Current Oncology

15 pages, 1790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Prognostic Prediction in Head and Neck Cancer Through a Combined Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Prognostic Nutritional Index Score

by Takuya Miura, Hisashi Kessoku, Masato Nagaoka, Yohei Morishita, Toshiki Kobayashi and Hiromi Kojima

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010030 - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients [...] Read more.

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the coSII–PNI score (range, 0–2) derived from preoperative blood data. The optimal cutoff values for SII and PNI were 743 and 49, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the SII and PNI (r = −0.386, p < 0.01). Patients with a high coSII–PNI score (low SII + high PNI) showed significantly better disease-free and overall survival than those with lower scores (both p < 0.01). The areas under the curve for predicting prognosis were 0.649 for SII, 0.717 for PNI, and 0.730 for the coSII–PNI score. These findings indicate that integrating systemic inflammation and nutritional status improves prognostic accuracy compared with either index alone. Therefore, the coSII–PNI score may serve as a simple, practical preoperative biomarker for risk stratification in patients with head and neck cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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16 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Postoperative Survival Analysis of Elective Colorectal Cancer Surgery with Liver Cirrhosis: A Propensity-Matched Study

by Tsung-Jung Tsai, Kai-Jyun Syu, Xuan-Yuan Huang, Yu Shih Liu, Chang-Wei Chen, Yu-Yao Chang, Yen-Hang Wu and Tsung Chuang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010029 - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Liver cirrhosis increases perioperative risk in colorectal cancer surgery, yet data on long-term outcomes remain limited. In this study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in cirrhotic patients. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort, 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing elective colectomy or [...] Read more.

Background: Liver cirrhosis increases perioperative risk in colorectal cancer surgery, yet data on long-term outcomes remain limited. In this study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in cirrhotic patients. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort, 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing elective colectomy or proctectomy (2011–2022) were propensity score-matched 1:1 with non-cirrhotic controls. Perioperative variables, complications, and survival were analyzed. Subgroup analyses were performed for right hemicolectomy and non-right hemicolectomy procedures. Kaplan–Meier and logistic regression analyses were implemented to assess outcomes and risk factors. Results: Cirrhotic patients had higher preoperative MELD-Na scores and lower albumin and hemoglobin levels. They experienced greater blood loss, longer operative times, more ICU admissions, and higher rates of major complications (18.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.01). Mortality was higher at in-hospital (7.5% vs. 0%), 3-month (9.4% vs. 0%), and 60-month (66% vs. 28.3%) intervals, and these patients’ overall survival was shorter (70.7 vs. 116.8 months, p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that the adverse impact of cirrhosis persisted for both right hemicolectomy and non-right hemicolectomy procedures, with significantly worse long-term survival in cirrhotic patients. Postoperative complications after right hemicolectomy did not differ significantly between groups. Among cirrhotic patients, Child–Turcotte–Pugh class B predicted worse survival than class A (40.1 vs. 84.8 months, p = 0.006). Preoperative hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL) independently predicted long-term mortality (HR = 3.93). Conclusions: Elective colorectal surgery in patients with cirrhosis is associated with increased perioperative complications and significantly reduced long-term survival. However, postoperative outcomes after right hemicolectomy in cirrhotic patients were comparable to those of non-cirrhotic patients, despite their persistently poorer long-term survival. Optimization of nutritional status and careful preoperative assessment of hepatic reserve are essential to improving outcomes in this high-risk population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Advances in the Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers)

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17 pages, 1254 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Multiple Endocrinology Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Related to Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Two Cases of TNBC Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review

by Khashayar Yazdanpanah Ardakani, Gaia Passarella, Andrea Gerardo Antonio Lania, Thoma Dario Clementi, Alessandro Fanti, Francesca Fulvia Pepe, Serena Capici and Marina Elena Cazzaniga

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010028 - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, showed promising results in the treatment of different types of solid tumors and generally an improvement in overall survival and patients’ outcome. However, as a drug that targets the immune system to enhance the anti-tumor response, it simultaneously [...] Read more.

Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, showed promising results in the treatment of different types of solid tumors and generally an improvement in overall survival and patients’ outcome. However, as a drug that targets the immune system to enhance the anti-tumor response, it simultaneously increases the risk of autoimmune reactions, producing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These irAEs might involve any body organ, and in some cases may lead to treatment discontinuation. In this article, we discuss two cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, who developed irAEs during the course of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab, highlighting the mechanism of the reactions, possible clinical manifestations, and potential management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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19 pages, 3098 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Olanzapine Plus Triple Antiemetic Therapy for the Prevention of Platinum-Based Delayed-Phase Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-Analysis

by Wenlin Gong, Hongxin Qie, Yuxiang Xu, Peiyuan Wang, Jinglin Gao and Mingxia Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010027 - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common treatment-related side effect that has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients with cancer and may lead to dose reductions or discontinuation of chemotherapy. This meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy [...] Read more.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common treatment-related side effect that has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients with cancer and may lead to dose reductions or discontinuation of chemotherapy. This meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy and safety of olanzapine plus triple antiemetic therapy for prevention of delayed-phase platinum-based CINV. Methods: Electronic databases (five English databases: (I) PubMed, (II) ScienceDirect, (III) The Cochrane Library, (IV) Scopus, and (V) EMBASE, and two Chinese databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database) were searched for trials that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine plus triple antiemetic in preventing platinum-based CINV. Efficacy was no nausea, complete control, and complete response (CR) rates in the acute, delayed, and overall phases after chemotherapy. Data were analyzed using the random effects model and fixed effects model. Results: A total of 18 trials involving 3110 patients were identified, including 9 controlled trials and 9 single-arm trials. The meta-analysis of nine studies, which showed significant heterogeneity (p = 0.002, I² = 67%), demonstrated that the olanzapine (OLN) group had a significantly higher rate of delayed CR compared to the control group (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.57–3.46, p < 0.00001). Compared with the Without OLN group, the With OLN group had a significant overall CR (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.80–2.63, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: p < 0.00001, I² = 69%), and a significant acute CR (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.45–3.58, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: p = 0.04, I² = 51%). The meta-analysis revealed that the With OLN group could significantly increase the risk of dry mouth compared to the Without OLN group (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.73–3.91). In terms of insomnia, the odds ratio for the With OLN group was significantly lower than that for the Without OLN group (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.41–0.89). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis provide robust evidence that adding olanzapine to standard triple therapy significantly improves the prevention of platinum-based delayed-phase CINV, a setting where current antiemetic regimens often prove suboptimal. However, it also increases the risk of certain adverse events, especially dry mouth. Clinical decisions should be made based on a thorough assessment of the therapeutic benefits and safety risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

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14 pages, 1864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolving Practices in Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Impact of the 2015 ATA Guidelines

by Benard Gjeloshi, Leonardo Rossi, Carlo Enrico Ambrosini, Chiara Becucci, Piermarco Papini, Andrea De Palma, Luigi De Napoli, Marco Puccini and Gabriele Materazzi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010026 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The extent of initial surgical resection for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains debated. Traditionally, total thyroidectomy (TT) has been the standard approach, although the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines endorsed a more conservative strategy. The real-world adoption of these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The extent of initial surgical resection for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains debated. Traditionally, total thyroidectomy (TT) has been the standard approach, although the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines endorsed a more conservative strategy. The real-world adoption of these recommendations, however, is unclear. This study evaluated changes in the surgical management of low-risk PTC in a high-volume center following the implementation of the ATA guidelines and analyzed the impact on postoperative outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 1644 patients who underwent surgery for localized low-risk PTC < 4 cm between 2014 and 2023. Temporal trends in the initial surgical procedure (TT vs. thyroid lobectomy [TL]) were analyzed overall and by tumor size and patient demographics. The need for completion thyroidectomy after TL and postoperative outcomes were also assessed. Results: The use of TL increased from 0% in 2014 to 59.4% in 2023 (p < 0.001). For microcarcinomas, TL rose from 17.5% in 2016 to 78% in 2023, with similar but less pronounced trends for 1–2 cm tumors. TT remained predominant for nodules > 2 cm. The completion thyroidectomy rate declined from 32% in 2016 to 4% in 2022. Patients undergoing TT experienced higher rates of postoperative complications (12.4% vs. 3.0%), particularly transient hypoparathyroidism (8.9% vs. 0%), and permanent hypoparathyroidism (1.8% vs. 0%), as well as longer operative time and hospital stay (all p < 0.001). The incidence of hypoparathyroidism decreased over time as TL use increased. Conclusions: Adoption of the 2015 ATA guidelines has progressively increased the use of TL in the management of low-risk PTC. This shift in surgical practice is associated with a reduction in the overall postoperative complication burden at the population level, largely driven by decreased hypoparathyroidism. Although guideline uptake has been gradual, current trends suggest increasing acceptance of less aggressive surgical strategies in routine clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Thyroid Cancer Management)

