Nutrients

22 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gluten-Free Diet and Other Celiac Disease Therapies: Current Understanding and Emerging Strategies

by Anna Maria Mazzola, Irene Zammarchi, Maria Chiara Valerii, Enzo Spisni, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Francesco Lanzarotto and Chiara Ricci

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071006 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9210

Abstract

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of [...] Read more.

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of gluten-free products. Moreover, although the GFD is effective in achieving mucosal healing, it may lead to dietary imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies over a long period of time. To overcome these issues, several gluten-free wheat flours have been developed to create products that closely resemble their gluten-containing counterparts. Furthermore, given the critical importance of adhering to the GFD, it becomes essential to promote adherence and monitor possible voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Various methods, including clinical assessment, questionnaires, serology for celiac disease, duodenal biopsies and the detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIPs) are employed for this purpose, but none are considered entirely satisfactory. Since adherence to the GFD poses challenges, alternative therapies should be implemented in the coming years to improve treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to explore current knowledge of the GFD and investigate its future perspectives, focusing on technology advancements, follow-up strategies and insights into a rapidly changing future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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14 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotic Strategies to Manage Lactose Intolerance Symptoms

by Gloria Angima, Yunyao Qu, Si Hong Park and David C. Dallas

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071002 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7880

Abstract

Lactose intolerance, which affects about 65–75% of the world’s population, is caused by a genetic post-weaning deficiency of lactase, the enzyme required to digest the milk sugar lactose, called lactase non-persistence. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Genetic variations, [...] Read more.

Lactose intolerance, which affects about 65–75% of the world’s population, is caused by a genetic post-weaning deficiency of lactase, the enzyme required to digest the milk sugar lactose, called lactase non-persistence. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Genetic variations, namely lactase persistence, allow some individuals to metabolize lactose effectively post-weaning, a trait thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to dairy consumption. Although lactase non-persistence cannot be altered by diet, prebiotic strategies, including the consumption of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) and possibly low levels of lactose itself, may shift the microbiome and mitigate symptoms of lactose consumption. This review discusses the etiology of lactose intolerance and the efficacy of prebiotic approaches like GOSs and low-dose lactose in symptom management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Pediatric Gastroenterology Patients)

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15 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Water Intake and Adiposity Outcomes among Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Qiao-Yi Chen, Jaewon Khil and NaNa Keum

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070963 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8569

Abstract

Background: Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review [...] Read more.

Background: Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among overweight and obese populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles published up to December 2023. The summary weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model. Results: In this meta-analysis of eight RCTs, interventions to promote water intake or to substitute water for other beverages as compared to the control group resulted in a summary WMD of −0.33 kg (95% CI = −1.75–1.08, I² = 78%) for body weight, −0.23 kg/m² (95% CI = −0.55–0.09, I² = 0%) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.05 cm (95% CI = −1.20–1.30, I² = 40%) for waist circumference (WC). Among RCTs substituting water for artificially sweetened beverages, summary WMD was 1.82 kg (95% CI = 0.97–2.67, I² = 0%) for body weight and 1.23 cm (95% CI = −0.03–2.48, I² = 0%) for WC. Conversely, among RCTs substituting water for sugar-sweetened beverages, summary WMD was −0.81 kg (95% CI = −1.66–0.03, I² = 2%) for body weight and −0.96 cm (95% CI = −2.06–0.13, I² = 0%) for WC. Conclusions: In conclusion, water intake may not significantly impact adiposity among overweight and obese individuals. However, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with water might offer a modest benefit in inducing weight loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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37 pages, 3349 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Potential Drug–Nutrient Interactions of 45 Vitamins, Minerals, Trace Elements, and Associated Dietary Compounds with Acetylsalicylic Acid and Warfarin—A Review of the Literature

by David Renaud, Alexander Höller and Miriam Michel

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070950 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7622

Abstract

In cardiology, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and warfarin are among the most commonly used prophylactic therapies against thromboembolic events. Drug–drug interactions are generally well-known. Less known are the drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs), impeding drug absorption and altering micronutritional status. ASA and warfarin might influence the [...] Read more.

In cardiology, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and warfarin are among the most commonly used prophylactic therapies against thromboembolic events. Drug–drug interactions are generally well-known. Less known are the drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs), impeding drug absorption and altering micronutritional status. ASA and warfarin might influence the micronutritional status of patients through different mechanisms such as binding or modification of binding properties of ligands, absorption, transport, cellular use or concentration, or excretion. Our article reviews the drug–nutrient interactions that alter micronutritional status. Some of these mechanisms could be investigated with the aim to potentiate the drug effects. DNIs are seen occasionally in ASA and warfarin and could be managed through simple strategies such as risk stratification of DNIs on an individual patient basis; micronutritional status assessment as part of the medical history; extensive use of the drug–interaction probability scale to reference little-known interactions, and application of a personal, predictive, and preventive medical model using omics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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23 pages, 1395 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

High Fat Diet and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Adolescence: An Overview of Nutritional Strategies

by Valeria Calcaterra, Vittoria Carlotta Magenes, Giulia Massini, Luisa De Sanctis, Valentina Fabiano and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070938 - 24 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7281

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disorder, linked with notable reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. During adolescence, key components of PCOS treatment involve weight loss achieved through lifestyle and dietary interventions, subsequently pursued by pharmacological or surgical therapies. Nutritional interventions [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disorder, linked with notable reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. During adolescence, key components of PCOS treatment involve weight loss achieved through lifestyle and dietary interventions, subsequently pursued by pharmacological or surgical therapies. Nutritional interventions represent the first-line therapeutic approach in adolescents affected by PCOS, but different kinds of dietary protocols exist, so it is necessary to clarify the effectiveness and benefits of the most well-known nutritional approaches. We provided a comprehensive review of the current literature concerning PCOS definition, pathophysiology, and treatment options, highlighting nutritional strategies, particularly those related to high-fat diets. The high-fat nutritional protocols proposed in the literature, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), appear to provide benefits to patients with PCOS in terms of weight loss and control of metabolic parameters. Among the different types of KD studies, very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD), can be considered an effective dietary intervention for the short-term treatment of patients with PCOS. It rapidly leads to weight loss alongside improvements in body composition and metabolic profile. Even though extremely advantageous, long-term adherence to the KD is a limiting factor. Indeed, this dietary regimen could become unsustainable due to the important restrictions required for ketosis development. Thus, a combination of high-fat diets with more nutrient-rich nutritional regimens, such as the Mediterranean diet, can amplify positive effects for individuals with PCOS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Fat Diet in High-Risk Population)

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26 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeting the Hallmarks of Aging with Vitamin D: Starting to Decode the Myth

by Carmelinda Ruggiero, Laura Tafaro, Luisella Cianferotti, Flavia Tramontana, Ilaria Giovanna Macchione, Carla Caffarelli, Agostino Virdis, Marika Ferracci, Giuseppe Rinonapoli, Patrizia Mecocci, Nicola Napoli and Valeria Calsolaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060906 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 24880

Abstract

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or [...] Read more.

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or contributing to biological changes and anticipating several age-related diseases. The complex network of cellular and intercellular connections between the hallmarks might represent a possible target for the research of agents with pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D (VitD) is known to have a positive impact not only on muscle and bone health but also on several extra-skeletal districts, due to the widespread presence of Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs). VitD and VDR could be molecules potentially targeting the hallmarks of the aging network. To date, evidence about the potential effects of VitD on the hallmarks of aging is scarce in humans and mainly based on preclinical models. Although underpowered and heterogeneous, in-human studies seem to confirm the modulatory effect of VitD on some hallmarks of aging and diseases. However, more investigations are needed to clarify the pleiotropic effects of VitD and its impact on the hallmark of aging, hopefully highlighting the courses for translational applications and potential clinical conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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25 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Barriers to Adopting a Plant-Based Diet in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

by Alice Rickerby and Rosemary Green

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060823 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8158

Abstract

Adopting a plant-based diet (PBD) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases and is linked to environmental benefits. This review synthesises the evidence on the barriers adults aged 18 to 65 living in high-income countries (HIC) may experience when [...] Read more.

