Nutrients

16 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Association of Dietary Vegetable and Fruit Consumption with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Seung-Hee Hong and Yun-Jung Bae

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111707 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3329

Previous studies have shown contradictory results regarding the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate this association using a meta-analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, [...] Read more.

Previous studies have shown contradictory results regarding the association between vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate this association using a meta-analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through July 2023 using related keywords. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based on the random-effects model. We included 14 observational studies with 11 cross-sectional and three cohort studies involving 6436 sarcopenias among 33,801 participants. Vegetable and fruit consumption were significantly associated with reduced sarcopenia risk (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.79; I² = 59.8%). The association was significant in cross-sectional studies (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.84; I² = 56.3%; n = 11) but not in cohort studies (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.22 to 1.11; I² = 76.4%; n = 3). Moreover, the association was significant in age ≥60 (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.83; I² = 58.0%; n = 10). This meta-analysis suggests that eating vegetables and fruit reduces sarcopenia risk. However, as cohort studies provide a higher level of evidence than case–control studies, further prospective cohort studies should be conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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31 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Physiology of Vitamin D—Focusing on Disease Prevention

by Sunil J. Wimalawansa

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111666 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9446

Abstract

Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)₂D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)₂D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal calcium absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, and skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and reduction of the severity of diverse conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, and cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune cells, obtain vitamin D and 25(OH)D through concentration-dependent diffusion from the circulation. Calcitriol is synthesized intracellularly in these cells from these precursors, which is crucial for their protective physiological actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and infections; deficiency also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL is vital for health and disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than the government’s recommended vitamin D doses. Despite extensive published research, recommended daily intake and therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations have lagged and are outdated, preventing people from benefiting. Evidence suggests that maintaining the 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 ng/mL with a range of 40–80 ng/mL in the population is optimal for disease prevention and reducing morbidities and mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation for individuals is to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) for optimal clinical outcomes. Insights from metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics offer promise for better clinical outcomes from vitamin D sufficiency. Given its broader positive impact on human health with minimal cost and little adverse effects, proactively integrating vitamin D assessment and supplementation into clinical practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review synthesized recent novel findings related to the physiology of vitamin D that have significant implications for disease prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Omega-3 Supplementation and Its Effects on Osteoarthritis

by Megan Shawl, Thangiah Geetha, Donna Burnett and Jeganathan Ramesh Babu

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111650 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 12513

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the destruction of the articular cartilage, resulting in a pro-inflammatory response. The progression of OA is multifactorial and is influenced by the underlying cause of inflammation, which includes but is not limited to trauma, [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the destruction of the articular cartilage, resulting in a pro-inflammatory response. The progression of OA is multifactorial and is influenced by the underlying cause of inflammation, which includes but is not limited to trauma, metabolism, biology, comorbidities, and biomechanics. Although articular cartilage is the main tissue affected in osteoarthritis, the chronic inflammatory environment negatively influences the surrounding synovium, ligaments, and subchondral bone, further limiting their functional abilities and enhancing symptoms of OA. Treatment for osteoarthritis remains inconsistent due to the inability to determine the underlying mechanism of disease onset, severity of symptoms, and complicating comorbidities. In recent years, diet and nutritional supplements have gained interest regarding slowing the disease process, prevention, and treatment of OA. This is due to their anti-inflammatory properties, which result in a positive influence on pain, joint mobility, and cartilage formation. More specifically, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have demonstrated an influential role in the progression of OA, resulting in the reduction of cartilage destruction, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine cascades, and production of oxylipins that promote anti-inflammatory pathways. The present review is focused on the assessment of evidence explaining the inflammatory processes of osteoarthritis and the influence of omega-3 supplementation to modulate the progression of osteoarthritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements for Bone Health)

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27 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on the Pathologic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Development

by Hiva Sharebiani, Mina Mokaram, Melika Mirghani, Bahare Fazeli and Agata Stanek

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111641 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3261

Abstract

In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This [...] Read more.

In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is designed based on evidence indicating the pathogenic mechanisms of MetS. In detail, we will look at the mechanisms of oxidative stress induction in MetS, the effects of elevated oxidative stress levels on the condition’s pathophysiology, and matters related to endothelial function. According to different components of the MetS pathophysiological network, the effects of antioxidants and endothelial dysfunction are reviewed. After considering the strategic role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of MetS and its associated CVDs, oxidative stress management by antioxidant supplementation seems an appropriate therapeutic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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28 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Obesity, Dietary Patterns, and Hormonal Balance Modulation: Gender-Specific Impacts

by Elisa Mazza, Ersilia Troiano, Yvelise Ferro, Fabrizia Lisso, Martina Tosi, Ettore Turco, Roberta Pujia and Tiziana Montalcini

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111629 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 23982

Abstract

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and [...] Read more.

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and women, focusing on their effects on hormonal balance and metabolic health in the context of obesity. Calorie restriction, the Western diet, high-fat diets, low-CHO diets, plant-based diets, and the Mediterranean diet are analyzed in relation to their influence on obesity-related endocrine disruptions and metabolic health. Future research directions include investigating the specific mechanisms underlying dietary influences on hormonal regulation, addressing the gender-specific metabolic differences and body fat distribution, and exploring the dietary needs of individuals undergoing gender transition. Personalized dietary interventions tailored to individual metabolic and hormonal profiles are essential for optimizing health outcomes across the gender spectrum. By integrating gender-specific considerations into dietary recommendations, healthcare professionals can better support individuals in achieving optimal metabolic health and hormonal balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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30 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Edible Offal as a Valuable Source of Nutrients in the Diet—A Review

by Agnieszka Latoch, Dariusz Mirosław Stasiak and Patryk Siczek

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111609 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7769

Abstract

The global increase in demand for meat leads to substantial quantities of by-products, including edible offal from both wild and domesticated animals raised for diversified consumption products within an agricultural framework. Information on the nutritional value of offal is scattered and limited. This [...] Read more.

The global increase in demand for meat leads to substantial quantities of by-products, including edible offal from both wild and domesticated animals raised for diversified consumption products within an agricultural framework. Information on the nutritional value of offal is scattered and limited. This review aims to synthesize scientific publications on the potential of offal as a source of nutrients and bioactive substances in human diets. The literature review included publications available in ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar published between 2014 and 2024. Findings indicate that edible offal is characterized by a nutrient concentration often surpassing that found in skeletal muscle. This review discusses the yield of edible offal and explores factors influencing human consumption. Selected factors affecting the nutritional value of offal of various animals and the importance of individual nutrients in ensuring the proper functioning of the human body were analyzed. The optimal use of offal in processing and catering can significantly benefit aspects of human life, including diet quality, food security, and conservation of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 4526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Broccoli Consumption and Risk of Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Eduard Baladia, Manuel Moñino, Eulogio Pleguezuelos, Giuseppe Russolillo and Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111583 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8472

Abstract

Background: The scientific literature has reported an inverse association between broccoli consumption and the risk of suffering from several types of cancer; however, the results were not entirely consistent across studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies were conducted to determine [...] Read more.

Background: The scientific literature has reported an inverse association between broccoli consumption and the risk of suffering from several types of cancer; however, the results were not entirely consistent across studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies were conducted to determine the association between broccoli consumption and cancer risk with the aim of clarifying the beneficial biological effects of broccoli consumption on cancer. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), and Epistemonikos databases were searched to identify all published papers that evaluate the impact of broccoli consumption on the risk of cancer. Citation chasing of included studies was conducted as a complementary search strategy. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects model meta-analysis was employed to quantitatively synthesize results, with the I2 index used to assess heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-three case–control studies (n = 12,929 cases and 18,363 controls; n = 31,292 individuals) and 12 cohort studies (n = 699,482 individuals) were included in the meta-analysis. The results suggest an inverse association between broccoli consumption and the risk of cancer both in case–control studies (OR: 0.64, 95% CI from 0.58 to 0.70, p < 0.001; Q = 35.97, p = 0.072, I² = 30.49%—moderate heterogeneity; τ² = 0.016) and cohort studies (RR: 0.89, 95% CI from 0.82 to 0.96, p = 0.003; Q = 13.51, p = 0.333, I² = 11.21%—low heterogeneity; τ² = 0.002). Subgroup analysis suggested a potential benefit of broccoli consumption in site-specific cancers only in case–control studies. Conclusions: In summary, the findings indicate that individuals suffering from some type of cancer consumed less broccoli, suggesting a protective biological effect of broccoli on cancer. More studies, especially cohort studies, are necessary to clarify the possible beneficial effect of broccoli on several types of cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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20 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Eliana Marrone, Carla Di Palermo, Candela Iommi, Rosaria Ruggirello, Carla Caffarelli, Stefano Gonnelli and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111561 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6838

