Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes are an evolutionary conserved protein family. In most eukaryotes, three SMC complexes have been characterized, as follows: cohesin, condensin, and SMC5/6 complexes. These complexes are involved in...
Structural maintenance of chromosome-1A (SMC1A) is overexpressed in various malignancies including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). As a core component of the cohesin complex, SMC1A was initially recognized for its involvement in chromosomal coh...
Ongoing chromosomal instability in neoplasia (CIN) generates intratumor genomic heterogeneity and limits the efficiency of oncotherapeutics. Neoplastic human cells utilizing the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-pathway, display extensive st...
Chromosome organization, dynamics and stability are required for successful passage through cellular generations and transmission of genetic information to offspring. The key components involved are Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex...
The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes shape and regulate the structure and dynamics of chromatin, thereby controlling many chromosome-based processes such as cell cycle progression, differentiation, gene transcription and...
The multi-subunit structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) 5/6 complex includes SMC6 and non-SMC element (NSE)3. SMC5/6 is essential for homologous recombination DNA repair and functions as an antiviral factor during hepatitis B (HBV) and herpes s...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), belonging to the genus Orthohepadnavirus, can cause chronic hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma in humans. HBV ensures optimal replication by encoding X, a multifunctional protein responsible for degrading the structural maintenanc...
Octamer transcription factor 1 (OCT1) is a transcriptional factor reported to be a poor prognostic factor in various cancers. However, the clinical value of OCT1 in breast cancer is not fully understood. In the present study, an immunohistochemical s...
It is widely accepted that DNA replication fork stalling is a common occurrence during cell proliferation, but there are robust mechanisms to alleviate this and ensure DNA replication is completed prior to chromosome segregation. The SMC5/6 complex h...
Up to 50% of patients with severe congenital heart disease (CHD) develop life-altering neurodevelopmental disability (NDD). It has been presumed that NDD arises in CHD cases because of hypoxia before, during, or after cardiac surgery. Recent studies...
The finding that transcription occurs at chromosome ends has opened new fields of study on the roles of telomeric transcripts in chromosome end maintenance and genome stability. Indeed, the ends of chromosomes are required to be protected from activa...
The Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complex plays an important role in maintaining chromosome integrity, in which the SMC5/6 complex occupies a central position by facilitating mitotic and meiotic processes as well as DNA repair. NSE-4 Kl...
Many cellular processes, including gene expression regulation, DNA replication and repair, as well as proper condensation and segregation of chromosomes, require highly coordinated remodeling of chromatin. Cohesin and condensins, the structural maint...
B chromosomes (Bs) were discovered a century ago, and since then, most studies have focused on describing their distribution and abundance using traditional cytogenetics. Only recently have attempts been made to understand their structure and evoluti...
Mitotic chromosomes are long-known structures, but their internal organization and the exact process by which they are assembled are still a great mystery in biology. Topoisomerase II is crucial for various aspects of mitotic chromosome organization....
Chromatin-based processes are essential for cellular functions. Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMCs) are evolutionarily conserved molecular machines that organize chromosomes throughout the cell cycle, mediate chromosome compaction, promote D...
The BUB3 protein plays a key role in the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a ubiquitous surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis and, consequently, prevents chromosome mis-segregation an...
The genome replication process is challenged at many levels. Replication must proceed through different problematic sites and obstacles, some of which can pause or even reverse the replication fork (RF). In addition, replication of DNA within chromos...
Accurate duplication and transmission of identical genetic information into offspring cells lies at the heart of a cell division cycle. During the last stage of cellular division, namely mitosis, the fully replicated DNA molecules are condensed into...
Faithful chromosome segregation is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity and requires functional centromeres. Centromeres are epigenetically defined by the histone H3 variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A). Here we highlight current know...
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes play a crucial role in organizing the three-dimensional structure of chromatin, facilitating key processes such as gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromosome segregation. This review explores the...
SMC2 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 2) is the core subunit of condensins, which play a central role in chromosome organization and segregation. However, the functions of SMC2 in embryonic development remain poorly understood, due to the embry...
Homology search is a means through which DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) explore the genome for sequences that enable error-free repair, known as homologous recombination. A better understanding of this search process is fundamental to the relationsh...
Unlike other human herpesviruses, human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/B) infection can lead to integration of the viral genome in human chromosomes. When integration occurs in germinal cells, the integrated HHV-6A/B genome can be transmitted to 50% o...
Dinoflagellates have some of the largest genomes, and their liquid-crystalline chromosomes (LCCs) have high degrees of non-nucleosomal superhelicity with cation-mediated DNA condensation. It is currently unknown if condensins, pentameric protein comp...
