Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Antioxidants antioxidants	6.0	10.6	2012	16.9 Days	CHF 2900
Foods foods	4.7	7.4	2012	14.5 Days	CHF 2900
Molecules molecules	4.2	7.4	1996	15.1 Days	CHF 2700
Oxygen oxygen	-	-	2021	19 Days	CHF 1000
Plants plants	4.0	6.5	2012	18.9 Days	CHF 2700

14 pages, 2397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Profile and Bioactivity Changes of Lotus Seedpod and Litchi Pericarp Procyanidins: Effect of Probiotic Bacteria Biotransformation

by Junren Wen, Yong Sui, Shuyi Li, Jianbin Shi, Sha Cai, Tian Xiong, Fang Cai, Lei Zhou, Shengnan Zhao and Xin Mei

Antioxidants 2023, 12(11), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111974 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

Theoretically, lactic acid bacteria (LABs) could degrade polyphenols into small molecular compounds. In this study, the biotransformation of lotus seedpod and litchi pericarp procyanidins by Lactobacillus plantarum 90 (Lp90), Streptococcus thermophilus 81 (ST81), Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001), [...] Read more.

Theoretically, lactic acid bacteria (LABs) could degrade polyphenols into small molecular compounds. In this study, the biotransformation of lotus seedpod and litchi pericarp procyanidins by Lactobacillus plantarum 90 (Lp90), Streptococcus thermophilus 81 (ST81), Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001), and Pediococcus pentosus 06 (PP06) were analysed. The growth curve results indicated that procyanidins did not significantly inhibit the proliferation of LABs. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC–HRMS) revealed that procyanidin B2 and procyanidin B3 in lotus seedpod decreased by 62.85% and 25.45%, respectively, with ST81 metabolised, while kaempferol and syringetin 3-O-glucoside content increased. Although bioconversion did not increase the inhibitory function of procyanidins against glycosylation end-products in vitro, the 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of litchi pericarp procyanidins increased by 157.34% and 6.8%, respectively, after ST81 biotransformation. These findings may inspire further studies of biological metabolism of other polyphenols and their effects on biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 3287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Andrographolide Induces ROS-Mediated Cytotoxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Compromised Cell Integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by Tanaporn Phetruen, Bloem van Dam and Sittinan Chanarat

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091765 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2224

Abstract

Andrographolide, a bioactive compound found in Andrographis paniculata, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic properties. Despite its promising benefits, the understanding of its side effects and underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we investigated the impact of andrographolide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [...] Read more.

Andrographolide, a bioactive compound found in Andrographis paniculata, has gained significant attention for its potential therapeutic properties. Despite its promising benefits, the understanding of its side effects and underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we investigated the impact of andrographolide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and observed that andrographolide induced cytotoxicity, particularly when oxidative phosphorylation was active. Furthermore, andrographolide affected various cellular processes, including vacuole fragmentation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid droplet accumulation, reactive oxygen species levels, and compromised cell integrity. Moreover, we unexpectedly observed that andrographolide induced the precipitation of biomolecules secreted from yeast cells, adding an additional source of stress. Overall, this study provides insights into the cellular effects and potential mechanisms of andrographolide in yeast, shedding light on its side effects and underlying cytotoxicity pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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22 pages, 5998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Enzyme−Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus and Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights

by Xueyan Wang, Yuanyuan Su, Jianqing Su, Jiaojiao Xue, Rui Zhang, Xiaoli Li, Ying Li, Yi Ding and Xiuling Chu

Molecules 2023, 28(18), 6585; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186585 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2654

Abstract

To obtain the optimal process for the enzyme−assisted aqueous extraction of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus, and study the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides of different molecular weights, the extraction of Acanthopanax polysaccharides was optimized using the BBD response surface test. The polysaccharides with [...] Read more.

To obtain the optimal process for the enzyme−assisted aqueous extraction of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus, and study the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides of different molecular weights, the extraction of Acanthopanax polysaccharides was optimized using the BBD response surface test. The polysaccharides with different molecular weights were obtained by ethanol−graded precipitation at 40%, 60%, and 80%, which were presented as ASPS40, ASPS60, and ASPS80. The polysaccharides were analyzed by HPGPC, ion chromatography, FT−IR, UV, SEM, TGA, XRD, Congo red, and I₂−KI tests. The antioxidant assay was used to evaluate their antioxidant properties in vitro. The findings demonstrated that the recovery rate of Acanthopanax polysaccharide was 10.53 ± 0.682%, which is about 2.5 times greater compared to the conventional method of hot water extraction. Based on FT−IR, TGA, polysaccharides with different molecular weights did not differ in their structure or thermal stability. The XRD suggests that the internal structure of ASPSs is amorphous. Congo red and I₂−KI showed that all three polysaccharides had triple helix structures with longer branched chains and more side chains. Furthermore, the antioxidant results showed the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is not only related to the molecular weight size but also can be related to its composition and structure. These studies developed a green, and scalable method to produce polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus and evaluated the properties of Acanthopanax polysaccharides of different molecular weights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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23 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Wild Strawberry Tree and Hawthorn Extracts Fortification on Functional, Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties of Yogurt

by Teresa Herrera, Maite Iriondo-DeHond, Ana Ramos Sanz, Ana Isabel Bautista and Eugenio Miguel

Foods 2023, 12(18), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12183332 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

The composition analyses and health-promoting properties (antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties) of wild fruit extracts and the effect of the incorporation of strawberry tree (STE) and hawthorn (HTE) extracts on the physicochemical, instrumental textural, microbiological, and sensory parameters of yogurts were evaluated. [...] Read more.

The composition analyses and health-promoting properties (antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties) of wild fruit extracts and the effect of the incorporation of strawberry tree (STE) and hawthorn (HTE) extracts on the physicochemical, instrumental textural, microbiological, and sensory parameters of yogurts were evaluated. The incorporation of wild fruit extracts in yogurt increased antioxidant and antidiabetic properties (inhibition of digestive α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase enzymatic activities) compared to the control, without decreasing their sensory quality or acceptance by consumers. The hawthorn yogurt (YHTE) showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and ORAC methods). Yogurts containing wild fruit extracts and dietary fiber achieved high overall acceptance scores (6.16–7.04) and showed stable physicochemical, textural, and microbiological properties. Therefore, the use of wild fruit extracts and inulin-type fructans as ingredients in yogurt manufacture stands as a first step towards the development of non-added sugar dairy foods for sustainable health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Flavonoidome Reveals the Different Health-Promoting Flavonoid Characteristics in Fruit

by Chi Zhang, Yao Zhao, Han Tao, Linying Li, Yuqing He, Xueying Zhang, Ying Zhu and Gaojie Hong

Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091665 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

Flavonoids are one of the important metabolites of plants, and many flavonoids have functions of antioxidant or antimicrobial, which can help plants resist environmental stress. On the other hand, flavonoids also have a health-promoting effect for humans, such as antioxidant and anti-aging, and [...] Read more.

Flavonoids are one of the important metabolites of plants, and many flavonoids have functions of antioxidant or antimicrobial, which can help plants resist environmental stress. On the other hand, flavonoids also have a health-promoting effect for humans, such as antioxidant and anti-aging, and some flavonoids can assist in disease treatment. Fruit is one of the main sources of plant food and flavonoids intake for humans. Understanding the flavonoidome of various fruits is helpful to choose fruit combinations according to different demands. In this study, we explored the composition and relative content of flavonoids in 22 fruits and analyzed some health-promoting flavonoids in fruits. In addition, we selected several fruits and measured their antioxidant capacity through experiments. Our study initially established a database of fruit flavonoidome, and can provide reference for nutrition research, fruit breeding and industrial development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 4985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salt Stress-Induced Modulation of Porphyrin Biosynthesis, Photoprotection, and Antioxidant Properties in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa)

by Anh Trung Nguyen, Lien Hong Tran and Sunyo Jung

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081618 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

Salt stress disrupts cellular ion homeostasis and adversely impacts plant growth and productivity. We examined the regulatory mechanisms of porphyrin biosynthesis, photoprotection, and antioxidant properties in salt-stressed rice seedlings. In response to 150 mM NaCl, the rice seedlings exhibited dehydration, reduced relative water [...] Read more.

Salt stress disrupts cellular ion homeostasis and adversely impacts plant growth and productivity. We examined the regulatory mechanisms of porphyrin biosynthesis, photoprotection, and antioxidant properties in salt-stressed rice seedlings. In response to 150 mM NaCl, the rice seedlings exhibited dehydration, reduced relative water content, and increased levels of conductivity, malondialdehyde, and H₂O₂. The expression levels of the salt-stress-responsive genes NHX1, SOS1, and MYB drastically increased after NaCl treatment. The seedlings grown under NaCl stress displayed declines in F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII, rETR_max, and photochemical quenching but increases in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the expression of genes involved in zeaxanthin formation, BCH, and VDE. Under salt stress conditions, levels of chlorophyll precursors significantly decreased compared to controls, matching the downregulation of CHLD, CHLH, CHLI, and PORB. By contrast, NaCl treatment led to increased heme content at 24 h of treatment and significant upregulations of FC2, HO1, and HO2 compared to controls. Salt-stressed seedlings also increased their expression of CATs (catalases) and APXs (ascorbate peroxidases) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, CAT, APX, and peroxidase. Our results indicate that chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis involve the protective strategies for salt stress alleviation through photoprotection by the scavenging of chlorophyll precursors and NPQ as well as activating antioxidant enzymes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 2313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Role of ROS and Glutathione in the Mode of Action Underlying Nrf2 Activation by the Hydroxyanthraquinone Purpurin

by Qiuhui Ren, Wouter Bakker, Sebastiaan Wesseling, Hans Bouwmeester and Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens

Antioxidants 2023, 12(8), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081544 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Purpurin is a major anthraquinone present in the roots of Rubia cordifolia (madder). Purpurin is known to activate Nrf2 (Nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) EpRE (electrophile responsive element) mediated gene expression as a potential beneficial effect. This study aimed to elucidate [...] Read more.

Purpurin is a major anthraquinone present in the roots of Rubia cordifolia (madder). Purpurin is known to activate Nrf2 (Nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) EpRE (electrophile responsive element) mediated gene expression as a potential beneficial effect. This study aimed to elucidate the balance between the electrophilicity or pro-oxidant activity of purpurin underlying the Nrf2 induction. For this, Nrf2 activation with modified intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels was measured in an Nrf2 CALUX reporter gene assay. In addition, both cell-free and intracellular ROS formation of purpurin with modified (intracellular) GSH levels at different pH were quantified using the DCF-DA assay. GSH adduct formation was evaluated by UPLC and LC-TOF-MS analysis. GSH and GSSG levels following purpurin incubations were quantified by LC-MS/MS. We show that Nrf2 induction by purpurin was significantly increased in cells with buthionine sulfoximine depleted GSH levels, while Nrf2 induction was decreased upon incubation of the cells with N-acetylcysteine being a precursor of GSH. In cell-free incubations, ROS formation increased with increasing pH pointing at a role for the deprotonated form of purpurin. Upon incubations of purpurin with GSH at physiological pH, GSH adduct formation appeared negligible (<1.5% of the added purpurin). The addition of GSH resulted in conversion of GSH to GSSG and significantly reduced the ROS formation. Together these results demonstrate that Nrf2 induction by purpurin originates from intracellular ROS formation and not from its electrophilicity, which becomes especially relevant when intracellular GSH levels can no longer scavenge the ROS. The present study demonstrated that the efficiency of intracellular Nrf2 activation by purpurin and related anthraquinones will depend on (i) their pKa and level of deprotonation at the intracellular pH, (ii) the oxidation potential of their deprotonated form and (iii) the intracellular GSH levels. Thus, the Nrf2 induction by purpurin depends on its pro-oxidant activity and not on its electrophilicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Phenols, Antioxidant Capacity and Grain Yield of Six Rice Genotypes

by Juthathip Kunnam, Wanwipa Pinta, Ruttanachira Ruttanaprasert, Darika Bunphan, Thanasin Thabthimtho and Chorkaew Aninbon

Plants 2023, 12(15), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152787 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

The environment is the main factor affecting variations in phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of grain yield, phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of six rice genotypes. Six rice genotypes were evaluated in a [...] Read more.

The environment is the main factor affecting variations in phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of grain yield, phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of six rice genotypes. Six rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at three locations in Trat, Bangkok and Sakon Nakhon provinces in July–October 2019. Data on grain yield, yield components, total phenolic content, ferulic acid and antioxidant capacity were recorded. Grain yield was highest for crops grown in Bangkok, whereas antioxidant activity was highest for crops grown in Bangkok and Sakon Nakhon. Hom Nang Nual 1 and Mali Nil Boran had the highest grain yield. Riceberry had the highest grain yield in Trat; it also had high levels of total phenolic compounds, ferulic acid and antioxidant activity. Mali Nil Boran, Mali Nil Surin and Riceberry had the most stable total phenolic content, ferulic acid and antioxidant activity, respectively. Information on the levels and variability of phytochemicals in rice enables the selection of genotypes with high and stabile phytochemicals for production and rice breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 2652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Addition of Freeze-Dried Grape Pomace on Fresh Tagliatelle Gluten Network and Relationship to Sensory and Chemical Quality

by Barbara la Gatta, Mariacinzia Rutigliano, Maria Teresa Liberatore, Flavia Dilucia, Maurizio Palmitessa, Aldo Di Luccia and Carmela Lamacchia

Foods 2023, 12(14), 2699; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142699 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

The incorporation of 5 and 10% freeze-dried grape pomace powder (GPP) in fresh tagliatelle pasta preparation was evaluated for its effect on chemical composition, gluten protein structure, and sensory properties. The addition of the freeze-dried GPP led to a significant increase (p [...] Read more.

The incorporation of 5 and 10% freeze-dried grape pomace powder (GPP) in fresh tagliatelle pasta preparation was evaluated for its effect on chemical composition, gluten protein structure, and sensory properties. The addition of the freeze-dried GPP led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in polyphenol content in the raw and cooked fortified pasta samples with respect to 100% semolina pasta, although the phenolic content decreased after the cooking process. The opposite phenomenon was observed with the antioxidant activity, which increased significantly (p < 0.05) when switching from raw to cooked pasta samples fortified with GPP. The formation of a proper gluten structure was found in the fortified raw pasta, even if a change in the protein arrangement was shown in the fortified cooked samples, confirmed by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in both the unextractable polymeric protein percentage (% UPP) and disulfide bond (S-S) formation. These results suggest a possible interaction between the protein sulfhydryl groups (-Cys) and polyphenols of grape pomace during cooking through non-disulfide covalent bonds, which was confirmed by the significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the -SH groups when comparing 100% semolina pasta with fortified pasta sample. Finally, a sensory analysis showed that the highest significant score (p < 0.05) was achieved by the 5% GP-fresh pasta sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Action of Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer Prevention

by Teresita Alzate-Yepes, Lorena Pérez-Palacio, Estefanía Martínez and Marlon Osorio

Molecules 2023, 28(11), 4322; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114322 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5178

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase by almost 80% by 2030. CRC apparition is related to poor diet, mainly due to low consumption of phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables. Hence, this [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase by almost 80% by 2030. CRC apparition is related to poor diet, mainly due to low consumption of phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables. Hence, this paper reviews the most promising phytochemicals in the literature, presenting scientific evidence regarding potential CRC chemopreventive effects. Moreover, this paper reveals the structure and action of CRC mechanisms that these phytochemicals are involved in. The review reveals that vegetables rich in phytochemicals such as carrots and green leafy vegetables, as well as some fruits such as pineapple, citrus fruits, papaya, mango, and Cape gooseberry, that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties can promote a healthy colonic environment. Fruits and vegetables in the daily diet promote antitumor mechanisms by regulating cell signaling and/or proliferation pathways. Hence, daily consumption of these plant products is recommended to reduce the risk of CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 4634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of the Structural and Functional Characteristics of Mung Bean Globin Polyphenol Complexes: Exploration under Heat Treatment Conditions

by Yantao Ma, Shu Zhang, Yuchao Feng, Haoyu Wang, Yuhang Liu and Changyuan Wang

Foods 2023, 12(11), 2091; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112091 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2419

Abstract

During the storage and processing of mung beans, proteins and polyphenols are highly susceptible to interactions with each other. Using globulin extracted from mung beans as the raw material, the study combined it with ferulic acid (FA; phenolic acid) and vitexin (flavonoid). Physical [...] Read more.