Adopting a plant-based diet (PBD) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases and is linked to environmental benefits. This review synthesises the evidence on the barriers adults aged 18 to 65 living in high-income countries (HIC) may experience when adopting a PBD. A systematic literature review was conducted using four search databases: Medline, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science. Barriers were mapped to behaviour change strategies using the COM-B model. Ten studies were included in the final review, including 1740 participants. Five were qualitative, four were cross-sectional, and one was a pre- and-post-intervention study. In total, 40 barriers were identified and synthesised into 11 themes: financial, lack of knowledge, emotional, health, convenience, social, enjoyment of meat, environmental, accessibility, personal ability, and media. Of the 40 barriers, nutritional intake/requirements (categorised into the “health” theme) had the most evidence. This barrier encompassed concerns around being able to meet nutritional needs if an individual were to adopt a PBD. Habits (in the “personal ability” theme), which included established eating habits and habitual behaviours relating to animal-source foods, had the second most evidence alongside the barrier of not knowing what to eat as part of a PBD (in the “lack of knowledge” theme). Education interventions and communication/marketing policies were the behaviour change mechanisms mapped onto these barriers. Future interventions should focus on informing individuals about what to consume as part of a nutritionally balanced PBD and facilitating habitual dietary change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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12 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Astaxanthin on Cognitive Function and Neurodegeneration in Humans: A Critical Review

by Callum James Joshua Queen, S. Andy Sparks, David C. Marchant and Lars R. McNaughton

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060826 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 12995

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a key contributing factor in neurodegeneration, cognitive ageing, cognitive decline, and diminished cognitive longevity. Issues stemming from oxidative stress both in relation to cognition and other areas, such as inflammation, skin health, eye health, and general recovery, have been shown [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is a key contributing factor in neurodegeneration, cognitive ageing, cognitive decline, and diminished cognitive longevity. Issues stemming from oxidative stress both in relation to cognition and other areas, such as inflammation, skin health, eye health, and general recovery, have been shown to benefit greatly from antioxidant use. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant, which has been outlined to be beneficial for cognitive function both in vitro and in vivo. Given the aforementioned promising effects, research into astaxanthin with a focus on cognitive function has recently been extended to human tissue and human populations. The present critical review explores the effects of astaxanthin on cognitive function and neurodegeneration within human populations and samples with the aim of deciphering the merit and credibility of the research findings and subsequently their potential as a basis for therapeutic use. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research development are also discussed. Key findings include the positive impacts of astaxanthin in relation to improving cognitive function, facilitating neuroprotection, and slowing neurodegeneration within given contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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11 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Zinc, Magnesium and Vitamin K Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency: Pathophysiological Background and Implications for Clinical Practice

by Andrius Bleizgys

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060834 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7579

Abstract

Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result in or exacerbate various diseases. These nutrients can also interact with vitamin D metabolism and activity. This review [...] Read more.

Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result in or exacerbate various diseases. These nutrients can also interact with vitamin D metabolism and activity. This review discusses the main aspects of zinc, magnesium and vitamin K metabolism and action in the body, their clinical significance, and the “crosstalk” with vitamin D, as well as providing general suggestions for clinical practice when supplementation with these nutrients might be useful, in addition to vitamin D supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

29 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer

by Pasquale Marino, Mariangela Mininni, Giovanni Deiana, Graziella Marino, Rosa Divella, Ilaria Bochicchio, Alda Giuliano, Stefania Lapadula, Alessandro Rocco Lettini and Francesca Sanseverino

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060800 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 14944

Abstract

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in [...] Read more.

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in particular, the use of healthy lifestyles, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure; and vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing to its development, progression, and severity. This review evaluates the relationship between potentially modifiable risk factors and overall cancer development, specifically breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, and highlights updated recommendations on cancer prevention. The results of numerous clinical and epidemiological studies clearly show the influence of lifestyles on the development and prevention of cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly of saturated fats and processed products, resulting in increased body weight, combined with physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, has induced an increase in the incidence of all three types of cancer under study. Given the importance of adopting correct and healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer, global institutions should develop strategies and environments that encourage individuals to adopt healthy and regular behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Dietary Patterns and Cancer)

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22 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics

by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Dávid Major, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Stefano Tarantini, Zoltán Csizmadia and János Tamás Varga

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789 - 10 Mar 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 12853

Abstract

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional [...] Read more.

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional supplements and functional food components associated with gastrointestinal well-being. The bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, with pre-, pro-, and symbiotics potentially affecting various cognitive functions such as attention, perception, and memory. Numerous studies have consistently shown that incorporating pre-, pro-, and symbiotics into a healthy diet can lead to improvements in cognitive functions and mood. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota can support optimal cognitive function, which is crucial for disease prevention in our fast-paced, Westernized society. Our results indicate cognitive benefits in healthy older individuals with probiotic supplementation but not in healthy older individuals who have good and adequate levels of physical activity. Additionally, it appears that there are cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, while mixed results seem to arise in younger and healthier individuals. However, it is important to acknowledge that individual responses may vary, and the use of these dietary supplements should be tailored to each individual’s unique health circumstances and needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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22 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders

by Sameeha Rau, Andrew Gregg, Shelby Yaceczko and Berkeley Limketkai

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060778 - 9 Mar 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 13304

Abstract

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been [...] Read more.

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome, which underlies their potential for benefit in GI conditions. Formulating specific recommendations for the public regarding these dietary supplements has been difficult due to the significant heterogeneity between strains, doses, and duration of treatment investigated across studies, as well as safety concerns with administering live organisms. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence for the use of prebiotics and probiotics in various GI disorders, paying special attention to strain-specific effects that emerged and any adverse effects noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Approaches for Digestive Disorders and Gastrointestinal Symptoms)

21 pages, 4993 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationships between Habitual Polyphenol Consumption and Gut Microbiota in the INCLD Health Cohort

by Alexandra Adorno Vita, Kristen M. Roberts, Anders Gundersen, Yuliya Farris, Heather Zwickey, Ryan Bradley and Tiffany L. Weir

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060773 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6892

Abstract

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle [...] Read more.

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle Determinants of Health (INCLD Health) cohort uses a dietary questionnaire and 16s microbiome data to examine relationships between habitual polyphenol consumption and gut microbiota in healthy adults (n = 96). In this exploratory analysis, microbial taxa, but not diversity measures, differed by levels of dietary polyphenol consumption. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of daily polyphenol consumption (mg/day) included Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Eubacterium ventriosum group, Ruminococcus torques group, and Sutterella. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of the frequency of polyphenol-weighted herb and spice use included Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnotalea. Several of the differentiating taxa carry out activities important for human health, although out of these taxa, those with previously described pro-inflammatory qualities in certain contexts displayed inverse relationships with polyphenol consumption. Our results suggest that higher quantities of habitual polyphenol consumption may support an intestinal environment where opportunistic and pro-inflammatory bacteria are represented in a lower relative abundance compared to those with less potentially virulent qualities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Peptides, and Their Health Benefits)

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31 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Impact of Diet on miRNA Regulation and Its Implications for Health: A Systematic Review

by María DeLucas, Juana Sánchez, Andreu Palou and Francisca Serra

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060770 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4774

Abstract

The evidence suggests that diet can modulate endogenous microRNA (miRNA) expression. Changes in miRNA expression may affect metabolic processes and consequently be involved in health status and disease development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role [...] Read more.

