The traditional immune checkpoint blockade therapy benefits some patients with cancer, but elicits no response in certain cancers, such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD); thus, novel checkpoints and effective targets are required. Here, we found th...
Background/Objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and B-cell lymphoma (lymphoma) co-occur at higher-than-expected rates and primarily depend on B cells for their pathology. These observations implicate shared inflammation-related B cell mol...
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 5–10%. The immune checkpoint blockade represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been effective in a variety of solid tumors...
Immunotherapy is an ever-expanding field in lung cancer treatment research. Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress in identifying immunotherapy targets and creating specific therapeutic agents, leading to a major paradigm shif...
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is a B-cell malignancy that, typically, responds well to standard therapies. However, patients who relapse after standard regimens or are refractory to induction therapy have a dismal outcome. The implementation of no...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become the cornerstone of treatment in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), for both metastatic disease and in an adjuvant setting. However, an adaptive resistance from cancer cells may arise during ICI treatment, there...
Forkhead box O transcription factors (FoxOs) play an important role in maintaining normal cell physiology by regulating survival, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, the development and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, and the secretion of infl...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate. The incidence of HCC is increasing worldwide, and the lack of effective screening programs often results in delayed diagnosis, making it a challenging diseas...
HLA-G is an HLA-class Ib molecule that is involved in the establishment of tolerance at the maternal/fetal interface during pregnancy. The expression of HLA-G is highly restricted in adults, but the de novo expression of this molecule may be observed...
Conventional and cancer immunotherapies encompass diverse strategies to address various cancer types and stages. However, combining these approaches often encounters limitations such as non-specific targeting, resistance development, and high toxicit...
Gastric cancer is a global health concern, ranking fifth in cancer diagnoses and fourth in cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent advancements in diagnosis, most cases are detected at advanced stages, resulting in poor outcomes. However, rec...
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associ...
The landscape of diagnosing and treating endometrial cancer is undergoing a profound transformation due to the integration of molecular analysis and innovative therapeutic approaches. For several decades, the cornerstone treatments for endometrial ca...
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the sixth most common cancers worldwide. More than half of patients with HNSCC eventually experience disease recurrence and/or metastasis, which can threaten their long-term survival. HNSCCs located...
Inflammatory processes preceding clinical manifestation of brain diseases are moving increasingly into the focus of positron emission tomographic (PET) investigations. A key role in inflammation and as a target of PET imaging efforts is attributed to...
A promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy is the employment of a bispecific agent that can bind with both tumor markers and immunocytes for recruitment of lymphocytes to tumor sites and enhancement of anticancer immune reactions. Mucin1 (MUC1) is...
Programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1), an important immune checkpoint molecule, is mainly expressed on cancer cells and has been shown to exert an immunosuppressive effect on T-cell function by binding to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expressed on T-cel...
The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein in all EBV-carrying tumours constitutes a marker that distinguishes the virus-associated cancer cells from normal cells and thereby offers opportunities for target...
Dendritic cells (DCs), as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), play a key role in the initiation and regulation of humoral and cellular immunity. DC vaccines loaded with different tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been widely used to stu...
Hypertension (HTN) is a complex disease with significant global health implications, driven by neural and oxidative mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), once considered mere metabolic byproducts, are now recognized as one of the key contributor...
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by an impaired ability to control or stop alcohol intake and is associated with organ damage including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and progressive neurodegeneration....
The progressive accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain is widely considered to be causal for the debilitating clinical manifestations of synucleinopathies including, most notably, Parkinson’s disease (PD). Immuno...
During the past few years, unexpected developments have driven studies in the field of clinical immunology. One driver of immense impact was the outbreak of a pandemic caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2. Excellent recent reviews address diverse asp...
Despite developments in pulmonary radiotherapy, radiation-induced lung toxicity remains a problem. More sensitive lung imaging able to increase the accuracy of diagnosis and radiotherapy may help reduce this problem. Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nan...