During the storage and processing of mung beans, proteins and polyphenols are highly susceptible to interactions with each other. Using globulin extracted from mung beans as the raw material, the study combined it with ferulic acid (FA; phenolic acid) and vitexin (flavonoid). Physical and chemical indicators were combined with spectroscopy and kinetic methods, relying on SPSS and peak fit data to statistically analyze the conformational and antioxidant activity changes of mung bean globulin and two polyphenol complexes before and after heat treatment and clarify the differences and the interaction mechanism between globulin and the two polyphenols. The results showed that, with the increase in polyphenol concentration, the antioxidant activity of the two compounds increased significantly. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the mung bean globulin–FA complex was stronger. However, after heat treatment, the antioxidant activity of the two compounds decreased significantly. The interaction mechanism of the mung bean globulin–FA/vitexin complex was static quenching, and heat treatment accelerated the occurrence of the quenching phenomenon. Mung bean globulin and two polyphenols were combined through a hydrophobic interaction. However, after heat treatment, the binding mode with vitexin changed to an electrostatic interaction. The infrared characteristic absorption peaks of the two compounds shifted to different degrees, and new peaks appeared in the areas of 827 cm⁻¹, 1332 cm⁻¹, and 812 cm⁻¹. Following the interaction between mung bean globulin and FA/vitexin, the particle size decreased, the absolute value of zeta potential increased, and the surface hydrophobicity decreased. After heat treatment, the particle size and zeta potential of the two composites decreased significantly, and the surface hydrophobicity and stability increased significantly. The antioxidation and thermal stability of the mung bean globulin–FA were better than those of the mung bean globulin–vitexin complex. This study aimed to provide a theoretical reference for the protein–polyphenol interaction mechanism and a theoretical basis for the research and development of mung bean functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 6399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Assessment of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Selected Ethnobotanical Plants

by Monoj Kumar Das, Neelu Singh and Paulraj Rajamani

Oxygen 2023, 3(2), 203-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen3020015 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Globally, among different types of cancers, breast cancer is identified as the chief cause of mortality among females, and it is a challenge to find new effective treatment strategies with minimal side effects and increased efficacy. Plants are an integral part of the [...] Read more.

Globally, among different types of cancers, breast cancer is identified as the chief cause of mortality among females, and it is a challenge to find new effective treatment strategies with minimal side effects and increased efficacy. Plants are an integral part of the traditional indigenous healthcare system and are becoming the concrete source of new drug discovery. Thus, there is a need to obtain a scientific basis for applying traditionally used plants in cancer treatments that may harbour novel phytochemicals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of selected plants of ethnobotanical importance. Five plants of ethnobotanical importance were selected and screened to determine their antioxidant potential through various in vitro free radical scavenging assays (such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging), ferric chelation, and total antioxidant potential, and the total phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated for the selected plants. In contrast, the anticancer potential of crude plant extracts was assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) against different breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435S) and hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2), and human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were used for toxicity studies. The MTT results showed that among all of the crude plant extracts (CAN = Etlingera linguiformis, SES = Sesbania grandiflora, LEX = Smilax ovalifolia, DES = Desmodium triflorum, and CA = Chenopodium album), it was CAN and LEX that showed the best cytotoxic potential on exposed breast cancer cell lines in contrast to SES, DES, and CA. In addition, at the selected dosages that were exposed to breast cancer cells, none of the extracts from any of the five plants showed any cytotoxicity against human PBMCs. Thus, the crude extracts can be explored further for chemopreventive and anticancer activity on murine models to understand their underlying mechanism for effective cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 4857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics with Different Sizes on Freshwater Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

by Qingqing Xiang, Ying Zhou and Chengxia Tan

Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093958 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3442

Abstract

The ubiquitous nature of plastics, particularly nanoplastics, raises concern about their potential effects on primary producer microalgae. Currently, the impacts and potential mechanisms of nanoplastics on microalgae are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of two plain commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) [...] Read more.

The ubiquitous nature of plastics, particularly nanoplastics, raises concern about their potential effects on primary producer microalgae. Currently, the impacts and potential mechanisms of nanoplastics on microalgae are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of two plain commercial polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) with different sizes (50 nm and 70 nm) on C. vulgaris were assessed in a concentration range of 0–50 mg/L during 72 h exposure periods. Results revealed that both PS-NPs have dose-dependent toxicity effects on C. vulgaris, as confirmed by the decrease of growth rates, chlorophyll a and esterase activities, and the increase of ROS, MDA, and membrane damage. The membrane damage was caused by the agglomeration of PS-NPs on microalgae and may be the key reason for the toxicity. Compared with 70 nm PS-NPs (72 h EC₅₀ >50 mg/L), 50 nm PS-NPs posed greater adverse effects on algae, with an EC_50–72h of 19.89 mg/L. FTIR results also proved the stronger variation of macromolecules in the 50 nm PS-NPs treatment group. This phenomenon might be related to the properties of PS-NPs in exposure medium. The lower absolute zeta potential value of 50 nm PS-NPs induced the stronger interaction between PS-NPs and algae as compared to 70 nm PS-NPs, leading to severe membrane damage and the loss of esterase activity as well as settlement. These findings emphasized the importance of considering the impacts of commercial PS-NPs properties in toxicity evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pomegranate Fruit Cracking during Maturation: From Waste to Valuable Fruits

by Caterina Fraschetti, Enkelejda Goci, Alexandru Nicolescu, Francesco Cairone, Simone Carradori, Antonello Filippi, Vincenzo Palmieri, Andrei Mocan and Stefania Cesa

Foods 2023, 12(9), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091908 - 6 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3925

Abstract

The pomegranate is an emerging functional food which is nowadays becoming more and more commercially attractive. Each part of this fruit (peels, arils and seeds) has a specific phytocomplex, rich in anti-oxidant and anti-radical compounds. Among these, punicalagin and ellagic acid continue to [...] Read more.

The pomegranate is an emerging functional food which is nowadays becoming more and more commercially attractive. Each part of this fruit (peels, arils and seeds) has a specific phytocomplex, rich in anti-oxidant and anti-radical compounds. Among these, punicalagin and ellagic acid continue to be widely studied for their numerous beneficial effects on human health (anti-inflammatory effects, anti-diabetes activity, cardio-protection, cancer prevention). Despite their exceptionally valuable composition and high adaptability to different climatic conditions, pomegranate fruits are highly susceptible to splitting during different stages of ripening, so much so that an estimated 65% of the production may be lost. A “zero-kilometer” approach should therefore be adopted to utilize such a valuable product otherwise destined to be downgraded or even incinerated, with a very high environmental impact. The aim of this work is to highlight and compare the compositional differences between whole and split pomegranates belonging to the cultivar Dente di Cavallo, grown in Apulia (Italy), to assess a valuable role for this split fruit usually considered as waste. The arils and peels are subjected to extraction procedures and the extracts analyzed by CIEL*a*b*, HPLC-DAD and HS-SPME/GC-MS. Moreover, an assessment of the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes has also been applied. The data show a better chemical profile in split fruits (namely 60% more anthocyanin content than intact fruit) with very interesting results in terms of α-glucosidase inhibition. The juices obtained by squeezing are also compared to commercial juices (“Salus Melagrana” and “La Marianna”) processed from the same cultivar and subjected to the same protocol analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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21 pages, 6834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hydrophobic Extract of Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) Enriched in Apigenin-Protected Rats against Aflatoxin B₁-Associated Hepatorenal Derangement

by Solomon E. Owumi, Blessing Ajakaiye, Adenike O. Akinwunmi, Sarah O. Nwozo and Adegboyega K. Oyelere

Molecules 2023, 28(7), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073013 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) is a recalcitrant metabolite produced by fungi species, and due to its intoxications in animals and humans, it has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen in humans. Preserving food products with Sorghum bicolor sheath can minimise the [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) is a recalcitrant metabolite produced by fungi species, and due to its intoxications in animals and humans, it has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen in humans. Preserving food products with Sorghum bicolor sheath can minimise the contamination of agricultural products and avert ill health occasioned by exposure to AFB₁. The current study investigated the ameliorating effect of Sorghum bicolor sheath hydrophobic extract (SBE-HP) enriched in Apigenin (API) on the hepatorenal tissues of rats exposed to AFB1. The SBE-HP was characterised using TLC and LC-MS and was found to be enriched in Apigenin and its methylated analogues. The study used adult male rats divided into four experimental cohorts co-treated with AFB1 (50 µg/kg) and SBE-HP (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Biochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and histological staining were used to examine biomarkers of hepatorenal function, oxidative status, inflammation and apoptosis, and hepatorenal tissue histo-architectural alterations. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.0, an independent t-test, and a one-way analysis of variance. Co-treatment with SBE-HP ameliorated an upsurge in the biomarkers of hepatorenal functionality in the sera of rats, reduced the alterations in redox balance, resolved inflammation, inhibited apoptosis, and preserved the histological features of the liver and kidney of rats exposed to AFB₁. SBE-HP-containing API is an excellent antioxidant regiment. It can amply prevent the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hepatorenal system of rats. Therefore, supplementing animal feeds and human foods with SBE-HP enriched in Apigenin may reduce the burden of AFB1 intoxication in developing countries with a shortage of effective antifungal agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Thermal Processes on S-Allyl Cysteine Content in Black Garlic

by Kanokwan Manoonphol, Uthaiwan Suttisansanee, Chadamas Promkum and Chaniphun Butryee

Foods 2023, 12(6), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12061227 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4071

Abstract

As a key component of black garlic (BG) products, S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is useful in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Several BG products with a high SAC content have been developed by thermal processing; however, the optimum conditions for thermal treatment for producing [...] Read more.

As a key component of black garlic (BG) products, S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is useful in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Several BG products with a high SAC content have been developed by thermal processing; however, the optimum conditions for thermal treatment for producing Thai garlic (multicloves) with a high SAC content compared to Chinese garlic (single clove) are still unknown. Moreover, the mechanism underlying the increase in SAC content in BG is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the optimum thermal condition for developing Thai BG with high SAC content base on methods A (70 °C and 80% RH) and B (60–75 °C and 80–85% RH). The total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Thai fresh garlic, Thai BG, and their powder forms were also compared. Method A worked the best for both types of garlic. The results indicated that the SAC content increased significantly after 7 days of fermentation and decreased drastically afterward with prolonged heat treatment. The optimum thermal condition for producing Thai fresh garlic and Chinese fresh garlic with high SAC content was 70 °C and a relative humidity of 80% for 12 days in an industrial fermentation chamber. The SAC content of Thai BG and Chinese BG increased approximately 139- and 122-fold, respectively. Furthermore, significant antioxidant capabilities determined by ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays were 34-, 6-, and 3-fold higher, respectively, than those of fresh garlic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thymus Species from Romanian Spontaneous Flora as Promising Source of Phenolic Secondary Metabolites with Health-Related Benefits

by Mihai Babotă, Oleg Frumuzachi, Alexandru Nicolescu, Maria Inês Dias, José Pinela, Lillian Barros, Mikel Añibarro-Ortega, Dejan Stojković, Tamara Carević, Andrei Mocan, Víctor López and Gianina Crișan

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020390 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3379

Abstract

Wild thyme aerial parts (Serpylli herba) are recognized as a valuable herbal product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Although pharmacopoeial regulations allow its collection exclusively from Thymus serpyllum, substitution with other species is frequent in current practice. This study [...] Read more.

Wild thyme aerial parts (Serpylli herba) are recognized as a valuable herbal product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. Although pharmacopoeial regulations allow its collection exclusively from Thymus serpyllum, substitution with other species is frequent in current practice. This study analyzed the phenolic composition, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts obtained from five Romanian wild thyme species (Thymus alpestris, T. glabrescens, T. panonicus, T. pulcherimus and T. pulegioides). The analysis of individual phenolic constituents was performed through LC-ESI-DAD/MS², while for the in vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential, TEAC, FRAP, DPPH, TBARS and OxHLIA assays were employed. The anti-enzymatic potential was tested in vitro against tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. High rosmarinic acid contents were quantified in all species (20.06 ± 0.32–80.49 ± 0.001 mg/g dry extract); phenolic acids derivatives (including salvianolic acids) were confirmed as the principal metabolites of T. alpestris and T. glabrescens, while eriodictyol-O-di-hexoside was found exclusively in T. alpestris. All species showed strong antioxidant potential and moderate anti-enzymatic effect against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase, showing no anti-tyrosinase activity. This is the first detailed report on the chemical and biological profile of T. alpestris collected from Romanian spontaneous flora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Small-Molecule Bioactive Constituents from the Leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum Confirms It as a Potential Functional Food with Health Benefits

by Yin-Yin Wang, Jun-Sheng Zhang, Xin-Xin Wang, Lin-Lin Tian, Yu-Peng Li, Chao Wang, Ren-Fen Ma, Yi-Ke Yin, Jie Bao and Hua Zhang

Foods 2023, 12(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010177 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

The health benefits of Vaccinium bracteatum are well recorded in ancient Chinese medical books and were also demonstrated by modern researches. However, the relationship between its beneficial functions and specific chemical constituents has not been fully characterized. This study investigated the bioactive small-molecule [...] Read more.

The health benefits of Vaccinium bracteatum are well recorded in ancient Chinese medical books and were also demonstrated by modern researches. However, the relationship between its beneficial functions and specific chemical constituents has not been fully characterized. This study investigated the bioactive small-molecule constituents in the leaves of V. bracteatum, which afforded 32 compounds including ten new ones (1–9) and ten pairs of enantiomers (9–18). Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses, with 1–4 bearing a novel revolving-door shaped scaffold. While half-compounds exhibited decent antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, all except 19 and 20 exerted significant capturing activity against diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radicals. In addition, the new iridoids 1, 5, 6, and 7 exerted apparent neuroprotective activity toward PC12 cells, with 1 being comparable to the positive control, and selective compounds also displayed anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting α-glucosidase and NO production, respectively. The current work revealed that the bioactive small-molecule constituents could be closely related to the functional food property of the title species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis Tenuifolia L.) Grown under Different Plastic Films and with Different UV-B Radiation Postharvest Treatments

by Raffaele Romano, Fabiana Pizzolongo, Lucia De Luca, Eugenio Cozzolino, Massimo Rippa, Lucia Ottaiano, Pasquale Mormile, Mauro Mori and Ida Di Mola

Foods 2022, 11(24), 4093; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244093 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2545

Abstract

Rocket species are rich in nutrients with well-known bioactive activity, but their content depends on several factors, such as plant–UV radiation interaction. In this work, we measured the production of nutritional elements in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) leaves as a function [...] Read more.

Rocket species are rich in nutrients with well-known bioactive activity, but their content depends on several factors, such as plant–UV radiation interaction. In this work, we measured the production of nutritional elements in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) leaves as a function of exposure to UV-B radiation by adopting a combined approach. The wild rocket plants were grown under three greenhouse cover films (A, B, and C) having different transmittivity to UV-B and the fresh-cut leaves were exposed to UV-B in postharvest for 45, 150, 330, and 660 s. The content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant activity were determined. Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenolic content were significantly increased by the combination of Film C and treatment with UV-B for 45 s. The predominant phenolic compounds were kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and quercetin. Film C also elicited an increase in ascorbic acid (the most abundant antioxidant compound in the range 374–1199 per 100 g of dry matter) and antioxidant activity. These findings highlighted an increase in bioactive compound content in the wild rocket when it was cultivated under Film C (diffused light film with a tailored UV-B transmission dose) and treated with UV-B radiation for 45 s postharvest, corresponding to an energy dose of 0.2 KJ m⁻². Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 2290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Foxtail Millet Protein Hydrolysate on Ethanol and Pyloric Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice

by Bowei Zhang, Xiaoxiao Rao, Yunhui Zhang, Weijia Dai, Yingchuan Xu, Congying Zhao, Zhenjia Chen, Jin Wang, Dancai Fan, Xiaowen Wang and Shuo Wang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122459 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3007

Abstract

Foxtail millet has been traditionally considered to possess gastroprotective effects, but studies evaluating its use as a treatment for gastric ulcers are lacking. Here, we assessed the antiulcer effects of foxtail millet protein hydrolysate (FPH) and explored its mechanism by using blocking agents. [...] Read more.

