Horticulturae

14 pages, 1719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Transplanting Practices for Potted Tree Peony Based on Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation

by Shuaiying Shi, Kun Hu, Shiqi Li, Tian Shi, Shuangcheng Gao, Muhammad Shaaban and Guoan Shi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080995 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Potted cultivation serves as a vital strategy for industrialized production of standardized tree peonies, engineering seedlings capable of year-round and off-site transplantation. However, the limited root zone in potted conditions restricts root development, resulting in suboptimal seedling quality and hindering commercial-scale production. This [...] Read more.

Potted cultivation serves as a vital strategy for industrialized production of standardized tree peonies, engineering seedlings capable of year-round and off-site transplantation. However, the limited root zone in potted conditions restricts root development, resulting in suboptimal seedling quality and hindering commercial-scale production. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the accumulation characteristics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and growth performance in potted tree peonies, while also optimizing the transplantation technologies for potted cultivation. Using two-year-old grafted seedlings of ‘Luoyanghong’ as experimental material, the effects of root pruning, rooting agent, and Metarhizium anisopliae application on morphological development and NSCs accumulation in potted tree peony seedlings were investigated. The results showed that old roots serve as the primary storage organs for NSCs in the potted tree peony. Slight root pruning (25%) was beneficial for fibrous root growth, whereas excessive root pruning (50%) resulted in reduced biomass and NSCs accumulation. The application of a high concentration of rooting agents effectively promoted root growth and mitigated the adverse effects of root pruning. Furthermore, Metarhizium anisopliae significantly increased the stem number in potted tree peonies. The optimal protocol identified through range analysis involved 25% root pruning, followed by irrigation with a solution containing 750 mg·L⁻¹ rooting agent and 20 million spores·mL⁻¹ of Metarhizium anisopliae. The rational distribution of NSCs and coordinated growth across different organs enhanced NSCs accumulation in potted tree peonies. These results demonstrate that combining root pruning with the application of rooting agent and Metarhizium anisopliae can effectively increase NSCs accumulation, optimize plant morphology, and ultimately improve the quality of potted tree peony seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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14 pages, 1991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of a Bin Genetic Map and QTL Mapping of Red Skin in Interspecific Pear Population

by Xiaojie Zhang, Mengyue Tang, Jianying Peng, Hui Ma and Yuxing Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080994 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Red epicarp in pears is an important trait for breeding. Exploring the genes regulating pear anthocyanin synthesis and developing molecular markers associated with these traits are important for obtaining new varieties of red pears. We performed whole-genome resequencing (WGS) on 127 ‘Yuluxiang ( [...] Read more.

Red epicarp in pears is an important trait for breeding. Exploring the genes regulating pear anthocyanin synthesis and developing molecular markers associated with these traits are important for obtaining new varieties of red pears. We performed whole-genome resequencing (WGS) on 127 ‘Yuluxiang (Pyrus bretschneideri)’ × ‘Xianghongli (Pyrus communis)’ F1 populations and identified a total of 510,179 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the population. In total, 1972 bins were screened to form a high-density genetic map with a total map length of 815.507 cM, covering 17 linkage groups with an average genetic distance of 0.414 cM between markers. Three red skin quantitative trait loci (QTLs), located on LG4 and LG5, that explained 18.7% of the phenotypic variance, were detected. The QTL intervals contained 1658 genes, including 94 transcription factors (TF), subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Four key candidate genes (Pspp.Chr05.01969, Pspp.Chr05.01908, Pspp.Chr05.02419, and Pspp.Chr04.01087) that may play a role in promoting pear anthocyanin synthesis were screened and identified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Overall, our study deepens our understanding of the genetics of red peel traits in pears and accelerates pear breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Color Formation and Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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23 pages, 10656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight YOLOv11n-Based Detection and Counting of Early-Stage Cabbage Seedlings from UAV RGB Imagery

by Rongrui Zhao, Rongxiang Luo, Xue Ding, Jiao Cui and Bangjin Yi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080993 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study proposes a lightweight adaptive neural network framework based on an improved YOLOv11n model to address the core challenges in identifying cabbage seedlings in visible light images captured by UAVs. These challenges include the loss of small-target features, poor adaptability to complex [...] Read more.

This study proposes a lightweight adaptive neural network framework based on an improved YOLOv11n model to address the core challenges in identifying cabbage seedlings in visible light images captured by UAVs. These challenges include the loss of small-target features, poor adaptability to complex lighting conditions, and the low deployment efficiency of edge devices. First, the adaptive dual-path downsampling module (ADown) integrates average pooling and maximum pooling into a dual-branch structure to enhance background texture and crop edge features in a synergistic manner. Secondly, the Illumination Robust Contrast Learning Head (IRCLHead) utilizes a temperature-adaptive network to adjust the contrast loss function parameters dynamically. Combined with a dual-output supervision mechanism that integrates growth stage prediction and interference-resistant feature embedding, this module enhances the model’s robustness in complex lighting scenarios. Finally, a lightweight spatial-channel attention convolution module (LAConv) has been developed to optimize the model’s computational load by using multi-scale feature extraction paths and depth decomposition structures. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves an mAP@0.5 of 99.0% in detecting cabbage seedling growth cycles, improving upon the baseline model by 0.71 percentage points. Furthermore, it achieves an mAP@0.5:0.95 of 2.4 percentage points, reduces computational complexity (GFLOPs) by 12.7%, and drastically reduces inference time from 3.7 ms to 1.0 ms. Additionally, the model parameters are simplified by 3%. This model provides an efficient solution for the real-time counting of cabbage seedlings and lightweight operations in drone-based precision agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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19 pages, 2523 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Boron on Fruit Quality: A Review

by Javier Giovanni Álvarez-Herrera, Marilcen Jaime-Guerrero and Gerhard Fischer

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080992 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 642

Abstract

Boron (B) is a crucial micronutrient for the initial formation, development, and final quality of fruits, as it affects their physical and chemical properties and helps prevent various functional disorders. Recently, numerous physiological disorders in fruits have been reported, which have been linked [...] Read more.

Boron (B) is a crucial micronutrient for the initial formation, development, and final quality of fruits, as it affects their physical and chemical properties and helps prevent various functional disorders. Recently, numerous physiological disorders in fruits have been reported, which have been linked to B deficiency. However, there is still uncertainty about whether these issues are directly related to B, other nutrients, their combinations, or environmental conditions. This review aims to compile current and accurate information on how B is absorbed by plants, its role in the cell wall and membrane, its impact on flowering and fruit set, and its influence on physical and chemical properties, as well as its role in preventing physiological disorders. This review examines the latest studies on B published in major scientific journals (Elsevier, Springer, MDPI, Frontiers, Hindawi, Wiley, and SciELO). Boron is mobile in the xylem and slightly mobile in the phloem, and it plays a crucial role in pollination and fruit set. It reduces mass loss, maintains firmness, improves color, and results in larger, heavier fruits. Also, boron increases soluble solids, regulates total titratable acidity and pH, decreases respiration rate, and stabilizes ascorbic acid by delaying its breakdown. It also helps prevent disorders such as splitting, cork spots, internal rot, shot berry in grapes, blossom end rot, and segment drying in citrus. Foliar or soil application of B enhances fruit yield and post-harvest quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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18 pages, 3197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Molecular Mechanism and Key Factors for the Survival of ‘Yueshenda 10’ Cuttings Under ABT1 Treatment

by Zhiling Wang, Hao Dou, Jiajia Sun and Jin’e Quan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080991 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Mulberry trees are not only economically significant forest trees with substantial added value but also serve as exceptional candidates for environmental management and ecological enhancement. However, in the widely applied cutting propagation of mulberry, the intensity of adventitious root formation in cuttings has [...] Read more.

