Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)
- URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications)
- mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communications)
1.1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
- Traffic capacity of up to 10 Mbps per sq. metre in hotspot areas.
- Data transfer rates the user experiences of up to 1 Gbps with peak data rates of transfer in the tens of Gbps and a capacity of maximum traffic volume of at least 1 Tbps per sq. kilometre.
- Latency as low as 1ms for user experience levels of data exchange.
- Connection density of up to one million connections per sq. kilometre.
- High mobility, facilitating connectivity up to 500 km/h in high-speed trains and up to 1000 km/h in aeroplanes, with enhanced user experience.
1.2. Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC)
1.3. Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC)
2. The Potential of 5G in Manufacturing
- λ (Lambda) = Wavelength in meters
- c = Speed of Light (299,792,458 m/s)
- f = Frequency (MHz)
How 5G Will Impact Manufacturing
- Ability to remotely operate equipment e.g., production line robotics on the factory floor. Typical applications being welding, painting and assembly.
- Remote control of supply chain equipment e.g., operator can remote control equipment such as untethered robots, typical applications include, autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) or forklifts.
- Remote monitoring of equipment e.g., the transmission of diagnostics information, so service technicians arrive prepared for successful repairs and updates when needed.
- Machine to machine communication: closed-loop communications between machines to optimize manufacturing processes.
- Intra- and inter-enterprise communication: for monitoring of assets distributed in broader geographical areas across the value chain.
- Augmented reality support in design, maintenance and repair: use of augmented reality to aid in the execution of procedural tasks in the design, maintenance and repair domain (through simulations).
- Cost: the manufacturing industry has high-cost reduction requirements and will only implement new applications if these have been proven to reduce costs ultimately.
- Safety: hundreds of connected automated devices on a factory floor can create a hazardous environment for humans.
- Deployment knowledge: many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) do not have the capacity to resource the learning requirements or the technical ability to capitalise on the potentials of 5G.
- RF interference: several objects on the factory floor are already using radio communications.
3. Use Cases of 5G in Manufacturing
3.1. Supply Chain Unification
3.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Fast Decision Making
3.3. Cloud Control of Machines
3.4. Expanded Reality
4. Infrastructure Requirements for 5G
- Spectrum adoption;
- Fiber rollout internally (10 Gb minimally);
- High-speed switches and routers;
- On-site computing;
- High-speed uplink to cloud computing facilities;
- Deploying edge-connecting devices.
4.1. 5G in a Heterogeneous Network Infrastructure
4.2. Fog and Edge Computing
4.2.1. Edge Computing
4.2.2. Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
5. The Wireless Spectrum and 5G
6. Private 5G Networks
- Connect to a public 5G network.
- Build and use a private 5G network.
Benefits of Private 5G Networks
7. Security in the Wireless Factory of the Future
- Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on production systems.
- Man-in-the-middle attack for production data theft due to gaps in the IT structure of the newly adapted manufacturing processes.
- Anomalies based on human behaviour and errors.
- Critical system access to third-party contractors.
- Legacy devices with limited or no security services such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), remote terminal units (RTUs), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) servers, integrated with fully accessible and network-enabled IoT devices.
- Lack of adequate visibility and cyber-resilient systems. Traditionally OT systems have achieved security by obscurity and this is no longer a guarantee of protection with the advent of wireless connectivity and massive machine-type communication (mMTC).
8. Standards and Industry Associations
- Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), https://www.iiconsortium.org/index.htm.
- The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), https://www.3gpp.org/.
- The 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation (5G-ACIA), https://www.5gacia.org/about-5g-acia/.
- EU 5GPPP, https://5g-ppp.eu/.
- Co-existence of different wireless protocols and systems;
- Co-existence of different wired protocols;
- Interoperability between wired and wireless communication systems;
- Seamless engineering taking into account collected real-life data;
- Missing capabilities for plug-and-produce integration of sensors, machinery and people;
- Missing capabilities for cost-effective network and service management by factory operator;
- Managing workflows and data interaction patterns between an increasing number of sensors, machines, robots, wearables, etc.;
- Allocating the proper computing resources in the cloud, on the edge or at sensor levels to ensure compliance with application-level service agreements;
- Leveraging machine-learning and data analytics capabilities distributed in the network, to a multitude of vendor-specific platforms, contributing to a unified, intelligent data intelligence platform;
- Managing and optimizing the wireless network topology and performance, according to real-time changing networking conditions.
Future Improvements of 5G towards 6G
9. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Network Type | Average Download Speeds | Peak Download Speeds | Theoretical Download Speeds |
---|---|---|---|
3G | 8 Mbps | ~20 Mbps | 42 Mbps |
4G | 32.5 Mbps | 90+ Mbps | 300 Mbps |
5G | 130Mbps–240 Mbps | 599 Mbps+ | 10–50 Gbps |
Network Type | Milliseconds (ms) |
---|---|
3G Network | 60 ms (Typical) |
4G Network | 50 ms (Typical) |
5G Network | 1 ms (theoretical) |
Use-Case Category | Scenario | Impact |
---|---|---|
Time-critical processes |
| Increased efficiency and yields; safety |
Non real-time processes inside the factory |
| Optimized management of production facilities |
Enterprise communication |
| Improved business operations |
Deployment Scenarios and Resource Management | How to identify where the best locations to install the MEC platforms physically and how to manage them remotely. |
Computational Caching and Offload | The combination of computing and storage locally can provide an increase in compute capability and speed to the user, whilst reducing traffic to the cloud connections. There are challenges here around deciding what to cache, as each user’s computing requirements may have unique data requirements. |
IoT Applications and Big Data Analytics | MEC can help reduce and refine datasets before sending back to big data platforms for analysis/deep learning. |
Mobility Management | Ensuring continuous connectivity for mobile users is a crucial consideration for MEC, with trajectory predictions (of the user) enabling the caching of data amongst MEC nodes in the network. |
Security and Privacy | As there are multiple compute points, at remote locations, the attack surface is increased exponentially over a traditional cloud platform. Privacy of the user’s computing requirements is also a key concern for MEC systems. |
Protocol | Frequency | Wavelength | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Wi-Fi (2.4G) | 2401 MHz–2483 MHz | 12 cm | 150 m |
Wi-Fi (5G) | 5150 MHz–5875 MHz | 5 cm | 120 m |
Bluetooth | 2400 MHz–2485 MHz | 12 cm | 10–100 m |
LoRA | 868 MHz | 35 cm | 10 km+ |
3G | 900/2100 MHz | 33.3/14 cm | 100 m to >5 km |
4G (LTE) | 800/1800 MHz | 37.5/17 cm | 100 m to >5 km |
5G | 700 MHz/3.6 GHz/26 GHz | 43 cm/8 cm/1 mm | 50 m to >5 km |
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O’Connell, E.; Moore, D.; Newe, T. Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing. Telecom 2020, 1, 48-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom1010005
O’Connell E, Moore D, Newe T. Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing. Telecom. 2020; 1(1):48-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleO’Connell, Eoin, Denis Moore, and Thomas Newe. 2020. "Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing" Telecom 1, no. 1: 48-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom1010005