The evidence suggests that diet can modulate endogenous microRNA (miRNA) expression. Changes in miRNA expression may affect metabolic processes and consequently be involved in health status and disease development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role of diet and specific food components in the regulation of miRNA expression and discuss its implications for human health and disease development. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for relevant studies. A total of 32 interventional and 5 observational studies performed in adults and evaluating dietary modulation of miRNA expression were included. Energy- and fat-controlled diets along with plant-based foods show substantial evidence of modulating endogenous miRNA levels. Plasma, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the main sources used to measure miRNAs. A total of 108 miRNAs modulated by diet were identified. We confirmed that dietary habits are closely associated with the modulation of endogenous miRNAs. Particularly, energy content and fat intake appeared to be key factors influencing miRNA levels. Furthermore, since miRNAs are involved in the regulation of several biological processes, this modulatory process may affect health status and lead to metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Nutrients—Precision Nutrition and Nutrigenomics)

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44 pages, 6606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of Aromatic Herbs and Spices Present in the Mediterranean Diet on the Glycemic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by María Carmen Garza, Sofía Pérez-Calahorra, Carmen Rodrigo-Carbó, María Antonia Sánchez-Calavera, Estíbaliz Jarauta, Rocío Mateo-Gallego, Irene Gracia-Rubio and Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060756 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 26524

Abstract

Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all aromatic herbs and spices included in the MedDiet, such as black cumin, clove, parsley, saffron, thyme, ginger, black pepper, rosemary, turmeric, basil, oregano, and cinnamon, on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for interventional studies investigating the effect of these aromatic herbs and spices on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. Results: This systematic review retrieved 6958 studies, of which 77 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 45 were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed that cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, black cumin, and saffron significantly improved the fasting glucose levels in T2DM subjects. The most significant decreases in fasting glucose were achieved after supplementation with black cumin, followed by cinnamon and ginger, which achieved a decrease of between 27 and 17 mg/dL. Conclusions: Only ginger and black cumin reported a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin, and only cinnamon and ginger showed a significant decrease in insulin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Behavioral Interventions for Diabetes)

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20 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Creatine Nitrate and Caffeine Individually or Combined on Exercise Performance and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Gina Mabrey, Majid S. Koozehchian, Andrew T. Newton, Alireza Naderi, Scott C. Forbes and Monoem Haddad

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060766 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 25058

Abstract

This study examined the effect of creatine nitrate and caffeine alone and combined on exercise performance and cognitive function in resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve resistance-trained male athletes were supplemented with 7 days of creatine nitrate (5 g/day), caffeine [...] Read more.

This study examined the effect of creatine nitrate and caffeine alone and combined on exercise performance and cognitive function in resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve resistance-trained male athletes were supplemented with 7 days of creatine nitrate (5 g/day), caffeine (400 mg/day), and a combination of creatine nitrate and caffeine. The study involved twelve resistance-trained male athletes who initially provided a blood sample for comprehensive safety analysis, including tests for key enzymes and a lipid profile, and then performed standardized resistance exercises—bench and leg press at 70% 1RM—and a Wingate anaerobic power test. Cognitive function and cardiovascular responses were also examined forty-five minutes after supplementation. Creatine nitrate and caffeine that were co-ingested significantly enhanced cognitive function, as indicated by improved scores in the Stroop Word–Color Interference test (p = 0.04; effect size = 0.163). Co-ingestion was more effective than caffeine alone in enhancing cognitive performance. In contrast, no significant enhancements in exercise performance were observed. The co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine improved cognitive function, particularly in cognitive interference tasks, without altering short-term exercise performance. Furthermore, no adverse events were reported. Overall, the co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine appears to enhance cognition without any reported side effects for up to seven days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Physical Activity)

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20 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Zingiber Officinale Roscoe: The Antiarthritic Potential of a Popular Spice—Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

by Joanna Szymczak, Bogna Grygiel-Górniak and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050741 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8573

Abstract

The health benefits of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) have been known for centuries. Recently, ginger root has gained more attention due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Many of the bioactive components of ginger may have therapeutic benefits in treating [...] Read more.

The health benefits of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) have been known for centuries. Recently, ginger root has gained more attention due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Many of the bioactive components of ginger may have therapeutic benefits in treating inflammatory arthritis. Their properties seem especially helpful in treating diseases linked to persistent inflammation and pain, symptoms present in the course of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review analyzes the current knowledge regarding ginger’s beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in both in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials. The drug delivery systems to improve ginger’s bioavailability and medicinal properties are discussed. Understanding ginger’s beneficial aspects may initiate further studies on improving its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and achieving more a comprehensive application in medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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12 pages, 19872 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

GFRAL Is Widely Distributed in the Brain and Peripheral Tissues of Mice

by Karoline Fichtner, Hermann Kalwa, Miao-Miao Lin, Yuanyuan Gong, Anne Müglitz, Michael Kluge and Ute Krügel

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050734 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3719

Abstract

In 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as receptor for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in the mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) [...] Read more.

In 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as receptor for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in the mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) where it mediates effects of GDF15 on reduction of food intake and body weight. GDF15 is a cell stress cytokine with a widespread expression and pleiotropic effects, which both seem to be in contrast to the reported highly specialized localization of its receptor. This discrepancy prompts us to re-evaluate the expression pattern of GFRAL in the brain and peripheral tissues of mice. In this detailed immunohistochemical study, we provide evidence for a more widespread distribution of this receptor. Apart from the AP/NTS region, GFRAL-immunoreactivity was found in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus arcuatus and peripheral tissues including liver, small intestine, fat, kidney and muscle tissues. This widespread receptor expression, not taken into consideration so far, may explain the multiple effects of GDF-15 that are not yet assigned to GFRAL. Furthermore, our results could be relevant for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for physical and mental disorders related to body image and food intake, such as eating disorders, cachexia and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image, Nutrition and Mental Health)

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29 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls

by Maria Elena Capra, Nicola Mattia Decarolis, Delia Monopoli, Serena Rosa Laudisio, Antonella Giudice, Brigida Stanyevic, Susanna Esposito and Giacomo Biasucci

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050737 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 12488

Abstract

According to WHO, “complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore, other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast human milk or [...] Read more.

According to WHO, “complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore, other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast human milk or a breastmilk substitute”. CF is one of the most important “critical and sensitive periods” in human life: indeed, timing and approaches to solid foods introduction in an infant’s nutrition are of utmost importance as potential epigenetic factors from infancy to adulthood. CF is also deeply influenced by each country and single-family traditions, culture, and beliefs. The aim of our narrative review is to analyze traditional CF practices, including innovative and alternative ones that emerged in the last decades, such as baby-led weaning or plant-based weaning, and to evaluate their effects on the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we will discuss pitfalls and misunderstandings that pediatricians frequently have to face when dealing with complementary feeding. Health care professionals must not have prejudices against parents’ wishes or traditions about CF; rather, they should support and educate them in case of any alternative CF choice, always pursuing the infant’s adequate growth, neuro- and taste development, and the achievement of correct eating behavior as the primary goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infant Feeding and Weaning Practices)

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19 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?

by Silvana Mirella Aliberti, Antonio Donato, Richard H. W. Funk and Mario Capunzo

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050729 - 2 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6077

Abstract

Longevity is rightly considered one of the greatest achievements of modern society, not only as a function of lifespan, but, more importantly, as a function of healthspan. There are Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs), regions around the world, such as in Okinawa, Japan; the [...] Read more.