Mulberry trees are not only economically significant forest trees with substantial added value but also serve as exceptional candidates for environmental management and ecological enhancement. However, in the widely applied cutting propagation of mulberry, the intensity of adventitious root formation in cuttings has long remained a key challenge in the cutting process. Our research group previously found that 800 mg/L Rooting Powder No. 1 (ABT1) has an obvious promoting effect on the development of adventitious roots in mulberry cuttings, but its molecular mechanism has not yet been studied. In this research, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was employed to sequence the ‘Yueshenda 10’ mulberry during four distinct cutting stages. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, shifts in gene expression and metabolic pathways were scrutinized, pinpointing the pivotal role of plant hormones in this context. Furthermore, using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), the study analyzed gene expression across all samples, identifying two modules, “black” and “blue”. These modules were predominantly expressed in the treatment group during the rooting phase and minimally expressed in the control group. Critical genes such as gene21267 and gene16291 from the black module, alongside gene18291 and gene20028 from the blue module, were identified as key to the rooting success of the ‘Yueshenda 10’ cuttings. This investigation not only supports the nutrient propagation and effective use of mulberry trees but also clarifies the molecular basis of adventitious root formation in these plants, extending the research to other related species. This work fosters the diversification and enhancement of the mulberry industry chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Chinese Sugar Beet Core Collection: Comprehensive Analysis Based on Morphology and Molecular Markers

by Jinghao Li, Yue Song, Shengnan Li, Zhi Pi and Zedong Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080990 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 342

Abstract

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Beta within the family Amaranthaceae. Its root tuber can be used as an effective source for sucrose production. In the pursuit of sustainable development and maximizing the economic [...] Read more.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Beta within the family Amaranthaceae. Its root tuber can be used as an effective source for sucrose production. In the pursuit of sustainable development and maximizing the economic value of crops, the full utilization of crop germplasm resources and efficient production is necessary. To better facilitate the collection and utilization of sugar beet germplasm resources, this study used 106 accessions of multigerm sugar beet germplasm provided by the Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Breeding for sugar beet as materials. We evaluated the core collections constructed under various strategies using relevant genetic parameters and ultimately established two core collection construction strategies based on morphological and molecular markers. The optimal strategy based on morphological data was “Euclidean distance + Multiple clustering deviation sampling + UPGMA + 25% sampling proportion”, while the optimal strategy based on molecular marker data was “Jaccard distance + Multiple clustering random sampling + UPGMA + 20% sampling proportion”. In addition, representativeness evaluation of the core collection was conducted based on parameters related to both morphology and molecular markers. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized for the final determination of the core collection. The results showed that for both the morphological parameters and molecular marker-related parameters, there were no significant differences between the constructed core collection and the original germplasm; the phenotypic distribution frequencies were basically similar. Principal component analysis indicated that the core collection possessed a population structure similar to that of the original germplasm. The constructed core collection had good representativeness. This study, for the first time, proposed a core collection construction approach suitable for sugar beet by integrating morphological and molecular marker methodologies. It aimed to provide a scientific basis for the utilization and development of sugar beet germplasm resources, genetic improvement, and the breeding of new cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics and Genetic Diversity in Vegetable Crops)

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17 pages, 4949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Coupling Mechanism of Soil Microbial Community Shifts and Nutrient Fluxes During the Life Cycle of Dictyophora rubrovolvata

by Zilin Song, Xueli Li, Mengdi Xie, Juan Lu, Dapeng Bao and Shengjuan Jiang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080989 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

As a rare edible mushroom, Dictyophora rubrovolvata possesses remarkable anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, continuous-cropping obstacles during cultivation significantly reduce soil reuse efficiency and adversely affect yield. To reveal a potential mechanism of continuous-cropping soil obstacles and propose some green precision cultivation [...] Read more.

As a rare edible mushroom, Dictyophora rubrovolvata possesses remarkable anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, continuous-cropping obstacles during cultivation significantly reduce soil reuse efficiency and adversely affect yield. To reveal a potential mechanism of continuous-cropping soil obstacles and propose some green precision cultivation strategies, the soil samples throughout the five growth stages of D. rubrovolvata were collected and systematically analyzed, including soil nutrient contents, pH, and dynamic changes in soil microbial communities. The results showed that soil organic carbon consumption was relatively high during the whole growth cycle. The total nitrogen consumption was greater during mycelial and primordium stages. The total phosphorus content began to exceed control from the egg stage. The total potassium and pH levels were both higher than control, exhibiting an upward trend. The bacterial species in the soil gradually increased with the growth of fruiting bodies, while the fungal species showed a declining trend. Moreover, there were significant differences in dominant bacteria and fungi in the soil during different growth stages. Further analysis revealed a dynamic coupling relationship among the soil microbial community, soil nutrient content, and pH during whole life cycle. This research would provide theoretical and technical support for the sustainable development of the edible mushroom industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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13 pages, 2230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Sugar Beet Multigerm Germplasm Resources Based on SRAP Molecular Markers

by Yue Song, Jinghao Li, Shengnan Li, Zedong Wu and Zhi Pi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080988 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study utilized SRAP molecular markers to analyze the genetic basis of 106 multigerm sugar beet germplasm accessions. By revealing the genetic diversity, population structure, and differentiation patterns, it aimed to tap into the germplasm potential, guide core germplasm construction and hybrid combination [...] Read more.

This study utilized SRAP molecular markers to analyze the genetic basis of 106 multigerm sugar beet germplasm accessions. By revealing the genetic diversity, population structure, and differentiation patterns, it aimed to tap into the germplasm potential, guide core germplasm construction and hybrid combination optimization, and ultimately design a molecular breeding route to break through bottlenecks in sugar beet genetic breeding. In total, 24 core primer combinations were screened from 546 initial primer pairs for genomic DNA amplification. The results demonstrated that each primer combination amplified an average of five alleles. Genetic parameter calculations revealed moderate variation potential. Population structure analysis divided the germplasm into four genetic groups (G1–G4), highly consistent with cluster analysis and DAPC analysis results. Its reliability was jointly confirmed by STRUCTURE convergence verification (LnP(K) standard deviation) and cluster goodness-of-fit testing (r = 0.63166, p < 0.0001). Key findings indicated that Group G4 possesses a unique genetic background, and the maximum genetic distance exists between Group G1 and the other three groups, indicating its significant genetic differentiation characteristics. Gene exchange exists between the G3 and G4 populations. Genetic variation primarily originated from within populations (93%, F_ST = 0.1283). Genetic distances spanned from 0.385 (between accessions 66 and 71 within a group) to 0.836 (between accessions 47 and 85 across groups). Concurrently, gene flow analysis (Nm = 3.3977) indicated moderate genetic exchange among populations. This achievement established the first SRAP marker-based genetic architecture for multigerm sugar beet germplasm resources. It provides a quantitative population genetics basis for formulating targeted strategies for germplasm resource conservation and utilization, and lays the foundation for constructing an innovation system for sugar beet germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics and Genetic Diversity in Vegetable Crops)

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18 pages, 2085 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geographical Origin Affects the Nut Traits, Bioactive Compounds, and Fatty Acid Composition of Turkish Hazelnut Cultivars (Corylus avellana L. cvs. Çakıldak, Palaz, and Tombul)

by Haydar Kurt and Orhan Karakaya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080987 - 20 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Hazelnuts are valuable for human health and nutrition. They are also an economically important type of nut. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different geographical origins (Giresun, Ordu, and Samsun/Türkiye) on the nut characteristics, bioactive compounds, and fatty acid composition [...] Read more.