Foxtail millet has been traditionally considered to possess gastroprotective effects, but studies evaluating its use as a treatment for gastric ulcers are lacking. Here, we assessed the antiulcer effects of foxtail millet protein hydrolysate (FPH) and explored its mechanism by using blocking agents. In a mouse model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, pretreatment with FPH reduced the ulcerative lesion index, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissue, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and improved the oxidative status. FPH increased constitutive the activity of nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), NO levels, and mucin expression in gastric mucosa, and inhibited the activation of the ET-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. In a mouse model of pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcers, FPH inhibited gastric acid secretion and decreased the activity of gastric protease. Pretreatment of mice with the sulfhydryl blocker NEM and the NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME abolished the gastroprotective effect of FPH, but not the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide and the PGE2 synthesis blocker indomethacin. Among the peptides identified in FPH, 10 peptides were predicted to have regulatory effects on the gastric mucosa, and the key sequences were GP and PG. The results confirmed the gastroprotective effect of FPH and revealed that its mechanism was through the regulation of gastric mucosal mucus and NO synthesis. This study supports the health effects of a millet-enriched diet and provides a basis for millet protein as a functional food to improve gastric ulcers and its related oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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28 pages, 2482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extract Rich in Anthocyanins

by Kseniya Bushmeleva, Alexandra Vyshtakalyuk, Dmitriy Terenzhev, Timur Belov, Evgeny Nikitin and Vladimir Zobov

Plants 2022, 11(23), 3333; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233333 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are well known due to their high anthocyanin content that may be effective in preventing certain health disorders arising from oxidative stress. Various polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids are responsible for the multiple effects of chokeberry. [...] Read more.

The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are well known due to their high anthocyanin content that may be effective in preventing certain health disorders arising from oxidative stress. Various polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids are responsible for the multiple effects of chokeberry. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro how active the black chokeberry anthocyanins are in scavenging radicals and to evaluate in vivo their immunomodulating capacity. Using the method of column chromatography, we extracted the anthocyanins of black chokeberries, i.e., cyanidin-3-O-galactoside with a purity of over 93.7%. Using HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis, the flavonoid content was determined. Following the analysis of the tests with AAPH and DPPH, the chokeberry cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was found much better than individual anthocyanins in regard to antioxidant capacity. The range of concentrations was revealed, showing the protective effect of anthocyanins on the RPMI-1788 cell culture against cyclophosphamide, as well as against osmotic and peroxide hemolysis. An immunomodulating effect on the functional activity of phagocytes was revealed in vivo as a result of oral administration of chokeberry cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and a mixture composed of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside standards. Consequently, anthocyanins, in particular cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, play an important role, demonstrating immunomodulating effects when chokeberries are consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 2737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

By-Product of the Red Ginseng Manufacturing Process as Potential Material for Use as Cosmetics: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Antioxidant and Whitening Activities

by Hui-E Zhang, Meng-Yao Chu, Tao Jiang, Xin-Hong Song, Jian-Feng Hou, Li-Ye Cheng, Ye Feng, Chang-Bao Chen and En-Peng Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8202; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238202 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2994

Abstract

Red ginseng (RG), which is obtained from heated Panax ginseng and is produced by steaming followed by drying, is a valuable herb in Asian countries. Steamed ginseng dew (SGD) is a by-product produced in processing red ginseng. In the present study, phytochemical profiling [...] Read more.

Red ginseng (RG), which is obtained from heated Panax ginseng and is produced by steaming followed by drying, is a valuable herb in Asian countries. Steamed ginseng dew (SGD) is a by-product produced in processing red ginseng. In the present study, phytochemical profiling of extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Additionally, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ·OH, and ABTS scavenging ability) and whitening activities (tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity) were analyzed. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of 66 and 28 compounds that were non-saponin components in chloroform extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-CE and SGD-CE), respectively. Meanwhile, there were 20 ginsenosides identified in n-butanol extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-NBE and SGD-NBE). By comparing the different polar extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew, it was found that the ethyl acetate extract of red ginseng (RG-EAE) had the best antioxidant capacity and whitening effect, the water extract of steamed ginseng dew (SGD-WE) had stronger antioxidant capacity, and the SGD-NBE and SGD-CE had a better whitening effect. This study shows that RG and SGD have tremendous potential to be used in the cosmetic industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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11 pages, 3046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Green Extraction on Curcuminoid Content, Antioxidant Activities and Anti-Cancer Efficiency (In Vitro) from Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.)

by Kanjana Singh, Somdet Srichairatanakool, Teera Chewonarin, Adchara Prommaban, Rajnibhas Sukeaw Samakradhamrongthai, Margaret Anne Brennan, Charles Stephen Brennan and Niramon Utama-ang

Foods 2022, 11(22), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223633 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4588

Abstract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder is widely used as a spice and seasoning in Asian countries. This study investigated the effect of turmeric extracts on the anticancer activity of Huh7 and HCT 116 cells. The curcumin bioactive compounds were extracted using various [...] Read more.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder is widely used as a spice and seasoning in Asian countries. This study investigated the effect of turmeric extracts on the anticancer activity of Huh7 and HCT 116 cells. The curcumin bioactive compounds were extracted using various methods such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and traditional extraction (TDE). The yield of dried extracts from MAE was found to be the highest at 17.89%, followed by UAE and TDE, with 11.34% and 5.54%, respectively. Antioxidant activities such as TPC, DPPH and FRAP from MAE were higher than those of UAE and TDE. The total curcuminoid contents from the novel extractions were higher than those from traditional extraction methods. For instance, curcuminoid contents from MAE, UAE and TDE were 326.79, 241.17 and 215.83 mg/g, respectively. Due to having the highest bioactive compounds and extraction yield, turmeric extract from MAE was used to investigate the potential anticancer properties. The extract showed significant cytotoxic potential against the human liver (Huh7) and human colon (HCT116) cell lines, in concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 1000.00 µg/mL. Turmeric extracts using MAE have potential anticancer effects on Huh7 and HCT116 cells. This study serves as scientific data for the chemotherapeutic properties of turmeric extracts and their use as functional ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 5799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematical Characterization of the Cotton Di19 Gene Family and the Role of GhDi19-3 and GhDi19-4 as Two Negative Regulators in Response to Salt Stress

by Lanjie Zhao, Youzhong Li, Yan Li, Wei Chen, Jinbo Yao, Shengtao Fang, Youjun Lv, Yongshan Zhang and Shouhong Zhu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2225; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112225 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

Drought-induced 19 (Di19) protein is a Cys2/His2 (C2H2) type zinc-finger protein, which plays a crucial role in plant development and in response to abiotic stress. This study systematically investigated the characteristics of the GhDi19 gene family, including the member number, gene structure, chromosomal [...] Read more.

Drought-induced 19 (Di19) protein is a Cys2/His2 (C2H2) type zinc-finger protein, which plays a crucial role in plant development and in response to abiotic stress. This study systematically investigated the characteristics of the GhDi19 gene family, including the member number, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, promoter cis-elements, and expression profiles. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that some GhDi19s were up-regulated under heat and salt stress. Particularly, two nuclear localized proteins, GhDi19-3 and GhDi19-4, were identified as being in potential salt stress responsive roles. GhDi19-3 and GhDi19-4 decreased sensitivity under salt stress through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and showed significantly lower levels of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde (MDA), and peroxidase (POD) as well as significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. This suggested that their abilities were improved to effectively reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. Furthermore, certain calcium signaling and abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene expression levels showed up- and down-regulation changes in target gene-silenced plants, suggesting that GhDi19-3 and GhDi19-4 were involved in calcium signaling and ABA signaling pathways in response to salt stress. In conclusion, GhDi19-3 and GhDi19-4, two negative transcription factors, were found to be responsive to salt stress through calcium signaling and ABA signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 4478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Flavonoids from Mulberry Leaf on AAPH-Induced Oxidative Damage in Sheep Erythrocytes

by Qinhua Zheng, Weijian Tan, Xiaolin Feng, Kexin Feng, Wenting Zhong, Caiyu Liao, Yuntong Liu, Shangjian Li and Wenzhong Hu

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7625; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217625 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3301

Abstract

To evaluate the antioxidant activity of flavonoids extracted from Chinese herb mulberry leaves (ML), flavonoids from mulberry leaves (FML) were extracted and purified by using ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction and D101 macroporous resin. Using LC-MS/MS-Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis, hesperidin, rutoside, hyperoside, [...] Read more.

To evaluate the antioxidant activity of flavonoids extracted from Chinese herb mulberry leaves (ML), flavonoids from mulberry leaves (FML) were extracted and purified by using ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction and D101 macroporous resin. Using LC-MS/MS-Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis, hesperidin, rutoside, hyperoside, cyanidin-3-o-glucoside, myricitrin, cyanidin, and quercetin were identified, and NMR and UV were consistent with the verification of IR flavonoid characteristics. The antioxidant activity of FML has also been evaluated as well as the protective effect on 2,2 0-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress. The results showed that FML exhibited powerful antioxidant activity. Moreover, FML showed dose-dependent protection against AAPH-induced sheep erythrocytes’ oxidative hemolysis. In the enzymatic antioxidant system, pretreatment with high FML maintained the balance of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px; in the non-enzymatic antioxidant system, the content of MDA can be effectively reduced after FML treatment. This study provides a research basis for the development of natural products from mulberry leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unravelling Phytochemical and Bioactive Potential of Three Hypericum Species from Romanian Spontaneous Flora: H. alpigenum, H. perforatum and H. rochelii

by Mihai Babotă, Oleg Frumuzachi, Andrei Mocan, Mircea Tămaș, Maria Inês Dias, José Pinela, Dejan Stojković, Marina Soković, Alexandru Sabin Bădărău, Gianina Crișan, Lillian Barros and Ramona Păltinean

Plants 2022, 11(20), 2773; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202773 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3015

Abstract

Hypericum perforatum L., also known as St. John’s Wort, is recognized worldwide as a valuable medicinal herb; however, other Hypericum species were intensively studied for their bioactive potential. To fill the research gap that exists in the scientific literature, a comparative evaluation between [...] Read more.

Hypericum perforatum L., also known as St. John’s Wort, is recognized worldwide as a valuable medicinal herb; however, other Hypericum species were intensively studied for their bioactive potential. To fill the research gap that exists in the scientific literature, a comparative evaluation between H. alpigenum Kit., H. perforatum L. and H. rochelii Griseb. & Schenk was conducted in the present study. Two types of herbal preparations obtained from the aerial parts of these species were analyzed: extracts obtained through maceration and extracts obtained through magnetic-stirring-assisted extraction. LC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavonoid derivatives as the main constituents of the above-mentioned species. Moreover, all extracts were tested for their antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial potential. Our work emphasizes for the first time a detailed description of H. rochelii phenolic fractions, including their phytochemical and bioactive characterization. In comparison with the other two studied species, H. rochelii was found as a rich source of phenolic acids and myricetin derivatives, showing important antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activity. The study offers new perspectives regarding the chemical and bioactive profile of the less-studied species H. alpigenum and H. rochelii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 2043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity during Development of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ Fruit

by Huifen Zhang, Jing Pu, Yan Tang, Miao Wang, Kun Tian, Yongqing Wang, Xian Luo and Qunxian Deng

Foods 2022, 11(20), 3198; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203198 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3345

Abstract

Plums are widely consumed, contain high levels of phenolic compounds, and have strong antioxidant activity. In this study, the main Sichuan cultivars ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ were used to study the changes in the appearance, internal quality, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities during fruit [...] Read more.

Plums are widely consumed, contain high levels of phenolic compounds, and have strong antioxidant activity. In this study, the main Sichuan cultivars ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’ were used to study the changes in the appearance, internal quality, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities during fruit development and the expression of phenolic-compound-related structural genes. The results showed that, during development of the two plums, the total soluble solid and soluble sugar contents were highest at the mature stage. The phenolic contents (total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total flavanol content (TFAC)) trended gradually downward as the fruits of the two cultivars matured, while the total anthocyanin content gradually increased in ‘Cuihongli’. The main phenolic components were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, rutin, and proanthocyanidin B1. The changes in the DPPH and FRAP scavenging activities decreased with fruit ripening. The antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the TPC, TFC, and TFAC. In the two cultivars, the total phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant capacity were higher in the peel than in the pulp. CHS, PAL3, and HCT1 may be the regulatory genes related to the accumulation of phenolic substances in the pericarp and pulp of ‘Qiangcuili’ and ‘Cuihongli’. HCT1 may be an important regulator involved in the accumulation of chlorogenic acid in plums. The changes in the quality of the phenols, phenolic components, and antioxidant activity were elucidated during the development of the main plum cultivars in Sichuan, particularly the changes that provided a theoretical basis for the development of bioactive substances in local plum cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Comparison of Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Bioactivity of Beverages Based on the Unprocessed and Extruded Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seed Byproduct

by María Fernanda Quintero-Soto, Ramona Julieta Espinoza-Moreno, Jennifer Vianey Félix-Medina, Fernando Salas-López, Cruz Fernando López-Carrera, Oscar Daniel Argüelles-López, Martha Elena Vazquez-Ontiveros and Mario Armando Gómez-Favela

Foods 2022, 11(20), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203175 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2595

Abstract

In this research functional beverages based on the unprocessed and extruded sesame seeds byproduct were fabricated; phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypoglycemic potential were evaluated. Twenty-four phytochemical compounds were identified in total in both beverages; fourteen of the phytochemical compounds were not modified [...] Read more.

In this research functional beverages based on the unprocessed and extruded sesame seeds byproduct were fabricated; phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypoglycemic potential were evaluated. Twenty-four phytochemical compounds were identified in total in both beverages; fourteen of the phytochemical compounds were not modified by the extrusion process. Seventeen of the 24 compounds were identified in the unprocessed sesame seeds byproduct flour beverage−10% (UB10) and 21 in the extruded sesame seeds byproduct flour beverage−10% (EB10). The compounds only identified in UB10 are caffeic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin; and in EB10 those compounds were vanillic acid, acteoside, luteolin, quercetin, and melanoidins. No significant difference was observed in the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (14.90 and 15.97 mg GAE/100 mL) and total flavonoids (TF) (5.37 and 5.85 mg QE/100 mL). An increase in the biological activity of ESFB10 (IC50: ABTS = 0.19, DPPH = 0.21, α-amylase = 1.01, α-glucosidase = 0.17, DPP4 = 0.11 mg/mL) was observed, compared to UB10 (IC50: ABTS = 0.24, DPPH = 0.31, α-amylase = 2.29, α-glucosidase = 0.47, DPP4 = 0.30 mg/mL). Therefore, the extrusion process had a positive effect, which displayed the highest efficiency inhibiting the free radicals and enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 3442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suppressive Effect of Fraxetin on Adipogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in 3T3-L1 Cells by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways

by Woonghee Lee, Gwonhwa Song and Hyocheol Bae

Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101893 - 24 Sep 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3430

Abstract

Recent studies have identified obesity as one of the world’s most serious chronic disorders. Adipogenesis, in which preadipocytes are differentiated into mature adipocytes, has a decisive role in establishing the number of adipocytes and determining the lipid storage capacity of adipose tissue and [...] Read more.

