Journal of Functional Biomaterials

20 pages, 12458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of the Biocompatibility and Chemical Properties of Two Bioceramic Root Canal Sealers in a Sealer Extrusion Model of Rat Molars

by Shintaro Takahara, Naoki Edanami, Razi Saifullah Ibn Belal, Kunihiko Yoshiba, Shoji Takenaka, Naoto Ohkura, Nagako Yoshiba, Susan Gomez-Kasimoto and Yuichiro Noiri

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010014 - 4 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study assessed the biocompatibility and chemical properties of two bioceramic root canal sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC) and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (NBG), using a sealer extrusion model. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The mesial root canals of the upper first [...] Read more.

This study assessed the biocompatibility and chemical properties of two bioceramic root canal sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC) and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (NBG), using a sealer extrusion model. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The mesial root canals of the upper first molars were pulpectomized and overfilled with EBC, NBG, or, as reference, epoxy resin-based AH Plus (AHP). After 28 days, periapical tissue reactions were assessed using microcomputed tomography and histological staining. The elemental composition and chemical composition of the extruded EBC and NBG were analyzed at Day 1 and 28 using an electron probe microanalyzer and micro-Raman spectroscopy. No periapical lesions were observed with the sealer extrusion. Additionally, inflammation around the extruded EBC and NBG was minimal to mild on Day 28, whereas moderate inflammation was found around the extruded AHP. Silicon concentration in the extruded EBC and NBG decreased significantly from Day 1 to 28, with almost no silicon present on Day 28. Furthermore, the extruded EBC and NBG became calcium- and phosphorus-rich, showing a Raman band for hydroxyapatite on Day 28. In conclusion, EBC and NBG demonstrated favorable biocompatibility and the ability to release silicon elements and produce hydroxyapatite when extruded into the periapical tissues. AHP showed moderate periapical tissue irritancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 4930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Extra-High Translucent Dental Zirconia: Translucency, Crystalline Phase, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructures

by Hiroto Nakai, Masanao Inokoshi, Hengyi Liu, Motohiro Uo and Manabu Kanazawa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010013 - 3 Jan 2025

Abstract

Highly translucent zirconia (TZ) is frequently used in dentistry. The properties of several highly translucent zirconia materials available in the market require an in-depth understanding. In this study, we assessed the translucency, crystalline phase, mechanical properties, and microstructures of three newly developed highly [...] Read more.

Highly translucent zirconia (TZ) is frequently used in dentistry. The properties of several highly translucent zirconia materials available in the market require an in-depth understanding. In this study, we assessed the translucency, crystalline phase, mechanical properties, and microstructures of three newly developed highly translucent zirconia materials (Zpex 4. m, 4 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia: 4YSZ; Zpex Smile.m, 5YSZ; ZR Lucent ULTRA, 6YSZ). The translucency parameter (TP) was analyzed using the CIELAB system. X-ray diffraction was conducted for the crystalline phase analysis, followed by Rietveld refinement. A biaxial flexural strength test using the Weibull analysis was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy, grain size distribution, and average grain size were used to analyze the microstructures. The TP content of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the highest among the samples investigated. The Rietveld analysis revealed that the cubic zirconia phase content of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the highest. The biaxial flexural strength of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the lowest (622.9 MPa). The average grain size and proportion of large grains (1.0 µm < x) were the highest in ZR Lucent ULTRA. Therefore, extra-high translucent zirconia has the potential for use in anterior monolithic restorations owing to its esthetics and strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry)

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10 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Next-Generation Dental Materials: Exploring Bacterial Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printable Resin-Based Composites

by Emerson Koji Uehara, Gustavo Castro de Lima, Janaina de Cassia Orlandi Sardi, Luciene Cristina de Figueiredo, Jamil Awad Shibli, Thabet Asbi, Doron Haim and José Augusto Rodrigues

