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Sensors
Volume 25
Issue 13
10.3390/s25134222
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Review

How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey

by
Pal Varga
1,*,
Áron István Jászberényi
1,
Dániel Pásztor
2,
Balazs Nagy
1,
Muhammad Nasar
3 and
David Raisz
3
1
Department of Telecommunications and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
2
Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
3
Department of Electric Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4222; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 May 2025 / Revised: 27 June 2025 / Accepted: 30 June 2025 / Published: 6 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in the Internet of Things Section 2025)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The convergence of next-generation wireless communication technologies and modern energy infrastructure presents a promising path toward sustainable and intelligent systems. This survey explores how beyond-5G and 6G communication technologies can support the greening of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems and smart grids. It highlights the critical challenges in achieving energy efficiency, interoperability, and real-time responsiveness across different domains. The paper reviews key enablers such as LPWAN, wake-up radios, mobile edge computing, and energy harvesting techniques for green IoT, as well as optimization strategies for 5G/6G networks and data center operations. Furthermore, it examines the role of 5G in enabling reliable, ultra-low-latency data communication for advanced smart grid applications, such as distributed generation, precise load control, and intelligent feeder automation. Through a structured analysis of recent advances and open research problems, the paper aims to identify essential directions for future research and development in building energy-efficient, resilient, and scalable smart infrastructures powered by intelligent wireless networks.
Keywords: green networking; 5G; 6G; smart grid; energy efficiency; edge computing; industrial IoT; sustainability green networking; 5G; 6G; smart grid; energy efficiency; edge computing; industrial IoT; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Varga, P.; Jászberényi, Á.I.; Pásztor, D.; Nagy, B.; Nasar, M.; Raisz, D. How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey. Sensors 2025, 25, 4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222

AMA Style

Varga P, Jászberényi ÁI, Pásztor D, Nagy B, Nasar M, Raisz D. How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey. Sensors. 2025; 25(13):4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222

Chicago/Turabian Style

Varga, Pal, Áron István Jászberényi, Dániel Pásztor, Balazs Nagy, Muhammad Nasar, and David Raisz. 2025. "How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey" Sensors 25, no. 13: 4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222

APA Style

Varga, P., Jászberényi, Á. I., Pásztor, D., Nagy, B., Nasar, M., & Raisz, D. (2025). How Beyond-5G and 6G Makes IIoT and the Smart Grid Green—A Survey. Sensors, 25(13), 4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134222

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