Hazelnuts are valuable for human health and nutrition. They are also an economically important type of nut. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different geographical origins (Giresun, Ordu, and Samsun/Türkiye) on the nut characteristics, bioactive compounds, and fatty acid composition of three hazelnut cultivars (cvs. Çakıldak, Palaz, and Tombul). The highest nut and kernel weights and sizes were determined to be in all cultivars in Samsun. The highest kernel ratio was recorded in the Çakıldak and Palaz cultivars grown in Giresun. However, shell thickness was not affected by geographical origin. The highest levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids were recorded in all cultivars in Samsun. The antioxidant activity of the cultivars differed according to geographical origin. The highest oleic acid was found in all cultivars in Giresun, while the highest linoleic acid was observed in those grown in Ordu. Generally, the highest results in terms of other fatty acids were recorded in all cultivars in Samsun. According to the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the cultivars grown in the Samsun region were generally related to better nut traits and phenolics, while the cultivars grown in the Giresun and Ordu regions were associated with better antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition. This study shows that the nut traits, bioactive compounds, and fatty acid composition of hazelnuts are affected by geographical differences. These results provide valuable insights for hazelnut growers and the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) to Improve the Sustainability of Horticultural Ecosystems)

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12 pages, 655 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Calcium on Calcium Accumulation, Uptake and Utilization in Tomato

by Chunyan Wu, Nan Xia and Wei Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080986 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Calcium (Ca) is an essential nutrient element crucial for plant growth and development, especially in tomatoes. This study investigated the effects of foliar spraying with different concentrations (3 g·L⁻¹, 6 g·L⁻¹, 9 g·L⁻¹) of calcium chloride (CaCl [...] Read more.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential nutrient element crucial for plant growth and development, especially in tomatoes. This study investigated the effects of foliar spraying with different concentrations (3 g·L⁻¹, 6 g·L⁻¹, 9 g·L⁻¹) of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on growth, calcium uptake, distribution, fruit yield, and quality of tomato plants. The results showed that foliar application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased dry matter accumulation, fruit quality, and yield. Calcium application promoted calcium uptake by tomato plants, significantly increased the distribution proportion of calcium in roots and fruits, and significantly decreased the distribution proportion in stems and leaves. The overall calcium distribution proportion within the plant was leaf > stem > root > fruit. In conclusion, foliar spraying with 3–6 g·L⁻¹ CaCl₂ can significantly improve tomato yield and quality by regulating calcium distribution and enhancing dry matter accumulation, providing a theoretical basis for the efficient application of calcium fertilizer in protected tomato cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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18 pages, 10425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Response Mechanism and Gene Regulatory Network of Arundo donax Leaf Under Multiple Stresses

by Yixin Huangfu, Yibo Sun, Weiwei Chen, Gongyao Shi, Baoming Tian, Gangqiang Cao, Luyue Zhang, Jialin Guo, Fang Wei and Zhengqing Xie

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080985 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Arundo donax exhibits strong comprehensive stress resistance and high levels of crude protein and crude fiber, making it an ideal perennial forage crop. It adapts to various abiotic stresses and serves as a new model for studying plant stress response mechanisms. A. donax [...] Read more.

Arundo donax exhibits strong comprehensive stress resistance and high levels of crude protein and crude fiber, making it an ideal perennial forage crop. It adapts to various abiotic stresses and serves as a new model for studying plant stress response mechanisms. A. donax frequently encounters diverse environmental stresses during agricultural production, including drought, waterlogging, and temperature extremes. However, the response mechanisms of A. donax to multiple stresses remains elusive. By analyzing publicly available transcriptome data, we identified 9089, 19,272, and 8585 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 742 DEGs shared in the leaves of A. donax under drought, waterlogging, and cold conditions. The data showed that A. donax exhibits differential activation patterns in endogenous hormone signaling (jasmonate/gibberellin), energy metabolism (UDP-glucosyltransferase), and nitrogen metabolism pathways (acyltransferase) under these stresses. DEGs involved in the nitrogen metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathways were significantly enriched, while the gene expression patterns of these pathways varied among the drought, waterlogging, and cold stress conditions. Different stresses could affect the nitrogen accumulation in A. donax leaves. In addition, pairwise DEG comparisons indicated active roles of antioxidant defense and photosynthetic system in multiple stress responses. Physiological measurements validated these transcriptional changes: the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD)) increased significantly, minimizing oxidative damage. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic pigments content also decreased in response to the three stresses. Soluble sugars, pyruvate, malate, and citrate, which are involved in energy metabolism in the leaves of A. donax, accumulated to sustain themaintenance of the plant’s own energy metabolism. In conclusion, our study revealed the transcriptome-based regulatory network related with synergistic response mechanisms of A. donax leaves under multiple stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses and Ensuring Food Safety in Changing Climates)

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19 pages, 9093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Primary Ecological Drivers and Regional Suitability for High-Quality Diospyros kaki ‘Taishuu’

by Xu Yang, Cuiyu Liu, Xibing Jiang and Yang Xu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080984 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Diospyros kaki Thunb. ‘Taishuu’ is novel fruit cultivar known for its excellent mouthfeel properties and high economic value. This study aimed to identify the ecological adaptability and potential suitable cultivating regions of this persimmon in China. In addition, key ecological factors influencing fruit [...] Read more.

Diospyros kaki Thunb. ‘Taishuu’ is novel fruit cultivar known for its excellent mouthfeel properties and high economic value. This study aimed to identify the ecological adaptability and potential suitable cultivating regions of this persimmon in China. In addition, key ecological factors influencing fruit mouthfeel were also investigated. Differences between key metabolites and mouthfeel properties of 35 persimmon samples from 13 provinces were compared. Subsequently, ecological factors were evaluated to explore interactions among dominant ecological factors, habitat suitability, and fruit quality. An adaptive segmentation map was ultimately created to highlight variations in mouthfeel properties of the persimmon. The findings were summarized as follows: The core ecological suitability zones encompass most warm, temperate and typically subtropical regions of China, spanning 116,200 square kilometers. Habitat suitability influences fruit size but does not affect mouthfeel properties. Key factors affecting mouthfeel properties of D. kaki ‘Taishuu’ include precipitation during the growing period, high temperature during the fruit ripening stage, and low temperatures during dormancy. Persimmons from coastal areas and Yunnan province were characterized by a lusciously sweeter and richer taste, a satisfying crisp texture, and an overall distinctly superior mouthfeel. In contrast, samples from central cultivation areas exhibited higher density, greater firmness, reduced crispness, and inferior flavor quality Based on zoning results, extensive regions show significant potential for high-quality production, making them highly promising for D. kaki ‘Taishuu’ cultivation. For marginally suitable habitats, appropriate cultivation measures should be implemented to mitigate limiting factors such as temperature and soil moisture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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27 pages, 5105 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Uncovering the Genetic Identity and Diversity of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in La Palma Island (Canary Archipelago, Spain) Through SSR-Based Varietal Profiling and Population Structure Analysis

by Qiying Lin-Yang, Leonor Deis, Joan Miquel Canals, Fernando Zamora and Francesca Fort

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080983 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 312

Abstract

The primary challenge facing modern agriculture, including viticulture, is the impact of climate change. The scientific community recommends exploring and utilizing both inter-varietal and intra-varietal variability of local grapevines within each region. The goal is to prioritize planting local varieties over international and [...] Read more.

The primary challenge facing modern agriculture, including viticulture, is the impact of climate change. The scientific community recommends exploring and utilizing both inter-varietal and intra-varietal variability of local grapevines within each region. The goal is to prioritize planting local varieties over international and imported ones to mitigate the effects of climate change. Within this context, La Palma Island has undertaken a comprehensive assessment evaluating its viticultural heritage. A total of 96 individuals were collected and subjected to genotyping utilizing 20 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). This analysis yielded 44 unique molecular profiles, of which 3 represent new varieties reported for the first time (Aromatica Eufrosina, Cagarruta de oveja, and Viñarda rosada). Additionally, fourteen previously unreported mutations were identified, of which two contain triallelic SSRs. Consequently, the present population of local grapevines on La Palma Island comprises seven varieties (Albillo criollo, Aromatica Eufrosina, Bienmesabe tinto, Cagarruta de oveja, Gual Mazo, Sabro, and Viñarda rosada). The Bienmesabe tinto variety is possibly an interspecific cross. The varieties Aromatica Eufrosina and Viñarda rosada also presented somewhat particular behavior. The distinctiveness of this grapevine population from La Palma Island reinforces the notion that the Canary Archipelago represents a significant center of grapevine biodiversity. The volcanic activity of Tajogaite (2021) did not have a significant impact on grapevine biodiversity on the island. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Genetic Regulation and Quality Improvement of Grapes)

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16 pages, 1669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Container Substrate Composition on the Growth and Performance of Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Harper: A Native Xeric Species

by Grace Carapezza, Sandra B. Wilson, Mica McMillan and Mack Thetford

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080982 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 437

Abstract

Container production of landscape plants requires reliably consistent and affordable substrates with properties suitable for a wide range of species. Native plant production often requires additional considerations when determining ideal substrates for species found in precise ecosystems. Thus, the introduction of novel native [...] Read more.

Container production of landscape plants requires reliably consistent and affordable substrates with properties suitable for a wide range of species. Native plant production often requires additional considerations when determining ideal substrates for species found in precise ecosystems. Thus, the introduction of novel native species, such as garberia [Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merrill & F. Harper] requires research insight into discerning which type of substrate provides the greatest plant quality in the least amount of time. In this greenhouse study, garberia was container-grown for six months in five substrates. These included two different pine bark-based media (Atlas 3000 and ‘Native mix’) typically used for native plant production, a commercial standard of peat-based medium (ProMix BX), and compost-based medium (COMANDscape) by itself or at a 1:1 compost/native mix ratio. All substrates varied from each other in terms of pH and electroconductivity (EC), with ProMix BX having the most acidic pH (5.3) and COMANDscape having the highest EC (5.2 dS/m). The ProMix BX had the greatest water-holding capacity, while the Atlas 3000 had the greatest bulk and particle densities. After six months, plant heights and widths were similar between treatments. The ProMix BX yielded the greatest shoot and root dry matter values and well-developed root systems that held the substrate the best. Plants grown in ProMix BX or COMANDscape had the greatest SPAD values and very good to excellent shoot visual quality ratings, compared to other substrates evaluated. While garberia was found to be a slow-growing species regardless of substrate, these results demonstrate its tolerance of diverse substrates that are non-characteristic of the soil where it thrives naturally. This knowledge can be useful for nursery practitioners; ultimately contributing to expanded production and the widened use of garberia in landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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18 pages, 4498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Microbial Diversity During Dictyophora indusiata Mycelium Regression Period

by Jie Cheng, Lei Ye, Xin Li, Yunfu Gu, Yi Wang, Zebin Zeng, Xiaoxue Liu, Xiaoling Li and Xiaoping Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080981 - 19 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Dictyophora indusiata cultivation is severely impeded by premature hyphal regression. This study elucidates the spatiotemporal dynamics of mycelial regression and associated microbial succession in both substrate and soil matrices across progressive regression stages (CK: normal growth; S1: initial recession; S2: advanced recession; S3: [...] Read more.

Dictyophora indusiata cultivation is severely impeded by premature hyphal regression. This study elucidates the spatiotemporal dynamics of mycelial regression and associated microbial succession in both substrate and soil matrices across progressive regression stages (CK: normal growth; S1: initial recession; S2: advanced recession; S3: complete recession). Microscopic analysis revealed preferential mycelial regression in the substrate, preceding soil regression by 1–2 stages. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated significant fungal community restructuring, characterized by a sharp decline in Phallus abundance (substrate: 99.7% → 7.0%; soil: 78.3% → 5.5%) and concomitant explosive proliferation of Trichoderma (substrate: 0% → 45.2%; soil: 0.1% → 55.3%). Soil fungal communities exhibited a higher richness (Chao1, p < 0.05) and stability, attributed to functional redundancy (e.g., Aspergillus, Conocybe) and physical protection by organic–mineral complexes. Conversely, substrate bacterial diversity dominated, driven by organic matter availability (e.g., the Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia complex surged to 59%) and optimized porosity. Niche analysis confirmed intensified competition in post-regression soil (niche differentiation) versus substrate niche contraction under Trichoderma dominance. Critically, Trichoderma overgrowing was mechanistically linked to (1) nutrient competition via activated hydrolases (e.g., Chit42) and (2) pathogenic activity (e.g., T. koningii causing rot). We propose ecological control strategies: application of antagonistic Bacillus subtilis (reducing Trichoderma by 63%), substrate C/N ratio modulation via soybean meal amendment, and Sphingomonas–biochar soil remediation. This work provides the first integrated microbial niche model for D. indusiata regression, establishing a foundation for sustainable cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Propagation and Cultivation of Mushroom)

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22 pages, 20046 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Understanding the Promotion of Plant Growth Under an Experimental Red-Fluorescent Plastic Film

by Eric J. Stallknecht and Erik S. Runkle

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080980 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 506

Abstract

Semitransparent plastic films containing red-fluorescent pigments can increase the growth of some greenhouse crops despite a lower transmitted photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. We postulated it can be attributed to a [...] Read more.