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39 pages, 825 KB

Open AccessReview

Reawakening Differentiation Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Comprehensive Review of ATRA-Based Combination Strategies

by Shinichiro Takahashi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010025 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has transformed the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by inducing terminal myeloid differentiation. However, its efficacy in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited. Exploring combination strategies that enhance ATRA-induced differentiation may broaden its therapeutic potential. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has transformed the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by inducing terminal myeloid differentiation. However, its efficacy in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited. Exploring combination strategies that enhance ATRA-induced differentiation may broaden its therapeutic potential. (2) Methods: A literature search of PubMed using the keywords “ATRA,” “myeloid,” and “differentiation inducer or enhancer” identified more than 500 published papers as of November 2025. Pre-clinical and clinical studies were reviewed, with a focus on mechanisms, combination partners, and translational relevance. (3) Results: Clinical evidence confirms that ATRA combined with arsenic trioxide or epigenetic modulators achieves high remission rates in APL and selected AML subtypes. Pre-clinical studies show synergistic differentiation effects when ATRA is combined with CDK and kinase inhibitors, nucleotide synthesis inhibitors, DNA-damaging agents, Bcl-2/MDM2 inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, cytokines, glycosylation modifiers, natural products, and antibiotic-derived compounds. Mechanistically, these combinations modulate key signaling pathways (MAPK, Akt, JAK/STAT), stabilize RARα, remodel chromatin, and perturb nucleotide metabolism. Although translation to non-APL AML remains limited, these findings provide a rational basis for future clinical trials. (4) ATRA-based combination therapies represent a promising strategy to extend differentiation therapy beyond APL. This review, authored solely by the investigator, highlights molecular targets and potential enhancers warranting further clinical evaluation in AML. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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24 pages, 345 KB

Open AccessReview

Is Moderately Hypofractionated Radiotherapy a Safe and Effective Strategy for Cervical Cancer?—A Review of Current Evidence

by Hui Xiao, Fuxin Guo, Zhenyu Wang, Kangjia Pei, Shuhua Wei, Ang Qu, Junjie Wang and Ping Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010024 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite advancements in HPV vaccination and screening. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a critical role in managing CC, but conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) is limited by long treatment [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite advancements in HPV vaccination and screening. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a critical role in managing CC, but conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) is limited by long treatment durations, which reduce patient adherence, increase the risk of treatment interruptions, and impair healthcare access in LMICs. Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy (MHRT) may offer a promising alternative, delivering higher doses per fraction with fewer total fractions, thus shortening treatment duration and alleviating the burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Early clinical data suggest that MHRT achieve acceptable short- to medium-term tumor control with manageable toxicity. However, the small sample sizes and limited follow-up in published studies preclude definitive conclusions about long-term efficacy and safety. This review synthesizes the existing clinical evidence to outline the potential benefits and inherent limitations of MHRT in CC management and highlight the need for future large-scale, long-term randomized controlled trials with rigorous quality assurance protocols. These findings also have implications for the potential implementation of MHRT in LMICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

16 pages, 795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Self-Esteem and Self-Perceived Burden on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients with Ovarian Cancer: Does Age Matter?

by Lei Dou, Li Liu, Zhichen Liu, Yajing Wang, Hui Guo, Yiqun Xiao, Meizhu Pan, Yuli Song, Hui Wu and Yi Zhang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010023 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, is characterized by a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study examined the mediating role of self-perceived burden (SPB) in the impact of self-esteem on HRQoL and whether age moderated the associations among [...] Read more.

