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157,394 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
215 Citations
31,718 Views
22 Pages

15 October 2017

In this paper, emerging 5G mobile services are investigated and categorized from the perspective of not service providers, but end-users. The development of 5G mobile services is based on an intensive analysis of the global trends in mobile services....

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,129 Views
23 Pages

BENS−B5G: Blockchain-Enabled Network Slicing in 5G and Beyond-5G (B5G) Networks

  • Saurabh Singh,
  • C. Rajesh Babu,
  • Kadiyala Ramana,
  • In-Ho Ra and
  • Byungun Yoon

14 August 2022

Fifth-generation (5G) technology is anticipated to allow a slew of novel applications across a variety of industries. The wireless communication of the 5G and Beyond-5G (B5G) networks will accommodate a wide variety of services and user expectations,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
67 Citations
8,166 Views
12 Pages

On the 5G and Beyond

  • Mário Marques da Silva and
  • João Guerreiro

12 October 2020

This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogon...

  • Review
  • Open Access
127 Citations
18,356 Views
35 Pages

From 5G to 6G—Challenges, Technologies, and Applications

  • Ahmed I. Salameh and
  • Mohamed El Tarhuni

12 April 2022

As the deployment of 5G mobile radio networks gains momentum across the globe, the wireless research community is already planning the successor of 5G. In this paper, we highlight the shortcomings of 5G in meeting the needs of more data-intensive, lo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,080 Views
17 Pages

2 March 2022

The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has been enhancing the security of the 5G AKA (authentication and key agreement) protocol. However, there may still be some shortcomings in the latest version of the 5G AKA protocol. According to the anal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
9,245 Views
23 Pages

5G-AKA-FS: A 5G Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Forward Secrecy

  • Ilsun You,
  • Gunwoo Kim,
  • Seonghan Shin,
  • Hoseok Kwon,
  • Jongkil Kim and
  • Joonsang Baek

27 December 2023

5G acts as a highway enabling innovative digital transformation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in our lives. It is undeniable that the success of such a paradigm shift hinges on robust security measures. Foremost among these is primary authenti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
116 Citations
24,087 Views
25 Pages

Positioning in 5G and 6G Networks—A Survey

  • Ferenc Mogyorósi,
  • Péter Revisnyei,
  • Azra Pašić,
  • Zsófia Papp,
  • István Törös,
  • Pál Varga and
  • Alija Pašić

23 June 2022

Determining the position of ourselves or our assets has always been important to humans. Technology has helped us, from sextants to outdoor global positioning systems, but real-time indoor positioning has been a challenge. Among the various solutions...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,154 Views
19 Pages

5G Indoor Positioning Error Correction Based on 5G-PECNN

  • Shan Yang,
  • Qiyuan Zhang,
  • Longxing Hu,
  • Haina Ye,
  • Xiaobo Wang,
  • Ti Wang and
  • Syuan Liu

19 March 2024

With the development of the mobile network communication industry, 5G has been widely used in the consumer market, and the application of 5G technology for indoor positioning has emerged. Like most indoor positioning techniques, the propagation of 5G...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,288 Views
25 Pages

5G-BSS: 5G-Based Universal Blockchain Smart Sensors

  • Zhengyi Yao,
  • Liang Tan and
  • Kun She

18 June 2022

A smart sensor is a sensor with information processing functions. It is the product of the combination of sensor integration and a microprocessor. It has the characteristics of intelligence, networking and high precision. It has been widely used in a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
93 Citations
16,354 Views
25 Pages

The histrionic growth of mobile subscribers, disruptive ecosystems such as IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are massive challenges of the earlier mobile generations, 5G turned up the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
100 Citations
8,977 Views
20 Pages

Integrated LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna System for 4G/5G Wireless Terminals

  • Syeda Iffat Naqvi,
  • Niamat Hussain,
  • Amjad Iqbal,
  • MuhibUr Rahman,
  • Masoud Forsat,
  • Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi and
  • Yasar Amin

15 July 2020

This work demonstrates an integrated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna solution for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Millimeter-Wave (mm-wave) 5G wireless communication services. The proposed structure is comprised of a two-element LTE MIMO...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,636 Views
5 Pages

Role of 5G and 6G Technology in Precision Agriculture

  • Syed Muhammad Zaigham Abbas Naqvi,
  • Shoaib Rashid Saleem,
  • Muhammad Naveed Tahir,
  • Shixin Li,
  • Saddam Hussain,
  • Syed Ijaz Ul Haq and
  • Muhammad Awais

Smart farming and precision agriculture rely on the different components of IoT, such as sensors, drones, and robotic devices. IoT in agriculture is the network of interconnected devices that corresponds in real time, simultaneously, to gather, analy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
6,766 Views
16 Pages

