In this paper, emerging 5G mobile services are investigated and categorized from the perspective of not service providers, but end-users. The development of 5G mobile services is based on an intensive analysis of the global trends in mobile services....
Fifth-generation (5G) technology is anticipated to allow a slew of novel applications across a variety of industries. The wireless communication of the 5G and Beyond-5G (B5G) networks will accommodate a wide variety of services and user expectations,...
This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogon...
As the deployment of 5G mobile radio networks gains momentum across the globe, the wireless research community is already planning the successor of 5G. In this paper, we highlight the shortcomings of 5G in meeting the needs of more data-intensive, lo...
The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has been enhancing the security of the 5G AKA (authentication and key agreement) protocol. However, there may still be some shortcomings in the latest version of the 5G AKA protocol. According to the anal...
5G acts as a highway enabling innovative digital transformation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in our lives. It is undeniable that the success of such a paradigm shift hinges on robust security measures. Foremost among these is primary authenti...
Determining the position of ourselves or our assets has always been important to humans. Technology has helped us, from sextants to outdoor global positioning systems, but real-time indoor positioning has been a challenge. Among the various solutions...
With the development of the mobile network communication industry, 5G has been widely used in the consumer market, and the application of 5G technology for indoor positioning has emerged. Like most indoor positioning techniques, the propagation of 5G...
A smart sensor is a sensor with information processing functions. It is the product of the combination of sensor integration and a microprocessor. It has the characteristics of intelligence, networking and high precision. It has been widely used in a...
The histrionic growth of mobile subscribers, disruptive ecosystems such as IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are massive challenges of the earlier mobile generations, 5G turned up the...
This work demonstrates an integrated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna solution for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Millimeter-Wave (mm-wave) 5G wireless communication services. The proposed structure is comprised of a two-element LTE MIMO...
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) evolution of mobile communication technologies from 5G to 6G has been a transformative journey spanning a decade, shaped by six releases from Release 15 to Release 20. This article provides a retrospectiv...
25 November 2022
Smart farming and precision agriculture rely on the different components of IoT, such as sensors, drones, and robotic devices. IoT in agriculture is the network of interconnected devices that corresponds in real time, simultaneously, to gather, analy...
Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising paradigm for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Although D2D communication provides several benefits, including limited interference, energy efficiency, reduced delay, and netwo...
The Fifth generation (5G) network is projected to support large amount of data traffic and massive number of wireless connections. Different data traffic has different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. 5G mobile network aims to address the limit...
Energy efficiency constitutes a pivotal performance indicator for 5G New Radio (NR) networks and beyond, and achieving optimal efficiency necessitates the meticulous consideration of trade-offs against other performance parameters, including latency,...
The transportation industries forecast that by 2050 more than 50% of vehicles on the road will be autonomous vehicles, and automotive services will dynamically support all vehicles. All of them will be serviced using the latest technology, which incl...
This paper analyzes practical solutions for implementing 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) network coexistence in the UHF band. Two potential scenarios are explored using the case study of a nationwide DTT network: spectrum splitting and...
The classification of services in 5G/B5G (Beyond 5G) networks has become important for telecommunications service providers, who face the challenge of simultaneously offering a better Quality of Service (QoS) in their networks and a better Quality of...
The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries arou...
The ongoing transition towards 5G technology expedites the emergence of a variety of mobile applications that pertain to different vertical industries. Delivering on the key commitment of 5G, these diverse service streams, along with their distinct r...
As 5G enters the application field of industrial communications, compatibility with technologies of wired deterministic communications such as Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) needs to be considered during the standardization process. While considerat...
The term “Internet of Things” was originally coined when radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was being developed to refer to applications where RFID tagged objects and sensors enabled computers to achieve effective situationa...
The 5G cellular network comes with a promise to provide a very high data rate at low latency, which is becoming critical for advancing technologies. Mobile operators are currently deploying the 5G cellular network worldwide. However, because of limit...
5G networks will change several industries, including manufacturing. 5G has the potential to become the future communication platform of choice for many industries and in particular the manufacturing sector, driving the future of Industry 4.0 and sma...
The terahertz (THz) frequency bands are being explored as a potential means of enabling an ultra-high transmission capacity in sixth-generation (6G) radio-access networks (RAN) because higher frequencies offer broader bandwidths. When utilized in wir...