Semitransparent plastic films containing red-fluorescent pigments can increase the growth of some greenhouse crops despite a lower transmitted photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. We postulated it can be attributed to a lower blue-light environment that increases leaf expansion and thus photon capture. We examined the growth response and photosynthetic capacity of vegetable and ornamental greenhouse crops under a red-fluorescent plastic, plastics with varying transmission percentages of blue light (from 6% to 20%), and an uncovered greenhouse control with a 40% greater PPFD. When the transmitted PPFD was similar, decreasing the percentage of blue light increased the extension growth for some but not all species tested. Transmitted PPFD had a more pronounced effect on extension growth than the percentage of blue light. Lettuce shoot dry mass was greater under the red-fluorescent film than the other covered treatments and similar to the uncovered control with 40% more light. Regardless of the transmission spectrum, decreasing the transmitted PPFD reduced tomato fruit fresh mass and generally decreased the number of flowers ornamental on the species. Maximum photosynthetic rate (A_max), stomatal conductance (g_sw), and quantum yield of photosystem II (PhiPSII) consistently decreased as the percentage of blue light transmission decreased, but this did not correlate to biomass accumulation. An experimental red-fluorescent film had cultivar and species-specific effects on growth, highlighting both its potential for leafy greens and potential challenges for greenhouse crops with a greater quantum requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Light Management in Controlled-Environment Horticulture)

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19 pages, 991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Quality and Evaluation of Chinese Water Chestnuts from Different Origins

by Yongting Wang, Hongyan Lu, Yang Yi, Limei Wang, Hongxun Wang, Youwei Ai and Ting Min

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080979 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 403

Abstract

Chinese water chestnuts (CWCs) have high nutritional value and are important in the field of food and medicine. However, there may be significant differences between CWCs from different regions. This study focused on the differences in nutritional quality and functional active substance content [...] Read more.

Chinese water chestnuts (CWCs) have high nutritional value and are important in the field of food and medicine. However, there may be significant differences between CWCs from different regions. This study focused on the differences in nutritional quality and functional active substance content of CWCs from nine different origins in China and established an evaluation method to assess these differences. It was found that the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of CWCs peel were much higher than those of pulp, with the peel of CWCs from origin II having the highest total phenolic content and a high DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging rate. The starch content of the pulp of CWCs from origin V was significantly higher than that in the other origins, and the peel from origin IX and the pulp from origin IV had the highest soluble sugar levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the peel quality was primarily affected by the browning degree, soluble solids, and antioxidant capacity, while the pulp exhibited a stronger correlation with total flavonoids and protein. The comprehensive evaluation demonstrated that origin I, origin VII, and origin IX were relatively high-quality peel resources, while origin II, origin V, and origin VIII had better pulp quality than the other groups. This study aimed to elucidate the differences between various production areas of CWCs and provide a reference for the deep processing of CWCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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30 pages, 6876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Water Use Dynamics and Yield Responses in Capsicum chinense Cultivars Using Integrated Sensor-Based Irrigation System

by Harjot Sidhu, Edmond Kwekutsu, Arnab Bhowmik and Harmandeep Sharma

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080978 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Efficient irrigation management is essential for optimizing yield and quality in specialty crops like hot peppers (Capsicum chinense), particularly under controlled greenhouse environments. This study employed a novel sensor-based system integrating soil moisture and sap flux monitoring to evaluate water use [...] Read more.

Efficient irrigation management is essential for optimizing yield and quality in specialty crops like hot peppers (Capsicum chinense), particularly under controlled greenhouse environments. This study employed a novel sensor-based system integrating soil moisture and sap flux monitoring to evaluate water use dynamics in Capsicum chinense, a species for which such applications have not been widely reported. Three cultivars—Habanero, Helios, and Lantern—were grown under three volumetric soil moisture contents: low (15%), medium (18%), and high (21%). Water uptake was measured at leaf (transpiration, stomatal conductance) and plant levels (sap flux via heat balance sensors). Photosynthesis, fruit yield, and capsaicinoid concentrations were assessed. Compared to high irrigation, medium and low irrigation increased photosynthesis by 16.6% and 22.2%, respectively, whereas high irrigation favored greater sap flux and vegetative growth. Helios exhibited an approximately 8.5% higher sap flux as compared to Habanero and about 10% higher as compared to Lantern. Helios produced over 30% higher fruits than Habanero and Lantern under high irrigation. Habanero recorded the highest pungency, with a capsaicinoid level of 187,292 SHU—exceeding Lantern and Helios by 56% and 76%, respectively. Similarly, nordihydrocapsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin accumulation were more cultivar-dependent than irrigation-dependent. No significant interaction between cultivar and irrigation was observed, indicating genotype-driven water use strategies. Our study contributes to precision horticulture by integrating soil moisture and sap flux sensors to reveal cultivar-specific water use strategies in Capsicum chinense, thereby demonstrating the potential of an integrated sensor-based irrigation system for efficient irrigation management under increasing water scarcity in protected environments. As a preliminary greenhouse study aimed at maintaining consistent irrigation throughout the growing season across three volumetric soil moisture levels, these findings provide a foundation for subsequent validation and exploration under diverse soil moisture conditions including variations in stress duration, stress frequency, and stress application at different phenological stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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28 pages, 1813 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Caraway Growth, Yield and Phytochemical Quality Under Drip Irrigation: Synergistic Effects of Organic Manure and Foliar Application with Vitamins B₁ and E and Active Yeast

by Ahmed A. Hassan, Amir F.A. Abdel-Rahim, Ghadah H. Al Hawas, Wadha Kh. Alshammari, Reda M.Y. Zewail, Ali A. Badawy and Heba S. El-Desouky

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080977 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 381

Abstract

Despite its value as a culinary, medicinal, and essential oil crop, caraway struggles to grow and develop its biochemical quality in drought-prone sandy soils. To tackle this challenge, we conducted two field trials under drip irrigation, testing four rates of organic manure (0, [...] Read more.

Despite its value as a culinary, medicinal, and essential oil crop, caraway struggles to grow and develop its biochemical quality in drought-prone sandy soils. To tackle this challenge, we conducted two field trials under drip irrigation, testing four rates of organic manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 ton/hectare (ha) and three foliar biostimulants: vitamin B₁ (50 and 100 mg L⁻¹), vitamin E (50 and 100 mg L⁻¹), and active yeast (100 and 150 mL L⁻¹). We used a randomized split-plot design with three replicates, assigning manure rates to main plots and biostimulants to subplots. We measured plant height, stem diameter, branch number, dry biomass, umbels per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield (per plant and per ha), essential oil content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and leaf N, P, and K. All treatments outperformed the unfertilized control. Applying 15 ton/ha of manure alone increased mean plant height by 185.3 cm, stem diameter by 2.93 mm, branch number by 14.5, and herbal weight by 91.97 g across both seasons—a gain of about 11–15%. Foliar application of vitamin B₁ at 100 mg L⁻¹ (without manure) achieved even larger gains: mean plant height improved by 176.5 cm, stem diameter by 2.6 mm, branches number by 15.1, and herbal biomass by 103.95 g (20–36% growth increases). It also boosted essential oil yield by 1.89 mL per plant (16–50%) and enhanced nutrient uptake. The most pronounced synergy emerged when combining 15 ton/ha of manure with 100 mg L⁻¹ vitamin B₁, raising seed yield to 1698.8 kg/ha (35%), plant height to 184.7 cm (52%), number of branches to 17.4 per plant (56%), umbels to 38.1 per plant (42%), 1000-seed weight to 16.9 g (48%), and essential oil yield to 2.3 mL per plant (115%), compared to the control. Chlorophyll a increased by 50%, chlorophyll b by 33%, carotenoids by 35%, and leaf N, P, and K by 43%, 90%, and 76%, respectively. Manure combined with vitamin E or yeast delivered moderate improvements. These findings demonstrate that integrating organic manure with targeted foliar biostimulants—especially vitamin B₁—under drip irrigation, is a sustainable strategy to maximize caraway yield, oil content, and nutritional quality on marginal sandy soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Cultivation of Horticultural Crops)

