Horticulturae

Article

18 pages, 2427 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Status of Esca Disease and the Disinfection of the Scion Prior to Grafting Affect the Phenolic Composition and Phenylpropanoid-Related Enzymes in the Callus of Vine Hetero-Grafts

by Saša Krošelj, Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek, Matevž Likar, Andreja Škvarč, Heidi Halbwirth, Katerina Biniari and Denis Rusjan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040371 - 30 Mar 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Vegetative propagation of European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) requires grafting onto American rootstocks due to susceptibility to phylloxera. However, the grafting yield is compromised by the presence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as Esca. This study investigates the phenolic response and [...] Read more.

Vegetative propagation of European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) requires grafting onto American rootstocks due to susceptibility to phylloxera. However, the grafting yield is compromised by the presence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as Esca. This study investigates the phenolic response and enzyme activity in grapevine callus from grafts obtained by scions with different GTD status (healthy, asymptomatic, and symptomatic) treated with different disinfection methods (Beltanol, Beltanol in combination with thermotherapy, Serenade^® ASO, Remedier, BioAction ES, and sodium bicarbonate). Twenty-three phenolic compounds were identified in the graft callus, with flavanols, stilbenes, and condensed tannins predominating. Scion disinfection with BioAction ES led to a significant increase in total phenolic content in the callus, especially in symptomatic scions, for on average 510.3 µg/g fresh weight (FW) higher total phenolic content, compared to grafts where scions were treated with Beltanol. Phenolics such as epicatechin gallate, procyanidin derivatives, and resveratrol hexoside were significantly increased, indicating a strong elicitor effect of BioAction ES. Enzymatic activity analysis showed that the disinfection methods affected the activity of key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. In particular, BioAction ES significantly increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in callus from grafts with healthy scions by 3.4-fold and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (FHT) activity in callus from grafts with infected scions by 4.9-fold (asymptomatic) and 6.9-fold (symptomatic) compared to callus from grafts with Beltanol-treated scions. The results highlight the potential of environmentally friendly disinfection methods, particularly BioAction ES, in influencing phenolic content and enzymatic activity in graft callus, potentially affecting the success of grapevine grafting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exogenous Cytokinins and Auxins Affect Double Cropping in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Ortrugo’ Grown in a Temperate Climate: Preliminary Results

by Filippo Del Zozzo, Harsh Tiwari, Ginevra Canavera, Tommaso Frioni and Stefano Poni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040346 - 23 Mar 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

The success of double cropping in Vitis vinifera L. cultivated in temperate climates relies on bud forcing efficiency, which requires the prompt unlocking of apical dormant buds with sufficient fruitfulness. Chemical dormancy-breaking strategies need to be tested to enhance dormant bud forcing in [...] Read more.

The success of double cropping in Vitis vinifera L. cultivated in temperate climates relies on bud forcing efficiency, which requires the prompt unlocking of apical dormant buds with sufficient fruitfulness. Chemical dormancy-breaking strategies need to be tested to enhance dormant bud forcing in summer pruning, as hydrogen cyanamide, the most used agent, could damage green organs. This study tested whether foliar applications of cytokinins and auxins could modulate dormancy release, potentially affecting bud forcing dynamics and shoot fruitfulness. The forcing treatments involved trimming primary shoots at the eighth node, removing lateral shoots, and retaining the main leaves and inflorescences. Five treatments were investigated: unforced control, control + 6-Benzyladenine application, forcing (FR), forcing + 6-Benzyladenine application (FBA), and forcing + Naphthaleneacetic acid application (FNAA). Phenological evolution, vegetative and productive parameters, and physiological characteristics have been assessed. Results showed that among the forcing treatments, FBA showed the highest forced/primary shoots ratio (106%), followed by FR (94%) and FNAA (21%). Primary yields were similar across treatments (2.74 kg), but total yield was highest in FBA (4.78 kg, including 2.02 kg from forced grapes), followed by FR (3.62 kg, with 1.09 kg forced). FNAA yielded no forced crop. During forced grapes maturation, photosynthesis rates were higher in forced leaves (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, as FR and FBA average) than primary leaves (−32%). Forced grapes ripened 47 days later and achieved higher sugar content (21.7 °Brix) and titratable acidity (10.6 g/L) than primary grapes. The findings suggest cytokinins application enhances bud forcing, supporting the feasibility of double cropping, while auxins limited it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management: Strategies for Yield and Quality)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2530 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological Response of Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) Seedlings to Drought Stress

by Zhuanmiao Kang, Hu Cai, Guangzheng Guo, Hui Zeng, Wenlin Wang and Xinghao Tu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040347 - 23 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 698

Abstract

Guizhou Province is one of the regions in China where macadamia is cultivated. The area is characterized by prominent karst landforms, with uneven distribution of precipitation and utilizable water resources, which poses significant challenges to macadamia production. To explore the effects of different [...] Read more.

Guizhou Province is one of the regions in China where macadamia is cultivated. The area is characterized by prominent karst landforms, with uneven distribution of precipitation and utilizable water resources, which poses significant challenges to macadamia production. To explore the effects of different drought levels on the anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of macadamia seedlings, and to reveal their adaptation mechanisms and regulatory responses to drought stress, this study established a drought stress experiment on O.C (Own Choice) macadamia seedlings. The seedlings were subjected to stress in a 25% PEG-6000 solution for 0 h (CK), 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, and 72 h, and cellular structural features of stems and leaves were measured, as well as physiological and biochemical indices. The results indicated that macadamia seedlings gradually exhibited dehydration and chlorosis with prolonged drought stress. At 72 h of drought stress, root water potential, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and root activity decreased by 353%, 98%, 44%, 72%, and 79%, respectively. Leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, and spongy tissue thickness were reduced by 19%, 33%, and 29%, respectively. Stomatal density increased by 50%, while stomatal aperture, vessel diameter, and cell wall thickness significantly decreased. Photosynthesis was markedly impaired: Pn, Tr, Gs, WUE, Fv/Fm, qP, and ΦPSII declined by 73%, 25%, 67%, 64%, 0.23, 60%, and 84%, respectively, whereas Ci and qN increased by 107% and 11%, respectively. Cell membranes began to sustain damage after 24 h of drought stress, with electrolyte leakage and MDA content rising by 266% and 672%, respectively, at 72 h. Prolonged drought stress reduced IAA, CTK, and GA levels by 37%, 33%, and 16%, respectively, while ABA content increased by 48%. To counteract drought stress, seedlings activated osmotic adjustment and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms. Osmolyte content significantly increased with stress duration, reaching 61%, 73%, 697%, and 107% increments in SS, SP, Pro, and betaine at 72 h. Antioxidant enzyme activities initially rose, peaking at 24 h (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX increased by 132%, 288%, 110%, and 46%, respectively), then gradually declined. By 72 h, SOD and APX activities fell below control levels, while POD and CAT remained elevated. These findings demonstrate that under PEG-6000-simulated drought stress, macadamia seedlings alleviate damage by modifying leaf and stem cellular structures and activating antioxidant and osmotic adjustment mechanisms. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the physiological mechanisms of macadamia drought stress response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 9691 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Establishment of a Protocol for the Characterization of Secreted Biomolecules in Somatic Embryogenic Cultures of Olea europaea L.

by Rita Pires, Lénia Rodrigues, Fátima Milhano Santos, Iola F. Duarte, Sergio Ciordia, Augusto Peixe and Hélia Cardoso

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030331 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 718

Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) involves the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells without fertilization and is widely used for clonal propagation and genetic transformation. However, in olive (Olea europaea sp. europaea), SE remains challenging due to the recalcitrant behavior of adult [...] Read more.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) involves the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells without fertilization and is widely used for clonal propagation and genetic transformation. However, in olive (Olea europaea sp. europaea), SE remains challenging due to the recalcitrant behavior of adult tissues when used as initial explants. Bioactive molecules released into the culture medium (conditioned medium, CM) by embryogenic cultures have been identified as modulators of the SE response. However, their potential role in enhancing SE efficiency in olive and overcoming tissue recalcitrance remains largely unexplored. To investigate the role of these biomolecules in olive SE, a protocol was established using SE cultures of cv. ‘Galega Vulgar’. Proteins and metabolites were separated by filtration, concentrated through lyophilization, and precipitated using three methods: Acetone, TCA/Acetone, and Methanol/Chloroform. The efficiency of these methods was evaluated through total protein quantification and via SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze secretome composition using the TCA/Acetone precipitation method. Additionally, metabolite profiles were analyzed using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The results led to the identification of 1096 (526 protein groups) Olea europaea proteins, including well-known SE biomarkers such as kinases and peroxidases. NMR spectroscopy identified several metabolites secreted into the medium or resulting from the metabolic activity of secreted enzymes, confirming the applicability of the procedure. Although extracting secreted biomolecules from the culture medium presents significant challenges, the protocol established in this study successfully enabled the isolation and identification of both proteins and metabolites, revealing a valuable workflow for future in-depth analyses of secreted biomolecules in olive SE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture Techniques and Molecular Markers of Horticultural Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phenotypic, Biochemical, and Molecular Diversity Within a Local Emblematic Greek Allium sativum L. Variety

by Anastasia Papadopoulou, Anastasia Boutsika, Francesco Reale, Silvia Carlin, Urska Vrhovsek, Eleftheria Deligiannidou, Aliki Xanthopoulou, Eirini Sarrou, Ioannis Ganopoulos and Ifigeneia Mellidou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030304 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 734

Abstract

Garlic, an asexually propagated crop, exhibits significant variation in its commercial traits and bioactive compounds. Despite its horticultural significance, the genetic pool available for breeding strategies is limited. This study aimed to assess the existing diversity within a popular garlic landrace from the [...] Read more.

Garlic, an asexually propagated crop, exhibits significant variation in its commercial traits and bioactive compounds. Despite its horticultural significance, the genetic pool available for breeding strategies is limited. This study aimed to assess the existing diversity within a popular garlic landrace from the region of “Nea Vissa”, Evros, Greece, focusing on phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular variation. In particular, bulb morphology, nutritional content, and organosulfur profiles were evaluated, along with genetic characterization using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to analyze intra-specific genetic variation. Our results revealed three distinct genetic clusters with moderate to low intra-varietal diversity. Morphological and biochemical characterization showed significant intra-specific diversity in both bulb morphology and nutritional content. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified key volatile compounds, including allyl methyl disulfide and trisulfide, 1,2-dithiacyclopentene, cis-1-propenyl propyl disulfide, and cis-1-propenyl methyl disulfide in high abundances, suggesting that these were the predominant compounds characterizing the population. Our findings could be implemented to further enhance key phytonutrients in the local garlic population through breeding programs, targeting clones with high nutritional value and improved flavor and supporting germplasm conservation and utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 772 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Supplementary Blue and Far-Red Light on the Morphology and Texture of Ocimum basilicum L. Grown in Controlled Environments

by Madison A. Oehler, Nathan Kelly, Jorge M. Fonseca, Ella Evensen, Eunhee Park, Ganyu Gu, Zi Teng and Yaguang Luo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030287 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1007

Abstract

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is highly sensitive to environmental conditions and is an ideal candidate for cultivation in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Light-emitting diode technology has become essential in CEA, offering precise control over light intensity, spectrum, and duration. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is highly sensitive to environmental conditions and is an ideal candidate for cultivation in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Light-emitting diode technology has become essential in CEA, offering precise control over light intensity, spectrum, and duration. This study investigated how supplemental blue light, far-red light, or their combination influences basil biomass, morphology, texture, and color when added to a white + red light spectrum. Basil ’Prospera’ and ’Amethyst’ were exposed to five light treatments for 14–28 days: white + red at 180 µmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹ (W) as the control, and four treatments with an additional 60 µmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹ of either white + red (+W₆₀), blue (+B₆₀), far-red (+FR₆₀), or a combination of B and FR (+B₃₀+FR₃₀), for a total photon flux density of 240 µmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹. The results demonstrated that +B₆₀ and +W₆₀ light treatments increased leaf thickness by 17–20% compared to the +FR₆₀ treatment. Conversely, texture analysis revealed that +FR₆₀-treated leaves had higher puncture resistance, with ’Amethyst’ and ’Prospera’ requiring 1.57 ± 0.43 N and 1.45 ± 0.35 N of force, respectively, compared to 1.19 ± 0.32 N and 1.1 ± 0.21 N under +B₆₀. These findings suggest that tailored light recipes in CEA can optimize basil quality, allowing growers to modify traits like leaf color, thickness, and toughness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3006 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetic and Seasonal Factors Influence Pungent Pepper Capsaicinoid and Vitamin C Content

by Ingrid Melinda Gyalai, Lajos Helyes, Hussein G. Daood, Flórián Kovács, Adrienn Szarvas and Ferenc Lantos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030286 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1265

Abstract

Pungent red peppers and chilis are healthy foods and crucial ingredients of modern diets due to their content of bioactive phytochemicals such as carotenoids, tocopherols, capsaicinoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C. The production of pungent peppers with outstanding nutritional properties is influenced by genetic [...] Read more.

Pungent red peppers and chilis are healthy foods and crucial ingredients of modern diets due to their content of bioactive phytochemicals such as carotenoids, tocopherols, capsaicinoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C. The production of pungent peppers with outstanding nutritional properties is influenced by genetic factors and their interaction with the environments where they are cultivated. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype and climate conditions on the response of capsaicinoids and vitamin C. The extracts of pungent materials and vitamin C were separated and qualitatively determined by HPLC alone or hyphenated with mass spectroscopy. Four genotypes were selected and cultivated under traditional agricultural practices in southern Hungary. The yield properties and the contents of capsaicinoids and vitamin C were significantly influenced by genetic factors and, to a high extent, by the interaction between genotype × environment. The highest yield of 2.86 ± 0.59 kg/m² was recorded for the CS variety. The yield was significantly decreased under high precipitation and low air temperature. The highest concentration of capsaicin of 1586–1734 µg/g dwt was found in the BHJ variety. The lowest level of 514 µg/g dwt of capsaicin was determined in the CS variety, in which the content significantly increased to 772 µg/g dwt with the increase in rainfall and decrease in air temperature in the warmer season of 2022. In most cultivars examined, capsaicin content negatively responded to the change of the climate toward higher precipitation and lower temperature except for SZ178, in which the concentration of capsaicinoids stayed insignificantly varied. The amount of vitamin C ranged between 570 and 135 µg/g dwt, with the highest content being in the BHJ and the lowest in the REK variety. In most varieties except the REK, vitamin C positively responded to a high and negatively to the reduced levels of precipitation. In conclusion, the phytochemical components of hot peppers respond differently to climatic factors—such as high rainfall, elevated air temperature, and intense sunlight—depending on the genotype’s ability to adapt to environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable Crops: Cultivation, Nutritional Value and Bioactive Components)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 5797 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of Grape NRT Gene Family and Analysis of Its Expression in Leaves Under Nitrogen-Deficiency Stress

by Zhongyi Yang, Junjie Mei, Wei Zheng, Falak Sher Khan, Mohammad Nasim Bhuiyan, Kangjie Wang, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman, Naomi Abe-Kanoh and Wei Ji

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030252 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 679

Abstract

Nitrogen, an indispensable macronutrient, significantly affects the appearance, quality, and yield of grapes (Vitis vinifera). Adequate nitrate uptake and intracellular transport, facilitated primarily by nitrate transport (NRT) proteins, are crucial for maintaining nutritional balance. However, there are no reports on the [...] Read more.

Nitrogen, an indispensable macronutrient, significantly affects the appearance, quality, and yield of grapes (Vitis vinifera). Adequate nitrate uptake and intracellular transport, facilitated primarily by nitrate transport (NRT) proteins, are crucial for maintaining nutritional balance. However, there are no reports on the NRT gene family in grapes. In this study, we identified 53 Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF), 3 nitrate transporter 2 family (NRT2), and 1 Nitrate Assimilation-Related 2 (NAR2) genes in the grapevine Pinot Noir PN40024 genome. A comprehensive analysis of these gene families, including their physicochemical properties, structural organization, chromosomal distribution, collinearity, cis-acting element distribution, and phylogenetic relationships, revealed the rich diversity and evolutionary conservation of the grapevine Nitrate Transporter (NRT) genes. Furthermore, the expression profiles of VvNRTs in different tissues demonstrated that the NRT genes possess spatio-temporal expression specificity. The expression patterns of the NRT genes were examined by transcriptome sequencing in grapevines across various tissues under nitrogen-deficiency conditions. The expression patterns in grapevine leaves under nitrogen-deficiency conditions showed upregulation of the VvNPF2.3 gene in conditions of nitrogen deficiency. This upregulation was strongly associated with a 62.2% reduction in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and a 21.3% increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, suggesting a complex regulatory response to nitrogen-induced stress. These findings emphasize the potential involvement of NRT genes in the adaptive reaction to nitrogen deficiency and set the stage for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of nitrogen transportation in grapevines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Action of Plant Protein Hydrolysates, Plant Extracts and Trichoderma atroviride Modulates the Performance of Cherry Tomato Plants Cultivated in a Soilless System

by Emanuela Campana, Beppe Benedetto Consentino, Lorena Vultaggio, Pietro Bellitto, Fabiana Mancuso, Gaetano Giuseppe La Placa, Giuseppe Colla, Leo Sabatino, Salvatore La Bella, Youssef Rouphael and Michele Ciriello

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030248 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 639

Abstract

The study and definition of synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects among biostimulants of microbial and nonmicrobial origin represents one of the most interesting prospects for future research. As part of the SO.MI.PR.O.N regional project, we evaluated the effects of the single and combined [...] Read more.

The study and definition of synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects among biostimulants of microbial and nonmicrobial origin represents one of the most interesting prospects for future research. As part of the SO.MI.PR.O.N regional project, we evaluated the effects of the single and combined applications of three different biostimulants [a plant-derived protein hydrolysate (PH), a tropical plant extract (PE) and a microbial biostimulant based on Trichoderma atroviride (Tricho)] on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a protected environment. From the analysis of our results, we observed that compared with the control conditions, all combinations containing Trichoderma atroviride (Tricho+PH, Tricho+PE and Tricho+PE+PH) significantly increased the marketable fruit production. For the latter parameter, the combined application of all tested biostimulants ensured the much-aspired-for synergistic effect. The combined application of all tested biostimulants (Tricho+PE+PH) significantly improved the quality traits (lycopene content, total polyphenols and total soluble solids) of the tomatoes. Although the understanding of the mechanisms activated by the combined application of the different biostimulants still remains complex to define, the results obtained underscore their potential. Not least, it will be necessary to assess the economic feasibility of the combined applications of biostimulants in order to have a more real picture that fully considers the sustainability of this strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Productivity and Quality of Vegetable Crops under Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1313 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Outcrossing Levels and Fruit Quality in Single-Cultivar Blocks of a Multi-Cultivar Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Orchard

by Stephen J. Trueman and Joel Nichols

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030244 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Intraspecific diversity is often introduced in orchards to promote cross-pollination, which is essential for self-incompatible crops and beneficial for many self-compatible crops. In lychee, orchards are often planted with multiple cultivars to increase the availability of male flowers, enhancing pollen transfer to female [...] Read more.

Intraspecific diversity is often introduced in orchards to promote cross-pollination, which is essential for self-incompatible crops and beneficial for many self-compatible crops. In lychee, orchards are often planted with multiple cultivars to increase the availability of male flowers, enhancing pollen transfer to female flowers. Typically, this diversity is arranged in single-cultivar blocks, requiring pollinators to transport cross-pollen across rows to reach trees in the middle of each block. We aimed to determine the levels of outcrossing at the edge and in the middle of blocks of Fay Zee Siu, Kaimana, Kwai Mai Pink, Sah Keng, Souey Tung and Wai Chee in a multi-cultivar lychee orchard. We also aimed to determine whether outcrossed fruit have different mass, skin colour and flavour attributes from selfed fruit. All cultivars produced a mixture of outcrossed and selfed fruit. Fay Zee Siu and Kaimana fruit were predominantly outcrossed, Kwai Mai Pink produced slightly more selfed than outcrossed fruit, and Souey Tung displayed high selfing. Outcrossing levels did not differ significantly between the edge and middle rows of these four cultivars. In contrast, Sah Keng and Wai Chee produced more outcrossed fruit in their edge row but more selfed fruit in their middle row. These two cultivars were at the orchard periphery, with another cultivar planted on only one side. Pollinators transported cross-pollen 56–60 m into the middle of blocks when different cultivars were planted on both sides, but this distance decreased to 42–56 m into the blocks when another cultivar was planted on only one side. Cross-pollination had few effects on fruit mass or quality, although pollination by Souey Tung sometimes increased fruit mass or Brix. These findings suggest that interplanting different cultivars of lychee can make effective use of its mixed-mating system, providing additional pollen sources in the orchard, supporting fruitlet retention, and sustaining tree productivity, without contributing greatly to quality variation in each cultivar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management: Strategies for Yield and Quality)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 6423 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Salt Stress and Tomato Resilience: From Somatic to Intergenerational Priming Memory

by Ilaria Borromeo, Maddalena Del Gallo and Cinzia Forni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030236 - 23 Feb 2025

Viewed by 745

Abstract

To ameliorate plants’ response to environmental stresses, seed priming can be a useful tool; it consists of the pre-exposure of the seeds to mild stress, which improves plant adaptation to future exposure to adverse growth conditions. In our previous studies, seed priming with [...] Read more.

To ameliorate plants’ response to environmental stresses, seed priming can be a useful tool; it consists of the pre-exposure of the seeds to mild stress, which improves plant adaptation to future exposure to adverse growth conditions. In our previous studies, seed priming with polyamines (2.5 mM putrescine, 2.5 mM spermine, and 2.5 mM spermidine) and salt acclimation have been proven to be an effective treatment in enhancing salt tolerance of tomato cultivars since they induced a better physiological response to salt stressful condition. The persistence of the memory of the first (priming) stress and retrieval of such remembered information upon exposure to later new stress play an important role in the applicability of seed priming in agriculture. Therefore, the aim of this work was the detection of the persistence of a stress memory induced by polyamine priming in tomatoes. Primed and not-primed seeds were stored at +4 °C for 2 years after the original priming treatment; then, germinated seeds were sown in non-saline soil and irrigated with 80 and 160 mM NaCl salt solutions until fruit production. The results confirm the increase in salt tolerance in primed plants compared to not-primed ones, indicating the presence of long-term somatic memory. In comparison with not primed, the primed plants produced better quality fruits, i.e., higher weight, water content, and higher amount of carotenoids, soluble sugars, and phenols. To determine if the memory can be inherited by the offspring, seeds were then collected from primed and not-primed plants (generation G1), and further experiments were undertaken by growing G1 plants under the same irrigation regime as the parental generation. After 45 days of growth, both antioxidants and osmolyte amounts were enhanced, leading to an improvement in the tolerance to saline conditions in the offspring of primed plants and confirming the results already observed in the parental generation. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of both long-term somatic and intergenerational priming memory in tomatoes and may pave the pathway to future agricultural application of seed priming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Horticultural Crops to Saline Stress)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Root Systems of Five Clonal Avocado Genotypes

by Nancy Elena Gonzalez-Florez, Alejandro Facundo Barrientos-Priego, Eduardo Campos-Rojas, María Teresa Beryl Colinas y León and Prometeo Sánchez García

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030232 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 677

Abstract

The root system of clonal rootstocks has been poorly studied, despite its crucial importance. Roots not only provide support and nutrition to the plant but also contribute to tolerance to pests, diseases and environmental stresses, in addition to optimizing yields. Although the initial [...] Read more.