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010012 - 3 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the microbial growth profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm on 3D-printable resin-based composites (PRBCs). A 96-well cell plate cultivated a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 12 mm high and 3 mm diameters were prepared by [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the microbial growth profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm on 3D-printable resin-based composites (PRBCs). A 96-well cell plate cultivated a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 12 mm high and 3 mm diameters were prepared by the PRBC group (Cosmos Temp-Yller; Prizma 3D Bio Crown; Prizma 3D Bio Prov) and an acrylic resin as control. Further, these specimens were immersed in the well plate to allow biofilm formation. After growing for 7 days, the metabolic biofilm activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay and the microbial profile by DNA-DNA hybridization. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests evaluated each bacteria count and complex group. A greater biofilm formation was observed on PRBC groups than on acrylic resin. The microbiological profile of PRBC was associated with a less pathogenic biofilm, with an absence of a red complex. Acrylic resin showed low biofilm growth, but the biofilm profile was related to periodontal disease, characterized by red-complex bacteria. The selection of PRBC may contribute more effectively to maintaining periodontal health than acrylic resin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 3322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Photoreactive Riboflavin and Blue Light Irradiation in Improving Dentin Bonding—Multifaceted Evaluation

by Ping-Ju Chen, Jung-Pei Hsieh, Hsiao-Tzu Chang, Yuh-Ling Chen and Shu-Fen Chuang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010011 - 3 Jan 2025

Abstract

Recently, photoactivated riboflavin (RF) treatments have been approved to improve resin–dentin bonding by enhancing dentinal collagen crosslinking. This study aimed to evaluate whether RF activated by blue light (BL, 450 nm) strengthens the collagen matrix, increases resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improves adhesion [...] Read more.

Recently, photoactivated riboflavin (RF) treatments have been approved to improve resin–dentin bonding by enhancing dentinal collagen crosslinking. This study aimed to evaluate whether RF activated by blue light (BL, 450 nm) strengthens the collagen matrix, increases resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improves adhesion as effectively as ultraviolet A (UVA, 375 nm) activation. Six groups were examined: control (no treatment); RF0.1UV2 (0.1% RF with 2 min of UVA irradiation); RF0.1BL1, RF0.1BL2, RF1BL1, and RF1BL2 (0.1% and 1% RF with 1 or 2 min of BL irradiation). The effects of RF/BL on collagen crosslinking were validated by gel electrophoresis. A nanoindentation test showed that both RF/UVA and RF/BL treatments enhanced the elastic modulus and nanohardness of demineralized dentin. A zymography assay using collagen extracted from demineralized dentin also revealed significant matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition across all RF treatments. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) tests conducted both post-treatment and after 7-day enzymatic degradation showed that three RF0.1 groups (RF0.1UV2, RF0.1BL1, and RF0.1BL2) maintained high µTBS values after degradation, while RF0.1BL1 generated a significantly thicker hybrid layer compared to other groups. These findings suggest that RF/BL is as effective as RF/UVA in crosslinking dentinal collagen and resisting enzymatic degradation, with 0.1% RF proving superior to 1% RF in enhancing dentin bonding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)

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16 pages, 7192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on P3HT Thin Polymer Film

by Paola Campione, Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Luana Vittoria Bauso, Ileana Ielo, Grazia Maria Lucia Messina and Giovanna Calabrese

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010010 - 2 Jan 2025

Abstract

Bone defects restoration has always been an arduous challenge in the orthopedic field due to the limitations of conventional grafts. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative approach by using biomimetic materials, stem cells, and growth factors that are able to improve the regeneration [...] Read more.

Bone defects restoration has always been an arduous challenge in the orthopedic field due to the limitations of conventional grafts. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative approach by using biomimetic materials, stem cells, and growth factors that are able to improve the regeneration of bone tissue. Different biomaterials have attracted great interest in BTE applications, including the poly(3-hexylthiofene) (P3HT) conductive polymer, whose primary advantage is its capability to provide a native extracellular matrix-like environment. Based on this evidence, in this study, we evaluated the biological response of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on P3HT thin polymer film for 14 days. Our results suggest that P3HT represents a good substrate to induce osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, even in the absence of specific inductive growth factors, thus representing a promising strategy for bone regenerative medicine. Therefore, the system provided may offer an innovative platform for next-generation biocompatible materials for regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)

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24 pages, 11240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Interplay Among Melt Morphology, Rheology and 3D Printability of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends

by Marco Costantini, Flavio Cognini, Roberta Angelini, Sara Alfano, Marianna Villano, Andrea Martinelli, David Bolzonella, Marco Rossi and Andrea Barbetta

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010009 - 1 Jan 2025

Abstract

Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as [...] Read more.

Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as candidates for FDM since they meet the sustainability and biodegradability standards mentioned above. However, the most utilised PHA, consisting of the poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) homopolymer, has a high degree of crystallinity and low thermal stability near the melting point. As a result, its application in FDM has not yet attained mainstream adoption. Introducing a monomer with higher excluded volume, such as hydroxyvalerate, in the PHB primary structure, as in poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) copolymers, reduces the degree of crystallinity and the melting temperature, hence improving the PHA printability. Blending amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with PHBV enhances further PHA printability via FDM. In this work, we investigated the printability of two blends characterised by different PLA and PHBV weight ratios (25:75 and 50:50), revealing the close connection between blend microstructures, melt rheology and 3D printability. For instance, the relaxation time associated with die swelling upon extrusion determines the diameter of the extruded filament, while the viscoelastic properties the range of extrusion speed available. Through thoroughly screening printing parameters such as deposition speed, nozzle diameter, flow percentage and deposition platform temperature, we determined the optimal printing conditions for the two PLA/PHBV blends. It turned out that the blend with a 50:50 weight ratio could be printed faster and with higher accuracy. Such a conclusion was validated by replicating with remarkable fidelity high-complexity objects, such as a patient’s cancer-affected iliac crest model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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41 pages, 3604 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Nanotechnology in Ischemic Stroke: Advancements in Targeted Therapies and Diagnostics for Enhanced Clinical Outcomes

by Virendra Kumar Yadav, Rachna Gupta, Abdullah A. Assiri, Jalal Uddin, Azfar A. Ishaqui, Pankaj Kumar, Khalid M. Orayj, Shazia Tahira, Ashish Patel and Nisha Choudhary

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010008 - 1 Jan 2025

Abstract

Each year, the number of cases of strokes and deaths due to this is increasing around the world. This could be due to work stress, lifestyles, unhealthy food habits, and several other reasons. Currently, there are several traditional methods like thrombolysis and mechanical [...] Read more.

Each year, the number of cases of strokes and deaths due to this is increasing around the world. This could be due to work stress, lifestyles, unhealthy food habits, and several other reasons. Currently, there are several traditional methods like thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy for managing strokes. The current approach has several limitations, like delayed diagnosis, limited therapeutic delivery, and risks of secondary injuries. So, there is a need for some effective and reliable methods for the management of strokes, which could help in early diagnosis followed by the treatment of strokes. Nanotechnology has played an immense role in managing strokes, and recently, it has emerged as a transformative solution offering innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles (NPs) belonging to several classes, including metallic (metallic and metal oxide), organic (lipids, liposome), and carbon, can cross the blood–brain barrier and may exhibit immense potential for managing various strokes. Moreover, these NPs have exhibited promise in improving imaging specificity and therapeutic delivery by precise drug delivery and real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy. Nanomaterials like cerium oxide (CeO₂) and liposome-encapsulated agents have neuroprotective properties that reduce oxidative stress and promote neuroregeneration. In the present article, the authors have emphasized the significant advancements in the nanomedicine management of stroke, including NPs-based drug delivery systems, neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies, and multimodal imaging advancements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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16 pages, 8074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Assessment of Dental Enamel Microcrack Progression After Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Using Optical Coherence Tomography

by Ahmed Haj Hamdan, Sm Abu Saleah, Daewoon Seong, Naresh Kumar Ravichandran, Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe, Sangyeob Han, Jeehyun Kim, Mansik Jeon and Hyo-Sang Park