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22 pages, 2612 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Systemic Delivery of Oxytetracycline by Drill-Based and Drill-Free Trunk Injection for Treatment of Huanglongbing in Young Sweet Orange Trees

by Ute Albrecht, Caroline Tardivo, Gerardo Moreno and Jasmine de Freitas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080976 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 675

Abstract

The systemic delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) by trunk injection has emerged as a viable strategy to manage huanglongbing (HLB, also known as citrus greening), a bacterial disease devastating citrus production around the world. This study examines the efficacy of delivering OTC systemically into [...] Read more.

The systemic delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) by trunk injection has emerged as a viable strategy to manage huanglongbing (HLB, also known as citrus greening), a bacterial disease devastating citrus production around the world. This study examines the efficacy of delivering OTC systemically into the trunk of young, HLB-affected citrus trees using a drill-based or a drill-free system to improve tree health and productivity. Two field trials were conducted in two commercial production sites in Florida. Trees were four years old at the start of the study and composed of ‘Valencia’ or ‘OLL-8’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scion grafted on X-639 (C. reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock. Injections were performed in spring or late summer/early fall in 2022 and 2023. Using the drill-based system, 0.79 g of OTC was administered into each tree, whereas 0.15 g or 0.3 g was administered using the drill-free system. Delivering a higher dose of OTC by drill-based injection increased fruit yield and improved juice quality more than delivering lower doses by drill-free injection, though responses varied between cultivars. Injections in late summer/early fall increased the juice total soluble solids content considerably more than injections in spring. However, fall injections resulted in OTC fruit residues exceeding the maximum allowed level. Trunk injury was more extensive when OTC was applied with the drill-free system than when it was applied with the drill-based system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Citrus Physiology and Molecular Biology: From Genes to Orchard Performance)

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19 pages, 4026 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Storage Conditions on Physiological, Biochemical, and Microbial Community Traits of Michelia macclurei Seeds

by Shenghui Tian, Zhaoli Chen, Baojun Li, Haoyue Xue, Shida Zhang, Haijun Chen, Chao Qu and Qingbin Jiang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080975 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

This study aimed to explore how storage temperature (25 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −196 °C), drying duration (0, 1, 3, 5 days), and aril removal affect the physiological, biochemical, and microbial community traits of Michelia macclurei seeds. After one month of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore how storage temperature (25 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −196 °C), drying duration (0, 1, 3, 5 days), and aril removal affect the physiological, biochemical, and microbial community traits of Michelia macclurei seeds. After one month of storage, physiological, biochemical, and microbial indexes were evaluated. Results showed that seeds dried for one day and stored at 4 °C had the highest vigor and germination rates. Storage at 4 °C or −196 °C significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and affected water content, soluble sugar, protein, malondialdehyde, and amylase levels. Principal component analysis confirmed that retaining arils and drying for 0~1 day before storage at −196 °C or 4 °C was optimal for maintaining seed quality. Microbial analysis revealed that low temperatures increased fungal diversity and bacterial diversity, though bacterial richness decreased compared to 25 °C storage. Ascomycota and Proteobacteria were dominant at the phylum level, while Penicillium and Rhodococcus were the dominant genera. Drying time and aril removal also influenced microbial structure. Overall, moderate drying and low-temperature storage, especially at 4 °C or −196 °C with arils retained, most effectively preserved seed vigor and shaped favorable microbial communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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30 pages, 10676 KB

Open AccessArticle

Domestication Has Reshaped Gene Families, Gene Expressions and Flavonoid Metabolites in Green Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) Fruit

by Fan Jiang, Xudong Zhu, Miaohong Wu, Pengyan Chang, Huini Wu and Haiming Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080974 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Domestication has been proven to significantly impact the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. Cultivated green jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), as an important autotetraploid fruit crop widely planted in tropical regions, exhibits differential physicochemical traits compared with its wild progenitor. To assess the [...] Read more.

Domestication has been proven to significantly impact the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. Cultivated green jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), as an important autotetraploid fruit crop widely planted in tropical regions, exhibits differential physicochemical traits compared with its wild progenitor. To assess the traits lost in cultivated green jujube during domestication, the study performed comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic investigations of flavonoid pathways in wild and cultivated green jujube. Based on the four haplotype genomes of wild and cultivated green jujube, for the first time, the study bulk-identified 16 key gene families associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Collinearity analysis revealed that tandem duplication was the predominant event in flavonoid-related genes rather than WGD. Through the expression profiles in different tissues, the distinct member of these gene families was classified as “redundant” or “functional”. Transcriptomic analyses illustrated the significant differential expressions (p < 0.05) of 13 flavonoid-related gene families in fruits of six cultivated and three wild green jujube accessions, except for FLS, LAR and PPO. The wild green jujube fruits accumulated more abundance of flavonoid metabolites than in cultivated fruits (p < 0.0001), as evidenced by upregulated chalcones, dihydroflavonol, isoflavones and flavonoid carbonoside. Gene–metabolite co-expression modules further validated the potential transcription regulators, such as BBX21, WRI1 and bZIP44. Together, the study suggested a genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic perspective for domestication regarding fruit flavonoid pathways in green jujube, which provides a valuable genetic resource for fruit quality improvement in cultivated green jujube. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breeding and Genetic Improvement of Fruit Crops)

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18 pages, 6274 KB

Open AccessArticle

iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Profiling Reveals Spermidine Enhanced SOS Signaling and Metabolic Reprogramming in Cucumber Seedlings Under Salt Stress

by Bin Li, Danyi Wang, Liru Ren, Bo Qiao, Lincao Wei and Lingjuan Han

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080973 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Soil salinity severely impairs plant growth, and polyamines such as spermidine (Spd) are known to bolster stress tolerance by acting as osmoprotectants and signaling molecules. Using TiO₂ enrichment, iTRAQ quantification, and bioinformatics analysis, we identified 870 proteins and 157 differentially phosphorylated proteins. [...] Read more.