Background: Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, is characterized by a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study examined the mediating role of self-perceived burden (SPB) in the impact of self-esteem on HRQoL and whether age moderated the associations among ovarian cancer patients. Methods: 203 patients effectively completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and SPB scale, respectively. For the FACT-G, physical (PWB), social/family (SFWB), emotional (EWB), and functional well-being (FWB) were scored separately. Results: Significant mediation of SPB in the impacts of self-esteem on PWB (a × b = 0.074, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.153), EWB (a × b = 0.048, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.125), and FWB (a × b = 0.056, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.114) were revealed. Age positively moderated the impact of self-esteem on SPB (β = 0.159, p < 0.05), and the associations of SPB with PWB (β = 0.173, p < 0.05) and EWB (β = 0.240, p < 0.01), indicating a moderated mediation. Conclusions: Ovarian cancer patients’ self-esteem could improve the PWB, EWB, and FWB domains of HRQoL by reducing SPB. Age could attenuate SPB’s mediation in the impacts of self-esteem on PWB and EWB, indicating stronger impacts in younger patients. Clinical programs integrating components that strengthen self-esteem and reduce SPB may be particularly beneficial for younger women with ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

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14 pages, 248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychosocial Barriers and Social Perceptions in Oncology Patients with Tracheostomy: Case–Control Study

by Tomasz Jurys, Milena Orzażewska, Karolina Klimek, Eliza Działach, Jarosław Markowski and Mateusz Grajek

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010022 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Patients with respiratory tract malignancies who undergo tracheostomy often experience profound psychosocial challenges related to visible anatomical changes and altered communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychosocial barriers and perceived social acceptance in patients living with a tracheostomy, compared with [...] Read more.

Patients with respiratory tract malignancies who undergo tracheostomy often experience profound psychosocial challenges related to visible anatomical changes and altered communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychosocial barriers and perceived social acceptance in patients living with a tracheostomy, compared with patients treated for similar cancers without requiring a tracheostomy. A matched case–control study with frequency matching at the group level was conducted including 150 patients with permanent tracheostomies and 150 matched controls treated with organ-preserving approaches. Groups were frequency-matched at the group level based on age, sex, primary tumor site, and disease stage at diagnosis. Participants completed a study-specific questionnaire assessing social withdrawal, self-consciousness, and perceived reactions of others using a five-point Likert scale. A composite Psychosocial Barrier Score was calculated, and subgroup analyses examined differences according to gender and age. Patients with tracheostomies demonstrated significantly higher psychosocial burden than controls, with markedly elevated composite scores and higher endorsement of stigma-related items. Female and younger patients within the tracheostomy group reported the greatest psychosocial difficulties, including increased social avoidance and reduced confidence in public settings. In contrast, gender- and age-related differences were minimal in the control group. These findings indicate that tracheostomy is strongly associated with heightened psychosocial barriers and perceived social stigma, particularly among younger and female patients. Integrating targeted psychosocial support into routine post-treatment care may be essential to improve social reintegration and quality of life in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

19 pages, 590 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Reducing Chemoresistance in Advanced Ovarian Cancer: The Effect of Itraconazole—A Single-Institution Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Ahmed E. S. Besheir, Sahar M. El-Hagar, Hesham A. Tawfik and Tarek M. Mostafa

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010021 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The five-year survival rate of patients with ovarian cancer remains less than 50%, secondary to chemotherapy resistance. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effects of itraconazole as a supplementary treatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin on malignancy response and in preventing the [...] Read more.