Recent studies have identified obesity as one of the world’s most serious chronic disorders. Adipogenesis, in which preadipocytes are differentiated into mature adipocytes, has a decisive role in establishing the number of adipocytes and determining the lipid storage capacity of adipose tissue and fat mass in adults. Fat accumulation in obesity is implicated with elevated oxidative stress in adipocytes induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adipogenesis regulation by inhibiting adipogenic differentiation and ROS production has been selected as the strategy to treat obesity. The conventional anti-obesity drugs allowed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have severe adverse effects. Therefore, various natural products have been developed as a solution for obesity, suppressing adipogenic differentiation. Fraxetin is a major component extracted from the stem barks of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, with various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial functions. However, the effect of fraxetin on adipogenesis is still not clearly understood. We studied the pharmacological functions of fraxetin in suppressing lipid accumulation and its underlying molecular mechanisms involving 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Moreover, increased ROS production induced by a mixture of insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutylmethylxanthine (MDI) in 3T3-L1 was attenuated by fraxetin during adipogenesis. These effects were regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings imply that fraxetin possesses inhibitory roles in adipogenesis and can be a potential anti-obesity drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 887 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biological Activity of Bark Extracts from Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.): An Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Enzymatic Inhibitory Evaluation

by Corneliu Tanase, Alexandru Nicolescu, Adrian Nisca, Ruxandra Ștefănescu, Mihai Babotă, Anca Delia Mare, Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea and Adrian Man

Plants 2022, 11(18), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182357 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5244

Abstract

The northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is an ornamental oak species native to eastern America, being an invasive species in Europe, with increasing coverage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological potential of red oak bark extracts. Aqueous [...] Read more.

The northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is an ornamental oak species native to eastern America, being an invasive species in Europe, with increasing coverage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological potential of red oak bark extracts. Aqueous and ethanolic preparations were obtained by two extraction methods: ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The total phenolic and tannin contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two complementary methods (DPPH and ABTS). Antimicrobial potential was tested against five bacteria and three Candida species, and the effect on biofilm formation and synergism with gentamicin was also evaluated. Finally, enzyme inhibitory properties were assessed for α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase. The results indicated a higher phenolic content for the extracts obtained through MAE, while UAE bark extracts were rich in tannins. All the extracts exhibited antioxidant, anti-glucosidase, and anti-tyrosinase activity, while the antibacterial potential was mostly observed for the MAE extracts, especially against S. aureus, C. parapsilopsis, and C. krusei; inhibition of biofilm formation was observed only for MRSA. These findings show that the red oak bark might be an important source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 1420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular Antioxidant Effect of an Aronia Extract and Its Polyphenolic Fractions Enriched in Proanthocyanidins, Phenolic Acids, and Anthocyanins

by Cécile Dufour, Jose A. Villa-Rodriguez, Christophe Furger, Jacob Lessard-Lord, Camille Gironde, Mylène Rigal, Ashraf Badr, Yves Desjardins and Denis Guyonnet

Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081561 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3894

Abstract

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation contribute to some chronic diseases. Aronia berries are rich in polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular antioxidant effect of an aronia extract to reflect the potential physiological in vivo effect. Cellular in [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation contribute to some chronic diseases. Aronia berries are rich in polyphenols. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular antioxidant effect of an aronia extract to reflect the potential physiological in vivo effect. Cellular in vitro assays in three cell lines (Caco-2, HepG2, and SH-SY5Y) were used to measure the antioxidant effect of AE, in three enriched polyphenolic fractions (A1: anthocyanins and phenolic acids; A2: oligomeric proanthocyanidins; A3: polymeric proanthocyanidins), pure polyphenols and microbial metabolites. Both direct (intracellular and membrane radical scavenging, catalase-like effect) and indirect (NRF2/ARE) antioxidant effects were assessed. AE exerted an intracellular free radical scavenging activity in the three cell lines, and A2 and A3 fractions showed a higher effect in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. AE also exhibited a catalase-like activity, with the A3 fraction having a significant higher activity. Only A1 fraction activated the NRF2/ARE pathway. Quercetin and caffeic acid are the most potent antioxidant polyphenols, whereas cyanidin and 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone showed the highest antioxidant effect among polyphenol metabolites. AE rich in polyphenols possesses broad cellular antioxidant effects, and proanthocyanidins are major contributors. Polyphenol metabolites may contribute to the overall antioxidant effect of such extract in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 3018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Whole Plant Extract of Scutellaria rubropunctata var. rubropunctata on Bone Metabolism with Estrogen Receptor Activation

by Misaki Watanabe, Tadahiro Yahagi, Takahiro Shirayama, Katsunori Miyake, Hitoshi Kotani, Takuya Ogawa and Keiichi Matsuzaki

Plants 2022, 11(16), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162075 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

We screened natural resources for estrogen receptor (ER)-activating and bone metabolism-promoting activities with the aim of finding potential treatments for osteoporosis. A screen of 1531 extracts from Ryukyu Arc plants using a luciferase reporter assay identified an 80% MeOH extract of Scutellaria rubropunctata [...] Read more.

We screened natural resources for estrogen receptor (ER)-activating and bone metabolism-promoting activities with the aim of finding potential treatments for osteoporosis. A screen of 1531 extracts from Ryukyu Arc plants using a luciferase reporter assay identified an 80% MeOH extract of Scutellaria rubropunctata var. rubropunctata (SRE) with dose-dependent ER transcription-promoting activity. Importantly, SRE had no proliferative effect on human breast cancer cells. SRE enhanced the ALP activity of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells after 72 h in culture and slightly enhanced mineralization at 14 and 21 d. SRE did not significantly affect the TRAP activity of RAW264.7 cells. Gene expression analysis in MC3T3-E1 cells by quantitative real-time PCR revealed that SRE upregulated the mRNA levels of Runx2, Osterix (Osx), Osteopontin (Opn), Osteocalcin (Ocn), Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 at 72 h, and those of Runx2, Osx, Smad1, Smad4, and Smad5 at 21 d of osteogenic induction. Analysis of the expression levels of osteogenic markers suggested that SRE may promote osteogenic differentiation by acting at the early stage of differentiation rather than at the late stage of differentiation. These results indicate that SRE activates ER and induces osteoblast differentiation by activating Runx2 and Osx through the BMP/Smad pathway, suggesting that SRE may be useful for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 7350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uwhangchungsimwon Inhibits Oxygen Glucose Deprivation/Re-Oxygenation-Induced Cell Death through Neuronal VEGF and IGF-1 Receptor Signaling and Synaptic Remodeling in Cortical Neurons

by Jin Young Hong, Hyunseong Kim, Changhwan Yeo, Wan-Jin Jeon, Junseon Lee, Seung Ho Baek, Yoon Jae Lee and In-Hyuk Ha

Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071388 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Uwhangchungsimwon (UCW), a multi-component herbal product, has long been used to treat vascular diseases such as headache, dizziness, high blood pressure, and stroke. Though the prophylactic actions of UCW are well known, insufficient experimental evidence exists on its effectiveness against stroke. Here, we [...] Read more.

Uwhangchungsimwon (UCW), a multi-component herbal product, has long been used to treat vascular diseases such as headache, dizziness, high blood pressure, and stroke. Though the prophylactic actions of UCW are well known, insufficient experimental evidence exists on its effectiveness against stroke. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the efficacy of UCW in oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-injury to the primary cortical neurons using an in vitro ischemia model. Neurons secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which acts as a neurotrophic factor in response to an ischemic injury. VEGF modulates neuroprotection and axonal outgrowth by activating the VEGF receptors and plays a critical role in vascular diseases. In this study, cortical neurons were pretreated with UCW (2, 10, and 50 µg/mL) for 48 h, incubated in oxygen-glucose-deprived conditions for 2 h, and further reoxygenated for 24 h. UCW effectively protected neurons from OGD/R-induced degeneration and cell death. Moreover, the role of UCW in sustaining protection against OGD/R injury is associated with activation of VEGF-VEGFR and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor expression. Therefore, UCW is a potential herbal supplement for the prevention of hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury as it may occur after stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Analysis of the Fruit Pulp Extracts from Annona crassiflora Mart. and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities

by Natale Cristine C. Carvalho, Odair S. Monteiro, Claudia Q. da Rocha, Giovanna B. Longato, Robert E. Smith, Joyce Kelly R. da Silva and José Guilherme S. Maia

Foods 2022, 11(14), 2079; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142079 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3977

Abstract

Annona crassiflora Mart., the marolo fruit of the Cerrado biome, is one of the most frequently consumed species from the Brazilian Midwest. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the fruit pulp of A. crassiflora [...] Read more.

Annona crassiflora Mart., the marolo fruit of the Cerrado biome, is one of the most frequently consumed species from the Brazilian Midwest. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the fruit pulp of A. crassiflora collected at Chapada das Mesas, Maranhão, Brazil. The volatile concentrate was identified as mainly ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and methyl octanoate. From the ethanol (LFP-E) and ethyl acetate (LFP-A) extracts were identified phenolic acids (p-coumaric, gallic, quinic, and ferulic), flavones and derivatives (apigenin, epicatechin, 2′-5-dimethoxyflavone, 3′,7-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, procyanidin B2, and rutin), aporphine alkaloids (xylopine, stephagine, and romucosine), and acetogenin (annonacin). For the LFP-E and LFP-A extracts, the total phenolic compound values were 15.89 and 33.16 mg GAE/g, the flavonoid compound content values were 2.53 and 70.55 mg QE/g, the DPPH radical scavenging activity showed EC₅₀ values of 182.54 and 57.80 µg/mL, and the ABTS radical activity showed TEAC values of 94.66 and 192.61 µM TE/g. The LFP-E extract showed significant cytotoxicity and cell selectivity for the U251-glioma strain, presenting a GI₅₀ value of 21.34 µg/mL, which is close to doxorubicin (11.68 µg/mL), the standard chemotherapeutic drug. The marolo fruit seems to be a promising source for developing innovative and healthy products for the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventative Effects of Antioxidants against PM₁₀ on Serum IgE Concentration, Mast Cell Counts, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Keratinocyte Differentiation Markers in DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model

by Mi Hee Kwack, Jin Seon Bang and Weon Ju Lee

Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071334 - 6 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) can cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and skin aging. We investigated the effects of antioxidants such as dieckol, punicalagin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, and Siegesbeckiae Herba extract (SHE) against PM < 10 μm (PM₁₀) on serum IgE concentration, mast [...] Read more.

Particulate matter (PM) can cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and skin aging. We investigated the effects of antioxidants such as dieckol, punicalagin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, and Siegesbeckiae Herba extract (SHE) against PM < 10 μm (PM₁₀) on serum IgE concentration, mast cell counts, inflammatory cytokines, and keratinocyte differentiation markers in a 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis mouse model. Seven-week-old BALB/c mice were sensitized with 2% DNCB. Atopic dermatitis-like lesions were induced on the mice with 0.2% DNCB. Antioxidants and PM₁₀ were applied to the mice for 4 weeks. PM₁₀ increased the serum IgE concentration and spleen weight in mice, and all antioxidants downregulated these parameters. Histological examination showed an increase in epidermal thickness and mast cell counts in response to PM₁₀, and all antioxidants showed a decrease. PM₁₀ upregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17α, IL-25, IL-31 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in mice, and all antioxidants inhibited the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. ELISA showed the same results as real-time PCR. PM₁₀ downregulates the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers, including loricrin and filaggrin, in mouse keratinocytes and antioxidants prevented the downregulation of the keratinocyte differentiation markers. Conclusively, PM₁₀ aggravated the DNCB-induced mouse model in serum IgE concentration, mast cell counts, inflammatory cytokine, and keratinocyte differentiation markers. In addition, antioxidants modulated changes in the DNCB-induced mouse model caused by PM₁₀. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Mangosteen Peel Extract Microcapsules by Fluidized Bed Spray-Drying for Tableting: Improving the Solubility and Antioxidant Stability

by Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Reza Pratama, Abd. Kakhar Umar, Anis Yohana Chaerunisa, Afifah Tri Ambarwati and Nasrul Wathoni

Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071331 - 6 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5898

Abstract

Mangosteen fruit has been widely consumed and used as a source of antioxidants, either in the form of fresh fruit or processed products. However, mangosteen peel only becomes industrial waste due to its bitter taste, low content solubility, and poor stability. Therefore, this [...] Read more.

Mangosteen fruit has been widely consumed and used as a source of antioxidants, either in the form of fresh fruit or processed products. However, mangosteen peel only becomes industrial waste due to its bitter taste, low content solubility, and poor stability. Therefore, this study aimed to design mangosteen peel extract microcapsules (MPEMs) and tablets to overcome the challenges. The fluidized bed spray-drying method was used to develop MPEM, with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the core mixture and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the coating agent. The obtained MPEM was spherical with a hollow surface and had a size of 411.2 µm. The flow rate and compressibility of MPEM increased significantly after granulation. A formula containing 5% w/w polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as a binder had the best tablet characteristics, with a hardness of 87.8 ± 1.398 N, friability of 0.94%, and disintegration time of 25.75 ± 0.676 min. Microencapsulation of mangosteen peel extract maintains the stability of its compound (total phenolic and α-mangosteen) and its antioxidant activity (IC50) during the manufacturing process and a month of storage at IVB zone conditions. According to the findings, the microencapsulation is an effective technique for improving the solubility and antioxidant stability of mangosteen peel extract during manufacture and storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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9 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximization of Sulforaphane Content in Broccoli Sprouts by Blanching

by Andrea Mahn, Carmen Elena Pérez, Víctor Zambrano and Herna Barrientos

Foods 2022, 11(13), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131906 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4843

Abstract

Broccoli sprouts are a recognized source of health-promoting compounds, such as glucosinolates, glucoraphanin, and sulforaphane (SFN). Maximization of SFN content can be achieved by technological processing. We investigated the effect of blanching conditions to determine the optimal treatment that maximizes sulforaphane content in [...] Read more.

Broccoli sprouts are a recognized source of health-promoting compounds, such as glucosinolates, glucoraphanin, and sulforaphane (SFN). Maximization of SFN content can be achieved by technological processing. We investigated the effect of blanching conditions to determine the optimal treatment that maximizes sulforaphane content in broccoli sprouts. Broccoli seeds (cv. Traditional) grown under controlled conditions were harvested after 11 days from germination and subjected to different blanching conditions based on a central composite design with temperature and time as experimental factors. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by a Tukey test. The optimum conditions were identified through response surface methodology. Blanching increased sulforaphane content compared with untreated sprouts, agreeing with a decrease in total glucosinolates and glucoraphanin content. Temperature significantly affected SFN content. Higher temperatures and shorter immersion times favor glucoraphanin hydrolysis, thus increasing SFN content. The optimum conditions were blanching at 61 °C for 4.8 min, resulting in 54.3 ± 0.20 µmol SFN/g dry weight, representing a 3.3-fold increase with respect to untreated sprouts. This is the highest SFN content reported for sprouts subjected to any treatment so far. The process described in this work may contribute to developing functional foods and nutraceuticals that provide sulforaphane as an active principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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11 pages, 1162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Gene Biomarkers for Tigilanol Tiglate Content in Fontainea picrosperma

by Shahida A Mitu, Praphaporn Stewart, Trong D Tran, Paul W Reddell, Scott F Cummins and Steven M. Ogbourne

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 3980; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27133980 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46) is a small-molecule natural product under development for the treatment of cancers in humans and companion animals. The drug is currently produced by purification from the Australian rainforest tree Fontainea picrosperma (Euphorbiaceae). As part of a selective-breeding program to increase [...] Read more.

Tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46) is a small-molecule natural product under development for the treatment of cancers in humans and companion animals. The drug is currently produced by purification from the Australian rainforest tree Fontainea picrosperma (Euphorbiaceae). As part of a selective-breeding program to increase EBC-46 yield from F. picrosperma plantations, we investigated potential gene biomarkers associated with biosynthesis of EBC-46. Initially, we identified individual plants that were either high (>0.039%) or low EBC-46 (<0.008%) producers, then assessed their differentially expressed genes within the leaves and roots of these two groups by quantitative RNA sequencing. Compared to low EBC-46 producers, high-EBC-46-producing plants were found to have 145 upregulated genes and 101 downregulated genes in leaves and 53 upregulated genes and 82 downregulated genes in roots. Most of these genes were functionally associated with defence, transport, and biosynthesis. Genes identified as expressed exclusively in either the high or low EBC-46-producing plants were further validated by quantitative PCR, showing that cytochrome P450 94C1 in leaves and early response dehydration 7.1 and 2-alkenal reductase in roots were consistently and significantly upregulated in high-EBC-46 producers. In summary, this study has identified biomarker genes that may be used in the selective breeding of F. picrosperma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Types of Meatballs Enriched with Wild Thyme/Lemon Balm Aqueous Extract—Complex Characterization

by Luiza-Andreea Tănase (Butnariu), Oana-Viorela Nistor, Doina-Georgeta Andronoiu, Gabriel-Dănuț Mocanu, Andreea Veronica Botezatu Dediu and Elisabeta Botez

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3920; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123920 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2158

Abstract

In the context of the increasing lactation problems among breastfeeding women, the development of a healthy lifestyle is needed. Different variants of pork, turkey, and beef meatballs, with added lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) aqueous [...] Read more.

In the context of the increasing lactation problems among breastfeeding women, the development of a healthy lifestyle is needed. Different variants of pork, turkey, and beef meatballs, with added lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) aqueous extract (6%), were obtained. These herbs were selected and used due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and lactogenic potential. Two thermal treatments, hot air convection (180 °C) and steam convection (94 °C), were applied for meatballs processing. The obtained meatballs were further subjected to a complex characterization. The functionality of the plant extracts was proved by the values of total content of polyphenols (2.69 ± 0.02 mg AG/g dw) and flavonoids (3.03 ± 0.24 mg EQ/g dw). FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of trans-anethole and estragole at 1507–1508 cm⁻¹ and 1635–1638 cm⁻¹, respectively. Costumers’ overall acceptance had a score above 5.5 for all samples, on a scale of 1 to 9. Further analysis and human trials should be considered regarding the use of lactogenic herbs, given their health benefits and availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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10 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Application of Gambogic Acid for Retarding Renal Cyst Progression in Polycystic Kidney Disease

by Nutchanard Khunpatee, Kanit Bhukhai, Varanuj Chatsudthipong and Chaowalit Yuajit

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3837; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123837 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2848

Abstract

Abnormal cell proliferation and accumulation of fluid-filled cysts along the nephrons in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) could lead to a decline in renal function and eventual end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Gambogic acid (GA), a xanthone compound extracted from the brownish resin of the [...] Read more.

Abnormal cell proliferation and accumulation of fluid-filled cysts along the nephrons in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) could lead to a decline in renal function and eventual end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Gambogic acid (GA), a xanthone compound extracted from the brownish resin of the Garcinia hanburyi tree, exhibits various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-proliferation, and anti-cancer activity. However, its effect on inhibiting cell proliferation in PKD is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the pharmacological effects and detailed mechanisms of GA in slowing an in vitro cyst growth model of PKD. The results showed that GA (0.25–2.5 μM) significantly retarded MDCK cyst growth and cyst formation in a dose-dependent manner, without cytotoxicity. Using the BrdU cell proliferation assay, it was found that GA (0.5–2.5 μM) suppressed MDCK and Pkd1 mutant cell proliferation. In addition, GA (0.5–2.5 μM) strongly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and S6K expression and upregulated the activation of phosphorylation of AMPK, both in MDCK cells and Pkd1 mutant cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that GA could retard MDCK cyst enlargement, at least in part by inhibiting the cell proliferation pathway. GA could be a natural plant-based drug candidate for ADPKD intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 3815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Rosa canina L. Pseudo-Fruits (Rosehip) and Their Biological Activity

by Alexandru Nicolescu, Mihai Babotă, Leilei Zhang, Claudiu I. Bunea, Laura Gavrilaș, Dan C. Vodnar, Andrei Mocan, Gianina Crișan and Gabriele Rocchetti

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061123 - 6 Jun 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4528

Abstract

Two techniques, namely, optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), were used to promote the extraction of phenolic compounds from the pseudo-fruits of Rosa canina L. (RC). For UAE, an optimization process based on the design of experiment (DoE) principles was used [...] Read more.

Two techniques, namely, optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), were used to promote the extraction of phenolic compounds from the pseudo-fruits of Rosa canina L. (RC). For UAE, an optimization process based on the design of experiment (DoE) principles was used for determining the dependence between three variables (i.e., time of extraction, ultrasound amplitude, and the material-to-water ratio) and the total phenolic content of the samples. For EAE, a 2:1:1 pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase enzymatic blend was used as pre-treatment for optimized UAE, inducing a higher total phenolic content. The untargeted phenolic profiling approach revealed a great abundance of lower molecular weight phenolics (1.64 mg Eq./g) in UAE-RC extracts, whilst gallic acid (belonging to hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives) was the most abundant individual compound of both extracts. The unsupervised multivariate statistics clearly discriminated the impact of enzymatic pre-treatment on the phenolic profile of RC pseudo-fruits. Finally, Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and tyrosol derivatives were those compounds mostly correlated to the in vitro antioxidant potential of the extracts, whilst negative and significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients were recorded when considering the enzymatic inhibition activities. The highest enzyme-inhibitory activity has been identified against α-glucosidase, which indicates an antidiabetic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 4006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimising the Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Using Beta-Cyclodextrin Assisted Extraction

by Lusani Norah Vhangani, Leonardo Cristian Favre, Guido Rolandelli, Jessy Van Wyk and María del Pilar Buera

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113556 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2727

Abstract

Antioxidant activity associated with green rooibos infusions is attributed to the activity of polyphenols, particularly aspalathin and nothofagin. This study aimed to optimise β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-assisted extraction of crude green rooibos (CGRE) via total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity assays. Response surface methodology [...] Read more.

Antioxidant activity associated with green rooibos infusions is attributed to the activity of polyphenols, particularly aspalathin and nothofagin. This study aimed to optimise β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-assisted extraction of crude green rooibos (CGRE) via total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity assays. Response surface methodology (RSM) permitted optimisation of β-CD concentration (0–15 mM), temperature (40–90 °C) and time (15–60 min). Optimal extraction conditions were: 15 mM β-CD: 40 °C: 60 min with a desirability of 0.985 yielding TPC of 398.25 mg GAE·g⁻¹, metal chelation (MTC) of 93%, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging of 1689.7 µmol TE·g⁻¹, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 2097.53 µmol AAE·g⁻¹ and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of 11,162.82 TE·g⁻¹. Aspalathin, hyperoside and orientin were the major flavonoids, with quercetin, luteolin and chrysoeriol detected in trace quantities. Differences (p < 0.05) between aqueous and β-CD assisted CGRE was only observed for aspalathin reporting the highest content of 172.25 mg·g⁻¹ of dry matter for extracts produced at optimal extraction conditions. Positive, strong correlations between TPC and antioxidant assays were observed and exhibited regression coefficient (R²) between 0.929–0.978 at p < 0.001. These results demonstrated the capacity of β-CD in increasing polyphenol content of green rooibos. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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18 pages, 3152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Immortalized Duck Intestinal Epithelial Cells Exposed to H₂O₂

by Ning Zhou, Yong Tian, Hongzhi Wu, Yongqing Cao, Ruiqing Li, Kang Zou, Wenwu Xu and Lizhi Lu

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113542 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2717

Abstract

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound with anti-oxidation effects. The mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effects of resveratrol in duck intestinal epithelial cells remain unclear. The protective effects of resveratrol against oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ on immortalized duck intestinal epithelial cells [...] Read more.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound with anti-oxidation effects. The mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effects of resveratrol in duck intestinal epithelial cells remain unclear. The protective effects of resveratrol against oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ on immortalized duck intestinal epithelial cells (IDECs) were investigated. IDECs were established by transferring the lentivirus-mediated simian virus 40 large T (SV40T) gene into small intestinal epithelial cells derived from duck embryos. IDECs were morphologically indistinguishable from the primary intestinal epithelial cells. The marker protein cytokeratin 18 (CK18) was also detected in the cultured cells. We found that resveratrol significantly increased the cell viability and activity of catalase and decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, as well as the apoptosis rate induced by H₂O₂ (p < 0.05). Resveratrol up-regulated the expression of NRF2, p-NRF2, p-AKT, and p-P38 proteins and decreased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in H₂O₂-induced IDECs (p < 0.05). Our findings revealed that resveratrol might alleviate oxidative stress by the PI3K/AKT and P38 MAPK signal pathways and inhibit apoptosis by altering the levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2 in IDECs exposed to H₂O₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 3506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isoquercitrin Attenuates Osteogenic Injury in MC3T3 Osteoblastic Cells and the Zebrafish Model via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway

by Xue Li, Dongyue Zhou, Di Yang, Yunhua Fu, Xingyu Tao, Xuan Hu, Yulin Dai and Hao Yue

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3459; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113459 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2813

Abstract

Isoquercitrin (IQ) widely exists in natural products, with a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, the anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activities of IQ were evaluated. IQ showed protective activity against 2, 2′-azobis [2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced cell damage, as well as a marked reduction [...] Read more.

Isoquercitrin (IQ) widely exists in natural products, with a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, the anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activities of IQ were evaluated. IQ showed protective activity against 2, 2′-azobis [2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced cell damage, as well as a marked reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The evidence of IQ regulating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and the mitochondrial-mediated Caspase 3 pathway were found in the MC3T3 osteoblastic cell line. Furthermore, IQ significantly decreased ROS production, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation in AAPH-treated 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish, as observed via DCFH-DA, acridine orange (AO), and a 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP) probe, respectively. In AAPH-treated 9 day post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish, IQ strongly promoted osteogenic development, with increased concentrations by calcein staining, compared with the untreated group. In a molecular docking assay, among all signal proteins, Keap1 showed the strongest affinity with IQ at −8.6 kcal/mol, which might be the reason why IQ regulated the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that IQ promotes bone development and repairs bone injury, which is valuable for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 4877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth Extracts

by Luhua Xiao, Xiaoying Lu, Huilin Yang, Cuiqing Lin, Le Li, Chen Ni, Yuan Fang, Suifen Mo, Ruoting Zhan and Ping Yan

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3423; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113423 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3426

Abstract

In this study, the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth (MCB) extracts were evaluated. Seven fractions (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, F50 and MTF) were obtained from the MCB ethanol extracts. Compared to the commercial antioxidants (vitamin C), MTF and F30 [...] Read more.

In this study, the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth (MCB) extracts were evaluated. Seven fractions (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, F50 and MTF) were obtained from the MCB ethanol extracts. Compared to the commercial antioxidants (vitamin C), MTF and F30 exhibited higher antioxidant activities in the antiradical activity test and the FRAP assay. The half-inhibition concentration (IC50) for MTF and F30 were 5.323 µg/mL and 5.278 µg/mL, respectively. MTF at 200 µg/mL significantly decreased the accumulation of TG in oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells and reversed the inhibitory effect of Compound C on AMPK (MTF and F30 significantly increased the glucose utilization of insulin-induced HepG2 cells). In addition, the components of MTF were identified by HPLC-MS, which were caffeic acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, isoquercetin, astragalin, rosmarinic acid, aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside. Through statistical correlations by Simca P software, it was found that the main antioxidant and hypolipidemic components of MCB might be caffeic acid, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, which may play important roles in the AMPK pathway. MTF and F30 in MCB could be potential health products for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 2741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glochidion wallichianum Leaf Extract as a Natural Antioxidant in Sausage Model System

by Chantira Wongnen, Naiya Ruzzama, Manat Chaijan, Ling-Zhi Cheong and Worawan Panpipat

Foods 2022, 11(11), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111547 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3195

Abstract

This study highlighted the role of an 80% ethanolic Mon-Pu (Glochidion wallichianum) leaf extract (MPE), a novel natural antioxidative ingredient, in controlling the oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of a cooked sausage model system (SMS). MPE had a total extractable phenolic [...] Read more.

This study highlighted the role of an 80% ethanolic Mon-Pu (Glochidion wallichianum) leaf extract (MPE), a novel natural antioxidative ingredient, in controlling the oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of a cooked sausage model system (SMS). MPE had a total extractable phenolic content of 16 mg/100 g, with DPPH^● scavenging activity, ABTS^●+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of 2.3, 1.9, and 1.2 mmole Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of MPE (0.01–10%, w/w) formulated into SMS on lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and discoloration were compared to synthetic butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT; 0.003%, w/w) and a control (without antioxidant). The peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl contents of SMS tended to increase with increasing MPE concentration (p < 0.05), indicating that high MPE excipient has a pro-oxidative effect. The lowest lipid oxidation (PV and TBARS) and protein carbonyl contents were observed when 0.01% MPE was used to treat SMS (p < 0.05), which was comparable or even greater than BHT-treated SMS. High concentrations (1–10%) of MPE incorporation led to increases in the discoloration of SMS (p < 0.05) with a negligible change in pH of SMS. The water exudate was reduced when MPE was incorporated into SMS compared to control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, MPE at 0.01% significantly reduced lipid oxidation in cooked EMS during refrigerated storage. According to the findings, a low amount of MPE, particularly at 0.01%, in a formulation could potentially maintain the oxidative stability and physicochemical qualities of cooked SMS that are comparable to or better than synthetic BHT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Alpinia oxyphylla Fruit against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Toxicity in HepG2 Cells via Nrf2 Activation and Free Radical Scavenging and Its Active Molecules

by Chae Lee Park, Ji Hoon Kim, Je-Seung Jeon, Ju-hee Lee, Kaixuan Zhang, Shuo Guo, Do-hyun Lee, Eun Mei Gao, Rak Ho Son, Young-Mi Kim, Gyu Hwan Park and Chul Young Kim

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051032 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2843

Abstract

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) extract exerts protective activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells, and the antioxidant response element (ARE) luciferase activity increased 6-fold at 30 μg/mL in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with ARE-luciferase. To identify active molecules, activity-guided isolation of [...] Read more.

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) extract exerts protective activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells, and the antioxidant response element (ARE) luciferase activity increased 6-fold at 30 μg/mL in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with ARE-luciferase. To identify active molecules, activity-guided isolation of the crude extract led to four sesquiterpenes (1, 2, 5, 6) and two diarylheptanoids (3 and 4) from an n-hexane extract and six sesquiterpenes (7–12) from an ethyl acetate extract. Chemical structures were elucidated by one-dimensional, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-, 2D-NMR), and mass (MS) spectral data. Among the isolated compounds, eudesma-3,11-dien-2-one (2) promoted the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and increased the promoter property of the ARE. Diarylheptanoids, yakuchinone A (3), and 5′-hydroxyl-yakuchinone A (4) showed radical scavenging activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. Furthermore, optimization of extraction solvents (ratios of water and ethanol) was performed by comparison of contents of active compounds, ARE-inducing activity, radical scavenging activity, and HepG2 cell protective activity. As a result, 75% ethanol was the best solvent for the extraction of A. oxyphylla fruit. This study demonstrated that A. oxyphylla exerted antioxidant effects via the Nrf2/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) pathway and radical scavenging along with active markers eudesma-3,11-dien-2-one (2) and yakuchinone A (3). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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20 pages, 3926 KiB

Open AccessReview

Updated Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Product Geniposide

by Liping Liu, Qin Wu, Yuping Chen, Guoxiang Gu, Runan Gao, Bo Peng, Yue Wang, Anbang Li, Jipeng Guo, Xinru Xu, Xiaochen Shao, Lingxing Li, Ya Shen and Jihu Sun

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3319; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103319 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 3952

Abstract

At present, the potential of natural products in new drug development has attracted more and more scientists’ attention, and natural products have become an important source for the treatment of various diseases or important lead compounds. Geniposide, as a novel iridoid glycoside compound, [...] Read more.