Leveraging Machine-Learning for D2D Communications in 5G/Beyond 5G Networks

  • Sherief Hashima,
  • Basem M. ElHalawany,
  • Kohei Hatano,
  • Kaishun Wu and
  • Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising paradigm for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Although D2D communication provides several benefits, including limited interference, energy efficiency, reduced delay, and netwo...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
85 Citations
10,237 Views
9 Pages

5G Mobile Services and Scenarios: Challenges and Solutions

  • Yousaf Bin Zikria,
  • Sung Won Kim,
  • Muhammad Khalil Afzal,
  • Haoxiang Wang and
  • Mubashir Husain Rehmani

11 October 2018

The Fifth generation (5G) network is projected to support large amount of data traffic and massive number of wireless connections. Different data traffic has different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. 5G mobile network aims to address the limit...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,931 Views
20 Pages

Energy Efficiency for 5G and Beyond 5G: Potential, Limitations, and Future Directions

  • Adrian Ichimescu,
  • Nirvana Popescu,
  • Eduard C. Popovici and
  • Antonela Toma

20 November 2024

Energy efficiency constitutes a pivotal performance indicator for 5G New Radio (NR) networks and beyond, and achieving optimal efficiency necessitates the meticulous consideration of trade-offs against other performance parameters, including latency,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,525 Views
21 Pages

13 October 2021

The transportation industries forecast that by 2050 more than 50% of vehicles on the road will be autonomous vehicles, and automotive services will dynamically support all vehicles. All of them will be serviced using the latest technology, which incl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,887 Views
16 Pages

Coexistence of 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television Networks

  • Dariusz Więcek,
  • Marcin Mora and
  • Igor Michalski

1 July 2024

This paper analyzes practical solutions for implementing 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) network coexistence in the UHF band. Two potential scenarios are explored using the case study of a nationwide DTT network: spectrum splitting and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,727 Views
19 Pages

5G/B5G Service Classification Using Supervised Learning

  • Jorge E. Preciado-Velasco,
  • Joan D. Gonzalez-Franco,
  • Caridad E. Anias-Calderon,
  • Juan I. Nieto-Hipolito and
  • Raul Rivera-Rodriguez

27 May 2021

The classification of services in 5G/B5G (Beyond 5G) networks has become important for telecommunications service providers, who face the challenge of simultaneously offering a better Quality of Service (QoS) in their networks and a better Quality of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
8,003 Views
16 Pages

5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia

  • Dora Cama-Pinto,
  • Miguel Damas,
  • Juan Antonio Holgado-Terriza,
  • Francisco Gómez-Mula,
  • Andrés Camilo Calderin-Curtidor,
  • Juan Martínez-Lao and
  • Alejandro Cama-Pinto

The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries arou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,788 Views
23 Pages

Design, Development, and Evaluation of 5G-Enabled Vehicular Services: The 5G-HEART Perspective

  • Grigorios Kakkavas,
  • Maria Diamanti,
  • Adamantia Stamou,
  • Vasileios Karyotis,
  • Faouzi Bouali,
  • Jarno Pinola,
  • Olli Apilo,
  • Symeon Papavassiliou and
  • Klaus Moessner

6 January 2022

The ongoing transition towards 5G technology expedites the emergence of a variety of mobile applications that pertain to different vertical industries. Delivering on the key commitment of 5G, these diverse service streams, along with their distinct r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,028 Views
16 Pages

Analysis of 5G Channel Access for Collaboration with TSN Concluding at a 5G Scheduling Mechanism

  • Dennis Krummacker,
  • Benedikt Veith,
  • Christoph Fischer and
  • Hans Dieter Schotten

23 August 2022

As 5G enters the application field of industrial communications, compatibility with technologies of wired deterministic communications such as Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) needs to be considered during the standardization process. While considerat...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,116 Views
15 Pages

5G-Compliant Authentication Protocol for RFID

  • Jorge Munilla,
  • Adel Hassan and
  • Mike Burmester

19 November 2020

The term “Internet of Things” was originally coined when radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was being developed to refer to applications where RFID tagged objects and sensors enabled computers to achieve effective situationa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,168 Views
18 Pages

3 October 2022

The 5G cellular network comes with a promise to provide a very high data rate at low latency, which is becoming critical for advancing technologies. Mobile operators are currently deploying the 5G cellular network worldwide. However, because of limit...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
121 Citations
20,943 Views
20 Pages

Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing

  • Eoin O’Connell,
  • Denis Moore and
  • Thomas Newe

12 June 2020

5G networks will change several industries, including manufacturing. 5G has the potential to become the future communication platform of choice for many industries and in particular the manufacturing sector, driving the future of Industry 4.0 and sma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,662 Views
16 Pages