Background: The five-year survival rate of patients with ovarian cancer remains less than 50%, secondary to chemotherapy resistance. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effects of itraconazole as a supplementary treatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin on malignancy response and in preventing the initial development of chemoresistance in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced ovarian epithelial cancer. Method: This randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study involved 60 chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced epithelial ovarian malignancy who were randomized into two arms; the placebo and itraconazole groups. The placebo group received six chemotherapy cycles and four inactive capsules, while the itraconazole group received six chemotherapy cycles and 400 mg oral itraconazole for five days per cycle. Results: Following completion of six chemotherapy cycles and when contrasted with the control arm, the itraconazole arm demonstrated statistically significant improvements in tumor response. The objective response rate was 80% in the itraconazole group compared with 47% in the placebo group (p = 0.015), while the disease control rate was 100% versus 80%, respectively (p = 0.023). The median progression-free survival (PFS), defined as the time point at which 50% of patients experienced disease progression or death, was 13.5 months for the overall study population. PFS was evaluated as a fixed-time endpoint at 18 months following completion of chemotherapy for the overall study population. Progression-free survival was significantly improved in the itraconazole group, with 70% of patients remaining progression-free compared with 26.7% in the placebo group (p = 0.001). Also, the itraconazole group produced significant declines in the serum levels of CA-125 (p = 0.005) and p-glycoprotein (p = 0.042) with significant elevation in VEGFR-2 (p = 0.006) as compared to the control group. Itraconazole was safe and its use was associated with a significant improvement in the quality of life (QOL). Conclusions: Itraconazole could represent a promising add-on therapy to enhance tumor response to chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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22 pages, 1459 KB

Open AccessReview

A Canadian Perspective on Perioperative Systemic Therapy in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

by Saqib Raza Khan, Enxhi Kotrri, Daniel Breadner, Vijayananda Kundapur and Mita Manna

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010020 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

The management strategies in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed over the last few years. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and conventional chemotherapy, patients with resectable NSCLC remained at high risk of future recurrence. Clinical trials have demonstrated improvements in response [...] Read more.

The management strategies in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed over the last few years. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and conventional chemotherapy, patients with resectable NSCLC remained at high risk of future recurrence. Clinical trials have demonstrated improvements in response rates, pathological outcomes, and survival with the perioperative approach. Considering the findings of these landmark trials, there is a pressing need to contextualize and incorporate these global developments into the national practice framework. This review outlines key developments from recent clinical trials, with a focus on perioperative strategies in early-stage operable NSCLC from a Canadian perspective. We discuss the integration of checkpoint inhibitors in the perioperative setting for patients without actionable genomic alterations, adjuvant targeted therapies for EGFR and ALK mutant disease, and emerging tools such as ctDNA based minimal residual disease monitoring. The article also addresses the practical challenges of implementing these advances within the Canadian healthcare system, including systemic therapy approvals, barriers, and importance of multidisciplinary care to guide clinicians in optimizing patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer)

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23 pages, 713 KB

Open AccessReview

Combination Cancer Therapy and Reference Models for Assessing Drug Synergy in Glioblastoma

by Semyon A. Sinyavskiy, Nelly S. Chmelyuk, Daria Yu. Travnikova, Vsevolod V. Belousov and Tatiana O. Abakumova

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010019 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Glioblastoma is currently an incurable disease despite the development of a wide variety of therapeutic approaches, from surgical methods to immunotherapy. In current clinical practice, treatment typically involves a combination of existing methods, often comprising three stages: tumor resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Modern [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma is currently an incurable disease despite the development of a wide variety of therapeutic approaches, from surgical methods to immunotherapy. In current clinical practice, treatment typically involves a combination of existing methods, often comprising three stages: tumor resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Modern research offers improved chemotherapy strategies, as well as combinations of chemotherapy with immunotherapy. However, the efficacy of these therapies is profoundly influenced by factors such as tumor and peritumoral heterogeneity, alongside complex molecular signaling pathways. Optimizing glioma treatment requires a rigorous mechanistic understanding of individual approaches and their synergistic effects. This review comprehensively details current glioblastoma therapeutic strategies and critically evaluates key reference models for assessing combination therapy efficacy and their inherent limitations. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and models will refine the investigation of observed therapeutic effects and accelerate the translation of promising in vitro approaches to effective clinical management of malignant gliomas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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20 pages, 2317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lessons from a National Liquid Biopsy Program to Provide Cancer Testing and Treatment for Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

by Anna Lapuk, Benjamin L. S. Furman, Pedro Feijao, Ebru Baran, Sonal Brahmbhatt, Betty Chan, Ka Mun Nip, Adrian Kense, Brenda Murphy, Ruth Miller, Vincent Funari, Alicja Parker, Melissa K. McConechy, Shaqil Kassam, Arif A. Awan, Bryan Lo, Daniel Breadner, Barry D. Stein and David G. Huntsman

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010018 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Personalized cancer treatment depends on the accurate and timely detection of the patient tumor variants. LBx enables minimally invasive tumor mutation profiling. We report results of a pan-Canadian LBx program for patients with advanced solid tumors. Plasma samples were tested at Imagia Canexia [...] Read more.