Soil salinity severely impairs plant growth, and polyamines such as spermidine (Spd) are known to bolster stress tolerance by acting as osmoprotectants and signaling molecules. Using TiO₂ enrichment, iTRAQ quantification, and bioinformatics analysis, we identified 870 proteins and 157 differentially phosphorylated proteins. Functional annotation showed that salt stress activated key components of the Salt Overly Sensitive pathway, particularly serine threonine kinases (SOS2) and Ca²⁺ binding sensors (SOS3). Among thirty-six SOS-associated kinases detected, eight SOS2 isoforms, four MAPKs, and two SOS3 homologs were significantly upregulated by NaCl, and Spd further increased the phosphorylation of six SOS2 proteins and one SOS3 protein under salt stress, with no detectable effect on SOS1. qRT PCR revealed enhanced expression of MAPKs and calcium-dependent protein kinases, suggesting a phosphorylation-centered model in which Spd amplifies Ca²⁺-mediated SOS signaling and reinforces ion homeostasis through coordinated transcriptional priming and post-translational control. Additional, proteins involved in protein synthesis and turnover (ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, ubiquitin–proteasome components), DNA replication and transcription, and RNA processing showed differential expression under salt or Spd treatment. Central metabolic pathways were reprogrammed, involving glycolysis, the TCA cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as ammonium transporters and amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. These findings indicate that exogenous Spd regulated phosphorylation-mediated networks involving the SOS signaling pathway, protein homeostasis, and metabolism, thereby enhancing cucumber salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 3190 KB

Open AccessArticle

GC-MS Non-Target Metabolomics-Based Analysis of the Volatile Aroma in Cerasus humilis After Grafting with Different Rootstocks

by Gaixia Qiao, Jun Xie, Chun’e Zhang, Yujuan Liu, Xiaojing Guo, Qiaoxia Jia, Caixia Zhang and Meilong Xu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080972 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 354

Abstract

C. humilis is a small shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, and grafting is one of the main ways for propagation. However, the influence of different rootstocks on volatile aroma is still unclear. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas [...] Read more.

C. humilis is a small shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, and grafting is one of the main ways for propagation. However, the influence of different rootstocks on volatile aroma is still unclear. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to analyze the volatile differential metabolites between the rootstock–scion combinations and self-rooted seedlings. Furthermore, metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. In total, 191,162 and 150 volatile differential metabolites were identified in different rootstock–scion combinations. The rootstock–scion combinations of ZG/MYT and ZG/BT could improve the volatile aroma in the fruit of C. humilis and made significant contributions to the rose and fruity flavors. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the butanoate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways, showing an increasing trend. Prunus tomentosa and Amygdalus communis can serve as preferred rootstocks for enhancing the aroma quality of C. humilis fruits. These results provide new insight into rootstock-based propagation and breeding and also offer some guidance for graft-based fruit production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Resources of Fruit and Vegetable Crops)

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21 pages, 2464 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Selected Minerals in Beef-Type Tomatoes Using Machine Learning for Digital Agriculture

by Aylin Kabaş, Uğur Ercan, Onder Kabas and Georgiana Moiceanu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080971 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables due to its high production and nutritional value. With the development of digital agriculture, the tomato breeding and processing industries have seen a rapid increase in the need for simple, low-labor, and inexpensive methods for [...] Read more.

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables due to its high production and nutritional value. With the development of digital agriculture, the tomato breeding and processing industries have seen a rapid increase in the need for simple, low-labor, and inexpensive methods for analyzing tomato composition. This study proposes a digital method to predict four minerals (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium) in beef-type tomato using machine learning models, including k-nearest neighbors (kNN), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). The models were discriminated using the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The kNN model showed the best performance for estimation of quantity of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. The results demonstrate that kNN consistently outperforms ANNs and SVR across all target nutrients, achieving the highest R² and the lowest error metrics (RMSE, MAE, and MAPE). Notably, kNN achieved an exceptional R² of 0.8723 and a remarkably low MAPE of 3.95% in predicting phosphorus. This study highlights how machine learning can provide a versatile, accurate, and efficient solution for tomato mineral analysis in digital agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Processing of Horticultural Crops)

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25 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoextract of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Hydroponically Grown Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese

by Edris Shabani, Fardin Ghanbari, Afsaneh Azizi, Elham Helalipour and Matteo Caser

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080970 - 16 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of Zataria multiflora Bioss. extract and nanoextract on morphophysiological and phytochemical indices, yield, and essential oil compositions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese) under salinity stress (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl), an experiment [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the effect of Zataria multiflora Bioss. extract and nanoextract on morphophysiological and phytochemical indices, yield, and essential oil compositions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese) under salinity stress (0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot design in a basic block with complete randomization and three replications. In the treatment without salinity, nanoextract increased the shoot fresh weight by 34.28%, and regular extract increased it by 8.35% compared to the 0 NaCl without extract. In the treatment without salinity stress, nanoextract decreased the Na content by 17%, and regular extract decreased it by 5%; nanoextract increased the K content by 22.93%, and regular extract increased it by 9.05% compared to the 0 NaCl without extract, respectively. In all salinity concentrations applied, nanoextract showed lower sodium accumulation and higher potassium accumulation rate than regular extract and treatment without extract at the same salinity concentration. The highest total phenols were observed in the 100 mM salinity treatment in both nanoextract and regular extract of Z. multiflora, followed by the 50 mM salinity treatment—nano extract, with 12.33, 11.17, and 10.01 mg GA g⁻¹ FW, respectively. In the non-saline stress treatment, nanoextract increased the proline content by 125%, and regular extract increased it by 79.16% compared to the 0 NaCl without extract. In the treatment without salinity stress, the nano extract increased the level of PAL enzyme by 16.66% and the regular extract by 8.33% compared to the 0 NaCl without extract. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the 100 mM salinity treatment in both nano extract and regular extract of Z. multiflora, followed by the 50 mM salinity treatment and nano extract with 31.86, 30.60, and 28.21%, respectively. In this study, the results of essential oil analysis indicated the identification of 39 compounds in which linalool, eugenol, carotenoid, methyl chavicol, A-Humulene, and menthol were identified as the main compounds. Among all treatments, Z. multiflora nanoextract, while moderating the effects of stress, showed the highest efficiency in improving the morphophysiological and biochemical traits and essential oil content and secondary metabolites of O. basilicum L. var. Genovese. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Horticulturae—Recent Outcomes and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 4312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That PpSLFL3 Is Associated with Cross-Incompatibility in the Peach Landrace ‘Liuyefeitao’

by Haijing Wang, Chunsheng Liu, Yating Liu, Yudie Zhang, Meilan Wu, Haiping Li, Man Zhang, Kun Xiao, Kai Su, Chenguang Zhang, Gang Li, Xiaoying Li, Libin Zhang and Junkai Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080969 - 16 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The peach landrace ‘Liuyefeitao’ exhibits the unique reproductive trait of self-compatibility combined with cross-incompatibility, contrasting with typical Prunus species in this way. In preliminary studies involving controlled pollination assays, we showed complete pollen tube arrest in cross-pollinated styles, whereas self-pollination enabled full tube [...] Read more.

