Addressing Immunity Gaps: Strengthening Vaccine Confidence and Coverage

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 552

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
2. National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), 00153 Rome, Italy
Interests: public health; infectious disease; healthcare management; risk management; migrants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
2. National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), 00153 Rome, Italy
Interests: public health; infectious disease; healthcare management; risk management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a well-known fact that vaccines remain on the most powerful tools against infectious diseases in public health.

However, the scientific community is also aware of the presence of immunity gaps, which vary in size depending on the country taken into consideration. This is of particular relevance as in April 2025, both the WHO and UNICEF warned that immunization efforts are under growing threat, leaving millions of children, adolescents and adults at risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. For instance, in 2024, 14.3 million children worldwide missed out on any vaccination—so-called zero-dose children.

Therefore, strategies to inspire our communities to reduce those immunity gaps need to be implemented. Moreover, it is necessary to align the activities of national and global stakeholders towards achieving a better level of global immunization.

As misinformation is undeniably one of the main reasons for this threat to widespread vaccination, and correct information may be the key to swaying the stakeholders, this Special Issue aims to update the scientific community as a whole on the global status of vaccines and immunization in this new year.

To achieve this goal, all types of papers and reviews that hit that specific target are more than welcome.

Dr. Christian Napoli
Dr. Lavinia Bianco
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • vaccines
  • immunization
  • infectious diseases
  • acceptance
  • advocacy

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 1127 KB  
Article
Measles in the Post-COVID Era: Incidence Trends, Vaccination Coverage, Demographic and Subnational Distribution in Saudi Arabia, 2015–2024
by Lama Alzamil
Vaccines 2026, 14(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14050445 - 16 May 2026
Viewed by 137
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine immunisation globally. Saudi Arabia presents a unique epidemiological context for measles, combining high vaccination coverage with mass pilgrimages and a large expatriate workforce. This study examined measles incidence trends, vaccination coverage, and demographic and geographic burden distribution [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine immunisation globally. Saudi Arabia presents a unique epidemiological context for measles, combining high vaccination coverage with mass pilgrimages and a large expatriate workforce. This study examined measles incidence trends, vaccination coverage, and demographic and geographic burden distribution in Saudi Arabia (2015–2024), with comparative analysis against GCC countries, the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and global data. Methods: Annual incidence and vaccination coverage data were obtained from the WHO Global Health Observatory and WHO/UNICEF WUENIC; monthly, regional, age- and nationality-stratified data from the Saudi Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Book (2015–2024). Incidence was expressed per 1,000,000 population across three epochs: pre-COVID-19 (2015–2019), pandemic disruption (2020–2021), and post-COVID-19 rebound (2022–2024). Descriptive analyses included period means, percentage changes, rate ratios, and rate differences. Results: Pre-COVID-19 incidence (mean 19.7/1,000,000) remained below EMR and global averages. The pandemic produced near-complete suppression (−96.6% to 1.1/1,000,000 in 2020), exceeding global (−82.2%) and EMR (−61.2%) declines. A marked rebound occurred in 2023 (67.8/1,000,000), surpassing the pre-pandemic peak despite MCV1/MCV2 coverage above 96%. Non-Saudi nationals bore disproportionate burden in 2021 (20.7 vs. 1.1/1,000,000) and 2023 (70.4 vs. 64.8/1,000,000). Children under 15 accounted for 71.6–90.6% of annual cases, with the 5–<15-year group’s contribution rising from 12.7% (pre-COVID mean) to 27.7% in 2024. Geographic burden shifted annually with no consistently dominant region. Conclusions: Saudi Arabia’s post-pandemic rebound despite high national coverage implicates sub-population susceptibility gaps among non-national residents and school-age children, alongside importation risks from mass pilgrimage. Targeted strategies addressing demographic and geographic heterogeneity are essential to meet WHO 2030 elimination targets. Full article
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