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010007 - 30 Dec 2024

Abstract

The current study aimed to quantify the length progression of enamel microcracks (EMCs) after debonding metal and ceramic brackets, implementing OCT as a diagnostic tool. The secondary objectives included a three-dimensional assessment of EMC width and depth and the formation of new EMCs. [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to quantify the length progression of enamel microcracks (EMCs) after debonding metal and ceramic brackets, implementing OCT as a diagnostic tool. The secondary objectives included a three-dimensional assessment of EMC width and depth and the formation of new EMCs. OCT imaging was performed on 16 extracted human premolars before bonding and after debonding. Debonding was conducted with a universal Instron machine, with ARI values recorded. Additionally, 2D and 3D OCT images were employed to detect EMC formation and progression. Enface images quantified the length, width, and number of EMCs, and the length and width were analyzed using Image J (1.54f) and MATLAB (R2014b), respectively. Sagittal cross-sectional images were used for EMC depth analysis. A paired t-test showed significant differences in the length, width, and number of EMCs after debonding (p-value < 0.05), while the Wilcoxon non-parametric test indicated significant EMC depth changes (p-value < 0.05). No significant results were identified for the EMC number in ceramic brackets and EMC depth in metal brackets. Three-dimensional OCT imaging monitored existing EMCs at higher risk of progression and detected new EMCs following orthodontic bracket debonding. This study provides novel insights into EMC progression regarding the length, width, depth, and number after debonding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Materials for Application in Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Engineering)

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15 pages, 3181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of EGCG–Methacrylate-Functionalized Resin Infiltrant on White Spot Lesions: An In Vitro Study

by Karin Landmayer, Bruna de Oliveira Iatarola, Talita Portela Pereira, Raquel Shimizu Mori, Alyssa Teixeira Obeid, Mariele Vertuan, Daniela Alvim Chrisostomo, Ana Carolina Magalhães, Lulwah Alreshaid, Paulo Henrique dos Santos, Anuradha Prakki and Luciana Fávaro Francisconi-dos-Rios

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010006 - 29 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study evaluated the color change (ΔE₀₀) and penetration depth (PD) of white spot lesions (WSLs) infiltrated with the resin infiltrant (Icon^®) functionalized with methacrylate epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). To introduce polymerizable double bonds, EGCG was reacted with methacryloyl chloride (EM). [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the color change (ΔE₀₀) and penetration depth (PD) of white spot lesions (WSLs) infiltrated with the resin infiltrant (Icon^®) functionalized with methacrylate epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). To introduce polymerizable double bonds, EGCG was reacted with methacryloyl chloride (EM). Subsequently, the Icon resin infiltrant (I) was loaded with neat EGCG (IE) or EGCG–methacrylate (IEM) at 2 wt% each. WSLs were created on bovine enamel blocks and treated with I, IE, or IEM. Sound and untreated enamel surfaces were used as controls (C). Infiltrant PD (%) was determined by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM, n = 12) analysis. For color change (ΔE₀₀) determination (n = 14), ΔL, Δa, and Δb, half of each sample was kept sound as a reference area. The color was determined with a spectrophotometer. Data were statistically evaluated (p = 0.05). Surface morphology was obtained as a qualitative response variable using 3D CLSM. PD (%) did not differ statistically for I, IE, and IEM (p = 0.780). Groups I and IEM showed similar performance on color change (ΔE₀₀) compared to the control group, while IE exhibited intermediate results, with no significant difference observed between the untreated, I, and IEM groups (p < 0.001). IEM promoted the masking of the WSL color without interfering with the PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics)

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11 pages, 6631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear Resistance of Light-Cure Resin Luting Cements for Ceramic Veneers

by Miyuki Oshika, Takafumi Kishimoto, Taku Horie, Abdulaziz Alhotan, Masao Irie, Veronica C. Sule, Wayne W. Barkmeier and Akimasa Tsujimoto

