While complex urban morphologies including different materials, wall structures, etc., are rather adequately represented in microclimate models, replication of actual plant geometry is—so far—rather crudely handled. However, plant geometr...
Environmental factors substantially influence the growth of trees. The current studies on tree growth simulation have mainly focused on the effect of environmental factors on diameter at breast height and tree height. However, the influence of enviro...
Quantification of roughness effects on free surface flows is unquestionably necessary when describing water and material transport within ecosystems. The conventional hydrodynamic resistance formula empirically shows that the Darcy–Weisbach fri...
Crop system models are generally parametrized with daily air temperatures recorded at 1.5 or 2 m height. These data are not able to represent temperatures at the canopy level, which control crop growth, and the impact of heat stress on crop yield, wh...
The canopy shading model is widely used in agroforestry systems. However, the canopy shading model cannot be verified by the measured shading distribution of an apple tree due to the uneven ground and adjacent apple trees. This paper measures the spa...
Forest canopy height is one of the most important spatial characteristics for forest resource inventories and forest ecosystem modeling. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can be used to accurately detect canopy surface and terrain information from...
Canopy fuel characterization is critical to assess fire hazard and potential severity in forest stands. Simulation tools provide useful information for fire prevention planning to reduce wildfire impacts, provided that reliable fuel maps exist at ade...
Air-assisted sprayers are the mainstream orchard plant protection machinery in China. During the usage of sprayers, the pesticide droplets carried by strong air jets from sprayers enter into the target canopy. Therefore, the distribution of airflow f...
Forecasting fire growth, plume rise and smoke impacts on air quality remains a challenging task. Wildland fires dynamically interact with the atmosphere, which can impact fire behavior, plume rises, and smoke dispersion. For understory fires, the fir...
Optical methods require model inversion to infer plant area index (PAI) and woody area index (WAI) of leaf-on and leaf-off forest canopy from gap fraction or radiation attenuation measurements. Several inversion models have been developed previously,...
As an important component of forest parameters, forest canopy height is of great significance to the study of forest carbon stocks and carbon cycle status. There is an increasing interest in obtaining large-scale forest canopy height quickly and accu...
Orchard target-oriented variable rate spraying is an effective method to reduce pesticide drift and excessive residues. To accomplish this task, the orchard targets’ characteristic information is needed to control liquid flow rate and airflow rate. O...
Virtual geographic environments (VGEs) have been regarded as an important new means of simulating, analyzing, and understanding complex geological processes. Plants and light are major components of the geographic environment. Light is a critical fac...
Canopy density measures such as the Leaf Area Index (LAI) have become standardized mapping products derived from airborne and terrestrial Light Detection And Ranging (aLiDAR and tLiDAR, respectively) data. A specific application of LiDAR point clouds...
Profile radar allows direct characterization of the vertical forest structure. Short-wavelength, such as Ku or X band, microwave data provide opportunities to detect the foliage. In order to exploit the potential of radar technology in forestry appli...
Until recently, stream temperature processes controlled by aquatic macrophyte shading (i.e., the riverine canopy) was an unrecognized phenomenon. This study aims to address the question of the temporal and spatial scale of monitoring and modeling tha...
Quantifying the effect of maize tassel on canopy reflectance is essential for creating a tasseling progress monitoring index, aiding precision agriculture monitoring, and understanding vegetation canopy radiative transfer. Traditional field measureme...
Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) are highly perishable fruit. Timely prediction of yield is crucial for labor management and marketing decision-making. This study demonstrates the use of high-resolution ground-based imagery, in addition to pr...
Taking a typical forest’s underlying surface as our research area, in this study, we employed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to explore more accurate canopy parameters including the tree height and canopy radius, which were used t...
Alfalfa canopy structure reveals useful information for managing this forage crop, but manual measurements are impractical at field-scale. Photogrammetry processing with images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can create a field-wide three-dimens...
Vegetation canopy interception (Ic) of precipitation is a considerable component of the global hydrological cycles. Although the measurement and modeling of canopy interception have been explored worldwide at the individual, stand or ecosystem scale,...
Forest canopy leaf area index (LAI) inversion based on remote sensing data is an important method to obtain LAI. Currently, the most widely-used model to achieve forest canopy structure parameters is the Li-Strahler geometric-optical bidirectional re...
Canopy–atmospheric water vapor output resistance (gs) is a key parameter in researching forest canopy transpiration. It is important for quantifying the water vapor exchange in forest ecosystems. However, the method by which gs is determined ha...
Topographic correction methods rarely consider the canopy parameter effects directly and explicitly for sloping canopies. In order to address this problem, the topographic correction method MFM-GOST2 was developed by implementing the second version o...
Canopy closure, which is the ratio of the vertical projection area of the crowns to the area of forest land, can indicate the growth and tending situation of a forest and is of great significance for forest management planning. In this study, a geome...