The root system of clonal rootstocks has been poorly studied, despite its crucial importance. Roots not only provide support and nutrition to the plant but also contribute to tolerance to pests, diseases and environmental stresses, in addition to optimizing yields. Although the initial cost of clonal rootstocks is higher, the investment is offset by the reduction in phytosanitary treatments, greater longevity of the trees and a lower mortality rate. The aim of this research was to quantify the root system growth of five clonally propagated dwarf and normal avocado genotypes evaluated in rhizotrons, with the perspective of identifying distinctive characteristics suitable for their possible use in container culture. The avocado clonal plants to be evaluated were placed in rhizotrons and evaluated for six months, where 35 growth variables were evaluated with the aid of a root analyzer program. A randomized complete block design with five treatments (genotypes) and three replications was used under greenhouse conditions. Analysis of variance, variable purge and multivariate analysis were performed. It was found that ‘Duke 7’ and ‘San Martín’ were statistically different for most of variables, with ‘San Martín’ showing less root growth and ‘Duke 7’ showing remarkable lateral growth. The adventitious root system’s growth depends on the genotype, and the use of rhizotrons allows its study, which proved to be a useful methodology for this type of evaluation since it allows the visualization and adequate quantification of root growth. Genotypes with less root growth may be suitable for use in container culture, and roots with extensive lateral growth may be useful in shallow soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Airborne Plasmopara viticola Sporangia: A Study of Vineyards in Two Bioclimatic Regions of Northwestern Spain

by Lucía Carrera, María Fernández-González, María Jesús Aira, Kenia C. Sánchez Espinosa, Rosa Pérez Otero and Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Rajo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030228 - 20 Feb 2025

Viewed by 827

Abstract

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevines, particularly in areas with bioclimatic conditions that favor its development, such as northwestern Spain. This study examined the presence of P. viticola sporangia in three vineyards located [...] Read more.

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevines, particularly in areas with bioclimatic conditions that favor its development, such as northwestern Spain. This study examined the presence of P. viticola sporangia in three vineyards located in two distinct bioclimatic regions (ultra-oceanic and subcontinental) over two consecutive years (2023 and 2024) using Hirst-type volumetric samplers. The relationship between P. viticola and grapevine phenology, along with meteorological variables, was analyzed to help develop effective strategies for managing this disease. Spearman correlation analysis showed that temperature was the most influential variable in all vineyards. However, water-related variables (relative humidity and precipitation) showed stronger correlations in the ultra-oceanic vineyard, which also had the highest sporangium concentrations. Principal Component Analysis revealed that sporangium concentrations in the ultra-oceanic region were most strongly associated with relative humidity and wind speed. In contrast, sporangium concentrations in the subcontinental vineyards were more closely related to temperature, dew point, and wind speed (in Alongos), as well as wind speed (in Alongos and Cenlle). PCA results clearly differentiated the two bioclimatic zones. These findings provide valuable insights that can improve downy mildew management in vineyards in northwestern Spain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Disease Diagnostics and Pathogen Biocontrol of Horticulture Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 5011 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Exogenous Melatonin Application on Maintaining Physicochemical Properties, Phytochemicals, and Enzymatic Activities of Mango Fruits During Cold Storage

by Narin Charoenphun, Somwang Lekjing and Karthikeyan Venkatachalam

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020222 - 19 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1023

Abstract

Mango fruits are susceptible to cold stress under prolonged storage. Melatonin (MT) is a phytohormone well known for enhancing the tolerance and overall quality of various tropical and subtropical fruits during cold storage. This study investigated the effects of MT treatment on the [...] Read more.

Mango fruits are susceptible to cold stress under prolonged storage. Melatonin (MT) is a phytohormone well known for enhancing the tolerance and overall quality of various tropical and subtropical fruits during cold storage. This study investigated the effects of MT treatment on the postharvest quality of mango fruits during prolonged cold storage. Mangoes were treated with different concentrations of MT (1.0 mM (T1), 1.5 mM (T2), 2.0 mM (T3), and 2.5 mM (T4)) and stored for 45 days under cold conditions (15 °C and 90% relative humidity). Control fruits had no MT treatments. Various physicochemical, phytochemical, antioxidant, and enzymatic activities were monitored every 5 days throughout the storage period. MT treatment significantly reduced the weight loss and decay rates compared to control samples, with T3 and T4 treatments showing superior effectiveness. Due to severe decay in the control samples, the storage period was terminated on day 25, whereas the MT treatment protected the mango fruits and allowed for the completion of all 45 days of storage. The MT treatments effectively maintained color characteristics, reduced respiration rates, and suppressed ethylene production in mango fruits compared to the control samples. Higher MT concentrations preserved firmness and controlled malondialdehyde accumulation (p < 0.05). Chemical properties, including the starch content, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, were better maintained in MT-treated fruits. The treatments also enhanced the retention of phytochemicals (ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents) and improved antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Furthermore, MT treatment effectively regulated the activities of browning-related enzymes (polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)), cell wall-degrading enzymes (polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and lipoxygenase (LOX)), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)). The results demonstrate that MT treatment, particularly at higher concentrations (T3 and T4), effectively extends the storage life and maintains the quality of mango fruits during prolonged cold storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorisation of Sunflower Crop Residue as a Potentially New Source of Bioactive Compounds

by Ivona Veličković, Stevan Samardžić, Marina T. Milenković, Miloš Petković and Zoran Maksimović

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020206 - 15 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1021

Abstract

Reducing agricultural waste through reuse has become one of the most important strategies to minimise impact on the environment—an emerging global issue. Sunflower ranks fourth in the world in the production of vegetable oilseeds and therefore generates large amounts of agricultural waste. The [...] Read more.

Reducing agricultural waste through reuse has become one of the most important strategies to minimise impact on the environment—an emerging global issue. Sunflower ranks fourth in the world in the production of vegetable oilseeds and therefore generates large amounts of agricultural waste. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of sunflower crop residues in order to open up new opportunities for waste management. TPC and TFC were determined spectrophotometrically, while the dominant compounds were identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (KA) and 6Ac-7OH-dimethylchromone (DMC). Both compounds were present in higher concentrations in the ethyl acetate fraction (245.5 and 16.8 mg/g, respectively) than in the ethanol extract. None of the tested samples showed antimicrobial effects in the microdilution test. DMC showed remarkable antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TRC in vitro assays, while both compounds proved to be promising enzyme inhibitory agents, being particularly efficient in inhibiting anti-neurodegenerative enzymes (IC₅₀ values of DMC and KA were 1.20/1.37 mg/mL and 1.44/1.63 mg/mL for AChE/BChE, respectively) and tyrosinase. The results presented indicate that sunflower crop residues are a good candidate for the extraction of bioactive compounds with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Utilization and Application of Bioactive Compounds from Horticultural Plants)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of UV-B and UV-C Irradiation on Postharvest Quality of Parthenocarpic Cucumbers Under Ambient Conditions

by Sukanya Aiamla-or, Kanthima Mikkhunthod, Sumitita Pandoi, Papungkorn Sangsawad, Arak Tira-umphon and Wissanee Pola

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020192 - 12 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Maintaining postharvest quality is critical for preserving the marketability and nutritional value of parthenocarpic cucumbers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation on the postharvest quality, including antioxidant compounds, of parthenocarpic cucumbers during room temperature storage. Cengel cucumbers [...] Read more.

Maintaining postharvest quality is critical for preserving the marketability and nutritional value of parthenocarpic cucumbers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation on the postharvest quality, including antioxidant compounds, of parthenocarpic cucumbers during room temperature storage. Cengel cucumbers were exposed to 0.54–19.80 kJ·m⁻² doses of UV-B, and 0.20–10.35 kJ·m⁻² doses of UV-C. Non-irradiated cucumbers served as controls. The fruit were packed in a cotton box and stored at room temperature (27 ± 2 °C), with 75 ± 2% relative humidity, for 7 days. Results showed that low doses of UV-B and UV-C reduced weight loss and wilting, while high doses accelerated color change and increased weight loss and wilting. UV-B did not affect fruit firmness, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, or phenolic contents, while UV-C reduced these parameters. UV-B treatment resulted in higher ascorbic acid and FRAP antioxidant activity in the first three days compared to controls. A low dose of UV-B may enhance ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity in parthenocarpic cucumbers during short-term storage. This approach has potential applications in food preservation by reducing postharvest losses and maintaining nutritional quality. Future research should explore the combined effects of UV-B treatment and low-temperature storage for further benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3744 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Elevated Temperature and Solar Radiation on Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck) Cultivation

by Konstantinos Koularmanis, Pavlos Tsouvaltzis and Anastasios Siomos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020187 - 9 Feb 2025

Viewed by 915

Abstract

In order to study the effects of emerging climate change on the cultivation of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck), transplants of three F1 hybrids (‘Cigno’, ‘Principe’, and ‘Domino’ F1) were transplanted on three successive dates (7 June, 30 June, and 4 [...] Read more.

In order to study the effects of emerging climate change on the cultivation of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica Plenck), transplants of three F1 hybrids (‘Cigno’, ‘Principe’, and ‘Domino’ F1) were transplanted on three successive dates (7 June, 30 June, and 4 August) at the Experimental Farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. The last planting date (4 August) corresponds to the most common establishment time for the crop in the area, while the other two dates correspond to periods with higher temperatures. The number of leaves per plant was recorded on a weekly basis during the growing period, while the plant height, the number of head leaves, the number of lateral shoots, the head diameter, and the weight and quality of the head were recorded at harvest. The results showed that the average temperature and solar radiation during the first two growing periods (GP1 and GP2) were higher by 4.4–5.4 °C and 32–75%, respectively, compared to the third one (GP3). The consequences of the higher temperature were the shortening of the growing period between transplanting and harvest by 5–6 days in ‘Cigno’ F1 and its extension by 3–18 days in the ‘Principe’ and ‘Domino’ F1 ones, as well as the increase in the quantity of water required through irrigation by 14–61%. Higher temperatures induced a significant deterioration of the head quality and a reduction in marketable production by 42–92%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Grafting with Different Rootstocks on Fruit Yield and Quality of Muskmelon Under Continuous Cropping

by Hongxia Ye, Caiyu Zhang and Bingliang Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020183 - 8 Feb 2025

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Grafting is a promising approach to control melon fusarium wilt disease. However, there is a potential risk of deterioration in the quality of melon fruit due to scion–rootstock interactions. Using two primary muskmelon cultivars, ‘ZheTian 105’ (ZT105) and ‘ZheTian 401’ (ZT401) in Zhejiang [...] Read more.