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010005 - 26 Dec 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the wear resistance of light-cure resin luting cements for veneers with that of other luting materials investigated in earlier studies. An Alabama wear-testing machine was used to measure the wear resistance of four recent light-cure [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the wear resistance of light-cure resin luting cements for veneers with that of other luting materials investigated in earlier studies. An Alabama wear-testing machine was used to measure the wear resistance of four recent light-cure resin luting cements for veneers (G-Cem Veneer; Panavia V5 LC; RelyX Veneer Cement; and Vario-link Esthetic LC). The volume loss ranged from 0.027 ± 0.003 to 0.119 ± 0.030 mm³, the mean facet depth from 56.053 ± 7.074 to 81.531 ± 7.712 µm, and the maximum facet depth from 100.439 ± 26.534 to 215.958 ± 27.320 µm. G-Cem Veneer showed significantly better (p < 0.05) wear resistance than the other materials tested. Representative SEM images were obtained which showed differences in form among the wear facets for the luting cements examined. Correlations were calculated between the three measurements for each material, and the pattern of correlations was also different for each material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials for Regenerative Dentistry)

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12 pages, 5170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Push-Out Bond Strength of Fiber Posts in Diabetic Dentin: The Role of Chlorexidine Irrigation and Resin Cements

by Beyza Arslandaş Dinçtürk, Arzu Şahin Mantı, Cemile Kedici Alp, Ayşenur Altuğ Yıldırım and Arzu Kaya Mumcu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010004 - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of resin cements and post-space irrigation solutions on the push-out bond strength of diabetic and non-diabetic dentin. A total of 160 human central teeth (80 diabetic, 80 non-diabetic) were prepared using X5 files and obturated with AH Plus [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effect of resin cements and post-space irrigation solutions on the push-out bond strength of diabetic and non-diabetic dentin. A total of 160 human central teeth (80 diabetic, 80 non-diabetic) were prepared using X5 files and obturated with AH Plus sealer and X5 gutta-percha. Post spaces were prepared, and teeth were divided into eight groups based on resin cements (Variolink N, Panavia SA Universal) and irrigation protocols (saline, saline + 2% CHX). A 1 mm slice from each tooth’s middle third was tested for push-out bond strength. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. In non-diabetic dentin, saline + CHX with Variolink N achieved the highest bond strength. In diabetic dentin, saline with Panavia SA Universal resulted in the lowest bond strength (p < 0.05). The dentin type, resin cement, and irrigation solution significantly impacted fiber post bond strength, and CHX irrigation improved it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Restorative Composite Materials)

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13 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effects of Retro-Cavity Preconditioning with or Without Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Root Surface pH and Dislodgement Resistance of NeoMTA2 and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Flow Retro-Fills: An Ex Vivo Investigation

by Sedigheh Khedmat, Seyyed Ali Abaee, Hadi Assadian, Antonio Signore and Stefano Benedicenti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010003 - 24 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of retro-cavity preconditioning with or without 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution on root surface pH as well as dislodgement resistance of NeoMTA2 and MTA Flow retro-fills. Methods: Forty-eight single-rooted human incisors were [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of retro-cavity preconditioning with or without 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution on root surface pH as well as dislodgement resistance of NeoMTA2 and MTA Flow retro-fills. Methods: Forty-eight single-rooted human incisors were selected. After completion of endodontic treatment, root-end resections were performed, and retro-cavities were prepared. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of A and B (n = 24 each). In group A, retro-cavities were preconditioned with 2.5% NaOCl, followed by 17% EDTA solution, whereas in group B, preconditioning was performed using 2.5% NaOCl before final irrigation with normal saline. Samples in each group were randomly subdivided into two subgroups of 1 and 2. Retro-fillings in the A1 and B1 subgroups were performed with MTA Flow, and in the A2 and B2 subgroups, they were performed with NeoMTA2. Root surface pH was measured in each sample at three different stages: before preparation of retro-cavities (pH0), after retro-cavity preconditioning (pH1), and three days after retro-filling (pH2). Subsequently, the push-out bond strength (PBS) of the retro-filling materials was measured by a universal testing machine, and their failure modes were visualized under 64× magnification. Results: Preconditioning with EDTA caused a significant increase in PBS for both NeoMTA2 and MTA Flow (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the average bond strength of MTA Flow and Neo MTA2 (p = 0.271). There was a significant increase in the average pH2 compared to pH1 and pH0 across all groups (p < 0.001). Specifically, the use of EDTA led to a notable increase in the average pH2 in the MTA Flow group compared to the Neo MTA2 group (p = 0.027). Groups preconditioned with EDTA more frequently indicated a cohesive failure mode. Conclusions: The use of EDTA significantly increased the push-out bond strength of retro-fill materials to dentin. However, it did not prevent the ultimate alkalinity of retro-filled cavities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))

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38 pages, 4157 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nano Delivery System for Atherosclerosis

by Zhuoyi Rong, Xuan He, Tianjian Fan and Haitao Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010002 - 24 Dec 2024

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a pathological process propelled by inflammatory mediators and lipids, is a principal contributor to cardiovascular disease incidents. Currently, drug therapy, the primary therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, faces challenges such as poor stability and significant side effects. The advent of nanomaterials has garnered [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis, a pathological process propelled by inflammatory mediators and lipids, is a principal contributor to cardiovascular disease incidents. Currently, drug therapy, the primary therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, faces challenges such as poor stability and significant side effects. The advent of nanomaterials has garnered considerable attention from scientific researchers. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, have been developed for drug delivery in atherosclerosis treatment. This review will focus on how nanoparticles effectively improve drug safety and efficacy, as well as the continuous development and optimization of nanoparticles of the same material and further explore current challenges and future opportunities in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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16 pages, 47556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Customized 3D Allogenic Bone Blocks for Mandibular Buccal-Bone Reconstruction Increase Resistance to Tongue-Protrusion Forces: A Finite Element Analysis

by Sebastian Dominiak, Jennifer Majer, Christoph Bourauel, Ludger Keilig and Tomasz Gedrange

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010001 - 24 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background. The impact of tongue protrusion forces on the formation of malocclusions is well documented in academic literature. In the case of bone dehiscence of the buccal wall in front of the lower frontal teeth, this process may be even more pronounced. Augmentation [...] Read more.

Background. The impact of tongue protrusion forces on the formation of malocclusions is well documented in academic literature. In the case of bone dehiscence of the buccal wall in front of the lower frontal teeth, this process may be even more pronounced. Augmentation with 3D customized allogenic bone blocks (CABB) has been proposed as a potential solution for treating such defects. The objective was to assess the impact of bone block adjustment accuracy on the resistance of teeth to protrusion forces at various stages of alveolar bone loss. Methods: A finite element analysis (FEM) was conducted to ascertain whether augmentation with a CABB will result in increased resilience to tongue protrusion forces. Three-dimensional models of the mandible with dehiscenses were created, based on the dehiscences classification and modification proposed in the journal by the authors of regenerative method. The models feature a CABB positioned at three different distances: 0.1 mm, 0.4 mm, and 1.0 mm. The material parameters were as follows: bone (homogenous, isotropic, E = 2 GPa), teeth (E = 20 GPa), periodontal ligament (E = 0.44 MPa), and membrane between bones (E = 3.4 MPa). A tongue protrusion force within the range of 0–5 N was applied to each individual frontal tooth. Results: The use of an CABB has been shown to positively impact the stability of the teeth. The closer the bone block was placed to the alveolar bone, the more stable was the result. The best results were obtained with a ¼ dehiscence and 0.1 mm distance. Conclusions: The protrusive forces produced by the tongue might not be the biggest one, but in a presence of the bone loss they might have serious results. Even shortly after the surgery, CABB has a positive impact on the incisor resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials for Reconstructive Dentistry)

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22 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Polymeric Biomaterials for Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Surgery

by Kevin Y. Wu, Rebecca Khammar, Hafsah Sheikh and Michael Marchand

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120391 - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) play a pivotal role in restoring vision following cataract surgery. The evolution of polymeric biomaterials has been central to addressing challenges such as biocompatibility, optical clarity, mechanical stability, and resistance to opacification. This review explores essential requirements for IOL biomaterials, [...] Read more.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) play a pivotal role in restoring vision following cataract surgery. The evolution of polymeric biomaterials has been central to addressing challenges such as biocompatibility, optical clarity, mechanical stability, and resistance to opacification. This review explores essential requirements for IOL biomaterials, emphasizing their ability to mitigate complications like posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and dysphotopsias while maintaining long-term durability and visual quality. Traditional polymeric materials, including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), silicone, and acrylic polymers, are critically analyzed alongside cutting-edge innovations such as hydrogels, shape memory polymers, and light-adjustable lenses (LALs). Advances in polymer engineering have enabled these materials to achieve enhanced flexibility, transparency, and biocompatibility, driving their adoption in modern IOL design. Functionalization strategies, including surface modifications and drug-eluting designs, highlight advancements in preventing inflammation, infection, and other complications. The incorporation of UV-blocking and blue-light-filtering agents is also examined for their potential in reducing retinal damage. Furthermore, emerging technologies like nanotechnology and smart polymer-based biomaterials offer promising avenues for personalized, biocompatible IOLs with enhanced performance. Clinical outcomes, including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and patient satisfaction, are evaluated to provide an understanding of the current advancements and limitations in IOL development. We also discuss the current challenges and future directions, underscoring the need for cost-effective, innovative polymer-based solutions to optimize surgical outcomes and improve patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers Materials Used in Biomedical Engineering)

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21 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decellularized Green and Brown Macroalgae as Cellulose Matrices for Tissue Engineering

by Caitlin Berry-Kilgour, Indrawati Oey, Jaydee Cabral, Georgina Dowd and Lyn Wise

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120390 - 23 Dec 2024

Abstract

Scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide structural support for cells in the engineering of tissue constructs. Various material sources and fabrication techniques have been employed in scaffold production. Cellulose-based matrices are of interest due to their abundant supply, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and [...] Read more.

Scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide structural support for cells in the engineering of tissue constructs. Various material sources and fabrication techniques have been employed in scaffold production. Cellulose-based matrices are of interest due to their abundant supply, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and biological inertness. Terrestrial and marine plants offer diverse morphologies that can replicate the ECM of various tissues and be isolated through decellularization protocols. In this study, three marine macroalgae species—namely Durvillaea poha, Ulva lactuca, and Ecklonia radiata—were selected for their morphological variation. Low-intensity, chemical treatments were developed for each species to maintain native cellulose structures within the matrices while facilitating the clearance of DNA and pigment. Scaffolds generated from each seaweed species were non-toxic for human dermal fibroblasts but only the fibrous inner layer of those derived from E. radiata supported cell attachment and maturation over the seven days of culture. These findings demonstrate the potential of E. radiata-derived cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and highlight the influence of macroalgae ECM structures on decellularization efficiency, cellulose matrix properties, and scaffold utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)

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11 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Internal Fit in Custom-Made Posts and Cores Fabricated with Fully Digital Versus Conventional Techniques

by Eric Jensen and Shariel Sayardoust

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120389 - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess and compare the internal fit of custom-made posts and cores fabricated using digital impressions (DI) and conventional vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impressions in restorative dentistry. Materials and Methods: A typodont tooth model, simulating the anatomy of the root [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to assess and compare the internal fit of custom-made posts and cores fabricated using digital impressions (DI) and conventional vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impressions in restorative dentistry. Materials and Methods: A typodont tooth model, simulating the anatomy of the root canal of a central incisor, was utilized for the study. Two groups were formed, Group A and Group B, and each group provided a total of 18 impressions of two types: DIs and VPS impressions. In Group A, posts and cores (PCs) were fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) from the DIs. Meanwhile, in Group B, conventionally cast (CC) PCs were created from the VPS impressions. Silicone replicas of the internal surfaces were produced, and measurements were made at seven different points for each group. A statistical analysis was performed to assess the differences in internal fit between the two impression techniques. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference in mean internal fit between Group A (DI and SLM) and Group B (VPS and CC), with Group A exhibiting a mean internal fit of 182.6 µm and Group B showing a mean of 205.9 µm. While both groups demonstrated considerable variability in internal fit measurements, the digital impression technique showed promise for achieving superior internal fit, with a significantly greater fit for measuring points on sides and the most apical part of the post for Group A. Variations were observed across different measuring points, emphasizing the impact of impression technique on specific regions within the tooth. Conclusion: This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in digital dentistry by highlighting the potential benefits of DIs in achieving a superior internal fit for custom-made PCs. Clinicians may consider the advantages of digital techniques to enhance the precision of their restorative procedures, although further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical impact of these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 7934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin and Metformin Infinite Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Combined Therapy of Diabetic Mice via Intraperitoneal Injections

by Siwei Sun, Xinyi Hou, Ke Li, Chenqi Huang, Yu Rong, Jiao Bi, Xueping Li and Daocheng Wu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120388 - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Metformin (Met) is one of the most commonly prescribed first-line drugs for diabetes treatment. However, it has several issues, including low bioavailability, therapeutic platform, and side effects at high doses. In order to improve the therapeutic efficiency of Met, this study proposes a [...] Read more.

Metformin (Met) is one of the most commonly prescribed first-line drugs for diabetes treatment. However, it has several issues, including low bioavailability, therapeutic platform, and side effects at high doses. In order to improve the therapeutic efficiency of Met, this study proposes a strategy of using Met and curcumin (Cur) to prepare Cur-Zn(II)-Met infinite coordination polymer nanoparticles (CM ICP NPs), and combining this with intraperitoneal injections, for the treatment of diabetic mice. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle analysis, cytotoxicity experiments, and mice experiments were used to investigate structure, properties, and application effects. The results showed that CM ICP NPs exhibit a high drug encapsulation rate (100%), good stability, and an absence of in vivo and in vitro toxicity. The blood glucose level of diabetic mice after treatment was reduced to 6.7 ± 0.65 mmol/L at the seventh week. In terms of therapeutic mechanism, it appears that Met and Cur can synergistically regulate blood glucose in mice from multiple paths. This study provides a promising method for the treatment of diabetes using Met and other drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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14 pages, 1931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-CT Assessment During Embedding of Prototype Ti Alloy Multi-Spiked Connecting Scaffold in Subchondral Trabecular Bone of Osteoarthritic Femoral Heads, Depending on Host BMI

by Ryszard Uklejewski, Mariusz Winiecki, Adam Patalas, Patryk Mietliński, Paweł Zawadzki and Mikołaj Dąbrowski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120387 - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The prototype of a biomimetic multi-spiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold) represents an essential innovation in the fixation in subchondral trabecular bone of components for a new generation of entirely cementless hip resurfacing arthroplasty (RA) endoprostheses. In designing such a functional biomaterial scaffold, identifying the [...] Read more.

The prototype of a biomimetic multi-spiked connecting scaffold (MSC-Scaffold) represents an essential innovation in the fixation in subchondral trabecular bone of components for a new generation of entirely cementless hip resurfacing arthroplasty (RA) endoprostheses. In designing such a functional biomaterial scaffold, identifying the microstructural and mechanical properties of the host bone compromised by degenerative disease is crucial for proper post-operative functioning and long-term maintenance of the endoprosthesis components. This study aimed to explore, depending on the occurrence of obesity, changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the subchondral trabecular bone in femoral heads of osteoarthritis (OA) patients caused by the MSC-Scaffold embedding. Computed microtomography (micro-CT) scanning of femoral heads from OA patients was conducted before and after the mechanical embedding of the MSC-Scaffold. Bone morphometric parameters such as bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular number (Tb.N) for regions surrounding the MSC-Scaffold were computed, and the mechanical properties such as bone density (ρ_B), bone compressive strength (S), and the Young’s modulus (E) within these regions were calculated. A statistically significant increase in BV/TV (by 15.0% and 24.9%) and Tb.Th (by 13.1% and 42.5%) and a decrease in Tb.N (by 15.2% and 23.6%) were observed, which translates to an increase in ρ_B (by 15.0% and 24.9%), S (by 28.8% and 49.5%), and E (by 18.0% and 29.8%) in non-obese patients and obese patients, respectively. These changes in properties are favorable for the mechanical loads’ transfer from the artificial joint surface via the MSC-Scaffold to the periarticular trabecular bone of the OA femoral head in the postoperative period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)

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