The accurate measurement of orchard canopy volume serves as a crucial foundation for wind regulation and dosage adjustments in precision orchard management. However, existing methods for measuring canopy volume fail to satisfy the high precision and...
The Haifa Bay area (HBA) is a major metropolitan area in Israel, which consists of high volume transportation routes, major industrial complexes, and the largest international seaport in Israel. These, which lie relatively near densely populated resi...
High-frequency imaging characteristics allow a geostationary satellite (GSS) to capture the diurnal variation in vegetation canopy reflectance spectra, which is of very important practical significance for monitoring vegetation via remote sensing (RS...
In order to improve the simulation accuracy of directional brightness temperature (DBT) and the retrieval accuracy of component temperature, a model considering intra-row heterogeneity to simulate the DBT angular distribution over crop canopy is prop...
Parameters such as the leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCH), and canopy carotenoid content (CCA) are important indicators for evaluating the ecological functions of forests. Currently, rapidly developing unmanned aerial vehicles (U...
Precision farming, a labor-saving and highly productive form of management, is gaining popularity as the number of farmers declines in comparison to the increasing global food demand. However, it requires more efficient crop phenology observation and...
The paper introduces a three-dimensional model to derive the spatial patterns of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reflected and absorbed by a non-uniform forest canopy with a multi-species structure, as well as a model algorithm application...
The high quality and efficient production of greenhouse vegetation depend on micrometeorology environmental adjusting such as system warming and illumination supplement. In order to improve the quantity, quality, and efficiency of greenhouse vegetati...
Cotton is the main economic crop in China and is important owing to its use as an industrial raw material and a cash crop. This experiment was conducted in the main cotton-producing area of Xinjiang, China. A hyperspectrometer was used to monitor the...
Plant nitrogen (N) information has widely been estimated through empirical techniques using hyperspectral data. However, the physical model inversion approach on N spectral response has seldom developed and remains a challenge. In this study, an N-PR...
This work aims to compare the performance of the single‑(SLUCM) and multilayer (BEP-Building effect parameterization) urban canopy models (UCMs) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), along with the application of two urban he...
The model simulation focuses on an extreme rainfall event that triggered a flood hazard in the Lake Victoria basin region of East Africa from June 24th to 26th, 2022. This study investigates the impacts of its urban canopy on the extreme rainfall eve...
This study evaluates the effectiveness of artificial Kandelia obovata forests in wave attenuation through physical model experiments conducted in a wave flume. The experiments meticulously replicated real-world hydrodynamic conditions and mangrove mo...
Multilayer canopy representations are the most common structural stand representations due to their simplicity. Implementation of recent advances in technology has allowed scientists to simulate geometrically explicit forest canopies. The effect of s...
Land surface processes play a vital role in the exchange of momentum, energy, and mass between the land and the atmosphere. However, the current model simplifies the canopy structure using approximately three to six parameters, which makes the repres...
In the process of plant protection for fruit trees using rotary-wing UAVs, challenges such as droplet drift, insufficient canopy penetration, and low agrochemical utilization efficiency remain prominent. Among these, the uncertainty in the spatio-tem...
The leaf area index (LAI) is critical for the respiration, transpiration, and photosynthesis of crops. Color indices (CIs) and vegetation indices (VIs) extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery have been widely applied to the monitoring of...
Phenomics is a new area that offers numerous opportunities for its applicability in plant breeding. One possibility is to exploit this type of information obtained from early stages of the growing season by combining it with genomic data. This opens...
Canopy structural parameters and light radiation are important for evaluating the light use efficiency and grain yield of crops. Their spatial variation within canopies and temporal variation over growth stages could be simulated using dynamic models...
Orchard spraying can effectively control pests and diseases. Over-spraying commonly results in excessive pesticide residues on agricultural products and environmental pollution. To avoid these problems, variable spraying technology uses target canopy...
The spectral vegetation indices derived from remote sensing data provide a detailed spectral analysis for assessing vegetation characteristics. This study investigated the relationship between cotton yield and canopy spectral indices to develop yield...
Monitoring the height of secondary forest regrowth is essential for assessing ecosystem recovery, but current methods rely on field surveys, airborne or UAV LiDAR, and 3D reconstruction from high-resolution UAV imagery, which are often costly or limi...
The present study illustrates an operational approach estimating individual and aggregate vineyards’ canopy volume estimation through three years Tree-Row-Volume (TRV) measurements and remotely sensed imagery acquired with unmanned aerial vehic...
The aim of this study was to follow the response to drought stress in a Poa pratensis canopy exposed to various levels of soil moisture deficit. We tracked the changes in the canopy reflectance (450–2450 nm) and retrieved vegetation properties (Leaf...
As a common form of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) in forestry applications, the canopy height model (CHM) provides the elevation distribution of aboveground vegetation. A CHM is traditionally generated by interpolating all the first LiDAR echoe...
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