Grafting is a promising approach to control melon fusarium wilt disease. However, there is a potential risk of deterioration in the quality of melon fruit due to scion–rootstock interactions. Using two primary muskmelon cultivars, ‘ZheTian 105’ (ZT105) and ‘ZheTian 401’ (ZT401) in Zhejiang Province as scion, and taking one squash (interspecific hybrids between Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata) ‘Sizhuang No.12’ (SZ12) and four melon, ‘YongZhen No 9’ (YZ9), ‘XiaTe’ (XT), ‘ZhenTian No 1’ (ZT1), and ‘T1-151’ (T1) as rootstock, the yield and fruit quality including total soluble solid content (SSC), flesh texture, and flavor of grafted melon were measured, compared with non-grafted melon. The results indicated there was no significant difference in single fruit weight among the grafted melon and non-grafted melon plants, while the yield of most grafted melon plants was significantly higher than that of the non-grafted ones. No significant differences were observed in SSC and flesh texture among the grafted and non-grafted melon plants. The fruit of the “ZT401/SZ12” combination exhibited peculiar odors reminiscent of pumpkin flavor, negatively affecting edibility, whereas the fruit of the “ZT105/SZ12” combination did not. Considering both yield and fruit quality, the results indicated that the squash rootstock “SZ12” and the melon rootstocks “ZT1” are suitable for grafting with the muskmelon cultivar “ZT105”, while the melon rootstocks “ZT1” and “T1” are appropriate for grafting with the muskmelon cultivar “ZT401”. The results of this research are of considerable significance for the sustainable cultivation of the cultivars “ZT105” and “ZT401”, particularly under continuous cropping conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Genetic Engineering and Quality Improvement in Vegetable Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 12434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Simulation of Ventilation in a Zigzag Plastic Greenhouse

by Yu Zhang, Weizhen Sun, Longpeng Jin, Hongbing Yang, Jian Wang and Sheng Shu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020175 - 6 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1170

Abstract

Zigzag plastic greenhouses are a type of greenhouse with a high natural ventilation capacity, and the number and quantities of their roof vents affect their ventilation and cooling effect. In this study, a CFD model of a greenhouse was constructed based on computational [...] Read more.

Zigzag plastic greenhouses are a type of greenhouse with a high natural ventilation capacity, and the number and quantities of their roof vents affect their ventilation and cooling effect. In this study, a CFD model of a greenhouse was constructed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory to simulate the temperature and airflow distribution of a zigzag plastic greenhouse and to investigate the effects that the number of zigzags and the construction orientation have on the cooling effect of this type of greenhouse. The results show that the average air temperature in a double zigzag plastic greenhouse (DZPG) was 0.58 °C lower than that in a single zigzag plastic greenhouse (SZPG) of the same size during the experiment. When the outdoor temperature is higher than 35 °C, the maximum temperature of the DZPG is significantly lower than that of the SZPG in a 1.5 m horizontal section; when the top vent is on the windward side, there is an obvious advantage of DZPG ventilation and the utilization efficiency of its top vent is higher, and when the top vent is on the leeward side, the distribution of the airflow in the DZPG is more intensive and more uniform. The maximum difference in the average temperature between the eight orientations of the DZPG was 0.17 °C. Therefore, the cooling effect in summer is not influenced by the construction orientation, but the airflow in the greenhouse is slightly worse when the direction of the roof vents is parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome and Metabolome Combined Analysis Reveals Key Genes Controlling Soluble Sugar Metabolism in Persimmon Fruit During Development

by Sichao Yang, Meng Zhang, Ming Zeng, Lei Xu, Chaohua Zhou and Xinlong Hu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020167 - 5 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 770

Abstract

Persimmon as a type of fruit is divided into pollination-constant and non-astringent (PCNA) persimmon, which can lose its astringency naturally during fruit ripening, and non-PCNA persimmon. Its soluble sugars include the essential components that determine the flavor of the persimmon fruit. However, the [...] Read more.

Persimmon as a type of fruit is divided into pollination-constant and non-astringent (PCNA) persimmon, which can lose its astringency naturally during fruit ripening, and non-PCNA persimmon. Its soluble sugars include the essential components that determine the flavor of the persimmon fruit. However, the underlying regulatory networks that modulate the metabolism of soluble sugar in persimmon fruit remain largely unknown. In this work, three stages (10, 15, and 20 weeks after bloom) of Chinese PCNA ‘Luotian tianshi’ fruit growth were used as experimental models to reveal the molecular mechanism of soluble sugar metabolism via the combination of the transcriptome and the metabolome. Here, 21 kinds of soluble sugars were detected, with sucrose, glucose, and fructose verified as the main soluble sugars in the persimmon fruits. We obtained 59.42 Gb of clean data via transcriptome sequencing, and the maximum number of differentially expressed genes (9098) was found in the 20 W vs. 10 W groups, of which 2513 were up-regulated and 3811 were down-regulated. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 37 up-regulated and 71 down-regulated differentially expressed genes were enriched for starch and sucrose metabolism in the 20 W vs. 10 W groups. The metabolome and transcriptome association analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (malZ, INV, SPS, scrK, ISA, β-AMY, TPS, otsB, and TREH) were significantly correlated with the content of differentially accumulated metabolites (such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose), indicating that they may play important roles in the metabolism of the soluble sugars in persimmon. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the metabolism pattern of high sugar accumulation in persimmon fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impacts of Light Interception on Yield and Kernel Parameters in Hazelnut Production

by Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Miguel Araya-Alman, Mauricio Zúñiga-Sánchez, Marcelo González, María José Lisperguer Fernández and Sebastián Romero-Bravo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020156 - 2 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1011

Abstract

Chile has become a significant producer of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) due to its favorable conditions for off-season production to meet global market demand. Efficient light interception is crucial for optimizing the hazelnut yield and quality, as it directly influences the plant’s [...] Read more.

Chile has become a significant producer of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) due to its favorable conditions for off-season production to meet global market demand. Efficient light interception is crucial for optimizing the hazelnut yield and quality, as it directly influences the plant’s photosynthetic capacity. The goal was to assess the impact of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at upper, middle, and lower canopy levels in hazelnut trees grown at different planting densities and the canopy management of yield and quality parameters. The percentage of vain, sucker, double, bug, and healthy hazelnuts, including the number of fruits, total fruit weight, and grams per fruit was evaluated. The upper canopy levels intercepted the highest PAR, significantly enhancing the number and weight of fruits. The lower canopy levels received considerably less PAR, reducing the productivity. Production pruning in dense planting systems (5 × 3 m) improved the light penetration compared to a less dense planting density (5 × 6 m). Strong positive correlations were observed among PAR, fruit weight, and fruit number, emphasizing the importance of the light distribution within the canopy in hazelnut production. Production pruning and optimized planting densities are essential for maximizing light interception, improving yield, and ensuring high-quality hazelnut production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 13156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effective Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Resistance Assessment Using Non-Destructive Imaging and Machine Learning

by Sang Gyu Kim, Sang-Deok Lee, Woo-Moon Lee, Hyo-Bong Jeong, Nari Yu, Oak-Jin Lee and Hye-Eun Lee

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020132 - 26 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1013

Abstract

There is a growing need to establish a breed reassessment system responding to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) mutations. Conventional visual survey methods allow for assessing TSWV severity and disease incidence, while enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) data analysis can replace and validate visual [...] Read more.

There is a growing need to establish a breed reassessment system responding to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) mutations. Conventional visual survey methods allow for assessing TSWV severity and disease incidence, while enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) data analysis can replace and validate visual surveys. This study proposes a non-destructive evaluation technique for TSWV using an open software platform based on image processing and machine learning. Many studies have evaluated resistance to the TSWV. However, as strains that destroy TSWV resistance emerge, an evaluation technique that can identify new genetic resources with resistance to the variants is needed. Evaluation techniques based on images and machine learning have the strength to respond quickly and accurately to the emergence of new variants. However, studies on resistance to viruses rely on empirical judgment based on visual surveys. The accuracy of the training model using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and neural networks (NNs) was excellent, in the following order: NNs (0.86), LR (0.81), SVM (0.65). Meanwhile, the accuracy of the validation model was good, in the following order NN (0.84), LR (0.79), SVM (0.71). NNs’ prediction performance was verified through ELISA data analysis, showing a causal relationship between the two data sets with an R² of 0.86 with statistical significance. Imaging and NN-based TSWV resistance assessment technologies show significant potential as key tools in genetic resource reassessment systems that ensure a rapid and accurate response to the emergence of new TSWV strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4050 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Composite Vase Solution Using Silicon (Si) and Other Preservatives Improved the Vase Quality of Cut Lily (Lilium ‘Siberia’) Flowers

by Jinnan Song, Jingli Yang and Byoung Ryong Jeong

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020112 - 21 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200

Abstract

As a famous high-grade cut flower, the ornamental value and the marketability of lilies (Lilium spp.) are restricted by their short vase life in water. Previous reports have shown that silicon (Si) and several preservatives are able to improve the postharvest performance [...] Read more.

As a famous high-grade cut flower, the ornamental value and the marketability of lilies (Lilium spp.) are restricted by their short vase life in water. Previous reports have shown that silicon (Si) and several preservatives are able to improve the postharvest performance of cut flowers. However, the optimal combination of Si and one selected preservative to improve the vase quality of cut lily flowers was unclear. In this study, therefore, we investigated the synergistic effects of Si and one of five preservatives (water only, CaCl₂, sugar, 8-HQS: 8-hydroxyquinolin sulfate, and CA: citric acid) on the vase quality of cut lily flowers ‘White Siberia’. It was found that a preservative alone (except sugar) could significantly increase the longevity of vase life, delay the water loss rate, and reinforce the antioxidant defense system (i.e., improve total phenols, total flavonoids, and major antioxidant enzymes, as well as reduce ROS-reactive oxygen species accumulation), compared with the cut stems cultured in water only. However, the maximum flowering diameter was not affected. More importantly, these mentioned synergistic effects were more pronounced when the Si was supplemented. The simultaneous use of Si and 8-HQS was the optimal combination for an improved postharvest performance and improved vase quality, among the 10 treatments. Taken together, a composite vase solution using Si and 8-HQS may be a recommended nutrition strategy to enhance the competitiveness of marketed cut lily flowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Trunk Covering and Airflow Treatment on Sap Flux and Bud Burst During the Dormant Stage in ‘Fuji’ Apples

by Young-Min Choi and Dong-Geun Choi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020108 - 21 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 727

Abstract

The effects of recent climate change, including warm winters and repeated temperature fluctuations during dormancy, can lead to freezing injuries that result in significant economic losses in the fruit industry. This study aimed to examine the physiological responses of ‘Fuji’/M9 apple trees to [...] Read more.