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, particularly in old age, when people are at the highest risk of the negative adverse consequences of hypovitaminosis D. Additionally to the recognized functions in the regulation of calcium absorption, bone remodeling, and bone growth, vitamin [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, particularly in old age, when people are at the highest risk of the negative adverse consequences of hypovitaminosis D. Additionally to the recognized functions in the regulation of calcium absorption, bone remodeling, and bone growth, vitamin D plays a key role as a hormone, which is supported by various enzymatic, physiological, metabolic, and pathophysiological processes related to various human organs and systems. Accruing evidence supports that vitamin D plays a key role in pancreatic islet dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. From an epidemiological viewpoint, numerous studies suggest that the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes in humans may be linked to the global trend of prevalent vitamin D insufficiency. In the past, this association has raised discussions due to the equivocal results, which lately have been more convincing of the true role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of incident type 2 diabetes. Most meta-analyses evaluating this role have been conducted in adults or young older persons (50–60 years old), with only one focusing on older populations, even if this is the population at greater risk of both hypovitaminosis D and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we conducted an update of the previous systematic review and meta-analysis examining whether hypovitaminosis D (low serum 25OHD levels) can predict incident diabetes in prospective longitudinal studies among older adults. We found that low 25OHD was associated with incident diabetes in older adults even after adjusting for several relevant potential confounders, confirming and updating the results of the only previous meta-analysis conducted in 2017. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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17 pages, 3302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prebiotic Treatment in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)—A Randomized Pilot Trial

by Naama Reshef, Uri Gophna, Leah Reshef, Fred Konikoff, Gila Gabay, Taiba Zornitzki, Hilla Knobler and Yaakov Maor

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111571 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3348

Abstract

Several studies show that gut microbiotas in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) differ from those in a healthy population, suggesting that this alteration plays a role in NAFLD pathogenesis. We investigated whether prebiotic administration affects liver fat content and/or liver-related and [...] Read more.

Several studies show that gut microbiotas in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) differ from those in a healthy population, suggesting that this alteration plays a role in NAFLD pathogenesis. We investigated whether prebiotic administration affects liver fat content and/or liver-related and metabolic parameters. Patients with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome (age: 50 ± 11; 79% men) were randomized to receive either 16 g/day of prebiotic (ITFs—inulin-type fructans) (n = 8) or placebo (maltodextrin) (n = 11) for 12 weeks. Patients were instructed to maintain a stable weight throughout the study. Liver fat content (measured by H¹MRS), fecal microbiota, and metabolic, inflammatory, and liver parameters were determined before and after intervention. Fecal samples from patients who received the prebiotic had an increased content of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.025), which was not observed with the placebo. However, the baseline and end-of-study liver fat contents did not change significantly in the prebiotic and placebo groups, neither did the liver function tests’ metabolic and inflammatory mediators, including fibroblast growth factor-19 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Body weight remained stable in both groups. These findings suggest that prebiotic treatment without weight reduction is insufficient to improve NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Gastrointestinal Disease)

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22 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential Effects of the Ketogenic Diet in the Prevention and Co-Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder: From the Basic Research to the Clinical Practice

by Maria Chrysafi, Constantina Jacovides, Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Evmorfia Psara, Theophanis Vorvolakos, Marina Antonopoulou, Antonios Dakanalis, Mato Martin, Gavriela Voulgaridou, Agathi Pritsa, Maria Mentzelou and Constantinos Giaginis

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111546 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8587

Abstract

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) has been highly developed in the past for the treatment of epileptic pathological states in children and adults. Recently, the current re-emergence in its popularity mainly focuses on the therapy of cardiometabolic diseases. The KD can also have [...] Read more.

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) has been highly developed in the past for the treatment of epileptic pathological states in children and adults. Recently, the current re-emergence in its popularity mainly focuses on the therapy of cardiometabolic diseases. The KD can also have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities which may be applied to the prevention and/or co-treatment of a diverse range of psychiatric disorders. Purpose: This is a comprehensive literature review that intends to critically collect and scrutinize the pre-existing research basis and clinical data of the potential advantageous impacts of a KD on stress, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Methods: This literature review was performed to thoroughly represent the existing research in this topic, as well as to find gaps in the international scientific community. In this aspect, we carefully investigated the ultimate scientific web databases, e.g., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to derive the currently available animal and clinical human surveys by using efficient and representative keywords. Results: Just in recent years, an increasing amount of animal and clinical human surveys have focused on investigating the possible impacts of the KD in the prevention and co-treatment of depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Pre-existing basic research with animal studies has consistently demonstrated promising results of the KD, showing a propensity to ameliorate symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, the translation of these findings to clinical settings presents a more complex issue. The majority of the currently available clinical surveys seem to be moderate, usually not controlled, and have mainly assessed the short-term effects of a KD. In addition, some clinical surveys appear to be characterized by enormous dropout rates and significant absence of compliance measurement, as well as an elevated amount of heterogeneity in their methodological design. Conclusions: Although the currently available evidence seems promising, it is highly recommended to accomplish larger, long-term, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials with a prospective design, in order to derive conclusive results as to whether KD could act as a potential preventative factor or even a co-treatment agent against stress, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Basic research with animal studies is also recommended to examine the molecular mechanisms of KD against the above psychiatric diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Impact of Ketogenic Diet)

14 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ultrasound Cut-Off Values for Rectus Femoris for Detecting Sarcopenia in Patients with Nutritional Risk

by Daniel de Luis Roman, José Manuel García Almeida, Diego Bellido Guerrero, Germán Guzmán Rolo, Andrea Martín, David Primo Martín, Yaiza García-Delgado, Patricia Guirado-Peláez, Fiorella Palmas, Cristina Tejera Pérez, María García Olivares, María Maíz Jiménez, Irene Bretón Lesmes, Carlos Manuel Alzás Teomiro, Juan Manuel Guardia Baena, Laura A. Calles Romero, Inmaculada Prior-Sánchez, Pedro Pablo García-Luna, María González Pacheco, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos, Blanca Alabadí, Valeria Alcántara-Aragón, Samara Palma Milla, Tomás Martín Folgueras, Andrea Micó García, Begoña Molina-Baena, Henry Rendón Barragán, Pablo Rodríguez de Vera Gómez, María Riestra Fernández, Ana Jiménez Portilla, Juan J. López-Gómez, Nuria Pérez Martín, Natalia Montero Madrid, Alba Zabalegui Eguinoa, Cristina Porca Fernández, María José Tapia Guerrero, Marta Ruiz Aguado, Cristina Velasco Gimeno, Aura D Herrera Martínez, María Novo Rodríguez, Natalia C. Iglesias Hernández, María de Damas Medina, Irene González Navarro, Francisco Javier Vílchez López, Antía Fernández-Pombo and Gabriel Olveira Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111552 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5451

Abstract

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound [...] Read more.

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound measures. Methods: Patients at risk of malnutrition according to the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) underwent handgrip dynamometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and rectus femoris ultrasound studies. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria were used to define categories of sarcopenia (at risk, probable, confirmed, severe). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to determine the optimal diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of cut-off points of the ultrasound measures for the detection of risk of sarcopenia and probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia. Results: A total of 1000 subjects were included and 991 of them (58.9% men, mean age 58.5 years) were evaluated. Risk of sarcopenia was detected in 9.6% patients, probable sarcopenia in 14%, confirmed sarcopenia in 9.7%, and severe sarcopenia in 3.9%, with significant differences in the distribution of groups between men and women (p < 0.0001). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris showed a significantly positive correlation with body cell mass of BIA and handgrip strength, and a significant negative correlation with TUG. Cut-off values were similar within each category of sarcopenia, ranging between 2.40 cm² and 3.66 cm² for CSA, 32.57 mm and 40.21 mm for the X-axis, and 7.85 mm and 10.4 mm for the Y-axis. In general, these cut-off values showed high sensitivities, particularly for the categories of confirmed and severe sarcopenia, with male patients also showing better sensitivities than women. Conclusions: Sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition was high. Cut-off values for the better sensitivities and specificities of ultrasound measures of the rectus femoris are established. The use of ultrasound of the rectus femoris could be used for the prediction of sarcopenia and be useful to integrate nutritional study into real clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)

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21 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Associations between Intake of Dietary Sugars and Diet Quality: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature

by Kelly C. Cara, Zhongqi Fan, Yu-Hsiang Chiu, Xu Jiang, Haya F. Alhmly and Mei Chung

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111549 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6639

Abstract

Understanding the relationship between the intake of sugars and diet quality can inform public health recommendations. This systematic review synthesized recent literature on associations between sugar intake and diet quality in generally healthy populations aged 2 years or older. We searched databases from [...] Read more.