Longevity is rightly considered one of the greatest achievements of modern society, not only as a function of lifespan, but, more importantly, as a function of healthspan. There are Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs), regions around the world, such as in Okinawa, Japan; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; Loma Linda, California; Icaria, Greece; and Ogliastra, Sardinia, that are characterized by a significant percentage of residents who live exceptionally long lives, often avoiding age-related disability to a significantly higher degree than in the Western way of life. Longevity is not a universal phenomenon, so if there are places in the world with characteristics similar to the LBZs, it is important to identify them in order to better understand what other factors, in addition to the known ones, might contribute to a long and healthy life. This narrative review aims to identify common factors between Cilento and the five LBZs, taking into account environmental, nutritional, and lifestyle factors. Articles from 2004 to the present, limited to studies published in English, German, and Italian, were searched in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The co-authors agreed on 18 final reference texts. In order to evaluate the similarities between Cilento and the LBZs, a descriptive comparative approach was used. Cilento and the LBZs share several common factors, including a hilly altitude ranging from 355 to 600 m; a mild climate throughout the year, with temperatures between 17.4 and 23.5 degrees Celsius; traditional professions, such as agriculture and animal husbandry; and a predominantly Mediterranean or plant-based diet, with typical recipes based on legumes, tubers, vegetables, and extra virgin olive oil. Additionally, maintenance of strong intergenerational family relationships, religious devotion, and social relationships within the community are also prevalent. Given the similarities to Cilento, one might wonder if this is an LBZ waiting to be discovered. The lessons learned from this discovery could be applied to the general population to protect them from non-communicable chronic diseases and help slow the aging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Adequacy and Health Outcome)

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15 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chrononutrition in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Disorders: A Literature Review

by Maria Mentzelou, Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Evmorfia Psara, Gavriela Voulgaridou, Eleni Pavlidou, Odysseas Androutsos and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050722 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6624

Abstract

Background: The concept of time-restricted eating (TRE) or time-restricted feeding (TRF) promotes daily periods of feeding and fasting to determine whole-body physiology. Chronic misalignment of circadian rhythms or chrono-disruption is related to an increased risk of diverse metabolic disorders. The progression of non-communicable [...] Read more.

Background: The concept of time-restricted eating (TRE) or time-restricted feeding (TRF) promotes daily periods of feeding and fasting to determine whole-body physiology. Chronic misalignment of circadian rhythms or chrono-disruption is related to an increased risk of diverse metabolic disorders. The progression of non-communicable diseases seems to be affected by the timing of meals. As a result, intermittent fasting is a promising approach for their management. The aim of the present literature review is to examine and scrutinize the TRE protocols in the fields of prevention and management of metabolic disorders. Methods: This is a thorough literature review of the reported associations among circadian rhythm, metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, TRE, TRF, dietary habits, circadian disruption, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver to find the already existing clinical studies from the last decade (2014–2024) in the most precise scientific online databases, using relevant specific keywords. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to scrutinize only longitudinal, cross-sectional, descriptive, and prospective clinical human studies. Results: The currently available clinical findings remain scarce and suggest that chrononutrition behaviors such as TRE or TRF may promote several metabolic benefits, mainly in body weight control and fat loss. Improvements in glucose levels and lipid profiles are currently quite controversial since some clinical studies show little or no effect. As far as liver diseases are concerned, the efficacy of intermittent fasting seems to be stronger in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease due to body weight decline and fat loss. Conclusions: Even if there has been a gradual increase in clinical studies in the last few years, providing promising perspectives, currently, there is no conclusive evidence for the role of chrononutrition in metabolic disorders. Future studies should be well-designed with longer duration and larger sample sizes. Moreover, it is important to examine the best timing of the eating window and its feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Rhythms, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health)

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21 pages, 1260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant-Based Diets in Children: Secular Trends, Health Outcomes, and a Roadmap for Urgent Practice Recommendations and Research—A Systematic Review

by Malgorzata A. Desmond, Mary S. Fewtrell and Jonathan C. K. Wells

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050723 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 11920

Abstract

People are increasingly encouraged to reduce animal food consumption and shift towards plant-based diets; however, the implications for children’s health are unclear. In this narrative review of research in high-income settings, we summarize evidence on the increasing consumption of plant-based diets in children [...] Read more.

People are increasingly encouraged to reduce animal food consumption and shift towards plant-based diets; however, the implications for children’s health are unclear. In this narrative review of research in high-income settings, we summarize evidence on the increasing consumption of plant-based diets in children and update an earlier systematic review regarding their associations with children’s health outcomes. The evidence indicates that vegan, but not vegetarian, diets can restrict growth relative to omnivorous children and increase the risk of being stunted and underweight, although the percentage affected is relatively small. Bone mineral content is reduced in vegetarian and, in particular, vegan children, compared to omnivores. Both vegetarian and vegan children who do not use vitamin B12 supplements manifest with B12 deficiency; however, supplementation rectifies this problem. Both vegetarians and vegans have lower concentrations of 25(OH)D if unsupplemented, and lower body iron stores, but usually have normal iron metabolism markers. Both groups are at risk of iodine deficiency, and this might affect thyroid health. Children consuming a vegan diet have a more favorable lipid profile than omnivorous children; however, the results for a vegetarian diet are inconsistent and vary by outcome. Based on the same scientific evidence, national and international dietary recommendations are heterogeneous, with some countries supporting plant-based diets among infants, children, and adolescents, and others discouraging them. We offer a research roadmap, highlighting what is needed to provide adequate evidence to harmonize dietary recommendations for plant-based diets in children. A number of measures should urgently be introduced at international and national levels to improve the safety of their use in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Status, Diet Quality and Well-Being in Vegetarians, Vegans and Omnivores)

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23 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioactive Components of Areca Nut: An Overview of Their Positive Impacts Targeting Different Organs

by Huihui Sun, Wenzhen Yu, Hu Li, Xiaosong Hu and Xiaofei Wang

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050695 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7749

Abstract

Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca [...] Read more.

Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca nut holds a significant position in traditional medicine in many areas and ranks first among the four southern medicines in China. Numerous bioactive compounds have been identified in areca nuts, including alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, which exhibit diverse bioactive functions, such as anti-bacterial, deworming, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, they also display beneficial impacts targeting the nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems. This review summarizes the pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients in areca nut. This helps to ascertain the beneficial components of areca nut, discover its medicinal potential, and guide the utilization of the areca nut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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18 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gluten-Free Diet Alters the Gut Microbiome in Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis

by Aleksandra Rodziewicz, Adrian Szewczyk and Ewa Bryl

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050685 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6136

Abstract

The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and it has been shown that a gluten-free diet can negatively affect its composition. A gluten-free diet is [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and it has been shown that a gluten-free diet can negatively affect its composition. A gluten-free diet is popular among patients, and therefore the aim of this study was to check whether it affects thyroid function and gut microbiome composition in AIT. Thirty-one women with AIT complied with a gluten-free diet for 8 weeks. After the first 4 weeks, participants were divided into two groups: the first group received gluten in capsules and the other one—rice starch (placebo). Blood and stool samples were examined before diet (T₀), after 4 weeks (T₁) and after 8 weeks of diet (T₂). The only significant difference in blood parameters was observed between T₁ and T₂ in the placebo group for the thyroid peroxidase antibody level. After the first 4 weeks, a significant increase in Desulfobacterota, Proteobacteria, Prevotella and Parasutterella and a significant decrease in Actinobacteriota, Coriobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium were observed. The detected microbiome alterations may indicate increasing inflammation; however, further research is required, and for now, a gluten-free diet should be used cautiously in AIT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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16 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Marina Sartini, Filippo Del Puente, Martino Oliva, Alessio Carbone, Nicoletta Bobbio, Elisa Schinca, Luana Giribone and Maria Luisa Cristina

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050679 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 52459