Personalized cancer treatment depends on the accurate and timely detection of the patient tumor variants. LBx enables minimally invasive tumor mutation profiling. We report results of a pan-Canadian LBx program for patients with advanced solid tumors. Plasma samples were tested at Imagia Canexia Health accredited laboratory using the clinically validated Follow It 38-gene panel. A proprietary platform was used to identify clinically relevant variants in the circulating tumor DNA and report results following accepted international guidelines on clinical significance. A total of 4229 eligible patients submitted samples for LBx testing, and reports for 97% of them were delivered within ~8 days. More than 80% of Canadian oncologists from >150 institutions across 12 provinces (11% from rural centers) participated in the project. The patient cohort consisted mostly of advanced or metastatic lung, breast, and colon cancers. ctDNA mutations were detected in >50% of cases, and clinical trials were recommended for 76% of all participants. Health economics modeling analysis found that Follow It^® in combination with tissue biopsy was cost-saving and resulted in an additional 0.1138 QALYs gained relative to tissue biopsy alone. The successful pan-Canadian implementation of a cost-effective, robust LBx testing program demonstrated its sustained demand and feasibility, and its potential economic and health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology Biomarkers)

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15 pages, 1007 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shifting Survival Horizons in Advanced Ovarian Cancer: A Conditional Survival Perspective

by Aydan Farzaliyeva, Huseyin Akilli, Ozden Altundag, Esra Kuscu and Nejat Ozgul

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010017 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is defined by biological heterogeneity and poor outcomes, and traditional survival metrics fail to reflect the evolving nature of prognosis as patients survive longer. This study aimed to evaluate conditional survival (CS) in advanced EOC using both overall [...] Read more.

Advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is defined by biological heterogeneity and poor outcomes, and traditional survival metrics fail to reflect the evolving nature of prognosis as patients survive longer. This study aimed to evaluate conditional survival (CS) in advanced EOC using both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) metrics to provide a dynamic understanding of long-term outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 808 patients with FIGO stage III–IV EOC who underwent surgery at Baskent University Ankara Hospital between 2004 and 2024. CS estimates were calculated for additional 1- and 5-year intervals among patients who had already survived 6 months, 1, 3, or 5 years after surgery. Median OS and PFS were 4.37 and 1.70 years, respectively. Peritoneal dissemination and platinum resistance were independent predictors of poor survival. Approximately 11% of patients achieved survival beyond ten years. The 1-year CS-OS increased from 87% at 6 months to 95% at 5 years, while the 5-year CS-OS rose from 49% to 66%; corresponding CS-PFS values increased from 89% to 95% and from 44% to 62%. Conditional survival analysis underscores that prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer is not static but continually improves with time survived and sustained disease control. These insights redefine long-term outcomes and provide a modern foundation for individualized patient counseling and survivorship planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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21 pages, 2296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Real-World Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Multiple Myeloma in Argentina and Brazil: Insights from the TOTEMM Study in the Private Healthcare Sector

by Vania Hungria, Angelo Maiolino, Roberto Jose Pessoa de Magalhães, Filho, Marcelo Pitombeira de Lacerda, Guillermina Remaggi, Paula Scibona, Cristian Seehaus, Erika Brulc, Nadia Savoy, Dorotea Fantl, Claudia Soares, Gabriela Abreu, Juliana Queiroz, Graziela Bernardino, Straus Tanaka, Mariano Carrizo, Ventura A. Simonovich, Tais Bertoldo Teixeira Fernandes and Bhumika Aggarwal

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010016 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

As treatments for multiple myeloma (MM) evolve, there is a need for real-world insights into treatment patterns and outcomes. The treatment practices and clinical outcomes in patients with MM (TOTEMM) was a database study (2018–2024) of newly [...] Read more.

