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14 pages, 2850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of the Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infecting Allium cepa in China

by Lei Zhang, Wanting Yang, Yingnan Mu, Mengze Guo and Pingping Sun

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050607 - 14 May 2026

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Abstract

Onion (Allium cepa) belongs to the genus Allium in the family Liliaceae and is widely cultivated worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China, many onion plants exhibited severe virus-like symptoms, including yellow stripes and leaf [...] Read more.

Onion (Allium cepa) belongs to the genus Allium in the family Liliaceae and is widely cultivated worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China, many onion plants exhibited severe virus-like symptoms, including yellow stripes and leaf distortion. Symptomatic plants were collected, and virus identification was conducted through mechanical inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and transmission electron microscopy. Two types of virus particles, rod-shaped and spherical, were observed. Mixed infection of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was confirmed by high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR. The detection rates of CMV and CGMMV in the samples were 8/161 and 1/161, respectively. Recombination analysis indicated that no recombination events were detected in the CGMMV, whereas one recombination event was identified in CMV, occurring on RNA1 from nt 59 to 171. The major parent was CMV DSMZ PV-1255 (ON013910) in Greece, and the minor parent was CMV Am (JX993909) in China. This study reports, for the first time, the complete genome sequences of CMV infecting onions in China and CGMMV infecting onions worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 2577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Lasiodiplodia Species Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Durian in Hainan, China

by Meijiao Hu, Zhaoyin Gao, Gengxin Chen, Yajun Ran, Jinji Pu, Deqiang Gong, Haiyan Luo, Yanjun Zhang, Jinhua Sun and Min Li

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050568 - 6 May 2026

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Abstract

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), a renowned tropical fruit crop, is increasingly cultivated in the Hainan Province of China. In June 2025, symptoms of postharvest fruit rot were observed on durian fruits from a commercial orchard in Sanya City, Hainan Province, with a [...] Read more.

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), a renowned tropical fruit crop, is increasingly cultivated in the Hainan Province of China. In June 2025, symptoms of postharvest fruit rot were observed on durian fruits from a commercial orchard in Sanya City, Hainan Province, with a disease incidence of approximately 5.2%. Three fungal isolates were obtained and identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and L. lignicola based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (combining ITS, TUB2, and EF1-α gene sequences). Pathogenicity assays confirmed both species as causal agents of durian postharvest rot, with rapid lesion expansion and eight tropical fruit hosts, including banana and mango, posing a threat to postharvest storage. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed imazalil and imazalil sulfate with mean EC₅₀ values of 0.07 µg/mL and 0.08 µg/mL as most effective, followed by prochloraz, iprodione, and prochloraz-Mn. L. lignicola was more sensitive to most fungicides than L. pseudotheobromae. These findings underscore the need for species-specific fungicide strategies in disease management. This is the first report of L. pseudotheobromae and L. lignicola causing durian postharvest rot in this preliminary study from Hainan. With Hainan emerging as a key production region, further research is essential to develop effective control measures against this economically significant disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 6483 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histopathological Study of Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Stems Infected with Phytophthora capsici Leonian

by Gildardo Olguín-Hernández, Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez, Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza, Daniel Alejandro Cadena-Zamudio, Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez, Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio, Juan Francisco Aguirre-Medina and Mauricio Iván Andrade-Luna

Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040448 - 5 Apr 2026

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Abstract

Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as chayote, which is a cucurbit of economic relevance, has experienced higher incidence of wilting from Phytophthora capsici in Mexican commercial fields during heavy rainfall. The infection process of this oomycete on chayote stems at the anatomical level [...] Read more.

Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as chayote, which is a cucurbit of economic relevance, has experienced higher incidence of wilting from Phytophthora capsici in Mexican commercial fields during heavy rainfall. The infection process of this oomycete on chayote stems at the anatomical level had not been documented. This study characterized histological changes in chayote stems infected with P. capsici. Plants were inoculated at the stem base with P. capsici mycelial plugs, while controls received sterile plugs. Stem samples collected at 8, 12, 16, 22, and 30 days post-inoculation were processed and stained using safranin O–fast green. Microscopic observations showed progressive anatomical alterations. At 8 dpi, hyphae appeared in cortical parenchyma and epidermis, with phenolic compound accumulation. By 12 dpi, stromata and sporangia were visible in vascular and cortical tissues, with tyloses formation. At 16 dpi, cell wall collapse and xylem colonization became evident. These effects intensified at 22 and 30 dpi, with tissue degradation and an abundance of hyphae. Control stems maintained intact structures. Macroscopically, plants remained asymptomatic until 12 dpi, when brown lesions appeared. By 22 dpi, leaf yellowing and stem necrosis were observed, leading to plant death by 30 dpi. The results demonstrate the rapid colonization of chayote tissues by P. capsici, and its impact on vascular integrity. This study provides knowledge for future research on host resistance and disease management in chayote crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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12 pages, 2275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Penicillium bialowiezense Causing Blue Mold on Bag-Cultivated Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) in China: Morphological, Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization

by Tan Wang, Enping Zhou, Caixia Wang, Zhifeng Zhang, Yingjun Zhang, Siliang Huang and Qiuhong Niu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010086 - 12 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is a major edible and medicinal mushroom and a key component of the horticultural mushroom industry in East Asia. During April–June 2024 cropping season, a widespread blue mold outbreak was observed on bag-cultivated shiitake in Xixia County, Henan Province, China. [...] Read more.

Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is a major edible and medicinal mushroom and a key component of the horticultural mushroom industry in East Asia. During April–June 2024 cropping season, a widespread blue mold outbreak was observed on bag-cultivated shiitake in Xixia County, Henan Province, China. Affected cultivation rooms showed extensive blue-green sporulation on the exposed surfaces of substrate blocks and on developing and mature fruiting bodies, leading to rapid loss of marketability. To clarify the etiology of this disease, we coupled field surveys with morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity analyses. Fifty-five Penicillium isolates were obtained from symptomatic cultivation bags. Three representative isolates (LE06, LE15, and LE26) were characterized in detail. Colonies on PDA produced velutinous to floccose mycelia with blue-green conidial masses and terverticillate penicilli bearing smooth-walled, globose conidia. Sequencing of four loci—the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), β-tubulin (benA), calmodulin gene (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2)—followed by multilocus phylogenetic analysis placed all three isolates in a well-supported clade with the ex-type CBS 227.28 of Penicillium bialowiezense. Inoculation of healthy shiitake cultivation bags with conidial suspensions (1 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) reproduced typical blue mold symptoms on substrate surfaces and fruiting bodies within 40 days post inoculation, whereas mock-inoculated controls remained symptomless. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from diseased tissues and showed identical ITS and benA sequences to the inoculated strains, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. This is the first confirmed report of P. bialowiezense causing blue mold on shiitake, and it expands the known host range of this species. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of bag cultivation systems to airborne Penicillium contaminants and underscore the need for improved hygiene, environmental management, and targeted diagnostics in commercial shiitake production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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17 pages, 3864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Potential Role of ABA in Dufulin-Induced Tomato Resistance to Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV)

by Jinfeng Wang, Shijun Xing, Tao Li, Peiyan Zhao, Jian-Wei Guo, Yuqi Xia, Yating Liu and Shibo Wu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010060 - 4 Jan 2026

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Abstract

As an important plant immune inducer, Dufulin has long been thought to enhance plant resistance to multiple plant viruses through activating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. However, whether this immune inducer responds to tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infection in the same [...] Read more.