Abstract

Over the past few decades, vitamin D has been found to play a crucial role in bone homeostasis, muscle function, oncogenesis, immune response and metabolism. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous researchers have tried to determine the role vitamin D might [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, vitamin D has been found to play a crucial role in bone homeostasis, muscle function, oncogenesis, immune response and metabolism. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous researchers have tried to determine the role vitamin D might play in the immune response to the virus. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to demonstrate that preventive vitamin D supplementation can play a protective role in the incidence of COVID-19, mortality and admission to intensive care units (ICUs). A comprehensive search on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases was performed on 15 May 2023, and two of the authors independently screened the literature. As effect measures, we calculated the Odds Ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (ICs). The assessment of potential bias and the evaluation of study quality will be conducted independently by two researchers. Sixteen publications were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Our findings indicate that vitamin D supplementation has a protective effect against the incidence of COVID-19 in RCT studies (OR 0.403, 95% IC 0.218, 0.747), in the incidence of COVID-19 in analytical studies (OR = 0.592, 95% IC 0.476–0.736) and in ICU admission (OR 0.317, 95% IC 0.147–0.680). Subsequent analyses were conducted by type of subject treated (patient/healthcare workers) and type of supplementation (vitamin D vs. placebo/no treatment or high dose vs. low dose). Our meta-analysis suggests a definitive and significant association between the protective role of vitamin D and COVID-19 incidence and ICU admission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vitamin D on Respiratory Disease)

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16 pages, 2090 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Menopause Hot Flashes and Molecular Mechanisms Modulated by Food-Derived Nutrients

by Ewa Forma, Karina Urbańska and Magdalena Bryś

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050655 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7257

Abstract

The causes of vasomotor symptoms, including hot flashes, are not fully understood, may be related to molecular factors, and have a polygenic architecture. Nutrients and bioactive molecules supplied to the body with food are metabolized using various enzymatic pathways. They can induce molecular [...] Read more.

The causes of vasomotor symptoms, including hot flashes, are not fully understood, may be related to molecular factors, and have a polygenic architecture. Nutrients and bioactive molecules supplied to the body with food are metabolized using various enzymatic pathways. They can induce molecular cell signaling pathways and, consequently, activate effector proteins that modulate processes related to hot flashes in menopausal women. In this review, we analyzed the literature data from the last 5 years, especially regarding genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, and selected molecular factors and cell signaling pathways that may potentially be related to hot flashes in women. These are the kisspeptin-GnRH pathway, adipocyte-derived hormones, aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, catechol estrogens and estrogen sulfotransferase, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and glucose availability. Then, single compounds or groups of food ingredients were selected that, according to experimental data, influence the course of the discussed molecular pathways and thus can be considered as potential natural therapeutic agents to effectively reduce the troublesome symptoms of menopause in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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27 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function in Cardiovascular Diseases: What about Aging and Diet Effects?

by Mojgan Morvaridzadeh, Nada Zoubdane, Javad Heshmati, Mehdi Alami, Hicham Berrougui and Abdelouahed Khalil

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050653 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6334

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading global cause of mortality, prompting a heightened focus on identifying precise indicators for their assessment and treatment. In this perspective, the plasma levels of HDL have emerged as a pivotal focus, given the demonstrable correlation between [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading global cause of mortality, prompting a heightened focus on identifying precise indicators for their assessment and treatment. In this perspective, the plasma levels of HDL have emerged as a pivotal focus, given the demonstrable correlation between plasma levels and cardiovascular events, rendering them a noteworthy biomarker. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that HDLs, while intricate, are not presently a direct therapeutic target, necessitating a more nuanced understanding of their dynamic remodeling throughout their life cycle. HDLs exhibit several anti-atherosclerotic properties that define their functionality. This functionality of HDLs, which is independent of their concentration, may be impaired in certain risk factors for CVD. Moreover, because HDLs are dynamic parameters, in which HDL particles present different atheroprotective properties, it remains difficult to interpret the association between HDL level and CVD risk. Besides the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDLs, their capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux, a key metric of HDL functionality, represents the main anti-atherosclerotic property of HDL. In this review, we will discuss the HDL components and HDL structure that may affect their functionality and we will review the mechanism by which HDL mediates cholesterol efflux. We will give a brief examination of the effects of aging and diet on HDL structure and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Diseases)

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24 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases

by Valeria Prete, Angela Carmelita Abate, Paola Di Pietro, Massimiliano De Lucia, Carmine Vecchione and Albino Carrizzo

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050642 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 14321

Abstract

In recent decades, as a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina [...] Read more.

In recent decades, as a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a blue-green cyanobacterium, classified as a “superfood”, used worldwide as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its remarkable nutritional value, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Several scientific studies have evaluated the cardioprotective role of Spirulina. This article presents a comprehensive review of the therapeutic benefits of Spirulina in improving cardio- and cerebrovascular health. It focuses on the latest experimental and clinical findings to evaluate its antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The objective is to highlight its potential in preventing and managing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Foods and Ingredients for Cardiovascular Diseases)

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22 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Structure, Biological Functions, Separation, Properties, and Potential Applications of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM): A Review

by Chao Nie, Yunyi Zhao, Xifan Wang, Yixuan Li, Bing Fang, Ran Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, Haiping Liao, Gengsheng Li, Pengjie Wang and Rong Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050587 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6337

Abstract

Background: The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest [...] Read more.

Background: The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest in its biological characteristics and health-related functions. Thorough exploration and utilization of MFGM as a significant bioactive constituent in milk emulsion can profoundly impact human health in a positive manner. Scope and approach: This review comprehensively examines the current progress in understanding the structure, composition, physicochemical properties, methods of separation and purification, and biological activity of MFGM. Additionally, it underscores the vast potential of MFGM in the development of additives and drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on harnessing the surface activity and stability of proteins and phospholipids present on the MFGM for the production of natural emulsifiers and drug encapsulation materials. Key findings and conclusions: MFGM harbors numerous active substances that possess diverse physiological functions, including the promotion of digestion, maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and facilitation of nerve development. Typically employed as a dietary supplement in infant formula, MFGM’s exceptional surface activity has propelled its advancement toward becoming a natural emulsifier or encapsulation material. This surface activity is primarily derived from the amphiphilicity of polar lipids and the stability exhibited by highly glycosylated proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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22 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Vitamin D and Its Dietary Supplementation in Breast Cancer Prevention: An Integrative Review

by Antía Torres, Carla Cameselle, Paz Otero and Jesus Simal-Gandara

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050573 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 12268

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is currently a significant public health issue closely linked to numerous diseases, such as breast cancer. This study aims to determine the estimated optimal serum levels of vitamin D to have a protective effect against breast cancer, in addition to [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is currently a significant public health issue closely linked to numerous diseases, such as breast cancer. This study aims to determine the estimated optimal serum levels of vitamin D to have a protective effect against breast cancer, in addition to exploring the biological mechanisms and risk factors involved. A literature search of articles published in the last 5 years was conducted, and simple statistical analyses using mean and standard deviation were performed to calculate the average concentration of vitamin D from different available studies. It has been observed that serum levels of vitamin D ≥ 40.26 ng/mL ± 14.19 ng/mL could exert a protective effect against breast cancer. Additionally, various biological mechanisms, such as those related to the immune system, and risk factors like diet implicated in this relationship were elucidated. Consequently, it can be concluded that proper serum levels of vitamin D may have a protective effect against breast cancer, and dietary supplementation may be an appropriate procedure to achieve these optimal vitamin D concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Cancer Prevention)

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38 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?

by Maria Suprunowicz, Natalia Tomaszek, Agata Urbaniak, Klaudia Zackiewicz, Stefan Modzelewski and Napoleon Waszkiewicz

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040549 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7426

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions. Concurrently, attention is directed towards the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and impaired intestinal tightness. This comprehensive review emphasizes the potential impact of maternal gut microbiota changes on the development of autism in children, especially considering maternal immune activation (MIA). The following paper evaluates the impact of the birth route on the colonization of the child with bacteria in the first weeks of life. Furthermore, it explores the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17a and mother’s obesity as potentially environmental factors of ASD. The purpose of this review is to advance our understanding of ASD pathogenesis, while also searching for the positive implications of the latest therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation, targeting the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation. This review aims to provide valuable insights that could instruct future studies and treatments for individuals affected by ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplements during Pregnancy (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Associations of Diet with Health Outcomes in the UK Biobank: A Systematic Review

by Hana F. Navratilova, Susan Lanham-New, Anthony D. Whetton and Nophar Geifman

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040523 - 13 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7647

Abstract

The UK Biobank is a cohort study that collects data on diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, and health to examine diet–disease associations. Based on the UK Biobank, we reviewed 36 studies on diet and three health conditions: type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and [...] Read more.

The UK Biobank is a cohort study that collects data on diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, and health to examine diet–disease associations. Based on the UK Biobank, we reviewed 36 studies on diet and three health conditions: type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Most studies used one-time dietary data instead of repeated 24 h recalls, which may lead to measurement errors and bias in estimating diet–disease associations. We also found that most studies focused on single food groups or macronutrients, while few studies adopted a dietary pattern approach. Several studies consistently showed that eating more red and processed meat led to a higher risk of lung and colorectal cancer. The results suggest that high adherence to “healthy” dietary patterns (consuming various food types, with at least three servings/day of whole grain, fruits, and vegetables, and meat and processed meat less than twice a week) slightly lowers the risk of T2DM, CVD, and colorectal cancer. Future research should use multi-omics data and machine learning models to account for the complexity and interactions of dietary components and their effects on disease risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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16 pages, 2868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Cardiovascular Effects of a Novel Pomegranate Byproduct Extract Obtained through Hydrodynamic Cavitation

by Giada Benedetti, Lorenzo Flori, Jacopo Spezzini, Vincenzo Miragliotta, Giulia Lazzarini, Andrea Pirone, Cosimo Meneguzzo, Luca Tagliavento, Alma Martelli, Michele Antonelli, Davide Donelli, Cecilia Faraloni, Vincenzo Calderone, Francesco Meneguzzo and Lara Testai

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040506 - 10 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6421

Abstract

The healthy properties of pomegranate fruit, a highly consumed food, have been known for a long time. However, the pomegranate supply chain is still rather inefficient, with the non-edible fraction, whose weight is roughly half the total and is endowed with plenty of [...] Read more.

The healthy properties of pomegranate fruit, a highly consumed food, have been known for a long time. However, the pomegranate supply chain is still rather inefficient, with the non-edible fraction, whose weight is roughly half the total and is endowed with plenty of valuable bioactive compounds, either disposed of or underutilized. A novel extract obtained from non-edible byproducts (called PPE), using hydrodynamic cavitation, a green, efficient, and scalable technique, was investigated for its cardiovascular effects in vivo. PPE showed efficacy in an acute phenylephrine (PE)-induced hypertensive rat model, similar to the extract of whole fruit (PFE) obtained using the same extractive technique, along with good intestinal bioaccessibility after oral administration. Finally, when chronically administered for 6 weeks to spontaneously hypertensive rats, PPE was shown to significantly contain the increase in systolic blood pressure, comparable to the reference drug Captopril, and at a dose remarkably lower than the reported effective dose of ellagic acid. The extract from the non-edible fraction of the pomegranate fruit also showed good anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic effects. The findings of this study, along with the extraction technique, could contribute to enhancing the value of the pomegranate supply chain, relieve the related environmental burden, and potentially improve public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals and Chronic Diseases)

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28 pages, 28736 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium and the Hallmarks of Aging

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040496 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 21854

Abstract

Magnesium is an essential ion in the human body that regulates numerous physiological and pathological processes. Magnesium deficiency is very common in old age. Age-related chronic diseases and the aging process itself are frequently associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, called ‘inflammaging’. Because chronic [...] Read more.

Magnesium is an essential ion in the human body that regulates numerous physiological and pathological processes. Magnesium deficiency is very common in old age. Age-related chronic diseases and the aging process itself are frequently associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, called ‘inflammaging’. Because chronic magnesium insufficiency has been linked to excessive generation of inflammatory markers and free radicals, inducing a chronic inflammatory state, we formerly hypothesized that magnesium inadequacy may be considered among the intermediaries helping us explain the link between inflammaging and aging-associated diseases. We show in this review evidence of the relationship of magnesium with all the hallmarks of aging (genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, disabled autophagy, dysbiosis, and chronic inflammation), which may positively affect the human healthspan. It is feasible to hypothesize that maintaining an optimal balance of magnesium during one’s life course may turn out to be a safe and economical strategy contributing to the promotion of healthy aging. Future well-designed studies are necessary to further explore this hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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26 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

B Cells Dynamic in Aging and the Implications of Nutritional Regulation

by Yifei Yu, Chenxu Lu, Weiru Yu, Yumei Lei, Siyuan Sun, Ping Liu, Feirong Bai, Yu Chen and Juan Chen

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040487 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4236

Abstract

Aging negatively affects B cell production, resulting in a decrease in B-1 and B-2 cells and impaired antibody responses. Age-related B cell subsets contribute to inflammation. Investigating age-related alterations in the B-cell pool and developing targeted therapies are crucial for combating autoimmune diseases [...] Read more.

Aging negatively affects B cell production, resulting in a decrease in B-1 and B-2 cells and impaired antibody responses. Age-related B cell subsets contribute to inflammation. Investigating age-related alterations in the B-cell pool and developing targeted therapies are crucial for combating autoimmune diseases in the elderly. Additionally, optimal nutrition, including carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and especially lipids, play a vital role in supporting immune function and mitigating the age-related decline in B cell activity. Research on the influence of lipids on B cells shows promise for improving autoimmune diseases. Understanding the aging B-cell pool and considering nutritional interventions can inform strategies for promoting healthy aging and reducing the age-related disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Metabolism with Molecular Immunology)

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15 pages, 2704 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beneficial Effects of Dietary Flaxseed on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Mihir Parikh, Broderick C. Hirst, Kimberley A. O’Hara, Thane G. Maddaford, J. Alejandro Austria, Aleksandra Stamenkovic, Liping Yu, Branislav Kura, Bhavana Garg, Thomas Netticadan, Spencer D. Proctor and Grant N. Pierce

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040466 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 14546

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a significant cause of chronic liver disease, presents a considerable public health concern. Despite this, there is currently no treatment available. This study aimed to investigate dietary flaxseed in the JCR:LA-corpulent rat strain model of NAFLD. Both obese [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a significant cause of chronic liver disease, presents a considerable public health concern. Despite this, there is currently no treatment available. This study aimed to investigate dietary flaxseed in the JCR:LA-corpulent rat strain model of NAFLD. Both obese male and female rats were studied along with their lean counterparts after 12 weeks of ingestion of a control diet, or control diet with flaxseed, or high fat, high sucrose (HFHS), or HFHS plus flaxseed. Obese rats showed higher liver weight and increased levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and saturated fatty acid, which were further elevated in rats on the HFHS diet. The HFHS diet induced a significant two-fold elevation in the plasma levels of both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the obese male and female rats. Including flaxseed in the HFHS diet significantly lowered liver weight, depressed the plasma levels of both enzymes in the obese male rats, and reduced hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride content as well as improving the fatty acid profile. In summary, including flaxseed in the diet of male and female obese rats led to an improved lipid composition in the liver and significantly reduced biomarkers of tissue injury despite consuming a HFHS chow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multiple Organ Cross-Talk and Nutrition Metabolism in the Development and Progression of NAFLD / MAFLD)

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21 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Trends on the Involvement of Zinc, Copper, and Selenium in the Process of Hepatocarcinogenesis

by Takashi Himoto and Tsutomu Masaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040472 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3235

Abstract

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell [...] Read more.