As treatments for multiple myeloma (MM) evolve, there is a need for real-world insights into treatment patterns and outcomes. The treatment practices and clinical outcomes in patients with MM (TOTEMM) was a database study (2018–2024) of newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible patients with MM in Argentina (TOTEMM-A) and Brazil (TOTEMM-B) in a private healthcare setting. In TOTEMM-A (n = 72) and TOTEMM-B (n = 892), 37 and 92 different drug regimens were reported, respectively. In each country, treatment duration reduced across lines of therapy (LOT) (TOTEMM-A: range, 6.2–3.4 months; TOTEMM-B: range, 4.4–3.5 months); attrition rates increased across LOT (TOTEMM-A: range, 52.8–86.1%; TOTEMM-B: range, 41.9–88.0%); triplet regimens (mainly bortezomib based) were used most frequently in first-line (1L); >75% relapsed within 12 months, regardless of the drug prescribed; over 90% of relapses occurred between 1L and second-line, and up to half of patients were rechallenged with the same drug; >65% of patients experienced disease progression after 1L; and the 1- to 5-year adjusted cumulative risk of progression or death increased across LOT (TOTEMM-A: range, 47.1–88.5%; TOTEMM-B: range, 40.4–91.7%). The rapid and marked progression underscores the urgent need for novel treatments and regimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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43 pages, 701 KB

Open AccessConference Report

The Canadian Breast Cancer Symposium 2025: Meeting Report

by Christine Brezden-Masley, Katarzyna J. Jerzak, Nancy A. Nixon, Anne Koch, Amanda Roberts, Jean-François Boileau, May Lynn Quan, MJ DeCoteau and Tulin D. Cil

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010015 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

The 2025 Canadian Breast Cancer Symposium (CBCS) brought together patients, clinicians and researchers from across Canada to discuss advances shaping personalized breast cancer care. Key updates in systemic therapy highlighted expanding treatment options, including CDK4/6 inhibitors, oral SERDs, PI3K/AKT-targeted therapies, and antibody–drug conjugates [...] Read more.

The 2025 Canadian Breast Cancer Symposium (CBCS) brought together patients, clinicians and researchers from across Canada to discuss advances shaping personalized breast cancer care. Key updates in systemic therapy highlighted expanding treatment options, including CDK4/6 inhibitors, oral SERDs, PI3K/AKT-targeted therapies, and antibody–drug conjugates across early and metastatic settings. Radiation oncology sessions emphasized treatment de-escalation, featuring evidence for ultra-hypofractionation, selective omission of nodal irradiation, and stereotactic strategies to manage oligoprogression. Surgical presentations focused on reducing morbidity through tailored axillary management and emerging techniques to prevent lymphedema. Advances in the management of central nervous system metastases underscored the growing synergy between stereotactic radiotherapy and CNS-active systemic therapies. Informed by patient testimony and advocacy perspectives, experts reflected on persistent gaps in diagnosis, access, and survivorship that shape priorities for future improvements. Together, these insights outline key directions that help to refine clinical practice and guide future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low HALP Score Predicts Prolonged Hospitalization in Solid Tumor Patients with Febrile Neutropenia

by Salih Karatlı and Doğan Yazılıtaş

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010014 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious chemotherapy-related complication in patients with solid tumors. Identifying simple and accessible biomarkers that can predict prolonged hospitalization may support early risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Methods: This retrospective study included 169 adults hospitalized with FN between [...] Read more.

Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious chemotherapy-related complication in patients with solid tumors. Identifying simple and accessible biomarkers that can predict prolonged hospitalization may support early risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Methods: This retrospective study included 169 adults hospitalized with FN between January 2023 and January 2025. Immunonutritional indices, including the Hemoglobin-Albumin-Lymphocyte-Platelet (HALP) score, the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), as well as the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia (CISNE) score were calculated. HALP and PNI were categorized using ROC-derived cut-offs based on the Youden Index. Prolonged hospital stay was defined as a binary variable based on the cohort median (>9 days). Spearman correlation, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify predictors of prolonged hospitalization. Results: HALP showed a significant negative correlation with hospitalization duration (r = −0.469; p < 0.001), as did serum albumin (r = −0.184; p = 0.017) and PNI (r = −0.273; p < 0.001). CAR (p = 0.617) and neutrophil count (p = 0.955) demonstrated no correlation. In univariate logistic regression, low HALP (p < 0.001), low PNI (p = 0.001), intermediate CISNE (p = 0.002), high CISNE (p < 0.001), microbiological culture positivity (p < 0.001), and sex (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization. Age, comorbidity status, metastatic stage, and CAR were not significant. In the multivariate model, low HALP (p < 0.001), intermediate CISNE (p = 0.007), high CISNE (p < 0.001), and culture positivity (p < 0.001) remained independent predictors. PNI (p = 0.400) and sex (p = 0.176) did not retain significance. Conclusions: A Low HALP score, higher CISNE risk categories, and microbiological culture positivity independently predicted prolonged hospitalization in FN. HALP, as a simple and inexpensive immunonutritional marker, may enhance early FN risk assessment when used alongside validated clinical tools such as CISNE or MASCC. Full article