The terahertz (THz) frequency bands are being explored as a potential means of enabling an ultra-high transmission capacity in sixth-generation (6G) radio-access networks (RAN) because higher frequencies offer broader bandwidths. When utilized in wir...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,853 Views
21 Pages

Empowering a Broadband Communications Course with a Unified Module on 5G and Fixed 5G Networks

  • Dimitris Uzunidis,
  • Gerasimos Pagiatakis,
  • Ioannis Moscholios and
  • Michael Logothetis

4 September 2024

Telecommunications profoundly impacts all major aspects of our everyday life. As a consequence, student instruction typically includes a series of specialized courses, each addressing a distinct telecommunication area, separating wireless from fixed...

  • Review
  • Open Access
480 Views
40 Pages

20 February 2026

Fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications aim to achieve significantly higher data speeds, remarkably low latency, and substantial improvements in the efficiency of base stations. With the rapid increase in the utilizati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,451 Views
16 Pages

5 March 2025

The consensus algorithm is the core technology of blockchain systems to maintain data consistency, and its performance directly affects the efficiency and security of the whole system. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) plays a crucial role i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,566 Views
12 Pages

Assessing EMF Exposure in Greek Urban and Suburban Areas During 5G Deployment: A Focus on 5G EMF Levels and Distance Correlation

  • Athanasios Manassas,
  • Maria Christopoulou,
  • Nikos Papanikolaou,
  • Spyridon Delidimitriou,
  • Efthymios Karabetsos and
  • Theodoros Samaras

This study presents an extensive analysis of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in Greek urban and suburban areas during the ongoing deployment of the 5G technology. A total of 400 in situ measurements of electric field strength were conducted at g...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,561 Views
13 Pages

Analysis of Hybrid Spectrum Sensing for 5G and 6G Waveforms

  • Arun Kumar,
  • J Venkatesh,
  • Nishant Gaur,
  • Mohammed H. Alsharif,
  • Abu Jahid and
  • Kannadasan Raju

28 December 2022

More spectrum bands are needed as the number of wireless applications rises. The spectrum band, though, is now very difficult to adapt to new applications. Because of this, the spectrum is getting more crowded, which also affects quality of service (...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
11,302 Views
23 Pages

Industrial Internet of Things over 5G: A Practical Implementation

  • José Meira,
  • Gonçalo Matos,
  • André Perdigão,
  • José Cação,
  • Carlos Resende,
  • Waldir Moreira,
  • Mário Antunes,
  • José Quevedo,
  • Ruben Moutinho and
  • Rui L. Aguiar
  • + 5 authors

30 May 2023

The next generation of mobile broadband communication, 5G, is seen as a driver for the industrial Internet of things (IIoT). The expected 5G-increased performance spanning across different indicators, flexibility to tailor the network to the needs of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,090 Views
10 Pages

Cluster-ID-Based Throughput Improvement in Cognitive Radio Networks for 5G and Beyond-5G IoT Applications

  • Stalin Allwin Devaraj,
  • Kambatty Bojan Gurumoorthy,
  • Pradeep Kumar,
  • Wilson Stalin Jacob,
  • Prince Jenifer Darling Rosita and
  • Tanweer Ali

28 August 2022

Cognitive radio (CR), which is a common form of wireless communication, consists of a transceiver that is intelligently capable of detecting which communication channels are available to use and which are not. After this detection process, the transc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
11,672 Views
22 Pages

5G Security Threat Assessment in Real Networks

  • Seongmin Park,
  • Daeun Kim,
  • Youngkwon Park,
  • Hyungjin Cho,
  • Dowon Kim and
  • Sungmoon Kwon

17 August 2021

Advances in mobile communication networks from 2G to 5G have brought unprecedented traffic growth, and 5G mobile communication networks are expected to be used in a variety of industries based on innovative technologies, fast not only in terms of ext...

  • Review
  • Open Access
39 Citations
14,246 Views
30 Pages

We describe self-organizing network (SON) concepts and architectures and their potential to play a central role in 5G deployment and next-generation networks. Our focus is on the basic SON use case applied to radio access networks (RAN), which is sel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
158 Citations
16,600 Views
15 Pages

A 5G Cognitive System for Healthcare

  • Min Chen,
  • Jun Yang,
  • Yixue Hao,
  • Shiwen Mao and
  • Kai Hwang

Developments and new advances in medical technology and the improvement of people’s living standards have helped to make many people healthier. However, there are still large design deficiencies due to the imbalanced distribution of medical resources...