The peach landrace ‘Liuyefeitao’ exhibits the unique reproductive trait of self-compatibility combined with cross-incompatibility, contrasting with typical Prunus species in this way. In preliminary studies involving controlled pollination assays, we showed complete pollen tube arrest in cross-pollinated styles, whereas self-pollination enabled full tube elongation. S-genotyping identified a homozygous S₂S₂ genotype with intact S₂-RNase but a truncated PpSFB2 due to a frameshift mutation. Transcriptome profiling of the styles revealed 7937 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between self- and cross-pollination treatments, with significant enrichment in plant MAPK signaling, plant–pathogen interactions, and plant hormone signaling transduction pathways (|Fold Change| ≥ 2, FDR < 0.01). Notably, PpSLFL3 (a pollen F-box gene) showed down-regulation in cross-pollinated styles, as validated by means of qRT-PCR. Protein interaction assays revealed direct binding between PpSLFL3 and S₂-RNase via Y2H and BiFC analysis, suggesting its role in mediating SCF complex-dependent degradation. We propose that insufficient PpSLFL3 expression during cross-pollination disrupts SCF ubiquitin ligase complex-mediated degradation of non-self S₂-RNase, leading to the toxic degradation of RNA in pollen tubes by S₂-RNase. This mechanism is mechanistically similar to unilateral reproductive barriers in Solanaceae but represents a novel regulatory module in Rosaceae. Our findings provide critical insights into the evolution of cross-incompatibility systems and molecular breeding strategies for Prunus species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Growth in Perennial Fruit Trees: Importance and Impact of Climate Change)

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26 pages, 7176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Expansion, Structural Diversification, and Functional Prediction of the GeBP Gene Family in Brassica oleracea

by Ziying Zhu, Kexin Ji and Zhenyi Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080968 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 433

Abstract

The GLABROUS1 Enhancer Binding Protein (GeBP) gene family plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, 28 GeBP genes were identified in Brassica oleracea using HMMER and validated through multiple conserved domain databases. A phylogenetic tree was [...] Read more.

The GLABROUS1 Enhancer Binding Protein (GeBP) gene family plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, 28 GeBP genes were identified in Brassica oleracea using HMMER and validated through multiple conserved domain databases. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the GeBP protein sequences from B. oleracea, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, and Brassica napus, dividing them into four evolutionary clades (A–D), which revealed a close evolutionary relationship within the genus Brassica. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses showed clade-specific features, while physicochemical property analysis indicated that most BoGeBP proteins are hydrophilic, nuclear-localized, and structurally diverse. Gene duplication and chromosomal localization analyses suggested that both segmental and tandem duplication events have contributed to the expansion of this gene family. Promoter cis-element analysis revealed a dominance of light-responsive and hormone-responsive elements, implying potential roles in photomorphogenesis and stress signaling pathways. Notably, the protein encoded by BolC01g019630.2J possesses both a transmembrane domain and characteristics of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter family, and it is predicted to localize to the plasma membrane. This suggests that it may act as a molecular bridge between environmental signal perception and transcriptional regulation, potentially representing a novel signaling mechanism within the GeBP family. This unique feature implies its involvement in transmembrane signal perception and downstream transcriptional regulation under environmental stimuli, providing valuable insights for further investigation of its role in stress responses and metabolic regulation. Overall, this study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the evolutionary patterns and functional diversity of the GeBP gene family in B. oleracea and lays a basis for future functional validation and breeding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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22 pages, 1492 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Foliar Application of Iron and Zinc Affected Aromatic Plants Grown Under Conventional and Organic Agriculture Differently

by Nikolaos Tzortzakis, Efraimia Hajisolomou, Nikoletta Zaravelli and Antonios Chrysargyris

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080967 - 14 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The utilization of organic fertilizers for the cultivation of wild edible and medicinal plants offers agronomic and ecological benefits, given their suitability to low-input and sustainable production systems. Under such conditions, these species may also benefit from targeted foliar applications of micronutrients to [...] Read more.

The utilization of organic fertilizers for the cultivation of wild edible and medicinal plants offers agronomic and ecological benefits, given their suitability to low-input and sustainable production systems. Under such conditions, these species may also benefit from targeted foliar applications of micronutrients to enhance their nutritional quality. This study examined the effects of a vinasse-based organic fertilizer and conventional fertilization regime, in combination with foliar applications of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), on the biomass, leaf photochemistry, and plant stress-related responses of Sideritis cypria and Origanum dubium. In S. cypria, organic fertilization resulted in a similar yield compared to conventional fertilization, while O. dubium showed a significant decrease in yield when using organic fertilizers. The impact of spraying with Zn on S. cypria dry matter content was related to the availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, while in O. dubium Zn spraying induced a decrease in dry matter. The total phenols content and antioxidant activity of S. cypria were elevated by conventional fertilization and foliar application of Fe, while the combination of organic fertilization and foliar application of Fe and Zn reduced lipid peroxidation. In O. dubium, foliar application of Fe and Zn led to a reduction in total phenols content, antioxidant capacity, and hydrogen peroxide content under adequate nutrition. In general, foliar spraying with Zn tended to improve water use efficiency under specific fertilization practices on both species, while the positive effect of conventional fertilization on nutrient use efficiency still requires further validation. Ultimately, the efficiency of organic fertilization was related to the examined species, inducing variations in leaf chlorophyll content. In addition, foliar application of Fe and Zn affected the antioxidant capacity and mineral content of the examined species. Thus, appropriate fertilization management is vital to fully realize the specific benefits of foliar micronutrient addition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Plant Species as Potential Horticultural Crops: An Opportunity for Farmers and Consumers—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 4340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Two Varieties of Blood Orange: A Differential Methylation Region Within the Specific Encoding Sequence of a Retrotransposon Adjacent to the Ruby Locus

by Jianhui Wang, Zhihong Li, Weiqing Guo, Zhihan Liu, Mingfu Xu, Yan Sun, Dayu Liu and Ying Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080966 - 14 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The blood orange arose from the insertion of a retrotransposon adjacent to the Ruby gene, an MYB-type transcriptional activator of anthocyanin production, as reported previously. However, the intricate process of anthocyanin regulation among different varieties of blood orange remains incompletely understood. In this [...] Read more.

The blood orange arose from the insertion of a retrotransposon adjacent to the Ruby gene, an MYB-type transcriptional activator of anthocyanin production, as reported previously. However, the intricate process of anthocyanin regulation among different varieties of blood orange remains incompletely understood. In this study, mRNA levels of the transcription factors Ruby and TT8 were found to be upregulated in the juice vesicle tissues of a variety with higher concentrations of anthocyanins in the pulp compared with another variety with a lower anthocyanin content. In contrast, comparative analysis of the two varieties using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry did not identify differentially expressed proteins related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the juice vesicle tissues. Furthermore, higher anthocyanin contents were observed in various tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing the Ruby gene from blood orange compared with the wildtype plant. Moreover, the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of a retrotransposon inserted upstream of the Ruby locus exhibited the ability to drive reporter expression through histochemical assay in a transgenic seedling. Thus, a PCR-based molecular marker was developed, targeting the upstream sequence of the Ruby locus to identify Citrus hybrids with the unique trait of red-fleshed fruit. Intriguingly, bisulfite sequencing revealed differentially methylated regions within a Gag-Pol polyprotein-encoding sequence of a retrotransposon adjacent to Ruby locus when comparing two varieties with different anthocyanin contents. A higher average level of methylation status was observed in the fruit with a lower anthocyanin content. In conclusion, methylation modifications at specific upstream positions on the Ruby locus may influence anthocyanin production in blood oranges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 130 articles

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