As an important plant immune inducer, Dufulin has long been thought to enhance plant resistance to multiple plant viruses through activating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. However, whether this immune inducer responds to tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infection in the same way remains uncertain. In this study, we systematically analyzed the multiple effects of Dufulin treatment on the physiological, biochemical and gene expression patterns in tomato under ToBRFV infection. The results showed that the application of Dufulin could significantly increase the chlorophyll content; elevate the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); reduce the ToBRFV viral load; and enhance plant growth. Moreover, we found that Dufulin treatment could increase both SA and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. However, SA-related genes were not strongly activated as the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways. This suggested that ABA likely plays an unrecognized role in the formation of this induced resistance. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and cis-element analysis of the target gene promoters, we identified that SlABI5-like and SlWRKY4 might be the key potential transcription factor genes for Dufulin-induced tomato resistance to ToBRFV, and constructed their molecular regulatory network. We also conducted qRT-PCR assay to verify the gene expression patterns involved in this study. These findings potentially provide new insights into the mechanism of Dufulin-induced antiviral resistance, and enlarge important molecular targets for ToBRFV prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 2219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Leaf Anthracnose on Cornus officinalis and Its In Vitro Sensitivity to Fungicides in China

by Tan Wang, Enping Zhou, Weifang Zuo, Liang Wang and Sengen Zhu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010054 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1958

Abstract

Cornus officinalis is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant species with both therapeutic and ornamental attributes. It is widely used in TCM prescriptions to nourish the liver and kidneys and constitutes a critical component of numerous classical formulas. In recent years, the [...] Read more.

Cornus officinalis is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant species with both therapeutic and ornamental attributes. It is widely used in TCM prescriptions to nourish the liver and kidneys and constitutes a critical component of numerous classical formulas. In recent years, the large-scale cultivation of this medicinal plant has been expanded in Xixia County, Henan Province, China. Field investigations have revealed widespread brown leaf spot, accompanied by reductions in yield and quality. In this study, symptomatic leaves were collected for pathogen isolation. Tissue isolations consistently yielded a Colletotrichum fungus, and morphology combined with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, and β-tubulin) identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense. Pathogenicity assays (conducted by either wounding and inoculating detached leaves with a mycelium plug or spraying a conidium suspension on healthy potted plants) reproduced field symptoms, and the pathogen was re-isolated, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. In vitro fungicide assays showed that carbendazim, tebuconazole, and prochloraz were highly effective against the pathogen, providing preliminary information for chemical management. This is the first documentation of C. siamense causing leaf anthracnose on C. officinalis and provides a basis for developing targeted control strategies to mitigate disease impacts and preserve yield and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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10 pages, 2014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acrostalagmus luteoalbus as the Novel Causing Agent of Root Rot on Strawberry and In Vitro Screening of Effective Fungicides

by Lei Zhang, Chongyi Fu, Hongling Zhang, Zhengnan Li and Pingping Sun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080940 - 8 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In November 2022, black-root and stem-rot symptoms were observed on the strawberry cultivar ‘Ssanta’ in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. In order to identify the causing agent of strawberry root rot, and select effective fungicides for controlling this disease, this study was [...] Read more.

In November 2022, black-root and stem-rot symptoms were observed on the strawberry cultivar ‘Ssanta’ in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. In order to identify the causing agent of strawberry root rot, and select effective fungicides for controlling this disease, this study was carried out. The associated fungi were isolated from diseased strawberry plants, and the isolate that fulfilled Koch’s postulates was further identified based on morphological characteristics, together with the internal transcribed spacer regions and 28S rDNA sequences; then, the inhibitory activities of 11 commercial fungicides on the pathogenic strain were screened based on the mycelium growth method. Results showed that six candidate strains were isolated from diseased strawberry, and only the isolate CMGF-A caused typical root and stem rot on strawberry. The CMGF-A showed typical morphology of Acrostalagmus species, and sequence analyses revealed it as A. luteoalbus. The prochloraz was selected as the primary fungicide for effectively controlling CMGF-A, while tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, and difenoconazole·azoxystrobin could be used as alternatives. A. luteoalbus was previously reported to cause potato tuber disease, and red rust of needle mushroom, this work is the first report of A. luteoalbus causing strawberry root rot worldwide. This study provided helpful information for the diagnosis and management of strawberry root rot disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 2307 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Sensitivity of Isolates of Neopestalotiopsis rosae, Causal Agent of Strawberry Crown Rot, to Usnic Acid

by Laura Castro-Rosalez, Antonio Juárez-Maldonado, Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza, Susana González-Morales, Elizabeth García-León, Angel Rebollar-Alviter and Fabián Pérez-Labrada

