studies were included. The LCD reduced body weight by 9.1 kg versus the control (95%CI: −12.4, −5.8) but not serum ALT (−5.9 IU/L, −13.9, 2.0). Total Dietary Replacement (TDR) reduced IHL by −9.1% vs. the control (−15.6%, −2.6%). The Mediterranean-LCD for ≥12 months reduced ALT (−4.1 IU/L, −7.6, −0.5) and for 24 months reduced liver stiffness versus other LCDs. The Green-Mediterranean-LCD reduced IHL, independent of body weight. Limited studies assessed those of Black or Asian ethnicity, and there was heterogeneity in the methods assessing the liver fat content and fibrosis. Conclusions: In people with MASLD and obesity, an LCD intervention reduces IHL and body weight. Trials should focus on the recruitment of Black and Asian ethnicity participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in the Pathophysiology and Management of NAFLD)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 3257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Ana M. Celorrio San Miguel, Enrique Roche, María Herranz-López, Marta Celorrio San Miguel, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Diego Fernández-Lázaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071011 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10879

Abstract

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers [...] Read more.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers related to the health status of highly trained athletes. Data were obtained by performing searches in the following three bibliography databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The terms used were “Highly Trained Athletes”, “Melatonin”, and “Sports Performance”, “Health Biomarkers” using “Humans” as a filter. The search update was carried out in February 2024 from original articles published with a controlled trial design. The PRISMA rules, the modified McMaster critical review form for quantitative studies, the PEDro scale, and the Cochrane risk of bias were applied. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were selected out of 294 references. The dose of melatonin supplemented in the trials ranged between 5 mg to 100 mg administered before or after exercise. The outcomes showed improvements in antioxidant status and inflammatory response and reversed liver damage and muscle damage. Moderate effects on modulating glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine were reported. Promising data were found regarding the potential benefits of melatonin in hematological biomarkers, hormonal responses, and sports performance. Therefore, the true efficiency of melatonin to directly improve sports performance remains to be assessed. Nevertheless, an indirect effect of melatonin supplementation in sports performance could be evaluated through improvements in health biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Food First Approach in Sports Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI