The red palm weevil (RPW) is an invasive pest that causes devastating damage to a variety of palm plants, which exhibit specific immune priming to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, immune priming in RPW may incur a high fitness cost, and its mole...
New strategies are required for crop protection against biotic stress. Naturally derived molecules, including carbohydrates such as fructans, can be used in priming or defense stimulation. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an important leafy vegetable an...
Immune priming confers a sustained, augmented response of innate immune cells to a secondary challenge, a process that is characteristically reliant on metabolic reprogramming. Recent evidence suggests that histone demethylases play essential roles i...
The ongoing global emergence of arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses has accelerated research into the interactions of these viruses with the immune systems of their vectors. Only limited information exists on how bunyaviruses, such as Rift Valley fever vi...
Increasing evidence confirms that histone modification plays a critical role in preserving long-term immunological memory. Immune priming is a novel form of immunological memory recently verified in invertebrates. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling a...
In a previous study in influenza-naïve pigs, heterologous prime-boost vaccination with monovalent, adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccines (WIV) based on the European swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) strain, A/swine/Gent/172/2008 (G08), followed by...
Influenza virus M2 protein has a highly conserved ectodomain (M2e) as a cross-protective antigenic target. We investigated the antigenic and immunogenic properties of tandem repeat M2e (5xM2e) proteins and virus-like particles (5xM2e VLP) to better u...
Aquaculture of molluscs and crustaceans represents an important and expanding sector within global food production. The intensification of these systems has been accompanied by an increased prevalence and severity of infectious diseases, which contin...
Microbial resistance is a global health problem that will increase over time. Advances in insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a powerful new approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. Invertebrates represent a rich group of animals for the d...
Recent studies indicate that DNA immunization is powerful in eliciting antigen-specific antibody responses in both animal and human studies. However, there is limited information on the mechanism of this effect. In particular, it is not known whethe...
Molluscan herpesviruses that are capable of infecting economically important species of abalone and oysters have caused significant losses in production due to the high mortality rate of infected animals. Current methods in preventing and controlling...
Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no...
Plants harbor various beneficial bacteria that modulate their innate immunity, resulting in induced systemic resistance (ISR) against various pathogens. However, the immune mechanisms underlying ISR triggered by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. aga...
Many stressors contribute to productivity and quality losses in agricultural production, ranging from the rising global population to shrinking agricultural lands. To boost yield and quality, plants must be protected from abiotic and biotic stressors...
Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out t...
Background: The rapid genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the emergence of immune-evading, highly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs). This prompts the need for next-generation vaccines that elicit robust mucosal immunity in the airways t...
A recently reported parallel preclinical study between a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine and an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine adjuvanted with alum showed pulmonary immunopathology typical of eosinophil accum...
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) that poses a great threat to the poultry industry worldwide. At present, vaccination is an important way to prevent and control CIA. Apar...
Characterizing the impact of the vaccination schedule on the induction of B and T cell immune responses is critical for improving vaccine immunogenicity. Here we compare the effect of a short (4 weeks) or a long (18 weeks) interval between priming an...
Pregnancy is characterized by immunological alterations in pregnant women that permit the growth of a semi-allogenic fetus, resulting in greater susceptibility of childbearing women to infections. Furthermore, due to the immaturity of the immune syst...
COVID-19 vaccination strategies, including heterologous prime–boost regimens and additional booster doses, aim to optimize immune responses. However, seroepidemiological studies on immune responses to different COVID-19 vaccine types and schedu...
Following the conclusion of the COVID-19 pandemic, the persistent genetic variability in the virus and its ongoing circulation within the global population necessitate the enhancement of existing preventive vaccines and the development of novel ones....
Although many people have been vaccinated against COVID-19, infections with SARS-CoV-2 seem hard to avoid. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines and immunization strategies against emerging variants of infectious diseases. To understand...
Therapeutic vaccine studies should be designed to elicit durable, high magnitude, and efficacious T cell responses, all of which can be impacted by the choice of the vaccination schedule. Here, we compare different prime-boost intervals (PBI) in a hu...
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is becoming a valuable model for investigating antiviral defense in the Lophotrochozoa superphylum. In the past five years, improvements to laboratory-based experimental infection protocols using Ostreid herpesv...