The effects of recent climate change, including warm winters and repeated temperature fluctuations during dormancy, can lead to freezing injuries that result in significant economic losses in the fruit industry. This study aimed to examine the physiological responses of ‘Fuji’/M9 apple trees to trunk covering and continuous airflow treatments over 30 days, providing insights into mitigating freezing damage. The temperature difference between the sunlit and shaded sides of the trunk was lower in the whitewashed and foam insulation-covered treatments compared to those covered with newspaper, rice straw, or left uncovered. Under airflow treatment, the temperature difference in the uncovered control was 2.2 °C lower than in the non-airflow group, while no significant difference was observed in the whitewash treatment. Sap flow initiation was observed the earliest in the foam insulation-covered treatment and the latest in the whitewashed treatment. The timing of bud burst followed the order of foam insulation, rice straw, whitewash, newspaper, and the uncovered control. Furthermore, sap flow initiation and the bud burst period were delayed under airflow treatment compared to non-airflow conditions. This study provides fundamental insights into the effects of covering materials and airflow on apple tree physiology during dormancy, offering valuable information to guide future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5763 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Elevated Oxygen Contributes to the Promotion of Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Capacity: A Case Study on Strawberries

by Yingying Dong, Lingling Pang, Mengfei Mao, Jingjing Zhou, Qiannan Hu, Yizhou Xiang and Li Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010107 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1159

Abstract

Elevated oxygen is regarded as an effective approach to maintaining the quality of fresh plant products. To elucidate the role of elevated oxygen in polyphenol biosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, we evaluated the impact of different concentrations of oxygen on polyphenol metabolism, individual polyphenol [...] Read more.

Elevated oxygen is regarded as an effective approach to maintaining the quality of fresh plant products. To elucidate the role of elevated oxygen in polyphenol biosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, we evaluated the impact of different concentrations of oxygen on polyphenol metabolism, individual polyphenol contents, and antioxidant levels of strawberries during storage. Elevated oxygen (40%, 60%, and 80%) promoted the accumulation of polyphenols, including tannin, flavone, and anthocyanin. At the end of storage, total polyphenol contents of strawberries treated with 60% and 80% oxygen were 1.11 and 1.13 times higher, respectively, than the control group. In addition, elevated oxygen effectively enhanced DPPH and FRAP, which was consistent with the observed changes in polyphenol contents. Additionally, most genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis were found to be upregulated during storage, with elevated oxygen resulting in higher expression levels compared to controls. These findings show that presumably, the main reason for the improvement in the commercial and edible quality of strawberries is physical treatments, such as elevated oxygen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Practices to Improve Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 11270 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Edible Coatings Enhance Storability and Preserve Quality of Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta L.) cv. Ken’s Red

by Adriana C. Guerreiro, Custódia Gago, Dário Passos, Jaime Martins, Sandra Cruz, Fernão Veloso, Rui Guerra and Maria D. Antunes

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010105 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1781

Abstract

Kiwiberries, an emerging fruit variety with increasing consumer demand, face significant commercialization challenges due to their short shelf life. This study evaluates the effectiveness of edible alginate-based coatings in extending the shelf life of kiwiberries. Two emulsion types—coarse (Coarse) and nanoemulsions (Nano)—and two [...] Read more.

Kiwiberries, an emerging fruit variety with increasing consumer demand, face significant commercialization challenges due to their short shelf life. This study evaluates the effectiveness of edible alginate-based coatings in extending the shelf life of kiwiberries. Two emulsion types—coarse (Coarse) and nanoemulsions (Nano)—and two application methods—spraying (Spray) and dipping (Dip)—were tested. Additionally, the use of visible/near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for non-destructive quality monitoring was explored. Coatings were prepared with 2% (w/v) alginate (SAlg) enriched with eugenol (Eg) and citral (Ct) at their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.10% and 0.15%, respectively, as well as at double these concentrations. This resulted in a total of ten different treatments. The fruits were stored at approximately 5 °C, with evaluations conducted after 5 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. Quality parameters, including color, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), dry matter, weight loss, decay, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, DPPH, FRAP, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, were analyzed. Over the storage period, color and SSC increased, while firmness decreased. Weight loss and MDA levels showed the most significant changes, particularly in treatments with higher essential oil concentrations. Notably, treatments such as SAlg Spray, SAlg Dip, SAlg Ct 0.15 + Eg 0.1 Nano Spray, SAlg Ct 0.15 + Eg 0.1 Nano Dip, and SAlg Ct 0.15 + Eg 0.1 Coarse Dip demonstrated superior preservation of kiwiberry quality. Moreover, Vis-NIR spectroscopy proved valuable for distinguishing between coating treatments, highlighting its potential for non-destructive quality assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Advances in Fruit Quality: Pre-harvest Techniques and Postharvest Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Known and Mapping Future Directions in Biopesticides Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Tijana Narandžić, Veljko Šarac, Vesna Rodić, Nataša Vukelić, Mirjana Lukač-Bulatović, Sandra Bijelić and Mirjana Ljubojević

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010097 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1916

Abstract

Numerous concerns associated with the use of synthetic pesticides have led to important initiatives aimed at ensuring eco-friendly practices in pest and disease control. Third-generation pesticides, biopesticides, have become a key factor in those efforts, capturing the attention of researchers worldwide. To evaluate [...] Read more.

Numerous concerns associated with the use of synthetic pesticides have led to important initiatives aimed at ensuring eco-friendly practices in pest and disease control. Third-generation pesticides, biopesticides, have become a key factor in those efforts, capturing the attention of researchers worldwide. To evaluate trends in biopesticide research over the past three decades, a bibliometric analysis was performed on bibliographic data sourced from the Web of Science database. This analysis included metrics such as publication dynamics, types of documents, and assessments of research fields and categories. Co-authorship, citation, and co-occurrence networks were visualized using VOSviewer software to identify collaboration patterns, influential publications, emerging topics, and interdisciplinary connections. A total of 5054 publications on the topic of ‘biopesticide’ were found (1994–2024), nearly half of which were published in the last five years. Out of 136 contributing countries, researchers from the USA, People’s Republic of China, and India produced the most publications, while a total of 19,676 authors contributed to at least one paper throughout the entire examined period. The identification of the most frequently used keywords highlighted significant topics within biopesticide-related publications, from the earliest to the most recent, aiding in our understanding of the developmental trajectory and opportunities for future exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Disease Management and Pathogens Control in Horticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 7589 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heterogeneity in Seed Samples from Vineyards and Natural Habitats Along the Eurasian Vitis vinifera Range: Implications for Domestication and Hybridization

by Diego Rivera, Javier Valera, David Maghradze, Maia Kikvadze, Anna Nebish, Rafael Ocete, Carlos Álvar Ocete, Claire Arnold, Emilio Laguna, Francisco Alcaraz, Diego José Rivera-Obón, Gianni Lovicu, Massimino Farci and Concepción Obón

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010092 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1118

Abstract

By exploring seed samples from vineyards and natural habitats across the Eurasian range of Vitis vinifera, our analysis revealed substantial morphological variation within populations. Through the analysis of domestication index values, probabilities, and entropy, we assessed seed diversity. Samples with high domestication [...] Read more.

By exploring seed samples from vineyards and natural habitats across the Eurasian range of Vitis vinifera, our analysis revealed substantial morphological variation within populations. Through the analysis of domestication index values, probabilities, and entropy, we assessed seed diversity. Samples with high domestication probability values—predominantly from vineyards—exhibited low heterogeneity and entropy, with similar patterns observed in natural habitats, suggesting the presence of feral vines. In parallel, seeds with low domestication index values, found mainly in natural habitats, also displayed low entropy and are likely associated with Vitis sylvestris or other wild Vitaceae species. Intermediate domestication values pointed to hybrid swarms, highlighting the crucial role of hybridization in the development of modern grapevine cultivars. The study identified mixed populations across the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and the South Caucasus, which act as significant gene reservoirs. A domestication gradient is evident, with higher domestication rates in the South Caucasus compared to Western Europe and East Asia. The results demonstrate the significance of these mixed populations as repositories of genetic diversity, underscoring their conservation value, particularly considering the negative impact of habitat alterations, especially in riparian forests due to major public works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Genetic Regulation and Quality Improvement of Grapes)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4733 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of Watermelon VQ Motif-Containing Genes Under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

by Yanjun He, Jia Shen, Xinyang Xu and Weisong Shou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010081 - 13 Jan 2025

Viewed by 846

Abstract

Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins play important roles in diverse plant developmental processes and signal transduction in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no systematic investigation has been conducted on VQ genes in watermelon. In this study, we identified 31 watermelon VQ genes, [...] Read more.

Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins play important roles in diverse plant developmental processes and signal transduction in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no systematic investigation has been conducted on VQ genes in watermelon. In this study, we identified 31 watermelon VQ genes, which were classified into six subfamilies (I–VI). All of the deduced proteins contained a conserved FxxxVQxL/F/VTG motif. Eleven ClVQs were involved in segment duplication, which was the main factor in the expansion of the VQ family in watermelon. Numerous stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements were detected in the putative promoter region of the ClVQ genes. Green fluorescent protein fusion proteins for ten selected ClVQs were localized in the nucleus, but three ClVQs also showed signals in cell membranes and the cell wall, thus confirming their predicted divergent functionality. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the majority of ClVQ genes were specifically or preferentially expressed in certain tissues or organs, especially in the male flower. Analyses of RNA-sequencing data under osmotic, cold, and drought stresses and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection revealed that the majority of ClVQ genes, especially those from subfamily IV, were responsive to these stresses. The results provide useful information for the functional characterization of watermelon ClVQ genes to unravel their biological roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Control and Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in the Post-Genomic Era)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2816 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Balancing Yield and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Supplemental Lighting in Commercial-Scale Cucumber Cultivation

by Seyed Mohammad Hashemi, Andrzej Kurenda, Selin Karatepe and Nick A. Savidov

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010079 - 13 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Lighting is a fundamental driver of plant productivity in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), directly affecting physiological processes, resource efficiency, and sustainability. This study evaluates the effects of distinct lighting systems, industrial Light-Emitting Diodes (iLEDs), horticultural LEDs (hLEDs), high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, and controls (no [...] Read more.

Lighting is a fundamental driver of plant productivity in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), directly affecting physiological processes, resource efficiency, and sustainability. This study evaluates the effects of distinct lighting systems, industrial Light-Emitting Diodes (iLEDs), horticultural LEDs (hLEDs), high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, and controls (no supplemental light), each providing unique light spectra, on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth, physiology, and environmental impact under a controlled light intensity of 250 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in a commercial CEA setup. The results indicated that iLEDs enhance intrinsic water use efficiency (35.65 µmol CO₂/mol H₂O) and reduce transpiration, reflecting superior physiological resource use. Electrophysiological measurements indicated significantly more stable stress responses in plants subjected to iLEDs and hLEDs as compared to HPS and control treatments, indicating the effectiveness of LED light spectra in mitigating stress-related physiological impacts. Furthermore, compact growth and shorter stem internodes were observed under iLEDs as well as hLEDs, highlighting the spectral effects on photomorphogenesis, likely caused by a balanced light spectrum. HPS lighting achieved the highest yield (42.86 kg m⁻²) but at a significant environmental cost, with 342.65 kg CO₂e m⁻² emissions compared to 204.29 kg CO₂e m⁻² for iLEDs, with competitive yield of 38.84 kg m⁻². Economic analysis revealed that iLEDs also offered the most cost-effective solution due to lower energy consumption and extended lifespan. This study focused on the interaction between light spectra, photosynthetic performance, stress resilience, and resource efficiency, advancing sustainable strategies for energy-efficient food production in CEA systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1869 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Spray Foliar Containing Methylobacterium symbioticum Did Not Increase Nitrogen Concentration in Leaves or Olive Yield Across Three Rainfed Olive Orchards

by Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues, João Ilídio Lopes, Sandra Martins, Cátia Brito, Carlos Manuel Correia and Margarida Arrobas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010080 - 13 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1010

Abstract

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation has been advocated in agricultural fields due to being considered a more sustainable way to introduce N into agrosystems than industrial N fertilizers. In this study, a foliar spray inoculant containing the microorganism Methylobacterium symbioticum was applied. This microorganism [...] Read more.

