Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between g...
The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve I, known as the olfactory nerve, is responsibl...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The diagnosis of MS is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences by demonstrating the spatial an...
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the regulation of a person’s sleep–wake cycle, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (catap...
The present study examined music-induced dopamine release, as measured by a proxy measure of spontaneous eye blinks. Specifically, we explored the effects of uplifting and sombre tones in different sections of Vivaldi’s Four Seasons to investig...
Sensory processing challenges are crucial yet often neglected aspects in the care of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic conditions. They represent a key area of interest in neuroscience, as they significantly impact children&rsquo...
Detecting stress is important for improving human health and potential, because moderate levels of stress may motivate people towards better performance at cognitive tasks, while chronic stress exposure causes impaired performance and health risks. W...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. This review focuses on the current understanding of these contributing e...
Environmental noise has been repeatedly linked to negative effects on cognitive functioning among children and adolescents. This research sought to systematically assess studies investigating the relationship between noise exposure and cognitive outc...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may manifest during the prodromal period of the disease, even befor...
What is the significance of a touch encoded by slow-conducted unmyelinated C-tactile (CT) fibers? It is the so-called affiliative touch, which has a fundamental social impact. In humans, it has been demonstrated that the affiliative valence of this k...
In this perspective article, we show that a morphospace, based on information-theoretic measures, can be a useful construct for comparing biological agents with artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The axes of this space label three kinds of complex...
Purpose: Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability with life-long implications requiring assessment and treatment of several functional domains. This review identifies the results from research into music-based interventions (MBIs), including...
Many neurobehavioral tests are used for the assessment of human-like behaviors in animals. Most of them were developed in rodents and are used for the assessment of animal models that mimic human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders (NDD...
Background: The Attention Control Scale (ATTC) is a widely used self-report measure of attentional control capacities. However, research questions whether it accurately substitutes for objective attention control tasks. This study investigated ATTC&r...
Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide that has recently gained significant attention for its neuroprotective properties in various models of neurodegeneration. This review provides an overview of available experimental data on the beneficia...
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. Benzodiazepines are the most widely used pharmacological class in the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders. Some literature suggests that the chronic use of benzodiazepines is...
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the fifth leading cause of death for Americans older than 65. Though fluctuations have been noticed over the past two decades, the mortality of Alzheimer’s patients increased considerably during the...
The maintenance of energetic homeostasis relies on a tight balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The case of the brain is a peculiar one, as although entailing a constant demand for energy, it is believed to rely mos...
Background: Chronic pain is highly burdening and multifactorial in etiology. The endogenous-pain-healing system restores body tissue to a non-painful state after an injury leading to pain, and its disruption could represent a relevant mechanism, espe...
The search for new therapies to reduce symptoms and find a cure for Parkinson’s disease has focused attention on two key points: the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates and astrocytes. The former is a hallmark of the disease, while the l...
Background: Combined cognitive and exercise training improves exercise endurance, including submaximal muscular endurance. Its effects on maximal muscular strength have yet to be determined. Accordingly, we tested the effects of combined training on...
Introduction: Anti-GAD65 antibodies are associated with several neurological phenotypes. Antibody titers are increasingly recognized as useful in diagnosis and prognosis. Objective: To describe a Portuguese cohort of patients with anti-GAD65-associat...
Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the links between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and various neuropsychiatric disorders, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Neurolaw is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to tr...
In the face of the limitations in pharmacological and surgical interventions for neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, patients are increasingly turning to non-pharmacological and alternative therapies to ma...
Emotional attunement, or emotional co-regulation in a relationship, can manifest as interpersonal neural synchrony, where partners exhibit similar anti-phase or phase-shifted brain activity. In adult romantic relationships, emotional attunement may d...
Background: Hypokinetic dysarthria is a speech disorder observed in almost 90% of PD patients that can appear at any stage of the disease, usually worsening as the disease progresses. Today, speech therapy intervention in PD is seen as a possible the...
Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also referred to as low-level light therapy (LLLT), is an emerging non-pharmacological approach. This treatment is considered low-risk, cost-effective, and non-invasive, utilizing near-infrared light (NIR). The p...
Animals are exposed to lithium (Li+) in the natural environment as well as by contact with industrial sources and therapeutic treatments. Low levels of exposure over time and high volumes of acute levels can be harmful and even toxic. The following s...
Amyloid-β oligomers are a cytotoxic structure that is key for the establishment of the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These structures promote subcellular alterations that cause synaptic dysfunction, loss of cell communication, and eve...
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells can be effectively differentiated into a neuronal phenotype using retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), making them a valuable in vitro model for studying neuronal differentiation. This study aim...
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. PD results in motor and cognitive dysfunction. While there is no proven cure for PD, it is widely agreed that aerobic exercises...
Background: Chronic pain is closely associated with dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, often reflected by reduced heart rate variability (HRV). While observational studies have demonstrated this association, the extent to which pain inter...
Background: Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is crucial for the safety of scoliosis surgery, providing real-time feedback on the spinal cord and nerve function, primarily through motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). The choice of anesthesia plays a c...
In recent years, in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, emphasis has been placed on mitochondrial processes that influence the onset of the disease. Oxidative stress would be one of the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, and its impact on...
Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element that can promote proper organ function, cell growth, and immune response; it can also, however, be present in too great a quantity. Zinc toxicity caused by overexposure may result in both minor and major physiologi...
Background: This study was designed to adapt the Delis–Kaplan Executive System (D-KEFS) version of the Color-Word Interference (CWIT) and Trail Making Tests (TMTs) for the Greek adult population from 20 to 49 years old, since it is of research...
At the 14th Panhellenic Conference on Alzheimer’s Disease and 6th Mediterranean Conference on neurodegenerative diseases, we experienced an exciting journey, following the patient through the stages of their neurodegenerative disease: onset, di...
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, and numerous functional and structural differences have been identified in the brains of individuals with ADHD compared to controls. This study uses data from th...
The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been linked to both genetic and epigenetic factors. Among the epigenetic factors, exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic and mood-modulating drug, has been shown to induce characteristic t...
The menstrual cycle affects the autonomic nervous system (ANS), cognition, and emotional valence in all biological women. There exists a complex relationship between hormonal fluctuations, ANS, cognition, and emotional valence during the different ph...
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are reactive compounds formed through non-enzymatic glycation in a process known as the Maillard reaction. While humans produce AGEs endogenously, these compounds can also enter the body through dietary sources,...
Nowadays, artificial intelligence is used in many fields to diagnose and treat different diseases. Robots are also useful tools that substitute for human work. Despite robots being used also for touch therapy, can they substitute for the human touch?...
Interest in ketamine as a novel treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) has been increasing due to its N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonism and mounting evidence that glutamate neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenes...
Background: Low back pain (LBP) has been shown to have various biological, psychological, and social factors that affect prognosis. However, it is unclear how personality may influence self-reported outcome measures and therapeutic alliance (TA). Met...
Background: Stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent two major health concerns worldwide. There is growing evidence suggesting a potential association between TBI and stroke. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to explore the...
This review emphasises the importance of the cardiovascular response to facial cooling (FC) and breath holding in both sexes. The trigemino-cardiac reflex, triggered by FC, reduces heart rate (HR) and constricts blood vessels. When combined with brea...
Although spatial memory has been widely studied in rodents, developmental studies involving humans are limited in number and sample size. We designed and studied the validity of two simple experimental setups for the evaluation of spatial memory and...
Introduction: The current literature suggests hyperglycemia can predict poor outcomes in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Chronic hyperglycemia is seen in patients with pre-existing diabetes (DM); however, acute hyperglycemia in...
Autism rates have been reported to be increasing rapidly in industrialized societies. The pathology most often combines neurological symptoms associated with language and social impairments with gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to measure...
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