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070812 - 9 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Root and crown rot in strawberries caused by Neopestalotiopsis rosae (N. rosae) results in yield losses of approximately 70%. The main method of control is based on the application of fungicides; however, the excessive use of these products can induce resistance [...] Read more.

Root and crown rot in strawberries caused by Neopestalotiopsis rosae (N. rosae) results in yield losses of approximately 70%. The main method of control is based on the application of fungicides; however, the excessive use of these products can induce resistance by pathogens to the active ingredients. The use of secondary metabolites is an alternative to disease management. Usnic acid (UA), a secondary metabolite produced by lichens, has shown antimicrobial and antifungal activities that could be useful for the management of phytopathogens, particularly the (+) enantiomer. To provide alternatives to fungicides, the potential of UA as an alternative for N. rosae management was evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Using the “poisoned medium” technique, concentrations of 0 (UA0), 100 (UA1), 200 (UA2), and 400 (UA4) µg/mL UA at a dose of 2.5 mL/L PDA were evaluated on N. rosae mycelial growth and the number of spores. The UA at 400 µg/mL exhibited a fungistatic effect, reducing the mycelial growth of isolates of N. rosae in 50–60%. In the in vivo assay, sprayed UA (400 µg/mL) reduced hydrogen peroxide (48.59%) and malonaldehyde (77.62%) contents in “Albion” strawberry seedlings inoculated with 466 and FREC2 strains, respectively. These findings suggest that UA could be a potential tool for N. rosae management and could help mitigate the oxidative stress induced by infection. However, field trials are required to evaluate and validate this response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 2118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Mutant Lines and Varieties/Hybrids of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for Resistance to the Northern Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla

by Svetlana Nikolaevna Nekoval, Zhanneta Zaurovna Tukhuzheva, Arina Konstantinovna Churikova, Valentin Valentinovich Ivanov and Oksana Aleksandrovna Maskalenko

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070798 - 5 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are widespread phytoparasites that cause a significant reduction in the yield of tomato Solanum lycopersicum. In the Russian Federation, where the use of chemical nematicides is limited due to environmental and toxicological risks, the cultivation of resistant varieties [...] Read more.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are widespread phytoparasites that cause a significant reduction in the yield of tomato Solanum lycopersicum. In the Russian Federation, where the use of chemical nematicides is limited due to environmental and toxicological risks, the cultivation of resistant varieties and hybrids remains the most effective and environmentally safe method to control Meloidogyne. In the course of this study, the resistance screening of 20 tomato varieties/hybrids and 21 mutant lines from the collection of the FSBSI FRCBPP to M. hapla was carried out using a comprehensive approach that included morphological and biochemical analysis methods. Resistance was assessed by calculating the gall formation index, the degree of root system damage, and biochemical parameters of fruits—vitamin C content and titratable acidity. In addition, molecular screening was carried out using the SCAR marker Mi23 to identify the Mi-1.2 gene, known as a key factor in resistance to a number of Meloidogyne spp. Although Mi-1.2 is not typically associated with resistance to M. hapla, all genotypes carrying this gene showed phenotypic resistance. This unexpected correlation suggests the possible involvement of Mi-associated or parallel mechanisms and highlights the need for further investigation into noncanonical resistance pathways. It was found that when susceptible genotypes were infected with M. hapla, there was a tendency for the vitamin C content to decrease, while resistant lines retained values close to the control. The presence of the Mi-1.2 gene was confirmed in 9.5% of samples. However, the phenotypic resistance of some lines, such as Volgogradets, which do not contain a marker for the Mi-1.2 gene, indicates a polygenic nature of resistance, alternative genetic mechanisms, or the possible influence of epigenetic mechanisms. The obtained data highlight the potential of using the identified resistant genotypes in breeding programs and the need for further studies of the molecular mechanisms of resistance, including the search for new markers specific to M. hapla, to develop effective strategies for tomato protection in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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16 pages, 1598 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Resistance Against Bacterial Canker Disease (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis) via Seed Priming with β-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA)

by Nazlı Özkurt, Harun Bektas and Yasemin Bektas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060587 - 25 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2305