Telecommunications profoundly impacts all major aspects of our everyday life. As a consequence, student instruction typically includes a series of specialized courses, each addressing a distinct telecommunication area, separating wireless from fixed...
Fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications aim to achieve significantly higher data speeds, remarkably low latency, and substantial improvements in the efficiency of base stations. With the rapid increase in the utilizati...
The consensus algorithm is the core technology of blockchain systems to maintain data consistency, and its performance directly affects the efficiency and security of the whole system. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) plays a crucial role i...
This study presents an extensive analysis of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in Greek urban and suburban areas during the ongoing deployment of the 5G technology. A total of 400 in situ measurements of electric field strength were conducted at g...
More spectrum bands are needed as the number of wireless applications rises. The spectrum band, though, is now very difficult to adapt to new applications. Because of this, the spectrum is getting more crowded, which also affects quality of service (...
The next generation of mobile broadband communication, 5G, is seen as a driver for the industrial Internet of things (IIoT). The expected 5G-increased performance spanning across different indicators, flexibility to tailor the network to the needs of...
Cognitive radio (CR), which is a common form of wireless communication, consists of a transceiver that is intelligently capable of detecting which communication channels are available to use and which are not. After this detection process, the transc...
Advances in mobile communication networks from 2G to 5G have brought unprecedented traffic growth, and 5G mobile communication networks are expected to be used in a variety of industries based on innovative technologies, fast not only in terms of ext...
We describe self-organizing network (SON) concepts and architectures and their potential to play a central role in 5G deployment and next-generation networks. Our focus is on the basic SON use case applied to radio access networks (RAN), which is sel...
Developments and new advances in medical technology and the improvement of people’s living standards have helped to make many people healthier. However, there are still large design deficiencies due to the imbalanced distribution of medical resources...
Due to the rapid development of the fifth-generation (5G) applications, and increased demand for even faster communication networks, we expected to witness the birth of a new 6G technology within the next ten years. Many references suggested that the...
The next evolution in cellular communications will not only improve upon the performance of previous generations, but also represent an unparalleled expansion in the number of services and use cases. One of the foundations for this evolution is the d...
The convergence of next-generation wireless communication technologies and modern energy infrastructure presents a promising path toward sustainable and intelligent systems. This survey explores how beyond-5G and 6G communication technologies can sup...
In the evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, the integration of advanced wireless technologies into manufacturing processes holds the promise of unprecedented connectivity and efficiency. In particular, the data transmission in a heavy industry environ...
Next-generation communication systems and wearable technologies aim to achieve high data rates, low energy consumption, and massive connections because of the extensive increase in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable devices. These de...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected people’s lives worldwide in an unexpected manner. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), several viral epidemics continue to occur and pose a significant public h...
Currently, 5G and the forthcoming 6G mobile communication systems are the most promising cellular generations expected to beat the growing hunger for bandwidth and enable the fully connected world presented by the Internet of Everything (IoE). The cl...
The 5G non-public network deployments for industrial applications are becoming highly interesting for industries and enterprises owing to dependable wireless performance characteristics. With an increasing trend of network deployments in local licens...
We review dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designs. This review examines recent advancements across several categories, specifically focusing on their applicability in array configurations for millimeter-wave (mmW) bands, particularly in the contex...
Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) is an important technique in B4G/5G networks. With CoMP, multiple base stations can be clustered to compose a cooperating set to improve system throughput, especially for the users in cell edges. Existed studies have di...
The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates wi...
The current and future wireless communication systems, WiFi, fourth generation (4G), fifth generation (5G), Beyond5G, and sixth generation (6G), are mixtures of many frequency spectrums. Thus, multi-functional common or shared aperture antenna module...
The 5G cellular network is no longer hype. Mobile network operators (MNO) around the world (e.g., Verizon and AT&T in the USA) started deploying 5G networks in mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3–6 GHz) with existing 4G cellular networks. The mid-freque...
5G, the fifth-generation mobile network, is predicted to significantly increase the traditional trajectory of energy consumption. It now uses four times as much energy as 4G, the fourth-generation mobile network. As a result, compared to previous gen...
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