Chromosome segregation at mitosis and meiosis is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated process that involves a large number of components. Due to the fundamental nature of chromosome segregation, many genes involved in this process are evolutionaril...
Supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) are extra karyotype units in addition to A chromosomes, and are found in some fungi and thousands of animals and plant species. Bs are uniquely characterized due to their non-Mendelian inheritance, and represent one o...
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential proteins found in genomes of all cellular organisms. Essential functions of these proteins, such as mitotic chromosome formation and sister chromatid cohesion, were discovered a long...
The canonical DNA polymerases involved in the replication of the genome are unable to fully replicate the physical ends of linear chromosomes, called telomeres. Chromosomal termini thus become shortened in each cell cycle. The maintenance of telomere...
The segregation of newly replicated chromosomes in bacterial cells is a highly coordinated spatiotemporal process. In the majority of bacterial species, a tripartite ParAB-parS system, composed of an ATPase (ParA), a DNA-binding protein (ParB), and i...
Although located at the chromosome end, telomeres are an essential chromosome component that helps maintain genome integrity and chromosome stability from protozoa to mammals. The role of telomere proteins in chromosome end protection is conserved, w...
The study of B chromosomes (Bs) started more than a century ago, while their presence in mammals dates since 1965. As the past two decades have seen huge progress in application of molecular techniques, we decided to throw a glance on new data on Bs...
Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and are indispensable chromatin structures for genome protection and replication. Telomere length maintenance has been attributed to several functional modulators, including telomerase, the shelterin c...
Telomeres facilitate the protection of natural ends of chromosomes from constitutive exposure to the DNA damage response (DDR). This is most likely achieved by a lariat structure that hides the linear telomeric DNA through protein-protein and protein...
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), defined as transcripts of ≥200 nucleotides not translated into protein, have been involved in a wide range of regulatory functions. Their dysregulations have been associated with diverse pathological conditions such...
Telomere comprises the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and is composed of G-rich (TTAGGG) tandem repeats which play an important role in maintaining genome stability, premature aging and onsets of many diseases. Majority of the telomere are rep...
Telomeres, the protective structures of chromosome ends are gradually shortened by each cell division, eventually leading to senescence or apoptosis. Cancer cells maintain the telomere length for unlimited growth by telomerase reactivation or a recom...
The correct establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns are critical for mammalian development and the control of normal cell growth and differentiation. DNA methylation has profound effects on the mammalian genome, including transcript...
R-loops are triple-stranded nucleic acid structures that occur when newly synthesized single-stranded RNA anneals to duplex DNA upon the collision of replication forks with transcription complexes. These RNA–DNA hybrids facilitate several trans...
A cursory look at any textbook image of DNA replication might suggest that the complex machine that is the replisome runs smoothly along the chromosomal DNA. However, many DNA sequences can adopt non-B form secondary structures and these have the pot...
The karyosphere (karyosome) is a structure that forms in the oocyte nucleus—germinal vesicle (GV)—at the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase due to the assembly of all chromosomes in a limited portion of the GV. In some organisms, the kar...
The HSP90 protein is a molecular chaperone intensively studied for its role in numerous cellular processes both under physiological and stress conditions. This protein acts on a wide range of substrates with a well-established role in cancer and neur...
Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes are important for many aspects of the chromosomal organization. Unlike cohesin and condensin, the SMC5/6 complex contains a variant RING domain carried by its Nse1 subunit. RING domains are charac...
Hepatitis B X protein (HBx) plays an essential role in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication cycle, but the function of HBx has been elusive until recently. It was recently shown that transcription from the HBV genome (covalently-closed circular DN...
The FOXF1 Adjacent Noncoding Developmental Regulatory RNA (Fendrr) plays an important role in the control of gene expression in mammals. It is transcribed in the opposite direction to the neighboring Foxf1 gene with which it shares a region containin...
Telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, play an integral role in protecting linear DNA from degradation. Dysregulation of telomeres can result in genomic instability and has been implicated in increased rates of...
The tumor suppressor protein partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) orchestrates the interactions between breast cancer susceptibility proteins 1 and 2 (BRCA1, -2) that are critical for genome stability, homologous recombination (HR) and DNA repair....
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women. There were over two-million new cases in world in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death from cancer in western countries. At the molecular level, breast cancer is a heterogeneous d...
Background/Objectives: The Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins form essential heterocomplexes for the preservation of DNA structure and its functions, and hence cell viability. The SMC5/6 dimer is assembled by direct interactions of...
Recent studies have demonstrated the interference of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with the establishment and maintenance of various cancers. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly regulated and coordinated, involving different nuclear transport facto...
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