Abstract

Many stressors contribute to productivity and quality losses in agricultural production, ranging from the rising global population to shrinking agricultural lands. To boost yield and quality, plants must be protected from abiotic and biotic stressors. Seed priming is the process of boosting germination [...] Read more.

Many stressors contribute to productivity and quality losses in agricultural production, ranging from the rising global population to shrinking agricultural lands. To boost yield and quality, plants must be protected from abiotic and biotic stressors. Seed priming is the process of boosting germination and seedling development by treating seeds with particular pre-treatments before germination. Seed priming is used to improve plant yield and germination. Plant defense elicitors stimulate the plant’s natural immune system when administered externally, strengthening the plant and making it more resistant/tolerant to diseases. β-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA) is a plant defense elicitor, and in this study, the effect of BABA seed priming on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm), which causes bacterial cancer in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), was investigated. Tomato seeds were subjected to seed priming for 72 h with 12 mM BABA (BABA priming) or water (water priming) as the control group. Tomato seedlings that germinated normally were utilized as a positive control. When the plants reached the 3–4 leaf stage, they were infected with Cmm. According to the data, BABA priming was the most effective experimental group in reducing disease severity. Furthermore, it has been shown that the use of BABA as a spray or water-priming application gives better protection than the control treatment. To understand the molecular basis of this suppression, plant samples were obtained at two separate time points (0th and the 7th day), and transcriptional changes of essential plant immunity genes (NPR1, PAL, PR1, WRKY70, WRKY33b, TPK1b, and PR5) were studied. The qRT-PCR results showed that NPR1 gene expression increased considerably with the BABA priming treatment compared to the control. BABA priming at the 0th hour enhanced NPR1 gene expression by approximately five times. In addition, BABA priming increased PR1 gene expression. Furthermore, foliar spraying of BABA (BABA priming+BABA-Sp) on seed-primed plants resulted in a nine-fold increase in PR1 gene expression. At day 7, the BABA priming+Cmm treatment increased PR5 gene expression. Along with the control of other genes, the molecular architecture of BABA seed priming has been attempted to be discovered. The application of BABA seed priming is expected to contribute to the literature and have favorable impacts on plant protection against Cmm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 2427 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Status of Esca Disease and the Disinfection of the Scion Prior to Grafting Affect the Phenolic Composition and Phenylpropanoid-Related Enzymes in the Callus of Vine Hetero-Grafts

by Saša Krošelj, Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek, Matevž Likar, Andreja Škvarč, Heidi Halbwirth, Katerina Biniari and Denis Rusjan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040371 - 30 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Vegetative propagation of European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) requires grafting onto American rootstocks due to susceptibility to phylloxera. However, the grafting yield is compromised by the presence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as Esca. This study investigates the phenolic response and [...] Read more.