Understanding the relationship between the intake of sugars and diet quality can inform public health recommendations. This systematic review synthesized recent literature on associations between sugar intake and diet quality in generally healthy populations aged 2 years or older. We searched databases from 2010 to 2022 for studies of any design examining associations between quantified sugar intake in the daily diet and dietary indexes (DIs) or micronutrient intakes. Different sugar types and diet quality measures were analyzed separately. We converted DI results to Pearson’s r correlations and grouped indexes with or without a free or added sugar component to facilitate cross-study comparisons. Meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate. From 13,869 screened records, we included 27 cross-sectional studies. NUQUEST risk of bias ratings were neutral (n = 18 studies) or poor (n = 9), and strength of evidence by the GRADE approach was very low due to study design. Most studies reported negative associations for added and free sugars with diet quality indexes (r ranging from −0.13 to −0.42) and nutrients of public health concern (fiber, vitamin D, calcium, potassium), while associations with total sugars were mixed. Due to cross-sectional study designs, the clinical relevance of these findings is unclear. Prospective studies are needed to minimize confounding and inform causal relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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25 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary (Poly)phenols and the Gut–Brain Axis in Ageing

by Léonie Láng, Simon McArthur, Alpar S. Lazar, Line Pourtau, David Gaudout, Matthew G. Pontifex, Michael Müller and David Vauzour

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101500 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4837

Abstract

As the population ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing, and novel approaches to mitigate this soaring prevalence are sorely needed. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbial homeostasis and its impact on brain functions, commonly referred to [...] Read more.

As the population ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing, and novel approaches to mitigate this soaring prevalence are sorely needed. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbial homeostasis and its impact on brain functions, commonly referred to as the gut–brain axis, in maintaining overall health and wellbeing. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which this system acts remains poorly defined. In this review, we will explore how (poly)phenols, a class of natural compounds found in many plant-based foods and beverages, can modulate the gut–brain axis, and thereby promote neural health. While evidence indicates a beneficial role of (poly)phenol consumption as part of a balanced diet, human studies are scarce and mechanistic insight is still lacking. In this regard, we make the case that dietary (poly)phenols should be further explored to establish their therapeutic efficacy on brain health through modulation of the gut–brain axis, with much greater emphasis on carefully designed human interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Interventions and Their Impact on Brain Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Diet and Nutrition in Patients with Acne Vulgaris

by Izabella Ryguła, Wojciech Pikiewicz and Konrad Kaminiów

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101476 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 27532

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a widespread a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects millions of people around the world, which has a significant influence on patients’ standard of living. The progression of this dermatosis results in the appearance of inflammatory and non-inflammatory changes, and, in [...] Read more.

Acne vulgaris is a widespread a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects millions of people around the world, which has a significant influence on patients’ standard of living. The progression of this dermatosis results in the appearance of inflammatory and non-inflammatory changes, and, in severe cases, disfiguring scars and hyperpigmentation. The aetiopathogenesis of acne is complex. It involves a complex interaction of many different factors, both endo- and exogenous in their effect on the hair and sebaceous unit. Genetic predisposition, hormones, the skin and gut microbiome, psychological stress, air pollutants, aggressive facial products, and certain medications are cited as factors influencing acne formation. The link between nutrition and acne is extensively debated for many years and is still relatively controversial. Diet is commonly recognised to have a direct relationship with certain biochemical markers and the transcription of genes related to sebaceous gland function, and the proliferation of bacteria and inflammation that encourage the progression of the disease. In this review, the authors take a closer look at the existing scientific reports on the involvement of nutrition in the development of acne vulgaris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Dermatology—How Much Are They Related?)

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28 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioactive Components of Human Milk and Their Impact on Child’s Health and Development, Literature Review

by Hubert Szyller, Katarzyna Antosz, Joanna Batko, Agata Mytych, Marta Dziedziak, Martyna Wrześniewska, Joanna Braksator and Tomasz Pytrus

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101487 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10937

Abstract

The composition of human breast milk is an ideal combination of substances necessary for the healthy development of an infant’s body while protecting from pathogens and the balanced development of the microbiota. Its composition is dynamic and changes with the age of the [...] Read more.

The composition of human breast milk is an ideal combination of substances necessary for the healthy development of an infant’s body while protecting from pathogens and the balanced development of the microbiota. Its composition is dynamic and changes with the age of the child, meeting their current needs. The study provides a thorough overview of human milk components, such as immunological components, growth factors, hormones, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins. Authors focus on capturing the most important aspects of the effects of these substances on a newborn’s body, while also looking for specific connections and describing the effects on given systems. Supplementation and the use of ingredients are also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge about the bioactive components of human milk and their impact on the growth, development, and health of the young child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Immunity and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Energy Delivery Guided by Indirect Calorimetry in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Shinichi Watanabe, Hiroo Izumino, Yudai Takatani, Rie Tsutsumi, Takahiro Suzuki, Hiroomi Tatsumi, Ryo Yamamoto, Takeaki Sato, Tomoka Miyagi, Isao Miyajima, Kensuke Nakamura, Naoki Higashibeppu and Joji Kotani

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101452 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3506

Abstract

Background: The utility of using indirect calorimetry (IC) to estimate energy needs and methods for its application to this purpose remain unclear. This systematic review investigated whether using IC to estimate energy expenditure in critically ill patients is more meaningful for improving survival [...] Read more.

Background: The utility of using indirect calorimetry (IC) to estimate energy needs and methods for its application to this purpose remain unclear. This systematic review investigated whether using IC to estimate energy expenditure in critically ill patients is more meaningful for improving survival than other estimation methods. Methods: Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE using PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi up to March 2023. Results: Nine RCTs involving 1178 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The evidence obtained suggested that energy delivery by IC improved short-term mortality (risk ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 1.06). However, the use of IC did not appear to affect the length of ICU stay (mean difference [MD], 0.86; 95% CI, −0.98 to 2.70) or the duration of mechanical ventilation (MD, 0.66; 95% CI, −0.39 to 1.72). Post hoc analyses using short-term mortality as the outcome found no significant difference by target calories in resting energy expenditure, whereas more frequent IC estimates were associated with lower short-term mortality and were more effective in mechanically ventilated patients. Conclusions: This updated meta-analysis revealed that the use of IC may improve short-term mortality in patients with critical illness and did not increase adverse events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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20 pages, 519 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring Vitamin B12 Supplementation in the Vegan Population: A Scoping Review of the Evidence

by Sávio Fernandes, Leandro Oliveira, Alda Pereira, Maria do Céu Costa, António Raposo, Ariana Saraiva and Bruno Magalhães

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101442 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 13837

Abstract

With a significant portion of the population adopting veganism and conflicting views among nutrition professionals regarding the necessity of vitamin B12 supplementation, this review aims to explore existing studies evaluating interventions through food supplementation. It focuses on the impact of vitamin B12 deficiency [...] Read more.

