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Review

Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

by
Samuele Compagno
1,2,
Chiara Casadio
1,2,
Linda Galvani
1,2,
Matteo Rosellini
1,2,
Andrea Marchetti
1,2,
Elisa Tassinari
1,2,
Pietro Piazza
2,3,
Angelo Mottaran
2,3,
Matteo Santoni
4,
Riccardo Schiavina
2,3,
Francesco Massari
1,2,† and
Veronica Mollica
1,*,†
1
Medical Oncology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
2
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
3
Division of Urology, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
4
Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5738; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195738
Submission received: 22 August 2024 / Revised: 14 September 2024 / Accepted: 24 September 2024 / Published: 26 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Applications of Tumor Immunotherapy)
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Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become the cornerstone of treatment in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), for both metastatic disease and in an adjuvant setting. However, an adaptive resistance from cancer cells may arise during ICI treatment, therefore many studies are focusing on additional immune checkpoint inhibitor pathways. Promising targets of immunotherapeutic agents under investigation include T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 (ILT4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), vaccines, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In this review of the literature, we recollect the current knowledge of the novel treatment strategies in the field of immunotherapy that are being investigated in RCC and analyze their mechanism of action, their activity and the clinical studies that are currently underway.
Keywords: renal cell carcinoma; RCC; immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; ICI; TIGIT; ILT4; LAG-3; TIM-3; vaccine renal cell carcinoma; RCC; immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; ICI; TIGIT; ILT4; LAG-3; TIM-3; vaccine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Compagno, S.; Casadio, C.; Galvani, L.; Rosellini, M.; Marchetti, A.; Tassinari, E.; Piazza, P.; Mottaran, A.; Santoni, M.; Schiavina, R.; et al. Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5738. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195738

AMA Style

Compagno S, Casadio C, Galvani L, Rosellini M, Marchetti A, Tassinari E, Piazza P, Mottaran A, Santoni M, Schiavina R, et al. Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(19):5738. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195738

Chicago/Turabian Style

Compagno, Samuele, Chiara Casadio, Linda Galvani, Matteo Rosellini, Andrea Marchetti, Elisa Tassinari, Pietro Piazza, Angelo Mottaran, Matteo Santoni, Riccardo Schiavina, and et al. 2024. "Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 19: 5738. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195738

APA Style

Compagno, S., Casadio, C., Galvani, L., Rosellini, M., Marchetti, A., Tassinari, E., Piazza, P., Mottaran, A., Santoni, M., Schiavina, R., Massari, F., & Mollica, V. (2024). Novel Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(19), 5738. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195738

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