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle progression, and angiogenesis, finally leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. These essential trace elements can affect the microenvironment in HCC. The carrier proteins for zinc and copper and selenium-containing enzymes play important roles in the prevention or progression of HCC. These trace elements enhance or alleviate the chemosensitivity of anticancer agents in patients with HCC. The zinc, copper, or selenium may affect the homeostasis of other trace elements with each other. Novel types of cell death including ferropotosis and cupropotosis are also associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies for HCC that target these carrier proteins for zinc and copper or selenium-containing enzymes have been developed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of zinc-, copper- or selenium-nanoparticles has been considered as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. These results indicate that zinc, copper, and selenium may become promising therapeutic targets in patients with HCC. The clinical application of these agents is an urgent unmet requirement. This review article highlights the correlation between the dysregulation of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements and the development of HCC and summarizes the current trends on the roles of these essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Trace Elements in Chronic Liver Disease)

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10 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Is ChatGPT an Effective Tool for Providing Dietary Advice?

by Valentina Ponzo, Ilaria Goitre, Enrica Favaro, Fabio Dario Merlo, Maria Vittoria Mancino, Sergio Riso and Simona Bo

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040469 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8958

Abstract

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT’s potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in [...] Read more.

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT’s potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in relation to different non-communicable diseases (NCDs). First, the dietary advice given by ChatGPT (version 3.5) for various NCDs was compared with guidelines; then, the chatbot’s capacity to manage a complex case with several diseases was investigated. A panel of nutrition experts assessed ChatGPT’s responses. Overall, ChatGPT offered clear advice, with appropriateness of responses ranging from 55.5% (sarcopenia) to 73.3% (NAFLD). Only two recommendations (one for obesity, one for non-alcoholic-fatty-liver disease) contradicted guidelines. A single suggestion for T2DM was found to be “unsupported”, while many recommendations for various NCDs were deemed to be “not fully matched” to the guidelines despite not directly contradicting them. However, when the chatbot handled overlapping conditions, limitations emerged, resulting in some contradictory or inappropriate advice. In conclusion, although ChatGPT exhibited a reasonable accuracy in providing general dietary advice for NCDs, its efficacy decreased in complex situations necessitating customized strategies; therefore, the chatbot is currently unable to replace a healthcare professional’s consultation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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22 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Twelve Weeks of Daily Lentil Consumption Improves Fasting Cholesterol and Postprandial Glucose and Inflammatory Responses—A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Morgan L. Chamberlin, Stephanie M.G. Wilson, Marcy E. Gaston, Wan-Yuan Kuo and Mary P. Miles

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030419 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 10780

Abstract

Lentils have potential to improve metabolic health but there are limited randomized clinical trials evaluating their comprehensive impact on metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lentil-based vs. meat-based meals on fasting and postprandial measures of glucose and [...] Read more.

Lentils have potential to improve metabolic health but there are limited randomized clinical trials evaluating their comprehensive impact on metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lentil-based vs. meat-based meals on fasting and postprandial measures of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. Thirty-eight adults with an increased waist circumference (male ≥ 40 inches and female ≥ 35 inches) participated in a 12-week dietary intervention that included seven prepared midday meals totaling either 980 g (LEN) or 0 g (CON) of cooked green lentils per week. Linear models were used to assess changes in fasting and postprandial markers from pre- to post-intervention by meal group. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed through a survey randomly delivered once per week during the intervention. We found that regular consumption of lentils lowered fasting LDL (F = 5.53, p = 0.02) and total cholesterol levels (F = 8.64, p < 0.01) as well as postprandial glucose (β = −0.99, p = 0.01), IL-17 (β = −0.68, p = 0.04), and IL-1β (β = −0.70, p = 0.03) responses. GI symptoms were not different by meal group and all symptoms were reported as “none” or “mild” for the duration of the intervention. Our results suggest that daily lentil consumption may be helpful in lowering cholesterol and postprandial glycemic and inflammatory responses without causing GI stress. This information further informs the development of pulse-based dietary strategies to lower disease risk and to slow or reverse metabolic disease progression in at-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition Strategies to Counteract Inflammation and Obesity)

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15 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Theory of Food: Unravelling the Lifelong Impact of Childhood Dietary Habits on Adult Food Preferences across Different Diet Groups

by Omer Horovitz

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030428 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9856

Abstract

The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the “Theory of Food” (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the “Theory [...] Read more.

The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the “Theory of Food” (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the “Theory of Mind,” the ToF hypothesizes that individuals construct an associative world of food images and representations mirroring the socio-cognitive world shaped by proper theory of mind development. The study, involving 249 healthy adults, employs the Cognitive Food Preference Questionnaire (CFPQ) and the Adult Food Preference Profile (AFPP) to explore the correlation between childhood and adult food preferences across diet groups (omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans). Results reveal robust correlations in omnivores, varied patterns in vegetarians, and mixed outcomes in vegans. Notably, omnivores show correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, meat, soft drinks, and snack consumption. Vegetarians exhibit correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, snacks, and, surprisingly, meat consumption. Vegans display correlations in grains, fast food, vegetables, and snacks. The study suggests that childhood dietary habits tend to influence adult food choices, offering insights for future research in the field of theory of food (ToF). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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17 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease

by D. M. Sithara Dissanayaka, Vijay Jayasena, Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith, Ralph N. Martins and W. M. A. D. Binosha Fernando

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030412 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 13226

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) impacts 50 million individuals, with projections anticipating an increase to 152 million by the year 2050. Despite [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) impacts 50 million individuals, with projections anticipating an increase to 152 million by the year 2050. Despite the increasing global prevalence of AD, its underlying pathology remains poorly understood, posing challenges for early diagnosis and treatment. Recent research suggests a link between gut dysbiosis and the aggregation of Aβ, the development of tau proteins, and the occurrence of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are associated with AD. However, investigations into the gut–brain axis (GBA) in the context of AD progression and pathology have yielded inconsistent findings. This review aims to enhance our understanding of microbial diversity at the species level and the role of these species in AD pathology. Additionally, this review addresses the influence of confounding elements, including diet, probiotics, and prebiotics, on AD throughout different stages (preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD) of its progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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12 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Aging: Central Role of Immunocompetence

by Carsten Carlberg and Eunike Velleuer

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030398 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8115

Abstract

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human [...] Read more.

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human immune cells and controls in this way the expression of hundreds of vitamin D target genes. Since the myeloid linage of hematopoiesis is epigenetically programmed by VDR in concert with the pioneer factors PU.1 (purine-rich box 1) and CEBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α), monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are the most vitamin D-sensitive immune cell types. The central role of the immune system in various aging-related diseases suggests that immunocompetence describes not only the ability of an individual to resist pathogens and parasites but also to contest non-communicative diseases and the process of aging itself. In this review, we argue that the individual-specific responsiveness to vitamin D relates to a person’s immunocompetence via the epigenetic programming function of VDR and its ligand 1,25(OH)₂D₃ during hematopoiesis as well as in the periphery. This may provide a mechanism explaining how vitamin D protects against major common diseases and, in parallel, promotes healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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24 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome

by Giulia Catassi, Marina Aloi, Valentina Giorgio, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030400 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 11226

Abstract

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding [...] Read more.

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. These findings underscore the need for future research to understand the long-term health impacts of these interventions and for further strategies to enrich the gut microbiome of formula-fed and preterm infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Infant Gut Microbiome—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review

by Adriano dos Santos and Serena Galiè

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030390 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 11483

Abstract

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). [...] Read more.