With a significant portion of the population adopting veganism and conflicting views among nutrition professionals regarding the necessity of vitamin B12 supplementation, this review aims to explore existing studies evaluating interventions through food supplementation. It focuses on the impact of vitamin B12 deficiency across different demographics. The present study seeks to understand how research has addressed the relationship between the rise in veganism and vitamin B12 deficiency over the past decade. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA flow diagram. Studies from 2010 to 2023 were identified using Boolean operators and key terms in electronic databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and Academic Search Complete). Out of 217 articles identified, 70 studies were included. The topical analysis categorized the studies into three groups: those associating vitamin B12 deficiency with diseases (n = 14), those analyzing the dietary habits of vegetarian individuals (vegan or not) without a specific focus on vitamin B12 (n = 49), and those addressing food guides and nutrition institution positions (n = 7). The authors concluded that vitamin B12 deficiency is prevalent among vegans due to limited consumption of animal products. For vegetarians, supplementation is an efficient means of treating and preventing deficiency; a daily dose of 50 to 100 micrograms is advised. There are still significant gaps in the research, nevertheless, such as the absence of randomized controlled trials evaluating various forms or dosages of vitamin B12 among vegetarians and the requirement for more information and awareness of the vitamin’s significance in vegan diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Food Security for All: A Step towards the Future)

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11 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gender Differences in Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis in Overweight and Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease before and after 8 Weeks of Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet

by Roberta Rinaldi, Sara De Nucci, Rossella Donghia, Rosanna Donvito, Nicole Cerabino, Martina Di Chito, Alice Penza, Francesco Pio Mongelli, Endrit Shahini, Marianna Zappimbulso, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Sergio Coletta, Vincenzo Triggiani, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Gianluigi Giannelli and Giovanni De Pergola

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101408 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4922

Abstract

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to steatotic liver disease (SLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle modifications and dieting are strategies that can prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a helpful [...] Read more.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to steatotic liver disease (SLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle modifications and dieting are strategies that can prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a helpful treatment for MASLD and has been recommended for people affected by obesity; we evaluated the effect of gender on steatosis and fibrosis in a cohort of 112 overweight or obese patients undergoing an eight-week treatment with a VLCKD. Differences between the genders in terms of anthropometric measures, body composition, and metabolic indicators were examined before, during, and after the nutritional intervention. At baseline, there were significant differences between men and women in terms of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, hepatic markers, and lipid profile. Men had considerably higher levels of liver steatosis (measured by CAP) and liver stiffness (measured by E) under basal conditions than women. After the VLCKD, there were reductions in both genders of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin resistance, fat mass (FM), free fat mass (FFM), and fasting blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), and uric acid levels. Only in men, liver stiffness, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels significantly decreased. Moreover, men had significantly greater levels of liver steatosis: the male gender featured an increase of 23.96 points of the Fibroscan CAP. Men exhibited higher levels of steatosis and fibrosis than women, and these differences persist despite VLCKD. These gender-specific variations in steatosis and fibrosis levels could be caused by hormonal and metabolic factors, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies might be required depending on the gender. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ketogenic Diet: Impact on Weight Management)

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15 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ketogenic Diet Induced Shifts in the Gut Microbiome Associate with Changes to Inflammatory Cytokines and Brain-Related miRNAs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Nina P. Allan, Brennan Y. Yamamoto, Braden P. Kunihiro, Chandler K. L. Nunokawa, Noelle C. Rubas, Riley K. Wells, Lesley Umeda, Krit Phankitnirundorn, Amada Torres, Rafael Peres, Emi Takahashi and Alika K. Maunakea

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101401 - 7 May 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 13364

Abstract

In this interventional pilot study, we investigated the effects of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously observed improved behavioral symptoms in this cohort following the KD; this trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02477904). This report [...] Read more.

In this interventional pilot study, we investigated the effects of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously observed improved behavioral symptoms in this cohort following the KD; this trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02477904). This report details the alterations observed in the microbiota, inflammation markers, and microRNAs of seven children following a KD for a duration of 4 months. Our analysis included blood and stool samples, collected before and after the KD. After 4 months follow up, we found that the KD led to decreased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70 and IL-1b) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, we observed changes in the gut microbiome, increased expression of butyrate kinase in the gut, and altered levels of BDNF-associated miRNAs in the plasma. These cohort findings suggest that the KD may positively influence ASD sociability, as previously observed, by reducing inflammation, reversing gut microbial dysbiosis, and impacting the BDNF pathway related to brain activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Impact of Ketogenic Diet)

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28 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioavailability of Anthocyanins: Whole Foods versus Extracts

by Ravish Kumkum, Kathryn Aston-Mourney, Bryony A. McNeill, Damián Hernández and Leni R. Rivera

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101403 - 7 May 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6557

Abstract

Anthocyanins have gained significant popularity in recent years for their diverse health benefits, yet their limited bioavailability poses a challenge. To address this concern, technologies have emerged to enhance anthocyanin concentration, often isolating these compounds from other food constituents. However, the extent to [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins have gained significant popularity in recent years for their diverse health benefits, yet their limited bioavailability poses a challenge. To address this concern, technologies have emerged to enhance anthocyanin concentration, often isolating these compounds from other food constituents. However, the extent to which isolated anthocyanins confer health benefits compared to their whole-food counterparts remains unclear. This review explores the current literature on anthocyanin bioavailability and metabolism in the body, with a focus on comparing bioavailability when consumed as extracts versus whole foods rich in anthocyanins, drawing from in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical studies. While direct comparisons between anthocyanin bioavailability in whole foods versus isolates are scarce, prevailing evidence favours whole-food consumption over anthocyanin extracts. Further clinical investigations, preferably with direct comparisons, are needed to validate these findings and elucidate the nuanced interplay between anthocyanins and food matrices, informing future research directions and practical recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carrageenan as a Potential Factor of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Paulina Komisarska, Anan Pinyosinwat, Mutaz Saleem and Małgorzata Szczuko

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091367 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7193

Abstract

Carrageenan is a widely used food additive and is seen as a potential candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are two faces to carrageenan that allows it to be used positively for therapeutic purposes. Carrageenan can be used to create edible films [...] Read more.

Carrageenan is a widely used food additive and is seen as a potential candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are two faces to carrageenan that allows it to be used positively for therapeutic purposes. Carrageenan can be used to create edible films and for encapsulating drugs, and there is also interest in the use of carrageenan for food printing. Carrageenan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide gum. Depending on the type of carrageenan, it is used in regulating the composition of intestinal microflora, including the increase in the population of Bifidobacterium bacteria. On the other hand, the studies have demonstrated the harmfulness of carrageenan in animal and human models, indicating a direct link between diet and intestinal inflammatory states. Carrageenan changes the intestinal microflora, especially Akkermansia muciniphilia, degrades the mucous barrier and breaks down the mucous barrier, causing an inflammatory reaction. It directly affects epithelial cells by activating the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway. The mechanism is based on activation of the TLR4 receptor, alterations in macrophage activity, production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of innate immune pathways. Carrageenan increases the content of Bacteroidetes bacteria, also causing a reduction in the number of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. The result is damage to the integrity of the intestinal membrane and reduction of the mucin layer. The group most exposed to the harmful effects of carrageenan are people suffering from intestinal inflammation, including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the Etiology, Prevention and Treatment of Malignant and Benign Digestive Disorders)

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19 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sheetal Kiran Shrestha, Amit Arora, Narendar Manohar, Kanchana Ekanayake and Jann Foster

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091355 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6976

Abstract

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association [...] Read more.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association between breastfeeding and ECC. Five electronic databases and backward citation chasing were performed from inception until May 2023. A total of 31 studies (22 cohort studies and 9 case-control studies) were included in this review. The meta-analysis of the case-control studies showed statistically significant fewer dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 6 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥6 months (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.67, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in dental caries between children who were breastfed for <12 months and those who were breastfed for ≥12 months (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.86, p < 0.002). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 18 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥18 months (RR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.18–0.92, p = 0.030). Nocturnal breastfeeding increases the risk of ECC compared with no nocturnal breastfeeding (RR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.42–3.89, p < 0.001). The findings suggest breastfeeding for more than 12 months and nocturnal breastfeeding increase the risk of ECC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infant and Pediatric Feeding and Nutrition)

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38 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Antonio Sciurti, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091345 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9170

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of [...] Read more.

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins’ potential effects against SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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26 pages, 2195 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Kidney Disease Diets for Kidney Failure Prevention: Insights from the IL-11 Paradigm

by Denise Elshoff, Priyanka Mehta and Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091342 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 10533

Abstract

Nearly every fifth adult in the United States and many older adults worldwide are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to kidney failure requiring invasive kidney replacement therapy. In this review, we briefly examine the pathophysiology of CKD and discuss [...] Read more.