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation has been advocated in agricultural fields due to being considered a more sustainable way to introduce N into agrosystems than industrial N fertilizers. In this study, a foliar spray inoculant containing the microorganism Methylobacterium symbioticum was applied. This microorganism is known for fixing N in the phyllosphere, regardless of the cultivated species. This study was conducted in three rainfed olive orchards over three years. In two orchards managed according to European Union (EU) integrated production rules, the experiment was organized as a factorial design with inoculant (applied at two levels, yes and no) and N fertilization (applied to the soil at three levels, 0, 40, and 80 kg ha⁻¹ of N). The third trial, managed according to EU organic farming rules, was organized in a completely randomized design with three treatments: with (yes) and without (no) inoculant and with a treatment involving a seaweed extract, also for foliar application. The microbiological inoculant did not consistently influence olive yield or N concentration in leaves across the three trials. Conversely, N application to the soil significantly influenced N concentration in leaves and olive yield. In one of the trials, in the third year of the study, soil N application (80 kg ha⁻¹) resulted in an olive yield of ~eight times higher than the unfertilized control treatment. The seaweed extract also did not lead to significant differences in leaf mineral composition or olive yield compared with the other treatments. These findings from the on-farm research highlight the importance of accurately determining the conditions under which commercial products can deliver effective results. It is crucial to acknowledge that these products involve expenses not only in their acquisition but also in their application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7684 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Light Intensity and Irrigation Method on Growth, Quality, and Anthocyanin Content of Red Oak Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. cripspa L.) Cultivated in a Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting

by Thanit Ruangsangaram, Pariyanuj Chulaka, Kriengkrai Mosaleeyanon, Panita Chutimanukul, Michiko Takagaki and Na Lu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010075 - 12 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Cultivating red oak lettuce in plant factories often encounters challenges in achieving the desired red leaf coloration. To make the leaves a pleasant red color, anthocyanins are key substances that need to be induced. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing [...] Read more.

Cultivating red oak lettuce in plant factories often encounters challenges in achieving the desired red leaf coloration. To make the leaves a pleasant red color, anthocyanins are key substances that need to be induced. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing light intensity and irrigation methods on the growth and leaf color of red oak lettuce in a controlled environment. Two light intensities (300 and 400 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) with white LEDs and two irrigation methods (circulating vs. non-circulating irrigation) were applied seven days before harvesting. The results indicated that plants grown with circulating irrigation exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights than those grown under non-circulating conditions, regardless of light intensity. When non-circulating irrigation was applied, shoot fresh weight decreased by approximately 22% on the harvesting day compared to the circulating treatments. Under the 400 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensity with non-circulating irrigation (400N-C), plants displayed the lowest lightness (L*) at 40.7, increased redness (a*) to −7.4, and reduced yellowness (b*) to 11.0. These changes in coloration were optimized by day 5 after treatment. Additionally, spectral indices, including normalized difference vegetation index and photochemical reflectance index, varied significantly among treatments. The 400N-C treatment also resulted in the highest anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in red oak lettuce. These findings suggest that combining high light intensity with non-circulating irrigation before harvest can improve both the coloration and quality of red oak lettuce in plant factories with artificial lighting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Cultivation of Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3937 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Synthetic Consortium on Growth, Yield, and Metabolic Profile of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown Under Suboptimal Nutrient Regime

by Renée Abou Jaoudé, Francesca Luziatelli, Anna Grazia Ficca and Maurizio Ruzzi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010064 - 9 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

Soilless cultivation allows for the exploitation of the benefits of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) without the loss of efficacy observed with soil inoculation. In this study, we investigated the effects of a PGPR consortium on the plant growth, ecophysiology, and metabolic profile of [...] Read more.

Soilless cultivation allows for the exploitation of the benefits of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) without the loss of efficacy observed with soil inoculation. In this study, we investigated the effects of a PGPR consortium on the plant growth, ecophysiology, and metabolic profile of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in an aeroponic system under a low-nutrient regime. Overall, the plant biomass increased by 25% in the PGPR-inoculated plants due to enhanced leaf and root growth. The rise in the leaf biomass was primarily due to an increase in the leaf number and average leaf mass, coupled with a higher total leaf area. In addition, the inoculated plants exhibited an altered leaf anatomy characterized by an increased palisade parenchyma thickness and reduced airspace area, suggesting an improved photosynthetic efficiency and changes in the mesophyll conductance. The root morphology was also altered, with the PGPR-inoculated plants showing higher lateral root development. Furthermore, PGPR inoculation induced significant metabolic reprogramming in the leaves, affecting several pathways related to growth, development, and stress responses. These findings provide valuable insights into the intricate metabolic dialog between plants and beneficial microbes and demonstrate that the integration of soilless culture with an analysis of the ecophysiological, anatomical, and metabolomic plant responses can be a powerful approach to accelerate the design of new PGPR consortia for use as microbial biostimulants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biostimulants on the Growth and Development of Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1859 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetic Diversity and Structure of a Critically Endangered Ornamental Species, Rhododendron farinosum, with Extremely Small Populations

by Fengjuan Li, Linyuan Fan, Jingli Zhang, Wen Liu, Wei Li, Yongpeng Ma and Hong Ma

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010051 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 934

Abstract

A comprehensive study of the genetic characteristics of endangered species is a prerequisite for their effective conservation and management. Rhododendron farinosum is an endangered ornamental species with extremely small populations located in northeastern Yunnan Province. To unravel the reasons behind the endangerment of [...] Read more.

A comprehensive study of the genetic characteristics of endangered species is a prerequisite for their effective conservation and management. Rhododendron farinosum is an endangered ornamental species with extremely small populations located in northeastern Yunnan Province. To unravel the reasons behind the endangerment of this species and provide guidance for the rational conservation of this species, this study obtained a large number of SNP loci by using double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of R. farinosum, as well as to infer the population history of this species. Our findings reveal that, at the population level, R. farinosum exhibited a high genetic diversity (π = 0.1948 ± 0.0020, H_E = 0.1880 ± 0.0020). The F_ST values (0.1383–0.2231) indicated high genetic differentiation among the three populations. The AMOVA revealed that 62.83% of the genetic variation originated within populations and 37.17% between populations. The PCA, Structure, and UPGMA consistently depicted that the three populations of R. farinosum are clearly distinguished into three clusters. Furthermore, the effective population size of R. farinosum was inferred to date back to 95,000 years ago using the stairway plot, with a continuous decline from 3292 years. Based on these findings, we propose conservation strategies and management measures for R. farinosum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm, Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 8994 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agrobiodiversity as a Reservoir of Medicinal Resources: Ethnobotanical Insights from Aymara Communities in the Bolivian Andean Altiplano

by Simón Cocarico, Diego Rivera, Stephan Beck and Concepción Obón

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010050 - 6 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

This study investigates the medicinal potential of cultivated plants and weeds in Aymara communities around Lake Titicaca. It highlights the intricate connection between horticultural diversity and traditional healing practices. Through ethnobotanical research involving 228 informants across multiple locations in Bolivia, we documented 239 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the medicinal potential of cultivated plants and weeds in Aymara communities around Lake Titicaca. It highlights the intricate connection between horticultural diversity and traditional healing practices. Through ethnobotanical research involving 228 informants across multiple locations in Bolivia, we documented 239 medicinal plant species, focusing on the diversity within cultivated landscapes. Among these, 56 species are cultivated crops, 17 are agricultural weeds, and 19 species have dual status, serving as both wild and cultivated plants depending on environmental conditions. Women are repositories of knowledge for 81% (193) of total medicinal plant species, while men know 47% (113) of species. Women display dominant knowledge of cultivated species (89%, or 50 species) and purchase medicinal plants from local markets; women know 92% (24 species) vs. men’s 15% (4 species). Our results suggest men may use a smaller set of species more frequently, while women know and use a broader range of species. The analysis of plant life forms revealed the significant medicinal roles of perennials, annuals, subshrubs, and shrubs, which together account for over 67% of the documented species and 73% of the use reports. Arboreal species are present but have a comparatively smaller role in traditional medicine. In total, we recorded 1477 use reports addressing 260 pathologies across 28 major health categories. Notably, cultivated plants and weeds represent 38.8% of the medicinal species, highlighting their essential role in local healthcare practices. By assessing the contributions of native and introduced species, this study sheds light on the complex botanical resources integrated into Aymara agricultural systems. These findings deepen our understanding of medicinal plant diversity and underscore the importance of agrobiodiversity as a cornerstone of community health and cultural resilience in the Andean region. This research also emphasizes the often-overlooked medicinal value of cultivated landscapes and agricultural margins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Non-Fumigant Nematicides on Reproduction of Recently Detected Meloidogyne Species in Georgia Under Greenhouse Conditions in Tomato

by Nabin Poudel, Luis Torres, Richard F. Davis, Ganpati B. Jagdale, Theodore McAvoy and Intiaz A. Chowdhury

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010036 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1134

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.; RKNs) are among the most destructive soil-borne pathogens affecting tomato production. Recently, aggressive species such as M. enterolobii, M. floridensis, and M. haplanaria have been reported in several tomato fields across the southern United States. Host [...] Read more.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.; RKNs) are among the most destructive soil-borne pathogens affecting tomato production. Recently, aggressive species such as M. enterolobii, M. floridensis, and M. haplanaria have been reported in several tomato fields across the southern United States. Host resistance in tomato, effective against commonly prevalent M. incognita, is ineffective against these emerging species, making chemical nematicides the primary management approach. However, studies on the efficacy of chemical nematicides on these emerging RKN species remain limited. This study evaluated the efficacy of four non-fumigant nematicides—fluazaindolizine, fluensulfone, fluopyram, and oxamyl—on the reproduction of these emerging species and M. incognita. Fluensulfone consistently suppressed nematode reproduction by over 90.0% across all species. Fluopyram reduced reproduction by over 50.0% in most species but was less effective against M. enterolobii, with suppression of only 24.3%. Similarly, fluazaindolizine suppressed egg counts by more than 50.0% across all species except M. enterolobii, where it suppressed only 41.1%. Oxamyl suppressed egg counts in M. floridensis and M. incognita by more than 50.0%, but reductions in M. enterolobii and M. haplanaria were lower at 23.2% and 38.7%, respectively. These results highlight species-specific differences in nematicide efficacy and provide a crucial baseline for future research for the management of specific RKN species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

17 pages, 54932 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cloning and Functional Analysis of BraTSD2 Associated with Root Swelling in Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

by Wenyue Huang, Shifan Zhang, Fei Li, Hui Zhang, Rifei Sun, Guoliang Li and Shujiang Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010033 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 826

Abstract

Turnip, a subspecies of Brassica rapa, is one of the important root vegetable crops in China. Its roots, as significant product organs, possess values for consumption, feed, and medicinal purposes. A previous study localized a gene associated with root swelling traits. In [...] Read more.

