31 October 2026
Background/Objectives: Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have enabled rapid vaccine development and have become an important platform for pandemic preparedness; however, clinical evaluation of alternative co-transcriptional 5′ cap technologies rema...
31 October 2026
mRNA vaccines established scalable manufacturing and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery for sequence-defined, non-integrating RNA medicines. In vivo CAR-T therapy repurposes this platform to generate CAR-positive lymphocytes after intravenous dosing,...
31 October 2026
Introduction: Existing evidence on why children miss vaccines after infancy has focused on the demand side, that is, on the attitudes and circumstances of caregivers. The supply side, meaning the system’s capacity to make vaccines available, ac...
31 October 2026
Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease and hospitalization in infants. Maternal RSV prefusion F (RSVpreF) vaccination and infant nirsevimab offer distinct preventive strategies. This study evaluated...
31 October 2026
Introduction: Next-generation malaria vaccines are urgently needed to provide greater efficacy and longevity. Antibodies targeting blood-stage merozoites can confer protection against clinical malaria through multiple Fc-mediated functions. In partic...
31 October 2026
One approach to therapeutic cancer vaccine development uses whole tumor cells or their lysates as sources of a broad repertoire of tumor antigens. A key advantage of this strategy is that it does not require prior identification of tumor antigens, un...
Objectives: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative for many children with high-risk hematologic diseases but can lead to loss of vaccine-acquired immunity, leaving survivors highly susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs...
Background/Objectives: Children exposed to HIV perinatally but remaining uninfected (HEU) may represent a vulnerable population for preventive healthcare. This study assessed age-appropriate vaccination completeness among HEU children in Romania and...
Background/Objectives: Brucellosis remains a widespread zoonosis, yet no licensed human vaccine exists and the live attenuated vaccines used in animals are unsuitable for people because of residual virulence and the risk of accidental infection. Reco...
Maternal messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination can generate maternal immunity and antibodies for passive infant protection. However, clinical evidence derives predominantly from the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, limiting generalization acros...
Background: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases pose a growing global threat, underscoring the need for vaccine platforms enabling rapid deployment and durable, broad protection. Although mRNA and viral vector vaccines transformed pandemic r...
Background/Objectives: Vaccines delivered after infancy remain vulnerable to missed uptake. Less is known about the determinants of second-year-of-life vaccine uptake in Malawi. This study assessed the completion of vaccines due after 12 months of ag...
Background/Objectives: This work describes the development of a new, lyophilized, live-attenuated measles–rubella (MR) vaccine formulation designed for lower-cost production in Africa. The formulation consists of a stabilizer solution (containi...
Background/Objectives: Personalised neoantigen vaccines can now be manufactured within weeks, so what a patient receives is decided by which mutations are selected. Selection is organised around predicted peptide–MHC binding, yet presentation a...
Background/Objectives: Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) carries the world’s heaviest combined burden of HIV and cervical cancer. People living with HIV (PLHIV) face higher HPV acquisition, reduced clearance, and accelerated progression to cerv...
The adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is incompletely understood. A better comprehension of host immunity might contribute significantly to the development of an efficacious tuberculosis vaccine. Intensive research has chara...
Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical cancer screening are key components of cervical cancer prevention; however, awareness may not translate into preventive practice. This study aimed to assess HPV knowledge, HPV...
Background: Robust evidence that is contextual, relevant, and timely is crucial to the effective functioning of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs). These groups provide independent advice to their Ministry of Health on issues re...
Background/Objectives: Immunisation programmes generate substantial quantities of hazardous waste, yet its safe management has received considerably less attention than vaccination coverage. In Nepal, responsibility for waste disposal is divided betw...
Background: Childhood immunisation coverage remains suboptimal in Zambia, with persistent inequities, particularly among zero-dose and hard-to-reach populations. The Reaching Every District/Reaching Every Child (RED/REC) strategy was developed to str...
The development of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines has advanced substantially in recent years, with three prefusion F (preF) protein-based and mRNA platforms achieving regulatory approval for use in older adults. Among licensed protein sub...
Background/Objectives: Avian cholera and typhoid are major bacterial diseases in the poultry industry, causing reduced productivity and economic losses. Here, we developed a single-dose, bivalent, inactivated vaccine. Methods: Different concentration...
Background: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a significant infectious disease in sheep and goats, traditionally associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. However, recent evidence highlights the polymicrobial nature of CLA, with Trueperella py...
Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB) affects nearly 300 million individuals globally and remains incurable with current antiviral therapies, which suppress viral replication but rarely achieve a functional cure, defined by sust...
Background: Immunisation coverage among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in Australia is heterogeneous, with barriers shaped by language, trust, health-system navigation, affordability, and access to vaccination services. This...
Background: Brucella abortus S19 vaccination forms the cornerstone of the national brucellosis control program. Monitoring post-vaccination immune responses is crucial to assess vaccine performance across diverse regions and species. Methods: Tw...
Objective: To construct a novel calcium ion–based squalene water-in-oil emulsion, termed calcium ion reverse micelle squalene emulsion (CISE), as a vaccine adjuvant delivery system by exploiting the high affinity of calcium ions for phosphate g...
Background: Despite the proven role of childhood immunization in reducing child mortality, global coverage targets remain unmet. Zero-dose (ZD) children—those who have not received any DTP vaccine dose—represent a critical challenge. Moza...
Background: Although a protective vaccine is available, diphtheria reemerged in Somalia starting in mid-2023, with an outbreak reported throughout the country in 2025. In response, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) developed a diphtheria outbreak...
Background: Two-dose COVID-19 vaccine coverage exceeded 95% of Australian adults, yet only about one in three received a booster during 2023, according to Australian Government vaccination coverage data. The survey period marked Australia’s tra...
Background: Vaccine efficacy shows marked inter-individual heterogeneity, and the gut microbiome critically shapes vaccine-induced immune responses. However, the field’s developmental trajectory remains uncharacterized. Methods: Publications on...
Background/Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii in the intensive care setting has become increasingly carbapenem resistant in recent years. In addition to developing new antibiotics, alternative intervention strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies,...
Background: Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) triggers heavy mortality in farmed Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Oral subunit vaccines are suitable for mass fish immunization yet often yield unsatisfactory immunity. Intestinal microbiota stro...
Background: Delayed and refused vaccination remain challenges to timely immunization during infancy and may involve different underlying factors. Objective: To analyze the factors associated with vaccination delay and refusal among children younger t...
This narrative review examines therapeutic cancer vaccines, which have undergone a profound renaissance, transitioning from early peptide and dendritic cell-based formulations to next-generation mRNA platforms enabling personalized neoantigen targeti...
Background/Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important occupational concern for healthcare students exposed to blood and body fluids. This study aimed to characterize hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) concentrations accor...
Background/Objectives: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to the global swine industry, while the emergence of variant pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains has further complicated disease control in China....
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major preventable cause of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Despite the proven effectiveness of HPV vaccination, knowledge gaps and misconceptions continue to limit vaccine uptake among young adults....
As the sole viral protein expressed on the surface of viral particles and infected cells, the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is the most important target for vaccine development. Structurally defined sites of vulnerability recognized by broadly neutrali...
Background/Objectives: Patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) frequently receive immunomodulatory therapies that may influence vaccine-induced immune responses. However, evidence comparing the immunogenicity, safety, and clinical outcomes following ho...
The rapid evolution of pathogens, particularly viruses, poses a continuous threat to global public health, necessitating the development of highly scalable and cost-effective vaccine platforms. Plant-based virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as...
Background: Varicella-containing vaccines have substantially reduced the burden of varicella worldwide; however, comprehensive evidence on adverse events following vaccination in children remains important for vaccine safety monitoring, vaccine confi...
Background/Objectives: Gaps in routine childhood immunisation coverage persist in the Solomon Islands, with completion of the vaccination schedule varying considerably between remote and geographically isolated communities. While structural and logis...
Background: Costa Rica introduced universal one-dose varicella vaccination in 2007 using a one-dose schedule administered at 15 months of age through the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS). A previous national study described epidemiological cha...
Background/Objectives: Human organoids have emerged as physiologically relevant models bridging conventional two-dimensional cultures and animal models. This review summarizes advances in their application to infectious disease modeling and vaccine r...
Background: Although HPV vaccination is an effective cancer-prevention strategy, vaccination uptake among young adults remains suboptimal in many countries despite generally positive attitudes towards vaccination. The aim of this study was to assess...
Background/Objectives: Parental attitudes toward vaccination influence the timely and complete immunization of children, including uptake of recommended vaccines. This study assessed self-reported compliance with mandatory vaccination, use of recomme...
Background: Pneumococcal disease imposes a substantial public health burden in India, particularly among older adults and individuals with chronic or immunocompromising conditions. Although the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the...
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with no safe vaccines available. Macrophages are the primary target cells of African swine fever virus (ASFV), and infection impairs their antiviral functions...
Vaccination represents one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing infectious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality, and protecting vulnerable populations [...]