Nearly every fifth adult in the United States and many older adults worldwide are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to kidney failure requiring invasive kidney replacement therapy. In this review, we briefly examine the pathophysiology of CKD and discuss emerging mechanisms involving the physiological resolution of kidney injury by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and interleukin-11 (IL-11), as well as the pathological consequences of IL-11 overproduction, which misguides repair processes, ultimately culminating in CKD. Taking these mechanisms into account, we offer an overview of the efficacy of plant-dominant dietary patterns in preventing and managing CKD, while also addressing their limitations in terms of restoring kidney function or preventing kidney failure. In conclusion, this paper outlines novel regeneration strategies aimed at developing a reno-regenerative diet to inhibit IL-11 and promote repair mechanisms in kidneys affected by CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment—2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploiting Natural Niches with Neuroprotective Properties: A Comprehensive Review

by Hind Moukham, Alessia Lambiase, Giovanni Davide Barone, Farida Tripodi and Paola Coccetti

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091298 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5051

Abstract

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are [...] Read more.

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, promising strategies against neurodegenerative diseases are aimed to target multiple processes. These approaches usually avoid premature cell death and the loss of function of damaged neurons. This review focuses attention on the preventive and therapeutic potential of several compounds derived from natural sources, which could be exploited for their neuroprotective effect. Curcumin, resveratrol, ergothioneine, and phycocyanin are presented as examples of successful approaches, with a special focus on possible strategies to improve their delivery to the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Ingredients in Plants Related to Human Health)

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14 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Synbiotic Intake on Liver Metabolism in Metabolically Healthy Participants and Its Potential Preventive Effect on Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial

by Aakash Mantri, Anika Köhlmoos, Daniela Stephanie Schelski, Waldemar Seel, Birgit Stoffel-Wagner, Peter Krawitz, Peter Stehle, Jens Juul Holst, Bernd Weber, Leonie Koban, Hilke Plassmann and Marie-Christine Simon

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091300 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 37399

Abstract

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy [...] Read more.

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy male participants. Anthropometric data, blood parameters, and stool samples were analyzed using linear mixed models. After seven weeks of intervention, there was a significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the synbiotic group compared to the placebo group (−14.92%, CI: −26.60–−3.23%, p = 0.013). A stratified analysis according to body fat percentage revealed a significant decrease in ALT (−20.70%, CI: −40.88–−0.53%, p = 0.045) in participants with an elevated body fat percentage. Further, a significant change in microbiome composition (1.16, CI: 0.06–2.25, p = 0.039) in this group was found, while the microbial composition remained stable upon intervention in the group with physiological body fat. The 7-week synbiotic intervention reduced ALT levels, especially in participants with an elevated body fat percentage, possibly due to modulation of the gut microbiome. Synbiotic intake may be helpful in delaying the progression of MAFLD and could be used in addition to the recommended lifestyle modification therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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22 pages, 2812 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anti-Cancer, Anti-Angiogenic, and Anti-Atherogenic Potential of Key Phenolic Compounds from Virgin Olive Oil

by Ana Dácil Marrero, Ana R. Quesada, Beatriz Martínez-Poveda and Miguel Ángel Medina

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091283 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4686

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its health benefits, especially in reducing cardiovascular risks and protecting against diseases like diabetes and cancer, emphasizes virgin olive oil as a key contributor to these advantages. Despite being a minor fraction, the phenolic compounds in olive oil [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its health benefits, especially in reducing cardiovascular risks and protecting against diseases like diabetes and cancer, emphasizes virgin olive oil as a key contributor to these advantages. Despite being a minor fraction, the phenolic compounds in olive oil significantly contribute to its bioactive effects. This review examines the bioactive properties of hydroxytyrosol and related molecules, including naturally occurring compounds (-)-oleocanthal and (-)–oleacein, as well as semisynthetic derivatives like hydroxytyrosyl esters and alkyl ethers. (-)-Oleocanthal and (-)–oleacein show promising anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, which are particularly underexplored in the case of (-)–oleacein. Additionally, hydroxytyrosyl esters exhibit similar effectiveness to hydroxytyrosol, while certain alkyl ethers surpass their precursor’s properties. Remarkably, the emerging research field of the effects of phenolic molecules related to virgin olive oil on cell autophagy presents significant opportunities for underscoring the anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties of these molecules. Furthermore, promising clinical data from studies on hydroxytyrosol, (-)–oleacein, and (-)–oleocanthal urge further investigation and support the initiation of clinical trials with semisynthetic hydroxytyrosol derivatives. This review provides valuable insights into the potential applications of olive oil-derived phenolics in preventing and managing diseases associated with cancer, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Bioactive Compounds on Cancer Prevention)

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13 pages, 2994 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Sources and the Rate of Longitudinal Changes in Brain Structure

by Fusheng Cui, Huihui Li, Yi Cao, Weijing Wang and Dongfeng Zhang

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091284 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9618

Abstract

Few studies have examined dietary protein intake and sources, in combination with longitudinal changes in brain structure markers. Our study aimed to examine the association between dietary protein intake and different sources of dietary protein, with the longitudinal rate of change in brain [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined dietary protein intake and sources, in combination with longitudinal changes in brain structure markers. Our study aimed to examine the association between dietary protein intake and different sources of dietary protein, with the longitudinal rate of change in brain structural markers. A total of 2723 and 2679 participants from the UK Biobank were separately included in the analysis. The relative and absolute amounts of dietary protein intake were calculated using a 24 h dietary recall questionnaire. The longitudinal change rates of brain structural biomarkers were computed using two waves of brain imaging data. The average interval between the assessments was three years. We utilized multiple linear regression to examine the association between dietary protein and different sources and the longitudinal changes in brain structural biomarkers. Restrictive cubic splines were used to explore nonlinear relationships, and stratified and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Increasing the proportion of animal protein in dietary protein intake was associated with a slower reduction in the total hippocampus volume (THV, β: 0.02524, p < 0.05), left hippocampus volume (LHV, β: 0.02435, p < 0.01) and right hippocampus volume (RHV, β: 0.02544, p < 0.05). A higher intake of animal protein relative to plant protein was linked to a lower atrophy rate in the THV (β: 0.01249, p < 0.05) and LHV (β: 0.01173, p < 0.05) and RHV (β: 0.01193, p < 0.05). Individuals with a higher intake of seafood exhibited a higher longitudinal rate of change in the HV compared to those that did not consume seafood (THV, β: 0.004514; p < 0.05; RHV, β: 0.005527, p < 0.05). In the subgroup and sensitivity analyses, there were no significant alterations. A moderate increase in an individual’s intake and the proportion of animal protein in their diet, especially from seafood, is associated with a lower atrophy rate in the hippocampus volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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17 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy

by Kinga Borowicz-Reutt, Marlena Krawczyk and Julia Czernia

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091258 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 14982

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased a quality of life, and cognitive, behavioral, and personal disorders, but also an increased risk of death, i.e., in the mechanism of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients (SUDEP). The main goals of epilepsy treatment include three basic issues: achieving the best possible seizure control, avoiding the undesired effects of treatment, and maintaining/improving the quality of patients’ lives. Therefore, numerous attempts are made to offer alternative treatments for drug-resistant seizures, an example of which is the ketogenic diet. It is a long-known but rarely used dietary therapy for intractable seizures. One of the reasons for this is the unpalatability of the classic ketogenic diet, which reduces patient compliance and adherence rates. However, its antiseizure effects are often considered to be worth the effort. Until recently, the diet was considered the last-resort treatment. Currently, it is believed that a ketogenic diet should be used much earlier in patients with well-defined indications. In correctly qualified patients, seizure activity may be reduced by over 90% or even abolished for long periods after the diet is stopped. A ketogenic diet can be used in all age groups, although most of the available literature addresses pediatric epilepsy. In this article, we focus on the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and adverse effects of different variants of the ketogenic diet, including its classic version, a medium-chain triglyceride diet, a modified Atkins diet, and a low glycemic index treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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33 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis

by Dominika Wendlocha, Robert Kubina, Kamil Krzykawski and Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081201 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5706

Abstract

The complex and multi-stage processes of carcinogenesis are accompanied by a number of phenomena related to the potential involvement of various chemopreventive factors, which include, among others, compounds of natural origin such as flavonols. The use of flavonols is not only promising but [...] Read more.