At present, the potential of natural products in new drug development has attracted more and more scientists’ attention, and natural products have become an important source for the treatment of various diseases or important lead compounds. Geniposide, as a novel iridoid glycoside compound, is an active natural product isolated from the herb Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ) for the first time; it is also the main active component of GJ. Recent studies have found that geniposide has multiple pharmacological effects and biological activities, including hepatoprotective activity, an anti-osteoporosis effect, an antitumor effect, an anti-diabetic effect, ananti-myocardial dysfunction effect, a neuroprotective effect, and other protective effects. In this study, the latest research progress of the natural product geniposide is systematically described, and the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of geniposide are also summarized and discussed comprehensively. We also emphasize the major pathways modulated by geniposide, offering new insights into the pharmacological effects of geniposide as a promising drug candidate for multiple disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 1390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Extraction–DPPH–HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS System for Efficient Screening and Identification of Antioxidants from Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (Rutaceae): Integrating Sample Preparation and Antioxidants Profiling

by Yecheng Xiao, Fuhua Fu, Youhe Wei, Shuyun Shi and Yang Shan

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051014 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

The lack of a direct connection between solid edible or medical natural products and bioactive compound profiling is a bottleneck in natural product research and quality control. Here, a novel integrated system, online extraction (OLE)–2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS, was fabricated to extract, screen, and identify [...] Read more.

The lack of a direct connection between solid edible or medical natural products and bioactive compound profiling is a bottleneck in natural product research and quality control. Here, a novel integrated system, online extraction (OLE)–2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS, was fabricated to extract, screen, and identify antioxidants from the whole fruit of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (CAVA, Rutaceae) simply, rapidly, and efficiently. The system consumes less sample (1.0 mg of CAVA powder) and requires a shorter analytical time (45 min for sample extraction, antioxidants screening, separation, and identification). Eight antioxidant flavonoids were screened and identified, and six available flavanones were sensitively, precisely, and accurately quantified. Two major flavanone glycosides, naringin (50.37 ± 0.43 mg/g) and neohesperidin (38.20 ± 0.27 mg/g), exhibit potent DPPH scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 111.9 ± 10.06 and 178.55 ± 11.28 μg/mL. A minor flavanone aglycone, hesperitin (0.73 ± 0.06 mg/g), presents stronger DPPH scavenging activity (IC₅₀, 39.07 ± 2.51 μg/mL). Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrated their electron transport ability and chemical reactivity, which confirmed the screened results. The results indicate that the developed OLE–DPPH–HPLC−DAD−QTOF-MS system provides new perspectives for analysis of antioxidants from complex natural products, which also contribute to the quality evaluation of CAVA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 2821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activities and Mechanisms of Tomentosin in Human Keratinocytes

by Seyoung Yang, See-Hyoung Park, Sae Woong Oh, Kitae Kwon, Eunbi Yu, Chae Won Lee, Youn Kyoung Son, Changmu Kim, Byoung-Hee Lee, Jae Youl Cho, Youn-Jung Kim and Jongsung Lee

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050990 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Tomentosin, one of natural sesquiterpene lactones sourced from Inula viscosa L., exerts therapeutic effects in various cell types. Here, we investigated the antioxidant activities and the underlying action mechanisms of tomentosin in HaCaT cells (a human keratinocyte cell line). Specifically, we examined the [...] Read more.

Tomentosin, one of natural sesquiterpene lactones sourced from Inula viscosa L., exerts therapeutic effects in various cell types. Here, we investigated the antioxidant activities and the underlying action mechanisms of tomentosin in HaCaT cells (a human keratinocyte cell line). Specifically, we examined the involvement of tomentosin in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways. Treatment with tomentosin for up to 60 min triggered the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas treatment for 4 h or longer decreased ROS production. Tomentosin treatment also induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its target genes. These data indicate that tomentosin induces ROS production at an early stage which activates the Nrf2 pathway by disrupting the Nrf2–Keap1 complex. However, at a later stage, ROS levels were reduced by tomentosin-induced upregulation of antioxidant genes. In addition, tomentosin induced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) attenuated the tomentosin-induced phosphorylation of Nrf2, suggesting that JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways can contribute to the tomentosin-induced Nrf2 activation through phosphorylation of Nrf2. Furthermore, N-acetyl-_L-cysteine (NAC) treatment blocked both tomentosin-induced production of ROS and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. These data suggest that tomentosin-induced Nrf2 signaling is mediated both by tomentosin-induced ROS production and the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK. Moreover, tomentosin inhibited the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the suppression of xenobiotic-response element (XRE) reporter activity and the translocation of AhR into nucleus induced by urban pollutants, especially benzo[a]pyrene. These findings suggest that tomentosin can ameliorate skin damage induced by environmental pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study on Relieving Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Inhalation of Different Citrus Essential Oils

by Lei Tian, Tan Hu, Shanshan Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, Chenxi Yang, Guiting Chen and Siyi Pan

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103239 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3627

Abstract

Citrus essential oils (CEOs) possess physiological functions due to diverse aroma components. However, evidence for the effects of CEOs on exercise performance and exercise-induced fatigue is limited. The CEOs with discrepancies in components may exert different effects on the amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. [...] Read more.

Citrus essential oils (CEOs) possess physiological functions due to diverse aroma components. However, evidence for the effects of CEOs on exercise performance and exercise-induced fatigue is limited. The CEOs with discrepancies in components may exert different effects on the amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. In this study, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oil (SEO), lemon (Citrus limon Osbeck) essential oil (LEO), and bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso and Poit) essential oil (BEO) were chosen to explore the effect on amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. Our results demonstrated that SEO and LEO increased the swimming time by 276% and 46.5%, while BEO did not. Moreover, the three CEOs exerted varying effects on mitigating exercise-induced fatigue via inhibiting oxidative stress, protecting muscle injury, and promoting glucose-dependent energy supply. Accordingly, BEO showed the best efficiency. Moreover, the GC-MS and Pearson correlation analysis of BEO showed that the contents of the major components, such as (±)-limonene (32.9%), linalyl butyrate (17.8%), and linalool (7.7%), were significantly positively correlated with relieving exercise-induced fatigue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 2338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrolyzed Flavonoids from Cyrtosperma johnstonii with Superior Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential for Cancer Prevention

by Ornchuma Naksuriya, Krai Daowtak, Singkome Tima, Siriporn Okonogi, Monika Mueller, Stefan Toegel and Ruttiros Khonkarn

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3226; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103226 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2430

Abstract

Cyrtosperma johnstonii is one of the most interesting traditional medicines for cancer treatment. This study aimed to compare and combine the biological activities related to cancer prevention of the flavonoid glycosides rutin (RT) and isorhamnetin-3-o-rutinoside (IRR) and their hydrolysis products quercetin (QT) and [...] Read more.

Cyrtosperma johnstonii is one of the most interesting traditional medicines for cancer treatment. This study aimed to compare and combine the biological activities related to cancer prevention of the flavonoid glycosides rutin (RT) and isorhamnetin-3-o-rutinoside (IRR) and their hydrolysis products quercetin (QT) and isorhamnetin (IR) from C.johnstonii extract. ABTS and MTT assays were used to determine antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against various cancer cells, as well as normal cells. Anti-inflammatory activities were measured by ELISA. The results showed that the antioxidant activities of the compounds decreased in the order of QT > IR > RT > IRR, while most leukemia cell lines were sensitive to QT and IR with low toxicity towards PBMCs. The reduction of IL-6 and IL-10 secretion by QT and IR was higher than that induced by RT and IRR. The combination of hydrolysis products (QT and IR) possessed a strong synergism in antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the combination of flavonoid glycosides and their hydrolysis products revealed antagonism. These results suggest that the potential of the combination of hydrolyzed flavonoids from C. johnstonii can be considered as natural compounds for the prevention of cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manipulation of the Phytochemical Profile of Tenderstem^® Broccoli Florets by Short Duration, Pre-Harvest LED Lighting

by Faye M. A. Langston, James M. Monaghan, Olivia Cousins, Geoffrey R. Nash, John R. Bows and Gemma Chope

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103224 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2642

Abstract

Light quality has been reported to influence the phytochemical profile of broccoli sprouts/microgreens; however, few studies have researched the influence on mature broccoli. This is the first study to investigate how exposing a mature glasshouse grown vegetable brassica, Tenderstem^® broccoli, to different [...] Read more.

Light quality has been reported to influence the phytochemical profile of broccoli sprouts/microgreens; however, few studies have researched the influence on mature broccoli. This is the first study to investigate how exposing a mature glasshouse grown vegetable brassica, Tenderstem^® broccoli, to different light wavelengths before harvest influences the phytochemical content. Sixty broccoli plants were grown in a controlled environment glasshouse under ambient light until axial meristems reached >1 cm diameter, whereupon a third were placed under either green/red/far-red LED, blue LED, or remained in the original compartment. Primary and secondary spears were harvested after one and three weeks, respectively. Plant morphology, glucosinolate, carotenoid, tocopherol, and total polyphenol content were determined for each sample. Exposure to green/red/far-red light increased the total polyphenol content by up to 13% and maintained a comparable total glucosinolate content to the control. Blue light increased three of the four indole glucosinolates studied. The effect of light treatments on carotenoid and tocopherol content was inconclusive due to inconsistencies between trials, indicating that they are more sensitive to other environmental factors. These results have shown that by carefully selecting the wavelength, the nutritional content of mature broccoli prior to harvest could be manipulated according to demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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19 pages, 2694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Variation and Peel Contribution to Fruit Antioxidant Contents in European and Japanese Plums

by Pavlina Drogoudi and Georgios Pantelidis

Plants 2022, 11(10), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101338 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2633

Abstract

Herein, we studied the variation in leaf and fruit morphological traits and antioxidant contents in 43 local and foreign cultivars (cvs) grown under the same experimental conditions in the widely cultivated plum species Prunus domestica and Prunus salicina. The peel contribution of [...] Read more.

Herein, we studied the variation in leaf and fruit morphological traits and antioxidant contents in 43 local and foreign cultivars (cvs) grown under the same experimental conditions in the widely cultivated plum species Prunus domestica and Prunus salicina. The peel contribution of fruit bioactive compounds in a serving portion, correlations among the examined parameters, and group patterns in each plum species were also studied. The species and cvs were sufficiently separated. Compared to Japanese cvs, European cvs had less elongated leaves and smaller and sweeter fruit with less total phenol and antioxidant capacities. The Japanese cvs ‘Red ace’ and the widely grown ‘Black Amber’, together with the European ‘Tuleu Dulce’, ‘BlueFre’, and the landrace ‘Asvestochoriou’ make up groups with rich dietary sources of phytochemicals. The peel tissue contained higher total phenols and antioxidant capacities compared to the flesh, while the peel/flesh ratios varied widely among the cvs (6.6-fold). The variation in the antioxidant contents was lower among the cvs calculated per serving portion (3.7-fold); yet the peel tissue contribution was equal to that of the flesh (48.6%), signifying its high nutritive value. We observed increased sweetness in the fruit in the later-harvested cultivars, while cvs with more blue- and red-colored peel generally contained higher antioxidant contents mainly in the European plums. Moreover, larger fruit sizes were positively correlated with larger and more elliptic leaf shapes. In conclusion, the significant role of the genotype and the peel tissue as a source of bioactive compounds in plums were outlined with prospects of utilization in future breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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23 pages, 3557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Comparative Assessment of Cold Acclimation in Evergreen and Deciduous Iris Species

by Lingmei Shao, Tong Xu, Xiaobin Wang, Runlong Zhang, Xiuyun Wang, Ziming Ren, Jiaping Zhang, Yiping Xia and Danqing Li

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050977 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2737

Abstract

Cold acclimation (CA) is a strategy which plants have evolved to increase freezing tolerance. Global climate change could obstruct CA and raise the probability of winter injury, especially for evergreens. Hence, understanding the regulatory mechanism of CA is crucial to improve freezing tolerance [...] Read more.

Cold acclimation (CA) is a strategy which plants have evolved to increase freezing tolerance. Global climate change could obstruct CA and raise the probability of winter injury, especially for evergreens. Hence, understanding the regulatory mechanism of CA is crucial to improve freezing tolerance in evergreen plants. A comparative study on a pair of closely related evergreen and deciduous iris species in response to cold through CA was conducive to uncovering and complementing the knowledge of CA. We investigated morphological, physiological and biochemical changes, as well as the expression of associated genes in the functional leaves of both iris species from natural CA to deacclimation. Briefly, fast and strong CA in the evergreen iris might cause early expressions of BAM1, NCED3, GPX6, etc., which leads to strong enzyme activity of starch degradation, abscisic acid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging. Additionally, genes belonging to the antioxidant system were mainly induced during deacclimation. These results suggest that interspecies differences in the leaf freezing tolerance of irises are associated with the rate and degree of CA, which activates multiple signaling networks with complex interactions and induces the transcription of cold-responsive genes. Moreover, the ICE–CBF–COR signaling cascade may integrate and initiate diverse cold-responsive pathways during CA of the evergreen iris. The findings of this study provide valuable insight to further research on CA mechanisms and implicate genes which could support breeding strategies in herbaceous perennials under climate changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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25 pages, 7641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Activity Relationship of Pine Nut-Derived Peptides and Their Protective Effect on Nerve-Cell Mitochondria

by Hongyan Lu, Li Fang, Xiyan Wang, Dan Wu, Chunlei Liu, Xiaoting Liu, Ji Wang, Yawen Gao and Weihong Min

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101428 - 15 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the structure-activity relationship of the pine nut antioxidant peptide WYPGK and its derivative peptides, and to evaluate the protective effect of the latter on oxidative damage to mitochondrial structure and function in PC12 cells. Molecular docking revealed the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the structure-activity relationship of the pine nut antioxidant peptide WYPGK and its derivative peptides, and to evaluate the protective effect of the latter on oxidative damage to mitochondrial structure and function in PC12 cells. Molecular docking revealed the derivative peptides WYFGK and WYSGK to have higher affinity to the active region of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) (−6.08 kcal/mol and −5.87 kcal/mol, respectively), hence indicating that they are promising SIRT3 inducers and antioxidant factors. The derivative peptide WYSGK presented the highest ORAC value (5457.70 µmol TE/g), ABTS scavenging activity (70.05%), and Fe²⁺-chelating activity (81.70%), followed by WYPGK and WYFGK. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance data suggested that the presence of 3-Ser in WYSGK increased its β-sheet content, and that the active hydrogen atoms produced chemical shifts. In H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells, WYSGK substantially reduced ROS and MDA levels, and increased ATP levels. Transmission electron microscopy and Seahorse Analyze assay proved the peptide WYSGK to significantly alleviate mitochondrial damage and respiratory dysfunction (p < 0.05), thereby implying that a study of structure-activity relationships of the peptides can possibly be an effective approach for the development of functional factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Improves Carotenoid Content in Eggs When Fed to Laying Hens

by Vasil Radoslavov Pirgozliev, Isobel Margaret Whiting, Kristina Kljak, Stephen Charles Mansbridge, Atanas Georgiev Atanasov, Stephen Paul Rose and Stanimir Bojidarov Enchev

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101418 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3910

Abstract

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a shrub with leaves that have a high concentration of carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Egg yolks are a bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin. The consumption of these carotenoids has been linked with improved human health. To [...] Read more.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a shrub with leaves that have a high concentration of carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Egg yolks are a bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin. The consumption of these carotenoids has been linked with improved human health. To investigate the impact of dried stevia leaves at 0%, 1% and 2% on the quality variables, the chemical composition and antioxidant content of eggs, the experiment involved 90 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, housed in 30 enriched layer cages, in groups of three from 22 to 26 weeks of age. The impact on the internal qualities of stored eggs was also examined. Yolks from hens fed stevia had an enriched color compared with the controls. At the end of the experiment, the whole egg, without shell, of birds fed 2% stevia had a higher total carotenoid content (p < 0.001) compared with birds fed 1% and 0% stevia, i.e., 5.16 (µg/g), 4.23 (µg/g) and 2.96 (µg/g), respectively. Storage reduced albumen height and increased albumen pH (p < 0.001). Stevia supplementation did not interact (p > 0.05) with storage time among the egg quality variables. Consuming eggs from hens fed stevia may increase carotenoids in human diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

12 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Leaf Removal on Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Trebbiano Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)

by Mike Frank Quartacci, Cristina Sgherri and Calogero Pinzino

Plants 2022, 11(10), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101303 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

Leaf removal is a canopy management practice widely applied in viticulture to enhance the phenol composition and concentration of grapes, which then results in improved wine quality. Many studies were carried out on red berried varieties, but information on white ones is scanty. [...] Read more.