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15 pages, 4720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Value of the PET/CT-Derived Maximum Standardized Uptake Value Combined with the Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Hepatectomy

by Tianyi Zhou and Chaoliu Dai

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010013 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: We aimed to evaluate ability of a novel scoring system that combines fluorodeoxyglucose-uptake parameters and systemic inflammatory response indicators to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. Methods: Clinical data were collected from patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy at our hospital in 2014–2022. [...] Read more.

Background: We aimed to evaluate ability of a novel scoring system that combines fluorodeoxyglucose-uptake parameters and systemic inflammatory response indicators to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. Methods: Clinical data were collected from patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy at our hospital in 2014–2022. The tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) was adopted as a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) standardized uptake value (SUV)-related indicator and calculated as the ratio of the SUV_max of tumor tissue to the SUV_mean of normal liver tissue. The patients’ immune microenvironment reflected the NLR. Postoperative overall survival (OS)- and disease-free survival (DFS)-related independent prognostic factors were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Results: Eighty-nine patients were included. TLR, NLR, and alpha-fetoprotein levels were independently associated with OS and DFS. The OS and DFS in the zero-point group were significantly longer than those in the one- and two-point groups. Time-dependent ROC curve analyses revealed area under the curve values of 0.830 and 0.752 for 5-year OS and DFS, respectively, for the scoring system, outperforming single evaluation indices. Conclusions: The proposed scoring system, which incorporates both TLR and NLR, simultaneously reflects metabolic tumor characteristics and the host’s immune microenvironment, enabling more accurate patients with early to intermediate-stage HCC undergoing hepatectomy classification and better prognostic evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Management of Patients with Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Malignancies)

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12 pages, 321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patient Concerns Inventory for Arabic Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Preliminary Validation

by Abdullah M. Alsoghier, Bader A. Alwhaibi, Abdullah F. Alnuwaybit, Simon N. Rogers and Saif A. Aljabab

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010012 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatments often lead to significant post-treatment side effects that affect patients’ quality of life. This study aimed to translate and validate the post-treatment Patient Concerns Inventory for head and neck (PCI-HN) into Arabic among HNC survivors. Methods: [...] Read more.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatments often lead to significant post-treatment side effects that affect patients’ quality of life. This study aimed to translate and validate the post-treatment Patient Concerns Inventory for head and neck (PCI-HN) into Arabic among HNC survivors. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design, where PCI-HN was translated and assessed for content and face validity by clinical experts and patients, respectively. Revisions to multiple items related to ‘social and religious welfare’. Patients’ responses were then analysed to assess internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability (Cohen’s Kappa). Results: Thirty-eight participants (19 males, 19 females, mean age 50.68 ± 16.13 years) were included. The Arabic PCI-HN demonstrated good overall internal consistency (α = 0.723) but fair test–retest agreement (κ = 0.22), likely reflecting dynamic changes in HNC post-treatment experiences. Conclusion: The Ar-PCI-HN can be a helpful instrument for capturing distinct aspects of the survivorship experience among Arabic-speaking HNC survivors. Determining the clinical interpretability and ability to detect changes over time requires further multi-centre and multi-country clinical studies. This would be necessary to ensure its integration into routine outpatient consultations for Arabic-speaking patients in Arab countries and globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patient-Reported Outcomes Including Health-Related Quality of Life in Cancer Clinical Trials)

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