The study of nutritional compounds with the potential to train the innate immune response has implications for human health. The objective of the current study was to discover by what means 6 weeks of oral baker’s yeast beta glucan (BYBG) suppl...
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the safest, economically successful entomopathogen to date. It is extensively produced in transgenic crops or used in spray formulations to control Lepidopteran pests. The most serious threat to the sustainable usage of...
Previous reports have shown that heterologous boosting with the AD5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine Convidecia based on a primary series of two doses of inactivated vaccine induces increasing immune responses. However, the immune persistence until 6 months...
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) improves immunity of plant systemic tissue after local exposure to a pathogen. Guard cells that form stomatal pores on leaf surfaces recognize bacterial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, such as Flagellin...
Proteases are enzymes integral to the plant immune system. Multiple aspects of defence are regulated by proteases, including the hypersensitive response, pathogen recognition, priming and peptide hormone release. These processes are regulated by unre...
Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first innate immune cells to arrive at sites of tissue inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection and tumors by the release of cytokines including interferon (IFN)γ. In vitro exposure to t...
Background/Objectives: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious enteric disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and is associated with severe clinical signs and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Vaccination is an impo...
Background/Objectives: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster (HZ/shingles), particularly in older adults with weakened cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is essential for controlling VZV reactivation and reducing HZ severity. Currently v...
This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent pape...
Plants are fascinating organisms present in most ecosystems and a model system for studying different facets of ecological interactions on Earth. In the environment, plants constantly encounter a multitude of abiotic and biotic stresses. The zero-avo...
Macrophages undergo different cellular states upon activation that can be hyporesponsive (tolerated) or hyperresponsive (primed or trained) to subsequent stimuli. Epigenetic modifications are known to play key roles in determining these cellular stat...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in both morbidity and mortality. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatments have been successful in a portion of mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) CRC patients but have failed in mismatch...
Within a year after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, several vaccines had been developed, clinically evaluated, proven to be efficacious in preventing symptomatic disease, and licensed for global use. The remaining questions about the vaccines concern th...
Oncolytic viruses, colloquially referred to as “living drugs”, amplify themselves and the therapeutic transgenes that they carry to stimulate an immune response both locally and systemically. Remarkable exceptions aside, such as the recen...
Background/Objectives: Developing durable cellular immunity remains a critical challenge for HIV vaccine development. Methods: We evaluated a sequential and repeated heterologous prime–boost vaccination regimen using four distinct vector-based...
Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there is an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One such infectious disease is coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel Beta...
Background/Objectives: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (WTD) play a central role at the human–livestock–wildlife interface, given their contribution to the spread of diseases that can affect livestock. These include a variety o...
Background: Successful treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) requires the balanced activation of the immune system. Over-activation may result in immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which often require steroidal treatment. This study e...
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) isolated from HIV-infected individuals delineate vulnerable sites on the HIV envelope glycoprotein that are potential vaccine targets. A linear epitope within the N-terminal region of the HIV-1 fusion peptide (...
Evaluating microbial-based alternatives to conventional fungicides and biofertilizers enables us to gain a deeper understanding of the biocontrol and plant growth-promoting activities. Two genetically distinct Bacillus halotolerans strains (Cal.l.30,...
The rapid expansion of aquaculture is vital for global food security, yet it faces persistent threats from disease outbreaks, vaccine inefficacy, and antibiotic overuse, all of which undermine sustainability. Conventional vaccines often fail to induc...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has negatively affected the welfare of animals and their productivity in South Korea for three decades. A shortage of effective control measures has led to the virus becoming endemic in domestic pig populations....
Plants have evolved a complex, multilayered immune system that integrates molecular recognition, signaling pathways, epigenetic regulation, and small RNA-mediated control. Recent studies have shown that DNA-level regulatory mechanisms, such as RNA-di...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a major burden to global health, and refined vaccines are needed. Replication-deficient lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV)-based vaccine vectors against cytomegalovirus have proven safe for human us...
Ultraviolet C (UV-C) flash treatment represents a promising method for priming plants. This study compared the effects of 1 s (flash) and 60 s (60 s) UV-C exposures on the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants. A dose of 200 J m−2 del...
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