  • Article
  • Open Access
108 Citations
25,572 Views
58 Pages

From 5G to 6G Technology: Meets Energy, Internet-of-Things and Machine Learning: A Survey

  • Mohammed Najah Mahdi,
  • Abdul Rahim Ahmad,
  • Qais Saif Qassim,
  • Hayder Natiq,
  • Mohammed Ahmed Subhi and
  • Moamin Mahmoud

31 August 2021

Due to the rapid development of the fifth-generation (5G) applications, and increased demand for even faster communication networks, we expected to witness the birth of a new 6G technology within the next ten years. Many references suggested that the...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
7,169 Views
19 Pages

The next evolution in cellular communications will not only improve upon the performance of previous generations, but also represent an unparalleled expansion in the number of services and use cases. One of the foundations for this evolution is the d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,050 Views
41 Pages

How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey

  • Pal Varga,
  • Áron István Jászberényi,
  • Dániel Pásztor,
  • Balazs Nagy,
  • Muhammad Nasar and
  • David Raisz

6 July 2025

The convergence of next-generation wireless communication technologies and modern energy infrastructure presents a promising path toward sustainable and intelligent systems. This survey explores how beyond-5G and 6G communication technologies can sup...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,698 Views
18 Pages

15 April 2024

In the evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, the integration of advanced wireless technologies into manufacturing processes holds the promise of unprecedented connectivity and efficiency. In particular, the data transmission in a heavy industry environ...

  • Review
  • Open Access
120 Citations
17,518 Views
29 Pages

A Road towards 6G Communication—A Review of 5G Antennas, Arrays, and Wearable Devices

  • Muhammad Ikram,
  • Kamel Sultan,
  • Muhammad Faisal Lateef and
  • Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami

Next-generation communication systems and wearable technologies aim to achieve high data rates, low energy consumption, and massive connections because of the extensive increase in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable devices. These de...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,548 Views
16 Pages

12 September 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected people’s lives worldwide in an unexpected manner. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), several viral epidemics continue to occur and pose a significant public h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
7,746 Views
23 Pages

1 December 2022

Currently, 5G and the forthcoming 6G mobile communication systems are the most promising cellular generations expected to beat the growing hunger for bandwidth and enable the fully connected world presented by the Internet of Everything (IoE). The cl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,743 Views
13 Pages

Empirical Study on 5G NR Cochannel Coexistence

  • Jordi Biosca Caro,
  • Junaid Ansari,
  • Joachim Sachs,
  • Peter de Bruin,
  • Sertap Sivri,
  • Leefke Grosjean,
  • Niels König and
  • Robert H. Schmitt

The 5G non-public network deployments for industrial applications are becoming highly interesting for industries and enterprises owing to dependable wireless performance characteristics. With an increasing trend of network deployments in local licens...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
7,348 Views
22 Pages

Advanced Dielectric Resonator Antenna Technology for 5G and 6G Applications

  • Yingqi Zhang,
  • Stanislav Ogurtsov,
  • Vasilii Vasilev,
  • Ahmed A. Kishk and
  • Diego Caratelli

22 February 2024

We review dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designs. This review examines recent advancements across several categories, specifically focusing on their applicability in array configurations for millimeter-wave (mmW) bands, particularly in the contex...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,974 Views
20 Pages

Dynamic Set Planning for Coordinated Multi-Point in B4G/5G Networks

  • Jia-Ming Liang,
  • Ching-Kuo Hsu,
  • Jen-Jee Chen,
  • Po-Han Lin,
  • Po-Min Hsu and
  • Tzung-Shi Chen

3 March 2021

Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) is an important technique in B4G/5G networks. With CoMP, multiple base stations can be clustered to compose a cooperating set to improve system throughput, especially for the users in cell edges. Existed studies have di...

  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
10,477 Views
22 Pages

Handover Parameters Optimisation Techniques in 5G Networks

  • Wasan Kadhim Saad,
  • Ibraheem Shayea,
  • Bashar J. Hamza,
  • Hafizal Mohamad,
  • Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh and
  • Waheb A. Jabbar

31 July 2021

The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates wi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
18,424 Views
26 Pages

3 October 2021

The 5G cellular network is no longer hype. Mobile network operators (MNO) around the world (e.g., Verizon and AT&T in the USA) started deploying 5G networks in mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3–6 GHz) with existing 4G cellular networks. The mid-freque...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,132 Views
36 Pages

End-to-End Power Models for 5G Radio Access Network Architectures with a Perspective on 6G

  • Bhuvaneshwar Doorgakant,
  • Tulsi Pawan Fowdur and
  • Mobayode O. Akinsolu

30 January 2025

5G, the fifth-generation mobile network, is predicted to significantly increase the traditional trajectory of energy consumption. It now uses four times as much energy as 4G, the fourth-generation mobile network. As a result, compared to previous gen...

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