Turnip, a subspecies of Brassica rapa, is one of the important root vegetable crops in China. Its roots, as significant product organs, possess values for consumption, feed, and medicinal purposes. A previous study localized a gene associated with root swelling traits. In this study, we cloned the turnip root swelling-related gene BraTSD2 (TUMOROUS SHOOT DEVELOPMENT 2) and performed a preliminary functional analysis. The bioinformatics analysis of BraTSD2 indicated that the protein is likely to possess a transmembrane feature. Additionally, predictions of its secondary and tertiary structures suggested that BraTSD2 shares similarities with the structure of a pectin methyltransferase. Temporal and spatial expression analysis of BraTSD2 using qPCR techniques indicated that the BraTSD2 gene had the highest expression levels in roots and hypocotyls during the swelling stage. Analysis of the promoter cis-acting elements of the BraTSD2 gene revealed that the promoter is regulated by signals associated with light response, abscisic acid, stress, salicylic acid, and MYBHI. The promoter of the turnip BraTSD2 gene was expressed throughout the whole plant in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypic observation and analysis of A. thaliana overexpression BraTSD2 transgenic lines showed that plants overexpressing BraTSD2 had fewer primary and lateral roots compared to the wild type, with lighter leaf color, and delayed development and flowering. A previously reported protein CGR3, associated with pectin methyltransferase function, interacts with protein BraTSD2. When the BraTSD2 gene is overexpressed in A. thaliana, it can affect root morphology, which may be the basic structural condition for the generation of turnip root swelling traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Brassica Crops Genomics and Breeding, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Cracking Resistance and Post-Harvest Quality of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.) Through Calcium and Potassium-Based Foliar Treatments

by Alice Varaldo and Giovanna Giacalone

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010030 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1381

Abstract

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a highly valued fruit crop in Italy, but its production is challenged by environmental stresses, particularly rain-induced cracking, which significantly affects yield and quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar [...] Read more.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a highly valued fruit crop in Italy, but its production is challenged by environmental stresses, particularly rain-induced cracking, which significantly affects yield and quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar applications of calcium and potassium salts in reducing cracking and enhancing the overall quality and shelf-life of the sweet cherry cultivar “Regina”. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard in Piedmont, Italy, where the foliar application was studied across various parameters, including shoot growth, fruit yield, cracking incidence, and post-harvest quality during a 14-day storage period at 2 °C and 75% RH. Results showed that foliar treatments improved vegetative growth and increased the proportion of marketable fruit within the desirable Ø 28 mm size category. Moreover, treated fruits exhibited reduced cracking, reduced weight loss, and higher firmness during storage. Antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content were also better preserved in treated cherries since the day of the harvest. These findings indicate that foliar applications of macro- and micro-nutrients can mitigate cracking and improve the post-harvest performance of sweet cherries, providing a practical strategy to increase both yield and fruit quality in regions with adverse weather conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 11176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biological Control of Streptomyces sp. PR69 Against Phytophthora capsici and Its Growth-Promoting Effects on Plants

by Perla Karina López-Reyes, Susana De la Torre-Zavala, María Mercedes Cortés-González, Luis Jesús Galán-Wong and Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121365 - 19 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2737

Abstract

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that have been reported as potential controllers of several plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting agents. This study focused on the isolation of 60 actinobacterial strains from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico, with an emphasis on evaluating [...] Read more.

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that have been reported as potential controllers of several plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting agents. This study focused on the isolation of 60 actinobacterial strains from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico, with an emphasis on evaluating their potential as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. Among the strains tested, the isolate PR69 exhibited significant in vitro antagonistic activity against eight plant pathogens, with inhibition rates ranging from 44% to 73%, including Phytophthora capsici. The genome of PR69 was sequenced and assembled. It was identified as Streptomyces by phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated multiple sequence alignments of 81 core bacterial genes. Additionally, volatile compounds produced by PR69 enhanced the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vitro, increasing seedling weight, primary root length, and the number of secondary roots. Furthermore, the soil treated with Streptomyces sp. PR69 effectively controlled the infection caused by the pathogen P. capsici in bell pepper plants, reducing mortality by 47% compared to plants inoculated solely with the pathogen. PR69-treated plants also showed 30% increase in fresh weight compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest that Streptomyces sp. PR69 holds promise as a bioinoculant for promoting pepper plant growth and controlling P. capsici populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Contribution of Cover Crop Littering Decomposition to the N Uptake of Bearing and Non-Bearing Satsuma Mandarin Trees

by Adriele Tassinari, Gustavo Nogara de Siqueira, Amanda Veridiana Krug, Letícia Morsch, Talita Trapp, Moreno Toselli, Elena Baldi and Gustavo Brunetto

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121356 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) derived from the decomposition of litter from cover crops can contribute to the mineral nutrition of citrus trees. This study aimed to assess the prior contribution of N derived from the decomposition of forage radish (Raphanus sativus) and black [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) derived from the decomposition of litter from cover crops can contribute to the mineral nutrition of citrus trees. This study aimed to assess the prior contribution of N derived from the decomposition of forage radish (Raphanus sativus) and black oats (Avena strigosa) to Satsuma mandarin tree N demand. Forage radish and black oats were grown and enriched with ¹⁵N stable isotope. Two studies were conducted on (1) non-bearing, potted satsuma mandarin seedlings for 120 days in the greenhouse (Experiment 1) and (2) bearing field-growing Satsuma mandarin trees for 270 days (Experiment 2). Tree growth and total N and ¹⁵N concentrations were determined in annual and perennial organs of citrus and soil. The highest value of N derived from the decomposition of cover crop root residues was observed in the leaves and roots of non-bearing trees, while the highest amount of N derived from shoot residue decomposition was observed in the leaves of bearing trees. The results showed little contribution of the decomposition of residues of forage radish and black oats on the total N budget of annual and perennial organs of both bearing and non-bearing Satsuma mandarin trees, probably because the climatic conditions promoted a fast N mineralization and possible losses through volatilization and leaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citrus Plant Growth and Fruit Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Refining Degree-Day Models for Sparganothis Fruitworm in Cranberry by Biofix and Variety

by James Shope, Paolo Salazar-Mendoza, Yahel Ben-Zvi and Cesar Rodriguez-Saona

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121346 - 15 Dec 2024

Viewed by 917

Abstract

Timing insecticide applications with insect emergence is critical for the management of cranberry pests like Sparganothis fruitworm (Sparganothis sulfureana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The annual peak flight of S. sulfureana has previously been predicted using a degree-day model with a biofix date of [...] Read more.

Timing insecticide applications with insect emergence is critical for the management of cranberry pests like Sparganothis fruitworm (Sparganothis sulfureana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The annual peak flight of S. sulfureana has previously been predicted using a degree-day model with a biofix date of 1 March; however, this biofix is not suitable for regions where winter and spring temperatures are warmer and flooding of cranberry beds is relied upon, which inhibits S. sulfureana development. In this study, we present two new degree-day models for predicting S. sulfureana peak flight based on six years of trapping data from New Jersey (USA): one with a biofix of 15 April, a date when drainage of cranberry beds occurs on average, and another using individual bed drainage dates. These models project peak flights at 525.5 and 521.0 degree-days using 15 April and water draw date as biofixes, respectively. These models can be used interchangeably, with both biofixes being suitable for regional grower guidance. Furthermore, differences in S. sulfureana peak flight were observed across four cranberry varieties; however, the effect of variety was influenced by year (significant variety-by-year interaction). This year-to-year variation in peak flight was strongly associated with spring (April–May) temperatures. Using these models, we project that with climate change, the peak flight of S. sulfureana in New Jersey cranberry beds may occur up to a week earlier by 2050. The use of a region-specific biofix and variety-specific models will help to better refine degree-day models for S. sulfureana, allowing for improved timing of management strategies against this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 11542 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Open-Source High-Throughput Phenotyping for Blueberry Yield and Maturity Prediction Across Environments: Neural Network Model and Labeled Dataset for Breeders

by Jing Zhang, Jerome Maleski, Hudson Ashrafi, Jessica A. Spencer and Ye Chu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121332 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

Time to maturity and yield are important traits for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) breeding. Proper determination of the time to maturity of blueberry varieties and breeding lines informs the harvest window, ensuring that the fruits are harvested at optimum maturity and [...] Read more.

Time to maturity and yield are important traits for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) breeding. Proper determination of the time to maturity of blueberry varieties and breeding lines informs the harvest window, ensuring that the fruits are harvested at optimum maturity and quality. On the other hand, high-yielding crops bring in high profits per acre of planting. Harvesting and quantifying the yield for each blueberry breeding accession are labor-intensive and impractical. Instead, visual ratings as an estimation of yield are often used as a faster way to quantify the yield, which is categorical and subjective. In this study, we developed and shared a high-throughput phenotyping method using neural networks to predict blueberry time to maturity and to provide a proxy for yield, overcoming the labor constraints of obtaining high-frequency data. We aim to facilitate further research in computer vision and precision agriculture by publishing the labeled image dataset and the trained model. In this research, true-color images of blueberry bushes were collected, annotated, and used to train a deep neural network object detection model [You Only Look Once (YOLOv11)] to detect mature and immature berries. Different versions of YOLOv11 were used, including nano, small, and medium, which had similar performance, while the medium version had slightly higher metrics. The YOLOv11m model shows strong performance for the mature berry class, with a precision of 0.90 and an F1 score of 0.90. The precision and recall for detecting immature berries were 0.81 and 0.79. The model was tested on 10 blueberry bushes by hand harvesting and weighing blueberries. The results showed that the model detects approximately 25% of the berries on the bushes, and the correlation coefficients between model-detected and hand-harvested traits were 0.66, 0.86, and 0.72 for mature fruit count, immature fruit count, and mature ratio, respectively. The model applied to 91 blueberry advance selections and categorized them into groups with diverse levels of maturity and productivity using principal component analysis (PCA). These results inform the harvest window and yield of these breeding lines with precision and objectivity through berry classification and quantification. This model will be helpful for blueberry breeders, enabling more efficient selection, and for growers, helping them accurately estimate optimal harvest windows. This open-source tool can potentially enhance research capabilities and agricultural productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Phenotyping of Horticultural Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Discrimination of Farming Practices Through Olive Leaf Phenolic and Mineral Analysis

by Mario Franić, Igor Pasković, Šime Marcelić, Igor Lukić, Nikola Major, Igor Palčić, Smiljana Goreta Ban and Marija Polić Pasković

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121334 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1152

Abstract

The content and composition of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in olive leaves are susceptible to variation influenced by various factors, such as genotype, environment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the response of phenolics and [...] Read more.

The content and composition of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in olive leaves are susceptible to variation influenced by various factors, such as genotype, environment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the response of phenolics and minerals to organic and integrated farming systems. Trees from three olive cultivars grown in two neighboring olive groves with different farming systems were used. After sampling during pruning in two consecutives sampling years, the contents of phenolics and minerals in olive leaves was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis, respectively. The obtained results revealed a complex response of both phenolics and minerals, strongly influenced by interactions among the factors, such as farming system, cultivar, and sampling year. Specific phenolic compounds, such as luteolin-4-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were particularly abundant under organic farming conditions. Others, like oleuropein and oleacein, followed a similar trend, though they were more strongly affected by different cultivar and sampling year combinations. A lower content of mineral elements was generally observed under organic farming conditions, although it was also significantly affected by cultivar and sampling year. The results of this study have the potential to be utilized for the enhanced production of organic olive leaves as a reliable source of valuable phytochemicals for nutraceuticals, functional foods, and dietary supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Cultivation in Modern Orchards: Advancements, Innovations, Sustainability, and Optimal Fruit Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cultivar-Dependent Variations in the Microbiome of Grapevine Leaves

by Raúl Castanera, Víctor M. González-Miguel, Glòria Escolà, Marta Olivé, Neus Teixidó, Robert Savé, Josep María Casacuberta and Blanca San Segundo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121333 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an [...] Read more.