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this complex scenario, the role of the gut–brain axis as the main communicating pathway between gut microbiota and sleep regulation pathways in the brain reveals some common host–microbial biomarkers in both sleep disturbances and MetS. As the biological mechanisms behind this complex interacting network of neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways are not fully understood yet, the present systematic review aims to describe common microbial features between these two unrelated chronic conditions. Results: This systematic review highlights a total of 36 articles associating the gut microbial signature with MetS or sleep disorders. Specific emphasis is given to studies evaluating the effect of dietary patterns, dietary supplementation, and probiotics on MetS or sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Dietary choices promote microbial composition and metabolites, causing both the amelioration and impairment of MetS and sleep homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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15 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D Supplementation: A Review of the Evidence Arguing for a Daily Dose of 2000 International Units (50 µg) of Vitamin D for Adults in the General Population

by Pawel Pludowski, William B. Grant, Spyridon N. Karras, Armin Zittermann and Stefan Pilz

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030391 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 41629

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, several knowledge gaps remain regarding the precise definition of vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency, the health benefits of improving vitamin D status, and the required vitamin D intakes. Consequently, various societies and expert groups have released heterogeneous recommendations on the dosages for vitamin D supplementation. In this brief narrative review, we outline and discuss recent advances regarding the scientific evidence arguing for a daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 international units (IU) (50 µg) of vitamin D3 to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency. According to data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), such a dose may improve some health outcomes and is sufficient to raise and maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) and above 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) in >99% and >90% of the general adult population, respectively. According to large vitamin D RCTs, there are no significant safety concerns in supplementing such a dose for several years, even in individuals with an already sufficient vitamin D status at baseline. A daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 IU (50 µg) may be considered a simple, effective, and safe dosage to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency in the adult general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pleiotropic Actions of Vitamin D: Proceedings from the 6th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

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16 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Patterns and Hypothyroidism in U.S. Adult Population

by Dana Alkhatib, Zumin Shi and Vijay Ganji

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030382 - 28 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6790

Abstract

The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for various body functions. Hypothyroidism is defined as insufficient thyroid hormone production. Several studies have found associations between specific micronutrients and overall thyroid function; however, the amount of evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns [...] Read more.

The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for various body functions. Hypothyroidism is defined as insufficient thyroid hormone production. Several studies have found associations between specific micronutrients and overall thyroid function; however, the amount of evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns and hypothyroidism among the U.S. population is limited. Data from three cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2011–2012, were used (n = 8317). Subjects with serum thyroid stimulating hormone >4.5 mIU/L or on levothyroxine were considered to have hypothyroidism. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and several lifestyle factors were considered as covariates. Three patterns were extracted using factor analysis. These were labeled as fat–processed grains–sugars–meats (FPSM), oils–nuts–potatoes–low-fat meats (ONPL), and fruits–whole grains–vegetables–dairy (FWVD) patterns. In a weighted multiple logistic regression, FPSM and ONPL were inversely associated with hypothyroidism (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57–1; p = 0.049 and OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.97; p = 0.025, respectively). However, FWVD demonstrated no association with hypothyroidism (p = 0.63). In conclusion, FPSM and ONPL patterns but not FWVD patterns were associated with hypothyroidism in U.S. adults. Nutrient deficiencies and their interactions may be linked to hypothyroidism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habits, Nutritional Status, Health Beliefs and Disease Risks)

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24 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS

by Luisa Bertin, Miriana Zanconato, Martina Crepaldi, Giovanni Marasco, Cesare Cremon, Giovanni Barbara, Brigida Barberio, Fabiana Zingone and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030370 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 18043

Abstract

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such [...] Read more.

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such as luminal distension induced by gas and water but also recent evidence on the role of FOMAPs in the modulation of visceral hypersensitivity, increases in intestinal permeability, the induction of microbiota changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as metabolomics and alterations in motility. Although most of the supporting evidence is of low quality, recent trials have confirmed its effectiveness, even though the majority of the evidence pertains only to the restriction phase and its effectiveness in relieving abdominal bloating and pain. This review examines potential pathophysiological mechanisms and provides an overview of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet across various IBS subtypes. Key considerations for its use include the challenges and disadvantages associated with its practical implementation, including the need for professional guidance, variations in individual responses, concerns related to microbiota, nutritional deficiencies, the development of constipation, the necessity of excluding an eating disorder before commencing the diet, and the scarcity of long-term data. Despite its recognized efficacy in symptom management, acknowledging these limitations becomes imperative for a nuanced comprehension of the role of a low FODMAP diet in managing IBS. By investigating its potential mechanisms and evidence across IBS subtypes and addressing emerging modulations alongside limitations, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and patients navigating the intricate landscape of IBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation)

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12 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Inversely Associated with Anxiety and Stress but Not Depression: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Community-Dwelling Older Australians

by Lisa Allcock, Evangeline Mantzioris and Anthony Villani

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030366 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7433

Abstract

Diet quality may be an important modifiable risk factor for mental health disorders. However, these findings have been inconsistent, particularly in older adults. We explored the independent associations between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and severity of symptoms related to depression, anxiety [...] Read more.

Diet quality may be an important modifiable risk factor for mental health disorders. However, these findings have been inconsistent, particularly in older adults. We explored the independent associations between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and severity of symptoms related to depression, anxiety and stress in older adults from Australia. This was a cross-sectional analysis of older Australians ≥ 60 years. MedDiet adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS−21) was used to assess the severity of negative emotional symptoms. A total of n = 294 participants were included in the final analyses (70.4 ± 6.2 years). Adherence to a MedDiet was inversely associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms (β = −0.118; CI: −0.761, −0.012; p = 0.043) independent of age, gender, BMI, physical activity, sleep, cognitive risk and ability to perform activities of daily living. Furthermore, MedDiet adherence was inversely associated with symptoms of stress (β = −0.151; CI: −0.680, −0.073; p = 0.015) independent of age, gender, BMI, physical activity and sleep. However, no relationship between MedDiet adherence and depressive symptoms was observed. We showed that adherence to a MedDiet is inversely associated with the severity of symptoms related to anxiety and stress but not depression. Exploring these findings with the use of longitudinal analyses and robust clinical trials are needed to better elucidate these findings in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geriatric Nursing Nutrition)

12 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Low-Glycemic Load Diets and Thyroid Function: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives

by Ioanna Partsalaki, Georgios K. Markantes and Marina A. Michalaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030347 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8556

Abstract

Nutrition and calorie intake are associated with subtle changes of thyroid function tests in subjects with an intact Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Iodine deficiency and extreme fluctuations in calorie intake, such as those that occur during periods of starvation or overfeeding could lead to alterations [...] Read more.

Nutrition and calorie intake are associated with subtle changes of thyroid function tests in subjects with an intact Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Iodine deficiency and extreme fluctuations in calorie intake, such as those that occur during periods of starvation or overfeeding could lead to alterations in thyroid hormones. The dietary macronutrient and micronutrient composition could also influence the thyroid function. Recently, Low-Glycemic Load (LGL) diets have become very popular and are effective in the treatment and/or prevention of several medical conditions, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and epilepsy. In this review, we report on the available data from the literature regarding the association between LGL diets and thyroid function or dysfunction. Several studies conducted in this field to date have yielded inconsistent results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Glycemic-Load Diets: Impact on Health and Disease)

19 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Adverse Food Reactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

by Ivan Capobianco, Federica Di Vincenzo, Pierluigi Puca, Guia Becherucci, Maria Chiara Mentella, Valentina Petito and Franco Scaldaferri

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030351 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6964

Abstract

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the [...] Read more.

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the patients themselves may associate with specific dietary components. This task becomes even more arduous when managing patients with significant underlying organic conditions, like IBD. The aim of this review is to summarize and emphasize any actual associations between food allergies and intolerances and inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Through a narrative disceptation of the current literature, we highlight the increased prevalence of various food intolerances, including lactose, fructose, histamine, nickel, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in individuals with IBD. Additionally, we explore the association between increased epithelial barrier permeability in IBD and the development of food sensitization. By doing so, we aim to enhance clinicians’ awareness of the nutritional management of patients with IBD when facing complaints or evidence of food allergies or intolerances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Is New in Nutrition Care and What Should We Eat?)

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