The complex and multi-stage processes of carcinogenesis are accompanied by a number of phenomena related to the potential involvement of various chemopreventive factors, which include, among others, compounds of natural origin such as flavonols. The use of flavonols is not only promising but also a recognized strategy for cancer treatment. The chemopreventive impact of flavonols on cancer arises from their ability to act as antioxidants, impede proliferation, promote cell death, inhibit angiogenesis, and regulate the immune system through involvement in diverse forms of cellular death. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis occurring with the participation of flavonols have remained incompletely elucidated, and the results of the studies carried out so far are ambiguous. For this reason, one of the therapeutic goals is to initiate the death of altered cells through the use of quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, galangin, fisetin, and morin. This article offers an extensive overview of recent research on these compounds, focusing particularly on their role in combating cancer and elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Assessment of the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of compounds in therapy targeting various types of cell death pathways may prove useful in developing new therapeutic regimens and counteracting resistance to previously used treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals and Chronic Diseases)

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24 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Power of Vitamin D: Is the Future in Precision Nutrition through Personalized Supplementation Plans?

by Mladen Mavar, Tamara Sorić, Ena Bagarić, Ana Sarić and Marijana Matek Sarić

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 13537

Abstract

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary supplement, vitamin D deficiency is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly 50% of the global population. Low serum levels of vitamin D are being associated with increased susceptibility to numerous health conditions, including respiratory infections, mental health, autoimmune diseases, and different cancer types. Although the association between vitamin D status and health is well-established, the exact beneficial effects of vitamin D are still inconclusive and indefinite, especially when considering the prevention and treatment of different health conditions and the determination of an appropriate dosage to exert those beneficial effects in various population groups. Therefore, further research is needed. With constant improvements in our understanding of individual variations in vitamin D metabolism and requirements, in the future, precision nutrition and personalized supplementation plans could prove beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in the New Decade: Facts, Controversies, and Future Perspectives for Daily Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sex-Specific Effects of Dietary Factors on Sarcopenic Obesity in Korean Elderly: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

by Soojeong Kim and Kyung Hee Hong

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081175 - 15 Apr 2024

Viewed by 6191

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the dietary factors related to sarcopenia and obesity status in 5458 elderly individuals (2391 men and 3076 women) aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2019). Participants were categorized into normal, sarcopenia, obesity, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the dietary factors related to sarcopenia and obesity status in 5458 elderly individuals (2391 men and 3076 women) aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2019). Participants were categorized into normal, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity groups. Sarcopenic obesity showed a higher prevalence of diabetes and lower HDL cholesterol levels compared to obesity. Sarcopenic obesity exhibited a lower total KHEI score and lower adequacy, including meat/fish/eggs/beans, than normal or obesity. In women, sarcopenic obesity scored lower than obesity on the total KHEI, adequacy for most foods, and balance of energy intake, and lower than sarcopenia on the adequacy of breakfast and milk/milk products. Sarcopenic obesity showed no significant difference in energy intake compared to sarcopenia, and less physical activity compared to sarcopenia and obesity, with a BMI/waist circumference comparable to that of obesity. Low total KHEI scores and scores for meat/fish/eggs/beans were most closely associated with sarcopenia in men and with sarcopenic obesity in women. In conclusion, low dietary quality and inadequate protein-rich foods are possibly associated with the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly Koreans, especially in women. Adequate energy intake and dietary diversity may be effective in managing sarcopenic obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

25 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exercise Prescription for Postprandial Glycemic Management

by Alessio Bellini, Alessandro Scotto di Palumbo, Andrea Nicolò, Ilenia Bazzucchi and Massimo Sacchetti

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081170 - 14 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 11188

Abstract

The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a meal. However, current exercise recommendations for managing postprandial glucose levels remain fairly broad and require deeper clarification. This [...] Read more.

The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a meal. However, current exercise recommendations for managing postprandial glucose levels remain fairly broad and require deeper clarification. This review examines the existing literature aiming to offer a comprehensive guide for exercise prescription to optimize postprandial glycemic management. Specifically, it considers various exercise parameters (i.e., exercise timing, type, intensity, volume, pattern) for crafting exercise prescriptions. Findings predominantly indicate that moderate-intensity exercise initiated shortly after meals may substantially improve glucose response to a meal in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, incorporating short activity breaks throughout the exercise session may provide additional benefits for reducing glucose response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition for Human Health)

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21 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antitumor Effect and Gut Microbiota Modulation by Quercetin, Luteolin, and Xanthohumol in a Rat Model for Colorectal Cancer Prevention

by Álvaro Pérez-Valero, Patricia Magadán-Corpas, Suhui Ye, Juan Serna-Diestro, Sandra Sordon, Ewa Huszcza, Jarosław Popłoński, Claudio J. Villar and Felipe Lombó

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081161 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

Colorectal cancer stands as the third most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, with a notable increase in incidence in Western countries, mainly attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and other factors, such as smoking or reduced physical activity. Greater consumption of vegetables and fruits [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer stands as the third most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, with a notable increase in incidence in Western countries, mainly attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and other factors, such as smoking or reduced physical activity. Greater consumption of vegetables and fruits has been associated with a lower incidence of colorectal cancer, which is attributed to their high content of fiber and bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids. In this study, we have tested the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, and xanthohumol as potential antitumor agents in an animal model of colorectal cancer induced by azoxymethane and dodecyl sodium sulphate. Forty rats were divided into four cohorts: Cohort 1 (control cohort), Cohort 2 (quercetin cohort), Cohort 3 (luteolin cohort), and Cohort 4 (xanthohumol cohort). These flavonoids were administered intraperitoneally to evaluate their antitumor potential as pharmaceutical agents. At the end of the experiment, after euthanasia, different physical parameters and the intestinal microbiota populations were analyzed. Luteolin was effective in significantly reducing the number of tumors compared to the control cohort. Furthermore, the main significant differences at the microbiota level were observed between the control cohort and the cohort treated with luteolin, which experienced a significant reduction in the abundance of genera associated with disease or inflammatory conditions, such as Clostridia UCG-014 or Turicibacter. On the other hand, genera associated with a healthy state, such as Muribaculum, showed a significant increase in the luteolin cohort. These results underline the anti-colorectal cancer potential of luteolin, manifested through a modulation of the intestinal microbiota and a reduction in the number of tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Activities of Dietary Phytochemicals)

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34 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Dyslipidemia: Is There Really a Link? A Narrative Review

by Antonella Al Refaie, Leonardo Baldassini, Caterina Mondillo, Michela De Vita, Elisa Giglio, Roberto Tarquini, Stefano Gonnelli and Carla Caffarelli

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081144 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7286

Abstract

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate a possible correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we deepened the relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia by reviewing the available literature. The results are not entirely clear-cut: on the one hand, numerous observational studies suggest a link between higher serum vitamin D levels and a beneficial lipid profile, while on the other hand, interventional studies do not demonstrate a significant effect. Understanding the possible relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia may represent a turning point: another link between vitamin D and the cardiovascular system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Functional Components for Disease Prevention and Management)

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19 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Nutrition in the Development and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

by Allison Heefner, Tijana Simovic, Kasey Mize and Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081136 - 11 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7450

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of COPD classically involves pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. An aspect of COPD management that is currently lacking in the literature is nutritional management, despite [...] Read more.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of COPD classically involves pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. An aspect of COPD management that is currently lacking in the literature is nutritional management, despite the prevalence of inadequate nutritional status in patients with COPD. In addition, certain nutritional imbalances have been reported to increase the risk of COPD development. This review summarizes the current literature on the role diet and nutrients may play in the risk and management of COPD development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD))

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17 pages, 1811 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Different Types of Intermittent Fasting Interventions on Metabolic Health in Healthy Individuals (EDIF): A Randomised Trial with a Controlled-Run in Phase

by Daniel Herz, Sebastian Karl, Johannes Weiß, Paul Zimmermann, Sandra Haupt, Rebecca Tanja Zimmer, Janis Schierbauer, Nadine Bianca Wachsmuth, Maximilian Paul Erlmann, Tobias Niedrist, Kayvan Khoramipour, Thomas Voit, Sian Rilstone, Harald Sourij and Othmar Moser

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081114 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 12813

Abstract

The effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on health promotion in the healthy population remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the efficacy and feasibility of different IF protocols and evaluated the effects within a cohort with a controlled-run in phase on the [...] Read more.

The effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on health promotion in the healthy population remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the efficacy and feasibility of different IF protocols and evaluated the effects within a cohort with a controlled-run in phase on the body mass index (BMI) as the primary outcome, the body composition, and metabolic and haematological markers in healthy participants. A total of 25 individuals were randomised into three fasting groups: 16/8 fasting (n = 11), 20/4 fasting (n = 6), and alternate-day fasting (ADF, n = 8). Assessments were conducted at baseline (visit 1), after a four-week controlled-run in phase (visit 2), and after eight weeks of fasting (visit 3). Both the BMI (p = 0.01) and bodyweight (p = 0.01) were significantly reduced in the ADF group, which was not seen in the 16/8 and 20/4 groups (p > 0.05). Adherence was different but not statistically among the groups (16/8: 84.5 ± 23.0%; 20/4: 92.7 ± 9.5%; and ADF: 78.1 ± 33.5%, p = 0.57). Based on our obtained results, the data suggest that some fasting interventions might be promising for metabolic health. However, adherence to the specific fasting protocols remains challenging even for the healthy population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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21 pages, 2838 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?

by Leonel Pereira, João Cotas and Ana Marta Gonçalves

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081123 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8392

Abstract

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental [...] Read more.

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental impacts. Exploring the nutritional composition, extraction methods, functional properties, and potential health benefits of seaweed proteins, this review provides a comprehensive understanding. Seaweed contains essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its protein content ranges from 11% to 32% of dry weight, making it valuable for diverse dietary preferences, including vegetarian and vegan diets. Furthermore, this review underscores the sustainability and environmental advantages of seaweed protein production compared to traditional sources. Seaweed cultivation requires minimal resources, mitigating environmental issues like ocean acidification. As the review delves into specific seaweed types, extraction methodologies, and functional properties, it highlights the versatility of seaweed proteins in various food products, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Additionally, it discusses the potential health benefits associated with seaweed proteins, such as their unique amino acid profile and bioactive compounds. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into seaweed proteins’ potential applications and their role in addressing global protein needs sustainably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uncommon Alternative Sources of Protein)

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13 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Do Herbal Supplements and Probiotics Complement Antibiotics and Diet in the Management of SIBO? A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Lucia Redondo-Cuevas, Lucia Belloch, Vanesa Martín-Carbonell, Angela Nicolás, Iulia Alexandra, Laura Sanchis, Marina Ynfante, Michel Colmenares, María Mora, Ana Reyes Liebana, Beatriz Antequera, Francisco Grau, José Ramón Molés, Rubén Cuesta, Samuel Díaz, Noelia Sancho, Héctor Tomás, José Gonzalvo, Mercedes Jaén, Eva Sánchez, Ana Garayoa, Nadia Moreno, Ana Gallén, Ernesto Cortés-Castell and Xavier Cortés-Rizo Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071083 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 18911

Abstract

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) arises from dysbiosis in the small intestine, manifesting with abdominal symptoms. This study aims to assess the efficacy of combined antibiotic therapy, herbal supplements, probiotics, and dietary modifications in SIBO management. A total of 179 SIBO-diagnosed patients underwent [...] Read more.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) arises from dysbiosis in the small intestine, manifesting with abdominal symptoms. This study aims to assess the efficacy of combined antibiotic therapy, herbal supplements, probiotics, and dietary modifications in SIBO management. A total of 179 SIBO-diagnosed patients underwent clinical evaluation and breath testing. Patients were categorized into hydrogen (H₂-SIBO) and methane (CH₄-SIBO) groups. The control group received standard antibiotic therapy and a low-FODMAP diet, while the intervention group received additional herbal antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. After treatment, both groups exhibited reduced gas levels, particularly in CH₄-SIBO. Clinical remission rates were higher in the intervention group, especially in CH₄-SIBO cases. Logistic regression analysis showed gas concentrations at diagnosis as significant predictors of treatment success. In conclusion, adjunctive herbal supplements and probiotics did not significantly impact gas levels, but showed potential for clinical improvement, especially in CH₄-SIBO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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24 pages, 2066 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Nutrition: A Systematic Review

by Tagne Poupi Theodore Armand, Kintoh Allen Nfor, Jung-In Kim and Hee-Cheol Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071073 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 25841

Abstract

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to [...] Read more.

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to the fields influenced by the integration of AI technology. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current landscape of AI in nutrition, providing a deep understanding of the potential of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in nutrition sciences and highlighting eventual challenges and futuristic directions. A hybrid approach from the systematic literature review (SLR) guidelines and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adopted to systematically analyze the scientific literature from a search of major databases on artificial intelligence in nutrition sciences. A rigorous study selection was conducted using the most appropriate eligibility criteria, followed by a methodological quality assessment ensuring the robustness of the included studies. This review identifies several AI applications in nutrition, spanning smart and personalized nutrition, dietary assessment, food recognition and tracking, predictive modeling for disease prevention, and disease diagnosis and monitoring. The selected studies demonstrated the versatility of machine learning and deep learning techniques in handling complex relationships within nutritional datasets. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of AI applications in nutrition sciences and identifies challenges and opportunities. With the rapid advancement in AI, its integration into nutrition holds significant promise to enhance individual nutritional outcomes and optimize dietary recommendations. Researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals can utilize this research to design future projects and support evidence-based decision-making in AI for nutrition and dietary guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformations in Nutrition)

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29 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

by Manuela Chiavarini, Giorgia Maria Ricciotti, Anita Genga, Maria Ilaria Faggi, Alessia Rinaldi, Oriana Dunia Toscano, Marcello Mario D’Errico and Pamela Barbadoro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071069 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5340

Abstract

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition [...] Read more.

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition and mortality, changes in mobility/living arrangements, and postoperative complications, such as delirium, in older patients with hip fractures. A literature search on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, up to September 2023, was conducted to identify all studies involving older subjects that reported an association between MNA/GNRI/PNI/CONUT and health outcome after hip fracture. Meta-analysis was performed by a random-effects model using risk values (RR, OR, and HR) extracted from the 14 eligible selected studies. Malnutrition significantly increased the risk of any analyzed adverse outcome by 70% at 1 month, and up to 250% at 1 year. Malnutrition significantly increased delirium risk by 275% (OR = 2.75; 95% CI 1.80–4.18; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 342% (OR = 3.42; 95% CI 2.14–5.48; p ≤ 0.05), mortality hazard risk by 351% (HR = 3.51; 95% CI 1.63–7.55; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 month, and transfer-to-more-supported-living-arrangements risk by 218% (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.58–3.01; p ≤ 0.05), and declined mobility risk by 41% (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.14–1.75; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 368% (OR = 3.68; 95% CI 3.00–4.52; p ≤ 0.05), and mortality hazard risk by 234% (HR = 2.34; 95% CI 1.91–2.87; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 year. Malnutrition of older patients increases the risk of death and worsens mobility and independence after hip fractures. The results of the present study highlight the importance of nutritional status evaluation of older subjects with hip fractures in order to prevent potential adverse outcomes (Registration No: CRD42023468751). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence from Nutritional Epidemiology: Food Consumption, Environment and Human Health)

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35 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets

by Sevag Hamamah, Andras Hajnal and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071071 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8018

Abstract

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the [...] Read more.

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors. Emerging evidence has shown that bariatric surgery induces profound changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, notably altering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia. These microbiota shifts have far-reaching effects beyond gut health, influencing dopamine-mediated reward pathways in the brain and modulating the secretion and action of key gut hormones including ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, and CCK. The resultant changes in dopamine signaling and hormone levels contribute to reduced hedonic eating, enhanced satiety, and improved metabolic outcomes. Further, post-bariatric surgical effects on satiation targets are in part mediated by metabolic byproducts of gut microbiota like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which play a pivotal role in modulating metabolism and energy expenditure and reducing obesity-associated inflammation, as well as influencing food reward pathways, potentially contributing to the regulation of body weight and reduction in hedonic eating behaviors. Overall, a better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to developing non-surgical interventions that replicate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiome, dopamine signaling, and gut hormone regulation, offering new avenues for obesity treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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18 pages, 1740 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiota of Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Leizi Min, Alimjan Ablitip, Rui Wang, Torquati Luciana, Mengxian Wei and Xindong Ma

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071070 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9151

Abstract

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM [...] Read more.