Leaf removal is a canopy management practice widely applied in viticulture to enhance the phenol composition and concentration of grapes, which then results in improved wine quality. Many studies were carried out on red berried varieties, but information on white ones is scanty. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of basal leaf defoliation in post fruit set on the phenol composition, ascorbate level and antioxidant activity of Trebbiano grapes. Electron paramagnetic resonance was also employed to monitor the decay kinetics of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl which allowed the identification of antioxidants with different action rates. The results show that defoliation caused an increase in the phenolic acid (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids) and flavonol concentrations of berries without changes in the composition. Both ascorbate and antioxidant activity were also enhanced in the berries from defoliated vines. Besides increasing the number of fast-rate antioxidants, leaf removal resulted in the formation of intermediate-rate ones. In the Trebbiano variety, leaf removal in the post fruit set may represent an effective strategy to enhance the phenolic composition and the antioxidant defense system of berries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Lignans, a Class of Health Promoting Compounds, in a Variety of Edible Oils from Brazil

by Roberta Tardugno, Nicola Cicero, Rosaria Costa, Vincenzo Nava and Rossella Vadalà

Foods 2022, 11(10), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101386 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

Lignans, a group of polyphenols, have been identified in eight cold pressed oils from fruits, nuts, and seeds, retrieved from the Brazilian market. The oils under investigation were avocado, Brazilian nut, canola, coconut, grapeseed, macadamia, palm, and pequi. Olive oil was selected as [...] Read more.

Lignans, a group of polyphenols, have been identified in eight cold pressed oils from fruits, nuts, and seeds, retrieved from the Brazilian market. The oils under investigation were avocado, Brazilian nut, canola, coconut, grapeseed, macadamia, palm, and pequi. Olive oil was selected as a reference oil, since numerous data on its lignan content are available in literature. The qualitative and quantitative profiles were obtained, after extraction, by means of UFLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. The total lignan content showed a high variability, ranging from 0.69 mg·Kg⁻¹ (pequi) to 7.12 mg·Kg⁻¹ (grapeseed), with the highest content registered for olive oil. Seven lignans were quantified, matairesinol and pinoresinol being the most abundant. The LC-MS/MS method was validated, showing linearity in the range of 12.5–212.5 mg·Kg⁻¹, LOD in the range of 0.18–11.37 mg·Kg⁻¹, and LOQ in the range of 0.53–34.45 mg·Kg⁻¹. Additionally, part of the study was focused on the evaluation of the flavor profile, this being a key element in consumers’ evaluations, by means of HS-SPME-GC. In total, 150 volatile compounds were determined in the eight oils, with identified fractions ranging from 91.85% (avocado) to 96.31% (canola), with an average value of 94.1%. Groups of components contributed characteristically to the flavour of each oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Golden Root (Rhodiola rosea L.) Commercial Samples

by Milena Polumackanycz, Pawel Konieczynski, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan, Nurten Abaci and Agnieszka Viapiana

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050919 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition of the water and hydromethanolic extracts of R. rosea commercial samples in relation to their biological activity. For this purpose, the HPLC method was used for the determination of eleven phenolic compounds [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition of the water and hydromethanolic extracts of R. rosea commercial samples in relation to their biological activity. For this purpose, the HPLC method was used for the determination of eleven phenolic compounds and AAS/AES was used for determination of five essential elements. Moreover, the contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total phenolic acids, and L(+)-ascorbic acid were determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, while the inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE enzymes was determined using Ellman’s method. The results showed that the hydromethanolic extracts of R. rosea were richer in phenolic compounds and showed higher antioxidant and neurobiological activity than the water extracts. However, the water extracts gave higher contents of determined elements. Among the individual phenolic compounds gallic acid (2.33 mg/g DW) and sinapic acid (386.44 µg/g DW) had the highest concentrations in the hydromethanolic and water extracts, respectively. Moreover, the most extracts were observed to be more efficient on BChE. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated a high positive relationship between chemical composition and biological activity in both extracts of R. rosea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

16 pages, 5924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Structural Elucidation, Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides of Brassica rapa L.

by Wenyang Cao, Chenxi Wang, Xiayidan Mayhesumu, Le Pan, Yan Dang, Abulimiti Yili, Aytursun Abuduwaili and Sanawar Mansur

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 3002; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093002 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction (MUAE) on the content, structure, and biological functions of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide (BRP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of MUAE, and it obtained [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction (MUAE) on the content, structure, and biological functions of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide (BRP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of MUAE, and it obtained a polysaccharide with yield of 21.802%. Then, a neutral polysaccharide named BRP-1-1 with a molecular weight of 31.378 kDa was isolated and purified from BRP using DEAE-650 M and Sephadex G-100. The structures of the BRP-1-1 were elucidated through a combination of FT-IR, GC-MS, NMR, and methylation analysis. The results showed that BRP-1 consisted of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glu) in a molar ratio of 7.62:1. The backbone of BRP-1-1 mainly consisted of →6)-α-D-Glup-(1→4-β-D-Glup-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→2)-α-D-Glup-(1→, the branch was [T-α-D-Manp-(1]_n→. BRP-1-1 intervention significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity; an inhibition rate of 44.623% was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The results of the in vitro biological activity showed that BRP-1-1 has good antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity, suggesting that BRP-1-1 could be developed as a functional medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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10 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Content Variations in Oleocanthalic Acid and Other Phenolic Compounds in Extra-Virgin Olive Oil during Storage

by Jasmine Esposito Salsano, Maria Digiacomo, Doretta Cuffaro, Simone Bertini and Marco Macchia

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091354 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3116

Abstract

The health benefits of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are strictly linked to the presence of phenolic compounds, which exhibit numerous nutraceutical properties. In EVOO, the most important class of phenolic compounds is represented by secoiridoids (oleacein and oleocanthal). EVOO is constantly subjected to [...] Read more.

The health benefits of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are strictly linked to the presence of phenolic compounds, which exhibit numerous nutraceutical properties. In EVOO, the most important class of phenolic compounds is represented by secoiridoids (oleacein and oleocanthal). EVOO is constantly subjected to degradation processes, including hydrolytic and oxidative reactions that influence its phenolic composition. In particular, the hydrolytic reactions determine the transformation of oleocanthal and oleacein into the corresponding phenyl-alcohols, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. Furthermore, oleocanthal by oxidation processes can be converted to oleocanthalic acid. In this study, we evaluated the phenolic composition of three EVOO samples kept at different storage conditions for 15 months, focusing on the variation of oleocanthalic acid content. Specifically, the samples were stored at 4 °C in darkness and at 25 °C with light exposure. The results of our analyses highlighted that in EVOOs exposed to light and maintained at 25 °C, the degradation was more marked than in EVOO stored in dark and at 4 °C, due to the greater influence of external factors on storage conditions. Although chemical–physical characteristics of EVOOs are slightly different depending on provenience and treatment time, the results of this study reveal that storage conditions are fundamental to controlling phenol concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 3063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidative Activity Evaluation of High Purity and Micronized Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids Prepared by Antisolvent Recrystallization

by Yanjie Liu, Xiaoyu Sui, Xiuhua Zhao, Siying Wang and Qilei Yang

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091346 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2416

Abstract

Tartary buckwheat, a healthy food, is associated with a reduced risk of certain human chronic diseases. However, the bioactive component flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat have poor solubility and low absorption in vivo. To improve these points, 60.00% Tartary buckwheat total flavonoids (TFs) were [...] Read more.

Tartary buckwheat, a healthy food, is associated with a reduced risk of certain human chronic diseases. However, the bioactive component flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat have poor solubility and low absorption in vivo. To improve these points, 60.00% Tartary buckwheat total flavonoids (TFs) were obtained by ethanol refluxing method, which were purified and micronized by antisolvent recrystallization (ASR) using methanol as a solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. By using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionized mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), the main flavonoid in pure flavonoids (PF) were rutin (RU), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KA) and quercetin (QU); the content of TF is 99.81% after purification. It is more worthy of our attention that micronized flavonoids contribute more to antioxidant activity because of good solubility. These results provide a theoretical reference for the micronization of other flavonoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 23889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Organic Acids on the Release of Fruity Esters in Water: An Insight at the Molecular Level

by Yu Liu, Hui Xi, Yingjie Fu, Peng Li, Shihao Sun and Yongli Zong

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2942; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092942 - 4 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

It is well known that organic acids (OAs) could affect the flavour of fruit juices and beverages. However, the molecular mechanism of aroma release is still unclear. In this study, the effects of citric acid (CA), L-(-)-malic acid (MA) and L-lactic acid (LA) [...] Read more.

It is well known that organic acids (OAs) could affect the flavour of fruit juices and beverages. However, the molecular mechanism of aroma release is still unclear. In this study, the effects of citric acid (CA), L-(-)-malic acid (MA) and L-lactic acid (LA) on the release of six selected esters and their sensory perception were investigated by means of HS-GC-MS analyses and odour detection threshold determination, respectively. Meanwhile, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation was employed to explore the interaction modes between esters and OAs. HS-GC-MS analyses showed that the concentration and the type of OAs regulated the release of esters. The results were basically consistent with the detection threshold change of those esters. The DFT calculation suggested that the main intermolecular interaction was hydrogen bonds, and several esters could form a ternary ring structure with OAs through hydrogen bonds. The interactions can induce the different release behaviours of esters in OAs water solution. The number of carboxyl functional groups in OAs and the spatial conformation of esters appeared to influence the magnitude of the interaction. The above results demonstrated the mechanism of OAs affecting the release of esters and indicated a possible flavour control way by using different OAs and OA concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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12 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Aucubin-Containing Eye Drops on Tear Hyposecretion and Lacrimal Gland Damage Induced by Urban Particulate Matter in Rats

by Su-Bin Park, Woo Kwon Jung, Hwa-Young Yu, Yong Hwan Kim and Junghyun Kim

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092926 - 4 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

Exposure to particulate matter is a causative factor of dry eye disease. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of eye drops containing aucubin on dry eye disease induced by urban particulate matter (UPM). Dry eye was induced in male SD rats (6 [...] Read more.

Exposure to particulate matter is a causative factor of dry eye disease. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of eye drops containing aucubin on dry eye disease induced by urban particulate matter (UPM). Dry eye was induced in male SD rats (6 weeks old) by topical exposure to UPM thrice a day for 5 d. Eye drops containing 0.1% aucubin or 0.5% aucubin were topically administered directly into the eye after UPM exposure for an additional 5 d. Tear secretion was evaluated using a phenol red thread tear test and corneal irregularity. The oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland was evaluated using TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining. The topical administration of aucubin significantly attenuated UPM-induced tear hyposecretion (control group: 9.25 ± 0.62 mm, UPM group: 4.55 ± 0.25 mm, 0.1% aucubin: 7.12 ± 0.58 mm, and 0.5% aucubin: 7.88 ± 0.75 mm) and corneal irregularity (control group: 0.00 ± 0.00, UPM group: 3.40 ± 0.29, 0.1% aucubin: 1.80 ± 0.27, and 0.5% aucubin: 1.15 ± 0.27). In addition, aucubin also reduced the UPM-induced apoptotic injury of lacrimal gland cells induced by oxidative stress through the increased expression of HMGB1 and RAGE. These findings indicate that the topical administration of aucubin eye drops showed a beneficial effect against UPM-induced abnormal ocular changes, such as tear hyposecretion and lacrimal gland damage. Therefore, our results reveal the pharmacological activities of aucubin in dry eye disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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15 pages, 3109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pro-Angiogenic Effects of Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Mango Leaf, Olive Leaf and Red Grape Pomace over Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells

by Ismael Sánchez-Gomar, Josefa Benítez-Camacho, Cristina Cejudo-Bastante, Lourdes Casas, Rafael Moreno-Luna, Casimiro Mantell and Mª Carmen Durán-Ruiz

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050851 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3740

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide, mainly triggered by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that reduce blood flow. Angiogenic cell therapy based on endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) constitutes a promising alternative to promote vascular revascularization; however, under the oxidative [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide, mainly triggered by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that reduce blood flow. Angiogenic cell therapy based on endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) constitutes a promising alternative to promote vascular revascularization; however, under the oxidative environment that prevails in ischemic areas, these cells become impaired. Thus, it is necessary to investigate strategies to enhance their regenerative properties. Antioxidant substances, such as polyphenols, have been shown to be useful for this purpose. In the current study we evaluated the potential of mango leaves, olive leaves and red grape pomace extracts, rich in polyphenols, to promote ECFC reparative effects. For this, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aforementioned raw materials were obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). After evaluating the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity, in vitro assays were carried out, and we found that ethanolic extracts at low concentrations improved angiogenic capacities of ECFCs and reduced proliferation, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response of these cells. Overall, mango leaves ethanolic extract provided the most promising results, but all three extracts ameliorated the functionality of ECFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Different Black Mulberry Fruits (Morus nigra L.) Based on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity

by Ri-Si Wang, Pan-Hao Dong, Xi-Xiang Shuai and Ming-Shun Chen

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091252 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3807

Abstract

This study evaluated thirteen different black mulberry fruits (Morus nigra L.) grown in the Guangdong region in order to select the best cultivar for health benefits and commercial applications. The phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity was [...] Read more.

This study evaluated thirteen different black mulberry fruits (Morus nigra L.) grown in the Guangdong region in order to select the best cultivar for health benefits and commercial applications. The phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three in vitro methods. Significant differences among samples were found regarding total soluble solids (6.20–15.83 °Brix), titratable acidity (5.82–48.49 mg CA/g), total phenolic contents (10.82–27.29 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (1.21–2.86 mg RE/g) and total anthocyanin contents (2.91–11.86 mg CE/g). Fifty-five different phenolic compounds were identified, of which fifteen were reported in mulberry for the first time, but only forty-six of them were quantitated. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power varied significantly among the samples. Overall, cultivars with better combinations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were Qiong46 (M-2), Yuebanguo (M-4) and Heizhenzhu (M-10), which were recommended for commercial cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 3026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extract from Black Soybean Cultivar A63 Extract Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Inflammation in an Oxazolone-Induced Murine Model

by Banzragch Dorjsembe, Chu Won Nho, Yongsoo Choi and Jin-Chul Kim

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092751 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3367

Abstract

Black soybean has been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, cancer, and diabetes and as a nutritional source since ancient times. We found that Korean black soybean cultivar A63 has more cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, (C3G), procyanidin B2 (PB2), and epicatechin (EPC) [...] Read more.

Black soybean has been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, cancer, and diabetes and as a nutritional source since ancient times. We found that Korean black soybean cultivar A63 has more cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, (C3G), procyanidin B2 (PB2), and epicatechin (EPC) contents than other cultivars and has beneficial effects on cell viability and anti-oxidation. Given the higher concentration of anthocyanidins and their strong anti-oxidant activity, we predicted that A63 extract could relieve inflammatory disease symptoms, including those of atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we evaluated the anti-AD activity of A63 extract in an oxazolone (OXA)-induced mouse model. A63 extract treatment significantly reduced epidermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration, downregulated the expression of AD gene markers, including Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, and restored damaged skin barrier tissues. Furthermore, A63 extract influenced the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and STAT6, extracellular regulatory kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, which play a crucial role in the development of AD. Altogether, our results suggest that A63 can ameliorate AD-like skin inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and STAT3/6 and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and restoring skin barrier function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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11 pages, 2793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activities between Sweet and Sour Wampee (Clausena lansium) Fruits

by Xiaoxiao Chang, Yutong Ye, Jianping Pan, Zhixiong Lin, Jishui Qiu, Cheng Peng, Xinbo Guo and Yusheng Lu

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091230 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

As a local medicine and food, wampee fruit, with abundant bioactive compounds, is loved by local residents in Southern China. Titratable acid (TA), total sugar (TS), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected, and phytochemical profiles and cellular antioxidant activities were analyzed [...] Read more.

