5,404 Results Found

The treatment of Parkinson’s disease has been moving into the focus of pharmaceutical development. Yet, the necessity for reliable model systems in the development phase has made research challenging and in vivo models necessary. We have establ...

The ethical constraints and shortcomings of animal models, combined with the demand to study disease pathogenesis under controlled conditions, are giving rise to a new field at the interface of tissue engineering and pathophysiology, which focuses on...

Vascularization, the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential biological process. As the vasculature is involved in various fundamental physiological phenomena and closely related to several human diseases, it is imperative that substantial re...

As the leading causes of global death, cardiovascular diseases are generally initiated by artery-related disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm. Although clinical treatments have been developed to rescue patients suffering from a...

Currently, zebrafish, rodents, canines, and pigs are the primary disease models used in cardiovascular research. In general, larger animals have more physiological similarities to humans, making better disease models. However, they can have restricte...

In vitro models play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (PD and AD). Traditionally, 2D cell cultures have been instrumental in elucidating the cell...

Background: Current in vitro vascular models are too simple compared with the real vascular environment. In this research, a novel in vitro 3D vascular disease model that simulated the vascular microenvironment was introduced. Methods: This model was...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by two neuropathological hallmarks: β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in AD are still...

Heart rhythm disorders, arrhythmias, place a huge economic burden on society and have a large impact on the quality of life of a vast number of people. Arrhythmias can have genetic causes but primarily arise from heart tissue remodeling during aging...

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an essential structure for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Alterations to the BBB are linked with a myriad of pathological conditions and play a significant role in the onset and evolution of neurodegenera...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. The hallmarks of AD are the extracellular amyloid plaques, which are formed by amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates derived from the processing of the amyloid precursor prot...

Keratoconus is a disease where the cornea becomes cone-like due to structural thinning and ultimately leads to compromised corneal integrity and loss of vision. Currently, the therapeutic options are corrective lenses for early stages and surgery for...

Background: All the processes leading to neurodegeneration cannot be addressed with just one medication. Combinations of drugs affecting various disease mechanisms concurrently could demonstrate improved effect in slowing the course of Parkinson&rsqu...

The development of precise microdevices can be applied to the reconstruction of in vitro human microenvironmental systems with biomimetic physiological conditions that have highly tunable spatial and temporal features. Organ-on-a-chip can emulate hum...

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the glucosylceramidase β (GBA 1) gene that confer a deficient level of activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase). This deficiency leads to the accumulation of the glycolipid glucocerebroside in the lysosome...

McArdle disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the PYGM gene. This gene encodes for the skeletal muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase), the first enzyme in glycogenolysis. Patients with this disord...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons within the midbrain. Neuroinflammation has been nominated as one of the key pathogenic features of PD. Recently, the inadequate pharmacot...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies. It is known that mitochondria dysfunc...

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that is triggered by the ingestion of gliadin peptides, the alcohol-soluble fraction of wheat gluten. These peptides, which play a key role in the immune response that underlies CD, sponta...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aggressive and devastating age-related disorder. Although the causes are still unclear, several factors, including genetic and environmental, are involved. Except for symptomatic drugs, there are not, to date, any...

This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasin...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder marked by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the buildup of α-synuclein aggregates. The current treatments focus on symptom relief, with no drugs available to halt...

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a Gram-negative bacterium colonizing the human stomach. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis of intracellular human gastric carcinoma cells (MKN-28) incubated with the Hp cell filtrate (Hpcf) displays high levels of a...

By now, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be among the most common liver diseases world-wide. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological conditions ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and finall...

The CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-editing system has revealed promising potential for generating gene mutation, deletion, and correction in human cells. Application of this powerful tool in Fabry disease (FD), however, still needs to be explored. Enzyme replace...

Human diseases are multifaceted, starting with alterations at the cellular level, damaging organs and their functions, and disturbing interactions and immune responses. In vitro systems offer clarity and standardisation, which are crucial for effecti...