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM diversity remain to be synthesized. Objectives and Design: The study aims to quantitatively examine the effect of exercise on the diversity of gut microbiota of adults using a systemic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: PubMed, Ebsco, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were searched from their inception to September 2023. Exercise intervention studies with a control group that describe and compare the composition of GM in adults, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were included in this meta-analysis. Results: A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 1044 participants. Based on a fixed-effects model [Chi² = 29.40, df = 20 (p = 0.08); I² = 32%], the pooled analysis showed that compared with the control group, exercise intervention can significantly increase the alpha diversity of adult GM, using the Shannon index as an example [WMD = 0.05, 95% CI (0.00, 0.09); Z = 1.99 (p = 0.05)]. In addition, exercise interventions were found to significantly alter GM, notably decreasing Bacteroidetes and increasing Firmicutes, indicating a shift in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The subgroup analysis indicates that females and older adults appear to exhibit more significant changes in the Shannon Index and observed OTUs. Conclusions: Exercise may be a promising way to improve GM in adults. In particular, the Shannon index was significantly increased after exercise. Distinct responses in GM diversity to exercise interventions based on gender and age implicated that more research was needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition for Human Health)

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24 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review

by Angela Dziedzic, Karina Maciak, Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Małgorzata Gałecka, Weronika Kobierecka and Joanna Saluk

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071054 - 4 Apr 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 28316

Abstract

The microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and [...] Read more.

The microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and function. Emerging evidence highlights the connection between microbiota alterations and neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. This review explores the potential of psychobiotics in managing depressive disorders, emphasizing their role in restoring microbial balance and influencing the MGB axis. Psychobiotics exhibit positive effects on the intestinal barrier, immune response, cortisol levels, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies suggest that probiotics may serve as an adjunct therapy for depression, especially in treatment-resistant cases. This review discusses key findings from studies on psychobiotics interventions, emphasizing their impact on the gut–brain axis and mental health. The increasing acceptance of the expanded concept of the MGB axis underscores the importance of microorganisms in mental well-being. As our understanding of the microbiome’s role in health and disease grows, probiotics emerge as promising agents for addressing mental health issues, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions in depressive disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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15 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Stress and Social Determinants on Diet in Cardiovascular Prevention in Young Women

by Francesca Coppi, Valentina Bucciarelli, Kateryna Solodka, Valentina Selleri, Giada Zanini, Marcello Pinti, Milena Nasi, Beatrice Salvioli, Savina Nodari, Sabina Gallina and Anna Vittoria Mattioli

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071044 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3936

Abstract

The prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a fundamental pillar for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by non-communicable diseases. Social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood, physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to health care, play a crucial role in influencing [...] Read more.

The prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a fundamental pillar for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by non-communicable diseases. Social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood, physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to health care, play a crucial role in influencing health outcomes and health inequities within populations. Social determinants and stress in women are interconnected factors that can significantly impact women’s health and well-being. Pregnancy is a good time to engage young women and introduce them to beneficial behaviors, such as adopting essential life skills, especially diet, and learning stress management techniques. Stress influences diet, and women are more likely to engage in unhealthy eating behaviors such as emotional eating or coping with stress with food. Strong action is needed to improve women’s lifestyle starting at a young age considering that this lays the foundation for a lower cardiovascular risk in adults and the elderly. The objective of this review is to examine cardiovascular primary prevention in young healthy women, focusing particularly on unresolved issues and the influence of social determinants, as well as the correlation with stressors and their influence on diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Health, Diet, and Health Outcome)

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20 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Development and Evaluation of a Literature-Based Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota

by Bezawit E. Kase, Angela D. Liese, Jiajia Zhang, Elizabeth Angela Murphy, Longgang Zhao and Susan E. Steck

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071045 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 11663

Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) that captures dietary composition related to gut microbiota profiles. We conducted a literature review of longitudinal studies on the association of diet with gut microbiota [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) that captures dietary composition related to gut microbiota profiles. We conducted a literature review of longitudinal studies on the association of diet with gut microbiota in adult populations and extracted those dietary components with evidence of beneficial or unfavorable effects. Dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010, n = 3812) were used to compute the DI-GM, and associations with biomarkers of gut microbiota diversity (urinary enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined using linear regression. From a review of 106 articles, 14 foods or nutrients were identified as components of the DI-GM, including fermented dairy, chickpeas, soybean, whole grains, fiber, cranberries, avocados, broccoli, coffee, and green tea as beneficial components, and red meat, processed meat, refined grains, and high-fat diet (≥40% of energy from fat) as unfavorable components. Each component was scored 0 or 1 based on sex-specific median intakes, and scores were summed to develop the overall DI-GM score. In the NHANES, DI-GM scores ranged from 0–13 with a mean of 4.8 (SE = 0.04). Positive associations between DI-GM and urinary enterodiol and enterolactone were observed. The association of the novel DI-GM with markers of gut microbiota diversity demonstrates the potential utility of this index for gut health-related studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Intake, Dietary Behaviours and Health)

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19 pages, 2888 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of a Low-Calorie Dietary Intervention on Liver Health and Body Weight in Adults with Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Laurence J. Dobbie, Jamie Burgess, Azlinda Hamid, Sarah J. Nevitt, Theresa J. Hydes, Uazman Alam and Daniel J. Cuthbertson

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071030 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5498

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered [...] Read more.

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021296501), and a literature search was conducted using multiple databases. The key inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials or cohort studies, obesity/overweight and MASLD. Two authors screened abstracts, reviewed full texts and performed data extraction and quality assessment. The primary outcome was the change in the serum ALT, and secondary outcomes included the changes in the serum AST, intrahepatic lipid content (IHL), quantified non-invasively via MRI/MRS, and body weight. Results: Fifteen studies were included. The LCD reduced body weight by 9.1 kg versus the control (95%CI: −12.4, −5.8) but not serum ALT (−5.9 IU/L, −13.9, 2.0). Total Dietary Replacement (TDR) reduced IHL by −9.1% vs. the control (−15.6%, −2.6%). The Mediterranean-LCD for ≥12 months reduced ALT (−4.1 IU/L, −7.6, −0.5) and for 24 months reduced liver stiffness versus other LCDs. The Green-Mediterranean-LCD reduced IHL, independent of body weight. Limited studies assessed those of Black or Asian ethnicity, and there was heterogeneity in the methods assessing the liver fat content and fibrosis. Conclusions: In people with MASLD and obesity, an LCD intervention reduces IHL and body weight. Trials should focus on the recruitment of Black and Asian ethnicity participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in the Pathophysiology and Management of NAFLD)

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17 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Hidden Culprit for Type 2 Diabetes

by Sneha Dhokte and Krzysztof Czaja

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071015 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7987

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The heightened metabolic activity of VAT encourages the circulation of free fatty acid (FFA) molecules, which induce insulin resistance in surrounding tissues. Individuals most vulnerable to this preferential fat deposition are older males with ancestral ties to Asian countries because genetics and sex hormones are pivotal factors for VAT accumulation. However, interventions in one’s diet and lifestyle have the potential to strategically discourage the growth of VAT. This illuminates the possibility that the expansion of VAT and, subsequently, the risk of T2D development are preventable. Therefore, by reducing the amount of VAT accumulated in an individual and preventing it from building up, one can effectively control and prevent the development of T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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32 pages, 3257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Ana M. Celorrio San Miguel, Enrique Roche, María Herranz-López, Marta Celorrio San Miguel, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Diego Fernández-Lázaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071011 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 11777

Abstract

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers [...] Read more.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers related to the health status of highly trained athletes. Data were obtained by performing searches in the following three bibliography databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The terms used were “Highly Trained Athletes”, “Melatonin”, and “Sports Performance”, “Health Biomarkers” using “Humans” as a filter. The search update was carried out in February 2024 from original articles published with a controlled trial design. The PRISMA rules, the modified McMaster critical review form for quantitative studies, the PEDro scale, and the Cochrane risk of bias were applied. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were selected out of 294 references. The dose of melatonin supplemented in the trials ranged between 5 mg to 100 mg administered before or after exercise. The outcomes showed improvements in antioxidant status and inflammatory response and reversed liver damage and muscle damage. Moderate effects on modulating glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine were reported. Promising data were found regarding the potential benefits of melatonin in hematological biomarkers, hormonal responses, and sports performance. Therefore, the true efficiency of melatonin to directly improve sports performance remains to be assessed. Nevertheless, an indirect effect of melatonin supplementation in sports performance could be evaluated through improvements in health biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Food First Approach in Sports Nutrition)

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31 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

by Celine Kapper, Peter Oppelt, Clara Ganhör, Ayberk Alp Gyunesh, Barbara Arbeithuber, Patrick Stelzl and Marlene Rezk-Füreder

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071008 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 29526

Abstract

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of [...] Read more.

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral’s contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)

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