Vegetative propagation of European grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) requires grafting onto American rootstocks due to susceptibility to phylloxera. However, the grafting yield is compromised by the presence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as Esca. This study investigates the phenolic response and enzyme activity in grapevine callus from grafts obtained by scions with different GTD status (healthy, asymptomatic, and symptomatic) treated with different disinfection methods (Beltanol, Beltanol in combination with thermotherapy, Serenade^® ASO, Remedier, BioAction ES, and sodium bicarbonate). Twenty-three phenolic compounds were identified in the graft callus, with flavanols, stilbenes, and condensed tannins predominating. Scion disinfection with BioAction ES led to a significant increase in total phenolic content in the callus, especially in symptomatic scions, for on average 510.3 µg/g fresh weight (FW) higher total phenolic content, compared to grafts where scions were treated with Beltanol. Phenolics such as epicatechin gallate, procyanidin derivatives, and resveratrol hexoside were significantly increased, indicating a strong elicitor effect of BioAction ES. Enzymatic activity analysis showed that the disinfection methods affected the activity of key enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. In particular, BioAction ES significantly increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in callus from grafts with healthy scions by 3.4-fold and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (FHT) activity in callus from grafts with infected scions by 4.9-fold (asymptomatic) and 6.9-fold (symptomatic) compared to callus from grafts with Beltanol-treated scions. The results highlight the potential of environmentally friendly disinfection methods, particularly BioAction ES, in influencing phenolic content and enzymatic activity in graft callus, potentially affecting the success of grapevine grafting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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12 pages, 3743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity Analysis of Alternaria alternata Associated with Leaf Spot Disease of Toona sinensis in China

by Xiansheng Geng, Huyun Mvchir, Jun Liu, Keda Hua, Qiang Miao and Jinping Shu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030279 - 5 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2462

Abstract

The tree species Toona sinensis has been cultivated in China for over 2000 years for multiple purposes. In 2022, leaf spots were detected on the leaves of T. sinensis in a germplasm resource nursery in Zhejiang Province, China. Symptomatic leaves were collected, and [...] Read more.

The tree species Toona sinensis has been cultivated in China for over 2000 years for multiple purposes. In 2022, leaf spots were detected on the leaves of T. sinensis in a germplasm resource nursery in Zhejiang Province, China. Symptomatic leaves were collected, and fungal isolation was conducted. Four fungal isolates resembling Alternaria were isolated from the diseased leaves. These isolates were identified as Alternaria alternata according to a combination of morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analysis. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, the pathogenicity of the selected isolate, YKHH, was tested on 2-year-old container seedlings of T. sinensis. Disease symptoms basically consistent with those observed in the field developed 12 days after inoculation (DAI) when either conidia or mycelia were used as the inoculum. Nevertheless, no visible symptoms developed on the leaves of the control groups. The fungi were reisolated from the diseased leaves, and both the morphological characteristics and three gene sequences (GAPDH, RPB2, and TEF1-α) of the reisolated fungi were consistent with those of the original YKHH isolate. Susceptibility trial results showed that family 55 of T. sinensis (F55) had the highest susceptibility to A. alternata, while family 28 of T. sinensis (F28), family 52 of T. sinensis (F52), and Toona ciliata var. pubescens (TCP) exhibited equal susceptibility to A. alternata. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata on T. sinensis in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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12 pages, 1470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects and Inhibition Mechanism of Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde in Controlling Scutellaria baicalensis Root Rot

by Li Wang, Xin Guo and Lirong Han

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030263 - 1 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

Scutellaria baicalensis Gorg is a medicinal herb of significant value in traditional Chinese medicine. Root rot is a major issue in S. baicalensis-producing areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether indole-3-carboxaldehyde, a metabolite derived from Purpureocillium lilacinum, has [...] Read more.

Scutellaria baicalensis Gorg is a medicinal herb of significant value in traditional Chinese medicine. Root rot is a major issue in S. baicalensis-producing areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether indole-3-carboxaldehyde, a metabolite derived from Purpureocillium lilacinum, has a significant effect on Fusarium solani (one of the main pathogenic fungi causing S. baicalensis root rot), and to clarify its antifungal mechanism. We evaluated the toxicity of indole-3-carboxaldehyde to F. solani using the growth rate assay and found that the EC₅₀ value was 59.563 μg/mL; we also performed additional pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. The effects of indole-3-carboxaldehyde on fungal hyphal morphology and ultrastructure were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Indole-3-carboxaldehyde was found to induce the disintegration of the mitochondrial double membrane in F. solani, as well as cause cell wall separation. Further probing into the effects of indole-3-carboxaldehyde on mitochondrial aspects was conducted using enzyme activity test kits and real-time quantitative PCR. The findings indicated that indole-3-carboxaldehyde decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential; reduces the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and GR enzymes; and hampers the growth of F. solani by suppressing the activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I, resulting in H₂O₂ accumulation. This disruption of the mitochondrial antioxidant pathway impedes the effective clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to the death of F. solani. Future studies of indole-3-carboxaldehyde should focus on its effect on metabolic pathways, which could facilitate the development of innovative pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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14 pages, 1917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carrier-Based Application of RsPod1EGY Phage to Effective Control Potato Bacterial Wilt