Cross-presenting dendritic cells (DC) offer an attractive target for vaccination due to their unique ability to process exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. Recent reports have established that these DC express unique surface...
In the past decade, anti-tumour immune responses have been successfully exploited to improve the outcome of patients with different cancers. Significant progress has been made in taking advantage of different types of T cell functions for therapeutic...
The current therapies based on immunosuppressant or new biologic drugs often show some limitations in term of efficacy and applicability, mainly because of their inadequate targeting and of unwanted adverse reactions they generate. To overcome these...
Extensive research in the past decades has highlighted the tight link between immunity and cancer, leading to the development of immunotherapies that have revolutionized cancer care. However, only a fraction of patients display durable responses to t...
Despite high response rates to initial therapy, most patients with ovarian cancer will ultimately recur and go on to develop resistance to standard treatments. Novel therapies have been developed to overcome drug resistance and alter the tumor immune...
Chordomas are rare sarcomas arising from notochordal tissue and occur most commonly in the spine. The standard of care for chordomas without evidence of metastatic disease generally consists of en bloc resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. How...
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Despite recent therapeutic advances, including targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the disease progresses in almost all advanced lung cancers and in up to 50% of early-stage cancers. T...
Cancer immunotherapy has produced impressive clinical results in recent years. Despite the success of the checkpoint blockade strategies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), a large portion of ca...
Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic technology, prostate cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among men. While androgen deprivation therapy and next-generation androgen receptor pathway inhibitors offer durable respons...
Breast cancer (BC), one of the most widespread and devastating diseases affecting women worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge. This review explores the emerging frontiers of research focused on deciphering the intricate interplay...
The landscape of advanced non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) therapies has rapidly been evolving beyond chemotherapy over the last few years. The discovery of oncogenic driver mutations has led to new ways in classifying NSCLC as well as offered novel the...
Treatments aimed to reverse the tumor-induced immune tolerance represent a promising approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notwithstanding, primary nonresponse, early, and late disease reactivation still represent major clinical chall...
Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer...
Despite significant advances in multidisciplinary treatment strategies including surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy there are yet no substantial improvements in the clinical benefit of patients with sarcomas. Current understandi...
Immunotherapy has significantly changed the treatment paradigm for solid tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors now established in the management of many malignancies. Despite initial success, durable responses remain limited to a subset of patien...
PDZ (postsynaptic density (PSD95), discs large (Dlg), and zonula occludens (ZO-1)-dependent interactions are widely distributed within different cell types and regulate a variety of cellular processes. To date, some of these interactions have been id...
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting all organ systems. The disease preferentially affects females of childbearing age. It runs a variable course. It may run a mild course that may never lead to severe disease...
In the field of advanced melanoma, there is an urgent need to investigate novel approaches targeting specific components of the cancer–immunity cycle beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors. The authors reviewed the basic understanding of the role...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by unconventional mechanisms of inflammation, implicating a chronic immune response dominated by innate immune cells. Historically, therapeutic development has focused on the mutated cystic fibrosis...
Globally, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is one of the leading causes of liver failure, decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Existing antiviral therapy can suppress viral replication but not fully eradicate the virus nor the ri...
Recently, considerable progress has been achieved in cancer immunotherapy. Targeted immune checkpoint therapies have been established for several forms of cancers, which resulted in a tremendous positive impact on patient survival, even in more advan...
Gene dysfunction and immune cell infiltration play an essential role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). We aimed to investigate the immune landscape and novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of IPAH. In ad...
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, wh...
The fundamental problem of dealing with cancer is that cancer cells are so like normal cells that it is very hard to find differences that can be a basis for treatment without severe side effects. The key to successful cancer immunotherapy will be ba...
Immunotherapy for brain tumors remains elusive, unlike many other cancer types for which it is one of the most promising therapeutic options. Recent studies have comprehensively profiled the immune-landscape of the highly malignant brain tumor, gliob...
Although the number of therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years, patients suffer from decreased quality of life due to non-response or loss of response to the currently available treatmen...
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