As a local medicine and food, wampee fruit, with abundant bioactive compounds, is loved by local residents in Southern China. Titratable acid (TA), total sugar (TS), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected, and phytochemical profiles and cellular antioxidant activities were analyzed by the HPLC and CAA (cellular antioxidant activity) assay in five sweet wampee varieties and five sour wampee varieties. Results showed that the average TS/TA ratio of sweet wampee varieties was 29 times higher than sour wampee varieties, while TA content was 19 times lower than sour wampee varieties. There were much lower levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in sweet wampee varieties than those in sour wampee varieties. Eight phytochemicals were detected in sour wampee varieties, including syringin, rutin, benzoic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, while just four of them were detected in sweet wampee varieties. Syringin was the only one that was detected in all the sour wampee varieties and was not detected in all sweet wampee varieties. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between TA with phenolics, flavonoids, and total and cellular (PBS wash) antioxidant activities, while there were significant negative correlations between TS/TA with phenolic and cellular (no PBS wash) antioxidant activities. This suggested that the content of titratable acid in wampee fruit might have some relationship with the contents of phenolics and flavonoids. Sour wampee varieties should be paid much attention by breeders for their high phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities for cultivating germplasms with high health care efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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11 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Purification and Identification of Novel Myeloperoxidase Inhibitory Antioxidant Peptides from Tuna (Thunnas albacares) Protein Hydrolysates

by Bingna Cai, Peng Wan, Hua Chen, Jingtong Huang, Ziqing Ye, Deke Chen and Jianyu Pan

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092681 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2858

Abstract

Antioxidative peptides that inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity can effectively defend against oxidative stress damage. The antioxidant peptides from tuna protein were produced using alcalase hydrolysis and purified by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-15, and the fractions with the highest free radicals scavenging ability [...] Read more.

Antioxidative peptides that inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity can effectively defend against oxidative stress damage. The antioxidant peptides from tuna protein were produced using alcalase hydrolysis and purified by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-15, and the fractions with the highest free radicals scavenging ability and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values were sequenced using HPLC–MS/MS. Fifty-five peptide sequences were identified, 53 of which were successfully docked into MPO. The representative peptide ACGSDGK had better antioxidant activity and inhibition of MPO chlorination and peroxidation than the reference peptide hLF1-11. The docking model further showed intense molecular interactions between ACGSDGK and MPO, including hydrogen bonds, charge, and salt bridge interactions, which occluded the active site and blocked the catalytic activity of MPO. These results suggested that the antioxidant peptide ACGSDGK has the potential to inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation in vivo because of its inhibitory effect on the MPO enzyme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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20 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Exogenous Melatonin Application on the Grain Yield and Antioxidant Capacity in Aromatic Rice under Combined Lead–Cadmium Stress

by Ye Jiang, Suihua Huang, Lin Ma, Leilei Kong, Shenggang Pan, Xiangru Tang, Hua Tian, Meiyang Duan and Zhaowen Mo

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040776 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4846

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the mechanism of exogenous melatonin application in alleviating the combined Pb and Cd (Pb-Cd) toxicity on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, a pot experiment was conducted; two aromatic rice varieties, Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan, were [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the mechanism of exogenous melatonin application in alleviating the combined Pb and Cd (Pb-Cd) toxicity on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, a pot experiment was conducted; two aromatic rice varieties, Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan, were selected, and sprays using 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol L⁻¹ melatonin (denoted as S50, S100, S200, and S400) and irrigation using 100, 300, and 500 μmol L⁻¹ melatonin (denoted as R100, R300, and R500) were also selected. The results showed that, under the S50, S100, and S200 treatments, the Pb content of aromatic rice grain decreased, and the grain yield increased significantly. Moreover, the application of exogenous melatonin significantly reduced the accumulation of H₂O₂ in rice leaves at maturity under Cd–Pb stress and reduced the MDA content in Xiangyaxiangzhan leaves. In addition, the microbial community structure changed significantly under S50 and R300 treatments. Some pathways, such as the synthesis of various amino acids and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, were regulated by S50 treatment. Overall, melatonin application improved aromatic rice grain yield while reducing heavy metal accumulation by regulating the antioxidant capacity and metabolites in aromatic rice plants and altering the physicochemical properties and microbial community structures of the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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13 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells

by Beatriz Werneck Lopes Santos, Daniel Carneiro Moreira, Tatiana Karla dos Santos Borges and Eloisa Dutra Caldas

Molecules 2022, 27(8), 2500; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082500 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5542

Abstract

Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) conditions. This study aimed to isolate new bioactive compounds from B. caapi extract and evaluate their biological activity, and [...] Read more.

Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) conditions. This study aimed to isolate new bioactive compounds from B. caapi extract and evaluate their biological activity, and that of the known β-carboline components of the plant (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine), in BV-2 microglial cells, the in vivo activation of which is implicated in the physiopathology of CNS disorders. B. caapi extract was fractionated using semipreparative liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the exact masses ([M + H]⁺m/z) of the compounds in the 5 isolated fractions were determined by high-resolution LC-MS/MS: F1 (174.0918 and 233.1289), F2 (353.1722), F3 (304.3001), F4 (188.1081), and F5 (205.0785). Harmine (75.5–302 µM) significantly decreased cell viability after 2 h of treatment and increased the number of necrotic cells and production of reactive oxygen species at equal or lower concentrations after 24 h. F4 did not impact viability but was also cytotoxic after 24 h. Most treatments reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and/or TNF), especially harmaline and F5 at 2.5 µM and higher concentrations, tetrahydroharmine (9.3 µM and higher), and F5 (10.7 µM and higher). The results suggest that the compounds found in B. caapi extract have anti-inflammatory potential that could be explored for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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17 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oriented Deep Eutectic Solvents as Efficient Approach for Selective Extraction of Bioactive Saponins from Husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge

by Jinteng Cao, Guangwei Wu, Lei Wang, Fuliang Cao, Yan Jiang and Linguo Zhao

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040736 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3754

Abstract

The husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge (X. sorbifolia), as by-products of industrial production, have brought a severe burden to the environment and caused an enormous waste of resources. Bioactive triterpenoid saponins are rich in the husks. To reuse the husks and [...] Read more.

The husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge (X. sorbifolia), as by-products of industrial production, have brought a severe burden to the environment and caused an enormous waste of resources. Bioactive triterpenoid saponins are rich in the husks. To reuse the husks and gain high-quality saponin products, saponin-oriented deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as an efficient and selective extraction strategy from X. sorbifolia husks, were designed for the first time. The enhancement of the extraction rate was investigated by screening solvents from acidic DESs and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. As a result, the tetrapropylammonium bromide-lactic acid (TPMBr-La) was the most efficient DESs, with an extraction efficiency of up to 135% higher than 70% ethanol. A maximum extraction rate of 72.11 ± 0.61 mg Re/g dw was obtained under the optimized parameters. Scanning electron microscope graphs revealed that damage to the microstructure caused by DESs enhanced the extraction efficiency. Moreover, the recovery of total saponins with D101 macroporous resin was consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Seven saponins were also identified by HPLC-MS analysis. Finally, TPMBr-La extracts exhibited 92.30 ± 1.10% DPPH radical scavenging rate at 100 μg/mL, and 92.20 ± 0.30% ABTS radical scavenging rate at 1200 μg/mL. Our current research proposes a selective and high-efficiency substitute for the extraction of saponins and might contribute to further DESs application in the recycling of by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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20 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Compounds from Lespedeza bicolor Protect Neuronal Cells from Oxidative Stress

by Darya V. Tarbeeva, Evgeny A. Pislyagin, Ekaterina S. Menchinskaya, Dmitrii V. Berdyshev, Anatoliy I. Kalinovskiy, Valeria P. Grigorchuk, Natalia P. Mishchenko, Dmitry L. Aminin and Sergey A. Fedoreyev

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040709 - 3 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2747

Abstract

Pterocarpans and related polyphenolics are known as promising neuroprotective agents. We used models of rotenone-, paraquat-, and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity to study the neuroprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Lespedeza bicolor and their effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. We isolated 11 polyphenolic compounds: a [...] Read more.

Pterocarpans and related polyphenolics are known as promising neuroprotective agents. We used models of rotenone-, paraquat-, and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity to study the neuroprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Lespedeza bicolor and their effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. We isolated 11 polyphenolic compounds: a novel coumestan lespebicoumestan A (10) and a novel stilbenoid 5’-isoprenylbicoloketon (11) as well as three previously known pterocarpans, two pterocarpens, one coumestan, one stilbenoid, and a dimeric flavonoid. Pterocarpans 3 and 6, stilbenoid 5, and dimeric flavonoid 8 significantly increased the percentage of living cells after treatment with paraquat (PQ), but only pterocarpan 6 slightly decreased the ROS level in PQ-treated cells. Pterocarpan 3 and stilbenoid 5 were shown to effectively increase mitochondrial membrane potential in PQ-treated cells. We showed that pterocarpans 2 and 3, containing a 3’-methyl-3’-isohexenylpyran ring; pterocarpens 4 and 9, with a double bond between C-6a and C-11a; and coumestan 10 significantly increased the percentage of living cells by decreasing ROS levels in 6-OHDA-treated cells, which is in accordance with their rather high activity in DPPH^• and FRAP tests. Compounds 9 and 10 effectively increased the percentage of living cells after treatment with rotenone but did not significantly decrease ROS levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 1696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Quercetin against Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilm Formation on Food–Contact Surfaces and Molecular Mechanism Pattern

by Pantu Kumar Roy, Min Gyu Song and Shin Young Park

Foods 2022, 11(7), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070977 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

Quercetin is an active nutraceutical element that is found in a variety of foods, vegetables, fruits, and other products. Due to its antioxidant properties, quercetin is a flexible functional food that has broad protective effects against a wide range of infectious and degenerative [...] Read more.

Quercetin is an active nutraceutical element that is found in a variety of foods, vegetables, fruits, and other products. Due to its antioxidant properties, quercetin is a flexible functional food that has broad protective effects against a wide range of infectious and degenerative disorders. As a result, research is required on food-contact surfaces (rubber (R) and hand gloves (HG)) that can lead to cross-contamination. In this investigation, the inhibitory effects of quercetin, an antioxidant and antibacterial molecule, were investigated at sub-MIC (125; 1/2, 62.5; 1/4, and 31.25; 1/8 MIC, μg/mL) against Salmonella Typhimurium on surfaces. When quercetin (0–125 μg/mL) was observed on R and HG surfaces, the inhibitory effects were 0.09–2.49 and 0.20–2.43 log CFU/cm², respectively (p < 0.05). The results were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), because quercetin inhibited the biofilms by disturbing cell-to-cell connections and inducing cell lysis, resulting in the loss of normal cell morphology, and the motility (swimming and swarming) was significantly different at 1/4 and 1/2 MIC compared to the control. Quercetin significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the expression levels of virulence and stress response (rpoS, avrA, and hilA) and quorum-sensing (luxS) genes. Our findings imply that plant-derived quercetin could be used as an antibiofilm agent in the food industry to prevent S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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14 pages, 3528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ripening-Induced Changes in the Nutraceutical Compounds of Differently Coloured Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Breeding Lines

by Zsófia Kovács, Janka Bedő, Bánk Pápai, Andrea Kitti Tóth-Lencsés, Gábor Csilléry, Antal Szőke, Éva Bányai-Stefanovits, Erzsébet Kiss and Anikó Veres

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040637 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

To date, several research studies addressed the topic of phytochemical analysis of the different coloured pepper berries during ripening, but none discussed it in the case of purple peppers. In this study we examine whether the anthocyanin accumulation of the berries in the [...] Read more.

To date, several research studies addressed the topic of phytochemical analysis of the different coloured pepper berries during ripening, but none discussed it in the case of purple peppers. In this study we examine whether the anthocyanin accumulation of the berries in the early stages of ripening could result in a higher antioxidant capacity due to the elevated amount of polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity was measured in four distinct phenophases of fruit maturity. Furthermore, the expression of structural and regulatory genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway was also investigated. An overall decreasing trend was observed in the polyphenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of the samples towards biological ripeness. Significant changes both in between the genotypes and in between the phenophases were scored, with the genotype being the most affecting factor on the phytonutrients. An extreme purple pepper yielded outstanding results compared to the other genotypes, with its polyphenolic and flavonoid content as well as its antioxidant capacity being the highest in every phenophase studied. Based on our results, besides MYBa (Ca10g11650) two other putative MYBs participate in the regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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16 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessReview

Function, Mechanism, and Application of Plant Melatonin: An Update with a Focus on the Cereal Crop, Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

by Xinxing Yang, Jie Chen, Yuan Ma, Minhua Huang, Ting Qiu, Hongwu Bian, Ning Han and Junhui Wang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040634 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4444

Abstract

Melatonin is a multiple-function molecule that was first identified in animals and later in plants. Plant melatonin regulates versatile processes involved in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root architecture, flowering time, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and biomass production. Published reviews on [...] Read more.

Melatonin is a multiple-function molecule that was first identified in animals and later in plants. Plant melatonin regulates versatile processes involved in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root architecture, flowering time, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and biomass production. Published reviews on plant melatonin have been focused on two model plants: (1) Arabidopsis and (2) rice, in which the natural melatonin contents are quite low. Efforts to integrate the function and the mechanism of plant melatonin and to determine how plant melatonin benefits human health are also lacking. Barley is a unique cereal crop used for food, feed, and malt. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis to identify the genes required for barley melatonin biosynthesis was first performed, after which the effects of exogenous melatonin on barley growth and development were reviewed. Three integrated mechanisms of melatonin on plant cells were found: (1) serving as an antioxidant, (2) modulating plant hormone crosstalk, and (3) signaling through a putative plant melatonin receptor. Reliable approaches for characterizing the function of barley melatonin biosynthetic genes and to modulate the melatonin contents in barley grains are discussed. The present paper should be helpful for the improvement of barley production under hostile environments and for the reduction of pesticide and fungicide usage in barley cultivation. This study is also beneficial for the enhancement of the nutritional values and healthcare functions of barley in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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23 pages, 4054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Cellulase Extraction from Nymphaea hybrid Flower and Biological Activities: Antioxidant Activity, Protective Effect against ROS Oxidative Damage in HaCaT Cells and Inhibition of Melanin Production in B16 Cells

by Hui-Min Liu, Sheng-Nan Lei, Wei Tang, Meng-Han Xun, Zhi-Wei Zhao, Ming-Yan Cheng, Xiao-Dan Zhang and Wei Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061914 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3442

Abstract

In this study, ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction (UCE) was applied to extract flavonoids and polyphenols from the Nymphaea hybrid flower. The extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface method (RSM) coupled with a Box-Behnken design. The crude extract of Nymphaea hybrid (NHE) was [...] Read more.

In this study, ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction (UCE) was applied to extract flavonoids and polyphenols from the Nymphaea hybrid flower. The extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface method (RSM) coupled with a Box-Behnken design. The crude extract of Nymphaea hybrid (NHE) was further purified using AB-8 macroporous resins, and the purified extract (NHEP) was characterized by FTIR and HPLC. In vitro activity determination by chemical method showed that NHEP displayed strong free radical scavenging abilities against the DPPH and ABTS radicals, good reduction power, and hyaluronidase inhibition. The cell viability by CCK-8 assays showed that NHEP had no significant cytotoxicity for B16 and HaCaT cells when the concentration was below 100 μg/mL and 120 μg/mL, respectively. NHEP with a concentration of 20–160 μg/mL can more effectively reduce the ROS level in H₂O₂ damaged HaCaT cells compared with 10 μg/mL of VC. The 40 μg/mL of NHEP had similar activity against intracellular melanin production in the B16 melanoma cells compared with 20 μg/mL Kojic acid. Good activities of antioxidation, whitening and protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage promote the potential for NHEP as a functional raw material in the field of cosmetics and medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antioxidant Activity in Plants, Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Foods)

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