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death promoted by the appearance of oxidative perturbations in the intracellular microenvironment constitutively controlled by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). It is characterized by increased production of rea...

Methionine is an aliphatic, sulfur-containing, essential amino acid that has been demonstrated to have crucial roles in metabolism, innate immunity, and activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including methionine sulfoxide reductase A/B and th...

Globally, a number of diseases impact us and while treatment options exist, it is often found that similar treatments have variable effects on different patients with the same disease. Particularly in the case of conditions that are closely associate...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide, and their strong association with fibrosis highlight the pressing need for innovative antifibrotic therapies. In vitro models have emerged as valuable tools for replicating cardiac...

Background: Fabry disease (FD) results from pathogenic GLA variants, causing lysosomal α-galactosidase A (α-GalA) deficiency and sphingolipid ceramide trihexoside (Gb3 or THC) accumulation. Disease phenotype varies widely but cardiomyopat...

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most widespread oral inflammatory diseases in dogs, with the potential to cause systemic consequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of yeast-derived postbiotics and probioti...

Danshen has been widely used for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. We investigated the effect of dihydroisotanshinone I (DT), a compound extracted from Danshen, as well as the corresponding mechanisms in an in vitro-based 6-OHDA-induc...

Diabetes is a global epidemic, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. There is a pressing need for an in vitro model to aid understanding of the mechanisms driving diabetic heart disease, and to provide an...

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal disorder characterized by relentless progression of lung fibrosis that causes respiratory failure and early death. Currently, no curative treatments are available, and existing therapies include a limit...

Metastatic brain disease (MBD) has seen major advances in clinical management, focal radiation therapy approaches and knowledge of biological factors leading to improved prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to play a role in tumor...

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a functional interface that provides selective permeability, protection from toxic substances, transport of nutrients, and clearance of brain metabolites. Additionally, BBB disruption has been shown to play a ro...

Despite their disadvantages, preclinical models in vitro are still crucial for every area of biomedical science. They remain a necessary basis for biological, biochemical, and mechanistic studies of pathophysiology of human disease, evaluation of dia...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and represents the most common form of senile dementia. Autophagy and mitophagy are cellular processes that play a key role in the aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau phosphorylat...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is second-most common disabling neurological disorder worldwide, and unfortunately, there is not yet a definitive way to prevent it. Polyphenols have been widely shown protective efficacy against various PD symptoms. Ho...

Preclinical in vitro and in vivo models remain indispensable tools in cancer research. These classic models, including two- and three-dimensional cell culture techniques and animal models, are crucial for basic and translational studies. However, eac...

Oxidative stress (OxS) is a central factor in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and coumarins, counteract reactive species and modulate key intracellular survival path...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence has increased in the last decades due to changes in dietary habits. IBDs are characterized by intestinal epithelial barrier disruption, increased inflammatory mediator production and excessive tissue injury....

Many medicinal plants have been used traditionally in East Asia for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 350 extracts (175 water extracts and 175 ethanol e...

Throughout history, parasites and parasitic diseases have been humankind’s constant companions, as evidenced by the findings of tapeworm eggs in ancient, mummified remains. Helminths are responsible for causing severe, long-term, and debilitati...

The mucolytic agent S-carboxymethylcysteine is widely used as an expectorant for the treatment of numerous respiratory disorders. The metabolic fate of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine is complex. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that the metabol...

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)...

Celastrol, the most abundant compound derived from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii, largely used in traditional Chinese medicine, has shown preclinical and clinical efficacy for a broad range of disorders, acting via numerous mechanisms, including...

The human circulatory system is divided into two complementary and different systems, the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is mainly concerned with providing nutrients to the body via blood and transporting wastes aw...

Background: Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal extension of a CAG repeat stretch located in the exon 1 of the HTT (IT15) gene, leading to production of a mutated and misfolded Huntingtin protein (muH...