by Kamel M. Elhalag, Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Abdelnaser A. Elzaawely, Abeer H. Makhlouf, Sherine A. Elsaed, Hanafey F. Maswada, Tran Dang Xuan and Asmaa El-Nagar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030257 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2551

Abstract

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, poses a significant threat to Solanaceae crops, including potatoes. Traditionally, chemical bactericides have been the primary method of disease management. However, the excessive and repeated use of these chemicals has led to the emergence of resistant [...] Read more.

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, poses a significant threat to Solanaceae crops, including potatoes. Traditionally, chemical bactericides have been the primary method of disease management. However, the excessive and repeated use of these chemicals has led to the emergence of resistant R. solanacearum strains and raised environmental and safety concerns. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore bacteriophages as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical control. Specifically, we evaluated the efficacy of the bacteriophage RsPod1EGY as a biocontrol agent under greenhouse conditions to reduce disease severity and maintain potato productivity. To improve phage survival and activity, we tested six carrier types; compost, peat moss, clay soil, sandy soil, talc powder, and wheat bran. Our findings indicated that compost, talc powder, and wheat bran significantly prolonged the phage’s viability and activity, reducing disease severity by 90%, compared to 65% and 85% for peat moss and phage-alone treatments respectively. In contrast, pathogen control treatments resulted in complete plant mortality. Phage survival was enhanced in pathogen-infected soils, supporting its role in reducing R. solanacearum populations. Potato yield was preserved in compost and talc powder treatments comparable to pathogen-free controls. These results underscore the potential of integrating bacteriophage RsPod1EGY with suitable carriers for sustainable bacterial wilt management, highlighting the importance of delivery methods in agricultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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Open AccessCommunication

Occurrence of Pestalotiopsis sp. on Ornamental Plants Camellia japonica L. in Romanian Public Gardens

by Andreea-Mihaela Florea, Andrei-Mihai Gafencu, Florin-Daniel Lipșa, Iulian Gabur and Eugen Ulea

Horticulturae 2025, 11(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010093 - 15 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

Camellias are evergreen shrubs native to the eastern and southern regions of Asia. In Romania, camellias are popular ornamental plants grown in pots. Pestalotiopsis species have a worldwide distribution and are pathogenic to a wide range of hosts. They also represent an [...] Read more.

Camellias are evergreen shrubs native to the eastern and southern regions of Asia. In Romania, camellias are popular ornamental plants grown in pots. Pestalotiopsis species have a worldwide distribution and are pathogenic to a wide range of hosts. They also represent an important group of endophytes capable of producing a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites. This paper reports the occurrence of grey blight and twig or branch dieback caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. on Camellia japonica L. grown in pots and used in the landscaping of a public garden located in Iasi city, Romania (GPS coordinates: 47°09′24.0″ N 27°35′15.6″ E). Pestalotiopsis species were identified based on morphological characteristics and Sanger sequencing. Genomic analysis of the fungal isolate coded P_CJ_24, obtained from living plants, was based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region amplification using the LSU primers. This first report of Pestalotiopsis species infection of ornamental plants in Romania suggests that new plant pathogens can be introduced in new environmental conditions through plant pods and their incidence increases with the widespread of plant material among gardens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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