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an important role in plant health and fitness. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the microbial communities associated with grapevine leaves in three commercial varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, and Marselan, grown in the same biogeographical unit. Metagenomic data revealed a differential enrichment of the microbial communities living inside grapevine leaves or on the leaf surface in the three varieties. The most abundant fungal taxa associated with grapevine leaves belong to the phylum Ascomycota, which included relevant pathogenic fungi for grapevines, such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotium, and Alternaria alternata, as well as several fungal species potentially pathogenic for grapevines (e.g., members of the Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera). Basidiomycota constituted a minor fraction of the fungal microbial communities. Grapevine leaves also harbored a diversity of bacterial taxa. At the phylum level, bacterial communities in all three varieties were primarily composed of Pseudomonadata, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and a lower proportion of Actinomycetota. Differences in the fungal and bacterial community structures were observed between varieties, although they were more important in fungi. In particular, S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea were found to preferentially colonize leaves in the Marselan and Garnacha varieties, respectively. These findings further support that the host genotype can shape its own microbiome in grapevines. A better understanding of the leaf microbiome in grapevines will provide the basis for the development of tailored strategies to prevent diseases in vineyards while helping to increase sustainability in grapevine production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fruit Growth and Oil Accumulation of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars at Different Locations Along a Latitudinal–Altitudinal Gradient

by Leila M. Hamze, María Cecilia Rousseaux, Peter S. Searles and Eduardo R. Trentacoste

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121339 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1047

Abstract

Environmental conditions during olive fruit development and genotype have shown to be important sources of variability in final fruit weight and oil concentration. There are fewer studies concerning how the environment and genotype modulate growth dynamics. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Environmental conditions during olive fruit development and genotype have shown to be important sources of variability in final fruit weight and oil concentration. There are fewer studies concerning how the environment and genotype modulate growth dynamics. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the timing of fruit growth, pit hardening, and oil accumulation in several olive cultivars under different air temperatures along a latitudinal gradient (29°–33° S) with a range of altitudes (450–1250 masl) in Western Argentina; determine parameters derived from the dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation along the same gradient; and explore possible relationships between derived parameters and air temperatures. The cultivars evaluated were Arbequina, Arbosana, Coratina, Changlot, and Picual. Pit hardening occurred 20 days earlier in warmer locations, leading to an earlier onset of oil synthesis. The final fruit dry weight was mainly influenced by the cultivar, which was explained by differences in fruit growth rates. Cooler locations had 39% higher average final fruit dry weight and 22% higher oil concentration than warmer ones. Differences in final oil concentration between genotypes × environments were primarily associated with the oil accumulation rate rather than the duration of the oil accumulation period. However, changes in this rate seem to be cultivar-dependent. Interestingly, the rate and oil accumulation duration showed a negative relationship. These results highlight the need to explore genetic variability in temperature response to limit the detrimental impacts of global warming on olive fruit growth and oil concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3688 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of the LH2 Locus for Prostrate Hair Density in Grapevine

by Bohan Yang, Jiaqi Liu, Qinqin Gu, Zhizhuo Xu, Xiukun Yao, Jianxiang Liang, Menghao Xu, Jiang Lu and Peining Fu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121309 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 994

Abstract

Prostrate hairs are one of the anatomic barriers for grapevine resistance to pests and diseases, as well as in environmental adaptability, making them valuable for breeding programs. This study investigates the genetic determinants underlying prostrate hair density in grapevine, a key trait associated [...] Read more.

Prostrate hairs are one of the anatomic barriers for grapevine resistance to pests and diseases, as well as in environmental adaptability, making them valuable for breeding programs. This study investigates the genetic determinants underlying prostrate hair density in grapevine, a key trait associated with resistance to pests and pathogens. Using an F₁ hybrid population derived from Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon cv.’ and V. pseudoreticulata W.T.Wang ‘Huadong1058’, we performed a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genomic regions influencing the density of prostrate hair. We identified a major locus on 9.56–10.54 Mbp of chromosome 17, designated as ‘LH2’, which accounts for 43% of the phenotypic variation. This locus was delineated with high precision, and 92 candidate genes were identified within the region. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these genes are potentially involved in binding, catalytic activity, and various cellular processes. In particular, the SNP markers ‘chr17_10130288’ and ‘chr17_10428273’ were significantly associated with prostrate hair density, providing valuable information for marker-assisted selection. These findings offer a reliable target for analyzing the hair development mechanism of grapevine leaves and breeding new cultivars rich in prostrate hair on the back of the leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydroponic Fiber Mats Altered Shoot Growth and Mineral Nutrient Composition of Five Herbal Microgreens

by Tongyin Li, Jacob D. Arthur, Guihong Bi and Shecoya White

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121298 - 5 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1117

Abstract

Microgreens are nutrient-dense foods rich in mineral nutrients and health-benefiting phytochemicals. They are a popular specialty crop with a rapidly increasing industry in the United States (U.S.A.) and worldwide. However, there is a lack of research-based recommendations regarding the feasibility of using hydroponic [...] Read more.

Microgreens are nutrient-dense foods rich in mineral nutrients and health-benefiting phytochemicals. They are a popular specialty crop with a rapidly increasing industry in the United States (U.S.A.) and worldwide. However, there is a lack of research-based recommendations regarding the feasibility of using hydroponic fiber mats in the production of herbal microgreens and their effects on yield, quality, and nutritional composition. This study assessed shoot development, yield, visual quality, and mineral composition of five herbal microgreen species, including basil, chives, dill, leek, and parsley when grown with four types of hydroponic fiber mats (BioStrate, hemp, jute, and MicroMat) and affected by a single post-emergent fertigation in two experiments. The five microgreens varied in yield, quality, mineral nutrient composition, and their response to substrate type. Chives microgreens produced the highest fresh and dry shoot weights among species when grown with BioStrate, jute, and MicroMat in both experiments. The four substrate types resulted in similar fresh and dry shoot weights in leek and parsley microgreens in both experiments. However, BioStrate and MicroMat increased fresh and dry shoot weights in chives in December compared with hemp or jute mats. Jute resulted in higher fresh and dry shoot weights in basil in both experiments compared with MicroMat. The fiber mats altered mineral nutrient concentrations in tested microgreen species. Hemp mats increased potassium concentrations in basil and dill, while jute mats produced the highest Fe concentrations in the two species and the highest Mn concentration in basil in both experiments. A single post-emergent fertigation increased shoot height and increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and boron in one or both experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Cultivation of Microgreens)

12 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temperature and Photoperiod Control of Shoot Growth and Floral Bud Initiation in Biennial-Fruiting Blackberries

by Anita Sønsteby, Mirjana Sadojevic and Ola M. Heide

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121297 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 814

Abstract

Growth and flower bud initiation (FBI) were studied in single-stem plants of four biennial-fruiting cultivars in a controlled environment and under field conditions at 60°40′ N. Shoot growth varied widely among the cultivars but was significantly enhanced by high temperature (20 °C) in [...] Read more.

Growth and flower bud initiation (FBI) were studied in single-stem plants of four biennial-fruiting cultivars in a controlled environment and under field conditions at 60°40′ N. Shoot growth varied widely among the cultivars but was significantly enhanced by high temperature (20 °C) in all cultivars, whereas photoperiod had a subordinate growth effect. FBI data from bud dissection after 6 weeks of cultivation in the phytotron were used to calculate FBI indices for the various cultivars and environment conditions. The indices also varied much among the cultivars but were enhanced by elevated temperature, being highest in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Sweet Royalla’, while ‘Natchez’ was the only cultivar in which FBI was significantly enhanced by short days. The non-vigorous and erect growing ‘Ouachita’ remained vegetative at both temperatures but flowered in spring after overwintering at 0.5 °C. The field experiment confirmed the superior growth vigor of ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Sweet Royalla’ as well as the photoperiodic sensitivity of ‘Natchez’. The results also confirmed that floral initiation starts in lateral buds located 10–20 nodes below the apex, and from there it progresses in both acropetal and basipetal direction. We conclude that temperature is at least as important as the photoperiod for the control of FBI in biennial-fruiting blackberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Foliar Application of Nettle and Japanese Knotweed Extracts on Vitis vinifera: Consequences for Plant Physiology, Biochemical Parameters, and Yield

by Eliana Monteiro, Sofia Correia, Miguel Baltazar, Sandra Pereira, Helena Ferreira, Radek Bragança, Isabel Cortez, Isaura Castro and Berta Gonçalves

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121275 - 30 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 971

Abstract

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine [...] Read more.

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine leaves and in vine yields. In fact, some parameters were improved after foliar application of the plant extracts, namely the photosynthetic activity and consequently, the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Clb), starch, and total soluble sugars. We also observed a reduction in lipid peroxidation, which could play a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage induced by the climatic conditions prevalent in this region. Therefore, we confirmed that the foliar application of plant extracts, along with the enhancement of secondary metabolites and the upregulation of plant defense genes, as previously reported, resulted in the enhancement of grapevine physiology, while also increasing the yield at harvest. In the future, these plant extracts could serve as a vital tool for winegrowers in mitigating the effects of expected changes in climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostimulants and Plant Elicitors to Mitigate the Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1730 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of LED Irradiation and Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Horned Pansy During Flowering: Enhancing Yield and Functional Quality of Edible Flowers

by Silvia Locatelli, Giampaolo Zanin, Paolo Sambo and Carlo Nicoletto

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121274 - 29 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1072

Abstract

The increasing demand for high-quality edible flowers, such as Viola spp., has prompted the need for innovative cultivation techniques. This study investigated the effects of supplemental LED light treatments (C-LED: 0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, L-LED: +75 µmol m⁻² s [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for high-quality edible flowers, such as Viola spp., has prompted the need for innovative cultivation techniques. This study investigated the effects of supplemental LED light treatments (C-LED: 0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, L-LED: +75 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and H-LED: +150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) air treatment (control, low-NTP, and high-NTP) on the growth, production, and post-harvest quality of horned pansy (Viola cornuta L.). The results indicated that flower yield was significantly affected by both light and NTP treatments. Plants under H-LED light produced 65% more flowers per plant and 64% higher yield compared to the LED control treatment. The high-NTP treatment also resulted in improved flower count and yield, with a 15.6% increase in flower fresh weight. The study assessed flower quality through shelf-life and visual appeal, showing that flowers under high-NTP treatment exhibited higher visual quality scores. The carotenoid content and total antioxidant capacity remained stable across treatments. However, the supplemental LED light increased the Total Flavonoid Glycosides and Total Phenolic Content by 14.8% each compared to natural light (0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). The findings suggest that integrating LED lighting and NTP air treatments can enhance the growth and quality of V. cornuta, offering valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices in the floriculture industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Article

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI