Nutrients

22 pages, 853 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multifaceted Roles of Vitamin D for Diabetes: From Immunomodulatory Functions to Metabolic Regulations

by Chan Yoon Park, Sunhye Shin and Sung Nim Han

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183185 - 20 Sep 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8387

Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes [...] Read more.

Numerous studies have established associations between vitamin D and diabetes. The vitamin D receptor is widely distributed throughout the human body, including in pancreatic beta cells (β-cells), hepatocytes, and immune cells. Therefore, vitamin D’s effect on the risk, progression, or complications of diabetes may be mediated through various mechanisms. These include the regulation of insulin secretion or sensitivity and modulation of β-cell function and its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This review extensively explores the relationship between vitamin D status and diabetes, as well as the preventive or therapeutic effects of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes from human studies. Additionally, it examines in detail the impact of vitamin D on immune and inflammatory responses in the diabetic milieux and β-cell function to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which vitamin D influences diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Diseases—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 726 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review on the Role of Polyphenols in Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

by Fereidoon Shahidi and Renan Danielski

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183159 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 12316

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and, if untreated, resulting in complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, blindness, and poor wound healing. T2D management includes dietary intervention, physical exercise, and the administration of blood sugar-lowering medication. However, these medications often have side effects related to intestinal discomfort. Therefore, natural alternatives to standard diabetes medications are being sought to improve the quality of life for individuals with this condition. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring plant metabolites, have emerged as strong candidates for T2D control. Various phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), proanthocyanidins (e.g., procyanidin B2), gallotannins (e.g., monogalloyl hexoside), and ellagitannins (e.g., ellagic acid hexoside) can enhance insulin sensitivity in tissues, reduce chronic inflammation, scavenge free radicals, improve insulin secretion, inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, regulate glucose transport across cell membranes, and modulate gut microbiota. This contribution compiles up-to-date evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of polyphenols in the prevention and management of T2D, emphasizing the mechanisms of action underlying these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Blood Glucose Control)

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16 pages, 345 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons

by Lydia Kossiva, Kostas Kakleas, Foteini Christodouli, Alexandra Soldatou, Spyridon Karanasios and Kyriaki Karavanaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183162 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 65809

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes or obesity, aiming to achieve glycemic and/or weight control. There are four different types of sweeteners: artificial, natural, rare sugars, and polyols. Artificial and natural sweeteners are characterized as non-nutritional sweeteners (NNSs) since they do not contain calories. The extended use of sweeteners has been reported to have a favorable impact on body weight and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and on tooth decay prevention. However, there is concern regarding their side effects. Several studies have associated artificial sweeteners’ consumption with the development of insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), gastrointestinal symptoms, and certain types of cancer. The present review focuses on the description of different types of sweeteners and the benefits and possible deleterious effects of the chronic consumption of NNSs on children’s health. Additionally, possible underlying mechanisms of the unfavorable effects of NNSs on human health are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation and Metabolism)

15 pages, 320 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Coffee on Gut Microbiota and Bowel Functions in Health and Diseases: A Literature Review

by Sena Saygili, Shrilakshmi Hegde and Xuan-Zheng Shi

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183155 - 18 Sep 2024

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 45277

Abstract

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut–brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn’s disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

16 pages, 1182 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effect of Dietary Types on Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review

by Martin Soldán, Ľubica Argalášová, Lucia Hadvinová, Bonzel Galileo and Jana Babjaková

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183134 - 17 Sep 2024

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 19155

Abstract

Introduction: The importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota is well established and may help improve an individual’s overall health. Many other factors, such as genetics, age, exercise, antibiotic therapy, or tobacco use, also play a role in influencing gut microbiota. Aim: [...] Read more.

Introduction: The importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiota is well established and may help improve an individual’s overall health. Many other factors, such as genetics, age, exercise, antibiotic therapy, or tobacco use, also play a role in influencing gut microbiota. Aim: This narrative review summarizes how three distinct dietary types (plant-based, Mediterranean, and Western) affect the composition of gut microbiota and the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, focusing on the keywords “dietary pattern”, “gut microbiota” and “dysbiosis”. Results: Both plant-based and Mediterranean diets have been shown to promote the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while simultaneously lowering concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a molecule associated with negative health outcomes. Additionally, they have a positive impact on microbial diversity and therefore are generally considered healthy dietary types. On the other hand, the Western diet is a typical example of an unhealthy nutritional approach leading to an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, where TMAO levels rise and SCFA production drops due to gut dysbiosis. Conclusion: The current scientific literature consistently highlights the superiority of plant-based and Mediterranean dietary types over the Western diet in promoting gut health and preventing NCDs. Understanding the influence of diet on gut microbiota modulation may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Preventive Nutrition in Cardio-Metabolic Disease)

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19 pages, 1243 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism

by Jaime Alonso-Allende, Fermín I. Milagro and Paula Aranaz

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 36417

Abstract

Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the [...] Read more.

Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota related to an improvement of the metabolic state, counteracting different obesity-related disturbances. However, the specific mechanisms of action, including bacterial changes, are not exactly known. Here, a bibliographic review was carried out to study the main effects of inulin on human metabolic health, with a special focus on the mechanisms of action of this prebiotic. Inulin supplementation contributes to body weight and BMI control, reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces inflammation markers, mainly through the selective favoring of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producer species from the genera Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes. These SCFAs have been shown to ameliorate glucose metabolism and decrease hepatic lipogenesis, reduce inflammation, modulate immune activity, and improve anthropometric parameters such as body weight or BMI. In conclusion, the studies collected suggest that inulin intake produces positive metabolic effects through the improvement of the intestinal microbiota and through the metabolites produced by its fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases)

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16 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Influence of Intestinal Microbiota on BDNF Levels

by Marta Molska, Kinga Mruczyk, Angelika Cisek-Woźniak, Wojciech Prokopowicz, Patrycja Szydełko, Zuzanna Jakuszewska, Karolina Marzec and Martyna Trocholepsza

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172891 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 8209

Abstract

The regulation of neurogenesis, the complex process of producing and differentiating new brain tissue cells, is influenced by a complex interaction of internal and external factors. Over the past decade, extensive research has been conducted on neurotrophins and their key role in adult [...] Read more.

The regulation of neurogenesis, the complex process of producing and differentiating new brain tissue cells, is influenced by a complex interaction of internal and external factors. Over the past decade, extensive research has been conducted on neurotrophins and their key role in adult neurogenesis, as well as their impact on diseases such as depression. Among neurotrophins, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been the subject of comprehensive studies on adult neurogenesis, and scientific evidence supports its necessity for neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the hippocampus. A novel area of research is the emerging role of gut microbiota as a significant contributor to neurogenesis and neurotrophin production. Studies have shown that reduced BDNF levels can lead to mood disorders, which are observed in intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in the composition and quantity of the intestinal microbiota. There is evidence in the literature that there is a link between brain function and gut microbiota. Physical activity, and especially the regularity and intensity of exercise, is important in relation to the level of BDNF and the intestinal microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics and physical activity may have a positive effect on the intestinal microbiota, and therefore also on the level of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution)

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17 pages, 965 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet—A Scoping Review

by Roxana Surugiu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Ștefănița Bianca Vintilescu, Mioara Desdemona Stepan, Daiana Burdusel, Amelia Valentina Genunche-Dumitrescu, Carmen-Adriana Dogaru and Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172878 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 30066

Abstract

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging [...] Read more.

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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19 pages, 1155 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Obesity

by Estera Bakinowska, Mariusz Krompiewski, Dominika Boboryko, Kajetan Kiełbowski and Andrzej Pawlik

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172822 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6901

Abstract

Obesity is a pandemic of the 21st century, and the prevalence of this metabolic condition has enormously increased over the past few decades. Obesity is associated with a number of comorbidities and complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which can be associated [...] Read more.

Obesity is a pandemic of the 21st century, and the prevalence of this metabolic condition has enormously increased over the past few decades. Obesity is associated with a number of comorbidities and complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which can be associated with severe and fatal outcomes. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes numerous molecules and proteins that are capable of modifying immune responses. The progression of obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which is characterised by enhanced inflammation and apoptosis. Increased fat-tissue mass is associated with the dysregulated secretion of substances by adipocytes, which leads to metabolic alterations. Importantly, the adipose tissue contains immune cells, the profile of which changes with the progression of obesity. For instance, increasing fat mass enhances the presence of the pro-inflammatory variants of macrophages, major sources of tumour necrosis factor α and other inflammatory mediators that promote insulin resistance. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex, and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that are involved may provide novel treatment methods that could prevent the development of serious complications. The aim of this review is to discuss current evidence describing the involvement of various inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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17 pages, 1212 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Update on Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management

by Giovanna Gallo, Giovambattista Desideri and Carmine Savoia

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162781 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 16317

Abstract

Obesity is an epidemic worldwide. Overweight and multiple obesity-related mechanisms, including dysmetabolic alterations, contribute to cardiovascular deleterious effects. Hence, overweight and obesity have been independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk, whose assessment is crucial for preserving life quality and reducing mortality, and to [...] Read more.

Obesity is an epidemic worldwide. Overweight and multiple obesity-related mechanisms, including dysmetabolic alterations, contribute to cardiovascular deleterious effects. Hence, overweight and obesity have been independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk, whose assessment is crucial for preserving life quality and reducing mortality, and to address appropriate therapeutic strategies in obese patients. Beyond the standard of care in managing overweight and obesity in adults (i.e., diet and physical exercise), several relevant pharmacotherapies have been approved, and several procedures and device types for weight loss have been recommended. In such a contest, medical weight management remains one option for treating excess weight. Most drugs used for obesity reduce appetite and increase satiety and, secondarily, slow gastric emptying to reduce body weight and, therefore, act also to improve metabolic parameters. In this contest, agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) modulate different metabolic pathways associated with glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, antioxidation, and inflammation. Moreover, this class of drugs has shown efficacy in improving glycemic control, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients, and reducing body weight independently of the presence of diabetes. Recently, in overweight or obese patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease but without diabetes, the GLP-1RA semaglutide reduced the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and death from cardiovascular causes. Thus, semaglutide has been approved for secondary prevention in obese people with cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, whether this class of drugs is equally effective for primary prevention in obese people has to be demonstrated. In this review, we will summarize updates on the pathophysiology of obesity, the effects of obesity on cardiovascular risk, the impact of different obesity phenotypes on cardiovascular diseases, and the novelties in the clinical management of obesity for cardiovascular prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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33 pages, 431 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health-Promoting Properties and the Use of Fruit Pomace in the Food Industry—A Review

by Ewa Raczkowska and Paweł Serek

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162757 - 18 Aug 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 7233

Abstract

Fruit pomace, a by-product of the fruit industry, includes the skins, seeds, and pulp most commonly left behind after juice extraction. It is produced in large quantities: apple residues alone generate approximately 4 million tons of waste annually, which is a serious problem [...] Read more.

Fruit pomace, a by-product of the fruit industry, includes the skins, seeds, and pulp most commonly left behind after juice extraction. It is produced in large quantities: apple residues alone generate approximately 4 million tons of waste annually, which is a serious problem for the processing industry but also creates opportunities for various applications. Due to, among other properties, their high content of dietary fiber and polyphenolic compounds, fruit residues are used to design food with functional features, improving the nutritional value and health-promoting, technological, and sensory properties of food products. This article presents the health-promoting (antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial) properties of fruit pomace. Moreover, the possibilities of their use in the food industry are characterized, with particular emphasis on bread, sweet snack products, and extruded snacks. Attention is paid to the impact of waste products from the fruit industry on the nutritional value and technological and sensory characteristics of these products. Fruit pomace is a valuable by-product whose use in the food industry can provide a sustainable solution for waste management and contribute to the development of functional food products with targeted health-promoting properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods: Exploring the Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds)

18 pages, 946 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Recommendations through Genetic Insights

by Saiful Singar, Ravinder Nagpal, Bahram H. Arjmandi and Neda S. Akhavan

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162673 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 154 | Viewed by 47968

Abstract

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary [...] Read more.

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene–diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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18 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review

by Sophie M. van Zonneveld, Ellen J. van den Oever, Benno C. M. Haarman, Emmy L. Grandjean, Jasper O. Nuninga, Ondine van de Rest and Iris E. C. Sommer

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162646 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 31387

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines [...] Read more.

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutritional Intervention)

26 pages, 1510 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases—A Literature Review

by Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Hajdys, Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Klaudia Leszto, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Wiktoria Lisińska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162587 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 18134

Abstract

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)

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29 pages, 1477 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating the Quality and Comparative Validity of Manual Food Logging and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Food Image Recognition in Apps for Nutrition Care

by Xinyi Li, Annabelle Yin, Ha Young Choi, Virginia Chan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli and Juliana Chen

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152573 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 24377

Abstract

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The [...] Read more.

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The top 200 free and paid nutrition-related apps from Australia’s Apple App and Google Play stores were screened (n = 800). Apps were assessed using MARS (quality) and ABACUS (behaviour change potential). Nutritional outputs from manual food logging and AI-enabled food-image recognition apps were compared with food records for Western, Asian, and Recommended diets. Among 18 apps, Noom scored highest on MARS (mean = 4.44) and ABACUS (21/21). From 16 manual food-logging apps, energy was overestimated for Western (mean: 1040 kJ) but underestimated for Asian (mean: −1520 kJ) diets. MyFitnessPal and Fastic had the highest accuracy (97% and 92%, respectively) out of seven AI-enabled food image recognition apps. Apps with more AI integration demonstrated better functionality, but automatic energy estimations from AI-enabled food image recognition were inaccurate. To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases. Moreover, training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition, especially for mixed dishes and culturally diverse foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combining Artificial Intelligence for Nutrition Applications: Recent Advancements)

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20 pages, 1167 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function

by Anna-Mariia Shulhai, Roberta Rotondo, Maddalena Petraroli, Viviana Patianna, Barbara Predieri, Lorenzo Iughetti, Susanna Esposito and Maria Elisabeth Street

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152496 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 66258

Abstract

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet–gut–thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, [...] Read more.

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet–gut–thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition on Human Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancing the Understanding of Malnutrition in the Elderly Population: Current Insights and Future Directions

by Anna Tomasiewicz, Jacek Polański and Wojciech Tański

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152502 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 11468

Abstract

Malnutrition is a growing public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to 50% of elderly patients are hospitalized due to this condition. In this review, we focused on analyzing the current diagnostic criteria for malnutrition among the elderly population [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a growing public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Up to 50% of elderly patients are hospitalized due to this condition. In this review, we focused on analyzing the current diagnostic criteria for malnutrition among the elderly population and proposing promising solutions. Currently used diagnostic methods such as BMI or serum albumin levels are not sufficient to indicate malnutrition, which is affected by many factors, including the number of chronic diseases, multiple medications taken, or physical condition. Moreover, current recommendations are inadequate because they fail to account for various factors such as chronic illnesses, multiple medications, and bodily changes that are crucial in diagnostic evaluations. There is a noticeable gap between these recommendations and actual clinical practice. Nevertheless, developing more precise, non-invasive biomarkers and personalized nutrition strategies has to be explored. One of these strategies we discuss in our review is multidisciplinary approaches that combine nutrition, physical activity, and psychosocial support. Addressing malnutrition among the elderly should rely on standardized protocols and personalized interventions to enhance their nutritional health and overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

15 pages, 504 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Biotin in Modulating Inflammatory Diseases

by Mika Sakurai-Yageta and Yoichi Suzuki

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152444 - 27 Jul 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 12025

Abstract

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin and serves as an essential co-enzyme for five specific carboxylases. Holocarboxylase synthase (HCS) activates biotin and facilitates its covalent attachment to these enzymes, while biotinidase releases free biotin in [...] Read more.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin and serves as an essential co-enzyme for five specific carboxylases. Holocarboxylase synthase (HCS) activates biotin and facilitates its covalent attachment to these enzymes, while biotinidase releases free biotin in the biotin cycle. The transport of biotin, primarily from the intestine, is mediated by the sodium-dependent multi-vitamin transporter (SMVT). Severe biotin deficiency leads to multiple carboxylase deficiency. Moreover, biotin is crucial to glucose and lipid utilization in cellular energy production because it modulates the expression of metabolic enzymes via various signaling pathways and transcription factors. Biotin also modulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the immune system through similar molecular mechanisms. These regulatory roles in metabolic and immune homeostasis connect biotin to conditions such as diabetes, dermatologic manifestations, and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, deficiencies in biotin and SMVT are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, affecting intestinal inflammation, permeability, and flora. Notably, HCS and probably biotin directly influence gene expression through histone modification. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular aspects of biotin and associated molecules in diseases related to both acute inflammatory responses and chronic inflammation, and discuss the potential therapeutic applications of biotin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Micronutrients on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases)

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39 pages, 981 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols

by Federica Conti, Jackson J. McCue, Paul DiTuro, Andrew J. Galpin and Thomas R. Wood

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152430 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 45095

Abstract

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by—or at high risk for—concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Importance of Energy, Dietary Protein Sources, and Amino Acid Composition in the Regulation of Metabolism: An Indissoluble Dynamic Combination for Life

by Giovanni Corsetti, Evasio Pasini, Tiziano M. Scarabelli, Claudia Romano, Arashpreet Singh, Carol C. Scarabelli and Francesco S. Dioguardi

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152417 - 25 Jul 2024

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 15753

Abstract

Purpose. This paper aims to present a unique perspective that emphasizes the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition, underscoring their mutual dependence for health-related considerations. Energy and protein synthesis are fundamental to biological processes, crucial for the sustenance of [...] Read more.

Purpose. This paper aims to present a unique perspective that emphasizes the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition, underscoring their mutual dependence for health-related considerations. Energy and protein synthesis are fundamental to biological processes, crucial for the sustenance of life and the growth of organisms. Methods and Results. We explore the intricate relationship between energy metabolism, protein synthesis, regulatory mechanisms, protein sources, amino acid availability, and autophagy in order to elucidate how these elements collectively maintain cellular homeostasis. We underscore the vital role this dynamic interplay has in preserving cell life. Conclusions. A deeper understanding of the link between energy and protein synthesis is essential to comprehend fundamental cellular processes. This insight could have a wide-ranging impact in several medical fields, such as nutrition, metabolism, and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein and Energy Balance)

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24 pages, 2778 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds Acting through Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Findings and Future Directions

by Paola Bontempo, Lucia Capasso, Luigi De Masi, Angela Nebbioso and Daniela Rigano

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152399 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6275

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. Epigenetics, which regulates gene activity without altering the DNA’s primary structure, can modulate cardiovascular homeostasis through DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. The effects of environmental stimuli on CVD are mediated by epigenetic changes, which can be reversible and, hence, are susceptible to pharmacological interventions. This represents an opportunity to prevent diseases by targeting harmful epigenetic modifications. Factors such as high-fat diets or nutrient deficiencies can influence epigenetic enzymes, affecting fetal growth, metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that plant-derived bioactive compounds can modulate epigenetic regulators and inflammatory responses, contributing to the cardioprotective effects of diets. Understanding these nutriepigenetic effects and their reversibility is crucial for developing effective interventions to combat CVD. This review delves into the general mechanisms of epigenetics, its regulatory roles in CVD, and the potential of epigenetics as a CVD therapeutic strategy. It also examines the role of epigenetic natural compounds (ENCs) in CVD and their potential as intervention tools for prevention and therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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30 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Anticancer Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Kaempferol in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

by Sukhmandeep Kaur, Patricia Mendonca and Karam F. A. Soliman

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152392 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 9349

Abstract

Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer, is an aggressive phenotype that lacks estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth (HER-2) receptors, which is challenging [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer, is an aggressive phenotype that lacks estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth (HER-2) receptors, which is challenging to treat with standardized hormonal therapy. Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. Besides anti-tumorigenic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects, kaempferol protects non-cancerous cells. Kaempferol showed anti-breast cancer effects by inducing DNA damage and increasing caspase 3, caspase 9, and pAMT expression, modifying ROS production by Nrf2 modulation, inducing apoptosis by increasing cleaved PARP and Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase; inhibiting immune evasion by modulating the JAK-STAT3 pathway; and inhibiting the angiogenic and metastatic potential of tumors by downregulating MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels. Kaempferol holds promise for boosting the efficacy of anticancer agents, complementing their effects, or reversing developed chemoresistance. Exploring novel TNBC molecular targets with kaempferol could elucidate its mechanisms and identify strategies to overcome limitations for clinical application. This review summarizes the latest research on kaempferol’s potential as an anti-TNBC agent, highlighting promising but underexplored molecular pathways and delivery challenges that warrant further investigation to achieve successful clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Activities of Dietary Phytochemicals)

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16 pages, 1741 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chrononutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: An Overview of Epidemiological Evidence and Key Future Research Directions

by Oluwatimilehin E. Raji, Esther B. Kyeremah, Dorothy D. Sears, Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Nour Makarem

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142332 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 21464

Abstract

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this topical review is to summarize epidemiological evidence from observational and intervention studies regarding the role of chrononutrition metrics related to eating timing and regularity in cardiometabolic health preservation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Observational studies are limited due to the lack of time-stamped diet data in most population-based studies. Findings from cohort studies generally indicate that breakfast skipping or the later timing of the first eating occasion, a later lunch and dinner, and a greater proportion of caloric intake consumed in the evening are associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including higher risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Randomized controlled trials are also limited, as most in the field of chrononutrition focus on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding. Overall, interventions that shift eating timing patterns to earlier in the day and that restrict evening caloric intake tend to have protective effects on cardiometabolic health, but small sample sizes and short follow-up are notable limitations. Innovation in dietary assessment approaches, to develop low-cost validated tools with acceptable participant burden that reliably capture chrononutrition metrics, is needed for advancing observational evidence. Culturally responsive pragmatic intervention studies with sufficiently large and representative samples are needed to understand the impact of fixed and earlier eating timing schedules on cardiometabolic health. Additional research is warranted to understand the modifiable determinants of temporal eating patterns, to investigate the role of chrononutrition in the context of other dimensions of diet (quantity, quality, and food and nutrition security) in achieving cardiometabolic health equity, and to elucidate underlying physiological mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Nutrition, Sleep, and Lifestyle in Human Health)

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22 pages, 1735 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Gut Microbiome in Sleep Quality and Health: Dietary Strategies for Microbiota Support

by Monika Sejbuk, Adam Siebieszuk and Anna Maria Witkowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142259 - 13 Jul 2024

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 40373

Abstract

Dietary components, including dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols, along with meal timing and spacing, significantly affect the microbiota’s capacity to produce various metabolites essential for quality sleep and overall health. This review explores the role of gut microbiota in regulating sleep [...] Read more.

Dietary components, including dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols, along with meal timing and spacing, significantly affect the microbiota’s capacity to produce various metabolites essential for quality sleep and overall health. This review explores the role of gut microbiota in regulating sleep through various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. A balanced diet rich in plant-based foods enhances the production of these sleep-regulating metabolites, potentially benefiting overall health. This review aims to investigate how dietary habits affect gut microbiota composition, the metabolites it produces, and the subsequent impact on sleep quality and related health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Microbiota in Nutrition and Diet: An Ever-Evolving Relationship)

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38 pages, 4080 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Postbiotics as Molecules Targeting Cellular Events of Aging Brain—The Role in Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Pola Głowacka, Katarzyna Oszajca, Agnieszka Pudlarz, Janusz Szemraj and Monika Witusik-Perkowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142244 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 8377

Abstract

Aging is the most prominent risk factor for neurodegeneration occurrence. The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, are characterized by the incidence of proteinopathy, abnormal activation of glial cells, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and cellular senescence excessive [...] Read more.

Aging is the most prominent risk factor for neurodegeneration occurrence. The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, are characterized by the incidence of proteinopathy, abnormal activation of glial cells, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and cellular senescence excessive for the patient’s age. Moreover, mitochondrial disfunction, epigenetic alterations and neurogenesis inhibition, together with increased blood–brain barrier permeability and gut dysbiosis, have been linked to ND pathogenesis. Since NDs still lack curative treatment, recent research has sought therapeutic options in restoring gut microbiota and supplementing probiotic bacteria-derived metabolites with beneficial action to the host—so called postbiotics. The current review focuses on literature explaining cellular mechanisms involved in ND pathogenesis and research addressing the impact that postbiotics as a whole mixture and particular metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactate, polyamines, polyphenols, tryptophan metabolites, exopolysaccharides and bacterial extracellular vesicles, have on the ageing-associated processes underlying ND occurrence. The review also discusses the issue of implementing postbiotics into ND prophylaxis and therapy, depicting them as compounds addressing senescence-triggered dysfunctions that are worth translating from bench to pharmaceutical market in response to “silver consumers” demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Microbiota and Neuropsychiatric Diseases)

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14 pages, 1196 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Prehabilitation in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery—A Narrative Review

by Maria Wobith, Aileen Hill, Martin Fischer and Arved Weimann

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142235 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7046

Abstract

Malnutrition plays a crucial role as a risk factor in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. To mitigate the risk of complications, nutritional prehabilitation has been recommended for malnourished patients and those at severe metabolic risk. Various approaches have been devised, ranging from traditional [...] Read more.

Malnutrition plays a crucial role as a risk factor in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. To mitigate the risk of complications, nutritional prehabilitation has been recommended for malnourished patients and those at severe metabolic risk. Various approaches have been devised, ranging from traditional short-term conditioning lasting 7–14 days to longer periods integrated into a comprehensive multimodal prehabilitation program. However, a significant challenge is the considerable heterogeneity of nutritional interventions, leading to a lack of clear, synthesizable evidence for specific dietary recommendations. This narrative review aims to outline the concept of nutritional prehabilitation, offers practical recommendations for clinical implementation, and also highlights the barriers and facilitators involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases)

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20 pages, 5917 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Combined Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve-Derived Postbiotic on Gut Microbiota and HbA1c in Prediabetic Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Beyda Beteri, Monica Barone, Silvia Turroni, Patrizia Brigidi, George Tzortzis, Jelena Vulevic, Karol Sekulic, Diana-Elena Motei and Adele Costabile

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142205 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 11661

Abstract

The complex interactions between intestinal microbiota and metabolic disorders are well-documented, with implications for glucose metabolism, energy expenditure, and intestinal permeability. Prebiotics induce beneficial changes in gut microbiota composition in prediabetes, while postbiotics can enhance gut barrier function, complementing each other to improve [...] Read more.

The complex interactions between intestinal microbiota and metabolic disorders are well-documented, with implications for glucose metabolism, energy expenditure, and intestinal permeability. Prebiotics induce beneficial changes in gut microbiota composition in prediabetes, while postbiotics can enhance gut barrier function, complementing each other to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week dietary fibre (DF) supplement on gut health, metabolic function, and diet. The supplement contained konjac glucomannan (KGM), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Bifidobacterium breve. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, 53 prediabetic volunteers were randomly assigned to either a daily DF supplement (YMETA) or a placebo (cellulose microcrystalline) for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week follow-up. Measurements included gut microbiota composition, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), plasma lipids, anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, and dietary intake. The intervention group showed a significant increase in alpha diversity and butyrate-producing bacteria, with reductions in HbA1c and FPG levels below prediabetes thresholds. No significant changes were observed in the placebo group. This study suggests that manipulating the human gut microbiome through dietary interventions could be a promising therapeutic approach to managing prediabetes and preventing or delaying diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Immunity and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Lipoproteins on Metabolic Health

by Obaida Albitar, Crystal M. D’Souza and Ernest A. Adeghate

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132156 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 15130

Abstract

Lipids are primarily transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are macromolecules of lipids and conjugated proteins also known as apolipoproteins. The processes of lipoprotein assembly, secretion, transportation, modification, and clearance are crucial components of maintaining a healthy lipid metabolism. Disruption in any [...] Read more.

Lipids are primarily transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are macromolecules of lipids and conjugated proteins also known as apolipoproteins. The processes of lipoprotein assembly, secretion, transportation, modification, and clearance are crucial components of maintaining a healthy lipid metabolism. Disruption in any of these steps results in pathophysiological abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, and cardiovascular diseases. By studying these genetic mutations, researchers can gain valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that govern the relationship between protein structure and its physiological role. These lipoproteins, including HDL, LDL, lipoprotein(a), and VLDL, mainly serve the purpose of transporting lipids between tissues and organs. However, studies have provided evidence that apo(a) also possesses protective properties against pathogens. In the future, the field of study will be significantly influenced by the integration of recombinant DNA technology and human site-specific mutagenesis for treating hereditary disorders. Several medications are available for the treatment of dyslipoproteinemia. These include statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, niacin, PCSK9 inhibitors, evinacumab, DPP 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists GLP1RAs, GLP-1, and GIP dual receptor agonists, in addition to SGLT2 inhibitors. This current review article exhibits, for the first time, a comprehensive reflection of the available body of publications concerning the impact of lipoproteins on metabolic well-being across various pathological states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Lipids and Lipoproteins on Metabolic Health)

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14 pages, 706 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Importance of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Natalia Ekstedt, Dominika Jamioł-Milc and Joanna Pieczyńska

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132092 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 10535

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. In turn, all of these factors play an important role in the modulation of intestinal microflora, and a significant proportion of IBD patients struggle with intestinal dysbiosis, which leads to the conclusion that intestinal microflora disorders may significantly increase the risk of developing IBD. Additionally, in IBD patients, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) produced by intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells treat intestinal bacterial antigens as pathogens, which causes a disruption of the immune response, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process. This may result in the occurrence of intestinal dysbiosis, which IBD patients are significantly vulnerable to. In this study, we reviewed scientific studies (in particular, systematic reviews with meta-analyses, being studies with the highest level of evidence) regarding the microflora of patients with IBD vs. the microflora in healthy people, and the use of various strains in IBD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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22 pages, 1136 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Nutrition Research: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Sosa-Holwerda, Oak-Hee Park, Kembra Albracht-Schulte, Surya Niraula, Leslie Thompson and Wilna Oldewage-Theron

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132066 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 26629

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems doing tasks that usually need human intelligence. AI is constantly changing and is revolutionizing the healthcare field, including nutrition. This review’s purpose is four-fold: (i) to investigate AI’s role in nutrition research; (ii) to identify areas [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems doing tasks that usually need human intelligence. AI is constantly changing and is revolutionizing the healthcare field, including nutrition. This review’s purpose is four-fold: (i) to investigate AI’s role in nutrition research; (ii) to identify areas in nutrition using AI; (iii) to understand AI’s future potential impact; (iv) to investigate possible concerns about AI’s use in nutrition research. Eight databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Agricola, Scopus, IEEE Explore, Google Scholar and Cochrane. A total of 1737 articles were retrieved, of which 22 were included in the review. Article screening phases included duplicates elimination, title-abstract selection, full-text review, and quality assessment. The key findings indicated AI’s role in nutrition is at a developmental stage, focusing mainly on dietary assessment and less on malnutrition prediction, lifestyle interventions, and diet-related diseases comprehension. Clinical research is needed to determine AI’s intervention efficacy. The ethics of AI use, a main concern, remains unresolved and needs to be considered for collateral damage prevention to certain populations. The studies’ heterogeneity in this review limited the focus on specific nutritional areas. Future research should prioritize specialized reviews in nutrition and dieting for a deeper understanding of AI’s potential in human nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications to Public Health Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1164 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Almond Consumption on Cardiovascular Health and Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review

by Saiful Singar, Saurabh Kadyan, Cole Patoine, Gwoncheol Park, Bahram Arjmandi and Ravinder Nagpal

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121964 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 30971

Abstract

The consumption of almonds has been associated with several health benefits, particularly concerning cardiovascular and intestinal health. In this comprehensive review, we compile and deliberate studies investigating the effects of almond consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and gut health. Almonds are [...] Read more.

The consumption of almonds has been associated with several health benefits, particularly concerning cardiovascular and intestinal health. In this comprehensive review, we compile and deliberate studies investigating the effects of almond consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and gut health. Almonds are rich in monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols, which contribute to their health-promoting properties. Regular intake of almonds has been shown to improve lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol and enhancing HDL functionality. Additionally, almonds aid in glycemic control, blood pressure reduction, and chronic inflammation amelioration, which are critical for cardiovascular health. The antioxidant properties of almonds, primarily due to their high vitamin E content, help in reducing oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, almonds positively influence body composition by reducing body fat percentage and central adiposity and enhancing satiety, thus aiding in weight management. Herein, we also contemplate the emerging concept of the gut–heart axis, where almond consumption appears to modulate the gut microbiome, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and increasing short-chain fatty acid production, particularly butyrate. These effects collectively contribute to the anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective benefits of almonds. By encompassing these diverse aspects, we eventually provide a systematic and updated perspective on the multifaceted benefits of almond consumption for cardiovascular health and gut microbiome, corroborating their broader consideration in dietary guidelines and public health recommendations for CVD risk reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome)

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18 pages, 1259 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Significance of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Pathogenesis and Management—A Narrative Review

by Ewelina Młynarska, Jakub Wasiak, Agata Gajewska, Greta Steć, Joanna Jasińska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121938 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 12150

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous system and the gut–microbiota axis, the microbiota affects the functioning of the body. It has been proven to have a real impact on influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. With dysbiosis, there is increased bacterial translocation through the disrupted intestinal barrier and increased inflammation in the body. In diabetes, the microbiota’s composition is altered with, for example, a more abundant class of Betaproteobacteria. The consequences of these disorders are linked to mechanisms involving short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, among others. Interventions focusing on the gut microbiota are gaining traction as a promising approach to diabetes management. Studies are currently being conducted on the effects of the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation, on the course of diabetes. Further research will allow us to fully develop our knowledge on the subject and possibly best treat and prevent type 2 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake of Phytochemicals, Gut Microbiota and Appetite Control)

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18 pages, 371 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Foods and Mental Health: Where Do Eating Disorders Fit into the Puzzle?

by David A. Wiss and Erica M. LaFata

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121955 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 21125

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased risks of cardiometabolic conditions), less empirical discussion has emphasized the mental health consequences of chronic UPF consumption. Notably, the unique characteristics of UPFs (e.g., artificially high levels of reinforcing ingredients) influence biological processes (e.g., dopamine signaling) in a manner that may contribute to poorer psychological functioning for some individuals. Importantly, gold-standard behavioral lifestyle interventions and treatments specifically for disordered eating do not acknowledge the direct role that UPFs may play in sensitizing reward-related neural functioning, disrupting metabolic responses, and motivating subsequent UPF cravings and intake. The lack of consideration for the influences of UPFs on mental health is particularly problematic given the growing scientific support for the addictive properties of these foods and the utility of ultra-processed food addiction (UPFA) as a novel clinical phenotype endorsed by 14–20% of individuals across international samples. The overarching aim of the present review is to summarize the science of how UPFs may affect mental health, emphasizing contributing biological mechanisms. Specifically, the authors will (1) describe how corporate-sponsored research and financial agendas have contributed to contention and debate about the role of UPFs in health; (2) define UPFs and their nutritional characteristics; (3) review observed associations between UPF intake and mental health conditions, especially with depression; (4) outline the evidence for UPFA; and (5) describe nuanced treatment considerations for comorbid UPFA and eating disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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23 pages, 799 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Multidisciplinary Approach in the Management of Patients with Kidney Stone Disease—A State-of-the-Art Review

by Krzysztof Balawender, Edyta Łuszczki, Artur Mazur and Justyna Wyszyńska

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121932 - 18 Jun 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 12067

Abstract

Kidney stone disease has a multifactorial etiology, and evolving dietary habits necessitate continuous updates on the impact of dietary components on lithogenesis. The relationship between diseases influenced by lifestyle, such as obesity and diabetes, and kidney stone risk underscores the need for comprehensive [...] Read more.

Kidney stone disease has a multifactorial etiology, and evolving dietary habits necessitate continuous updates on the impact of dietary components on lithogenesis. The relationship between diseases influenced by lifestyle, such as obesity and diabetes, and kidney stone risk underscores the need for comprehensive lifestyle analysis. Effective management of kidney stones requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration among nutritionists, urologists, nephrologists, and other healthcare professionals to address the complex interactions between diet, lifestyle, and individual susceptibility. Personalized dietary therapy, based on each patient’s unique biochemical and dietary profile, is essential and necessitates comprehensive nutritional assessments. Accurate dietary intake evaluation is best achieved through seven-day, real-time dietary records. Key factors influencing urinary risk include fluid intake, dietary protein, carbohydrates, oxalate, calcium, and sodium chloride. Personalized interventions, such as customized dietary changes based on gut microbiota, may improve stone prevention and recurrence. Current research suggests individualized guidance on alcohol intake and indicates that tea and coffee consumption might protect against urolithiasis. There is potential evidence linking tobacco use and secondhand smoke to increased kidney stone risk. The effects of vitamins and physical activity on kidney stone risk remain unresolved due to mixed evidence. For diseases influenced by lifestyle, conclusive evidence on targeted interventions for nephrolithiasis prevention is lacking, though preliminary research suggests potential benefits. Management strategies emphasize lifestyle modifications to reduce recurrence risks, support rapid recovery, and identify predisposing conditions, highlighting the importance of these changes despite inconclusive data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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29 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in Adults

by Alireza Jahan-Mihan, Priscilla Stevens, Saily Medero-Alfonso, Georgina Brace, Laurel Kate Overby, Kristin Berg and Corinne Labyak

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121902 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 22686

Abstract

Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and [...] Read more.

Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and mood regulation. Deficiencies in these vitamins are linked to depression. Studies on individual B vitamins show promise in improving depressive symptoms, particularly thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. Vitamin C deficiency may heighten depressive symptoms, but its exact role is not fully understood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is associated with insufficient sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation for SAD shows inconsistent results due to methodological variations. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of vitamins in depression treatment. Moreover, more research on SAD and light therapy’s efficacy and underlying mechanisms involving photoreceptors, enzymes, and immune markers is needed. Although dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression, dietitians treating psychiatric disorders face challenges due to diverse study designs, making direct comparisons difficult. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature to assess the role of dietary and supplemental vitamins in the prevention and treatment of depression. This review found that, although evidence supports the role of B vitamins and vitamins C and D in preventing and treating depression, further research is needed to clarify their mechanisms of action and determine the most effective intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 6053 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Acute and Repeated Ashwagandha Supplementation Improves Markers of Cognitive Function and Mood

by Megan Leonard, Broderick Dickerson, Landry Estes, Drew E. Gonzalez, Victoria Jenkins, Sarah Johnson, Dante Xing, Choongsung Yoo, Joungbo Ko, Martin Purpura, Ralf Jäger, Mark Faries, Wesley Kephart, Ryan Sowinski, Christopher J. Rasmussen and Richard B. Kreider

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121813 - 8 Jun 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 58490

Abstract

Background: Ashwagandha has been reported to reduce stress and attenuate cognitive decline associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration in clinical populations. However, the effects as a potential nootropic nutrient in younger populations are unclear. This study examined the effects of liposomal ashwagandha supplementation on [...] Read more.

Background: Ashwagandha has been reported to reduce stress and attenuate cognitive decline associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration in clinical populations. However, the effects as a potential nootropic nutrient in younger populations are unclear. This study examined the effects of liposomal ashwagandha supplementation on cognitive function, mood, and markers of health and safety in healthy young men and women. Methods: 59 men and women (22.7 ± 7 yrs., 74.9 ± 16 kg, 26.2 ± 5 BMI) fasted for 12 h, donated a fasting blood sample, and were administered the COMPASS cognitive function test battery (Word Recall, Word recognition, Choice Reaction Time Task, Picture Recognition, Digit Vigilance Task, Corsi Block test, Stroop test) and profile of mood states (POMS). In a randomized and double-blind manner, participants were administered 225 mg of a placebo (Gum Arabic) or ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root and leaf extract coated with a liposomal covering. After 60-min, participants repeated cognitive assessments. Participants continued supplementation (225 mg/d) for 30 days and then returned to the lab to repeat the experiment. Data were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) univariate analysis with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons of mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Ashwagandha supplementation improved acute and/or 30-day measures of Word Recall (correct and recalled attempts), Choice Reaction Time (targets identified), Picture Recognition (“yes” correct responses, correct and overall reaction time), Digit Vigilance (correct reaction time), Stroop Color-Word (congruent words identified, reaction time), and POMS (tension and fatigue) from baseline more consistently with several differences observed between groups. Conclusion: Results support contentions that ashwagandha supplementation (225 mg) may improve some measures of memory, attention, vigilance, attention, and executive function while decreasing perceptions of tension and fatigue in younger healthy individuals. Retrospectively registered clinical trial ISRCTN58680760. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders)

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18 pages, 659 KB

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Nutrition, Vitamin D, and Calcium in Elderly Patients before and after a Hip Fracture and Their Impact on the Musculoskeletal System: A Narrative Review

by Luisella Cianferotti, Giuseppe Bifolco, Carla Caffarelli, Gherardo Mazziotti, Silvia Migliaccio, Nicola Napoli, Carmelinda Ruggiero and Cristiana Cipriani

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111773 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 17860

Abstract

Hip fractures are a major health issue considerably impacting patients’ quality of life and well-being. This is particularly evident in elderly subjects, in which the decline in bone and muscle mass coexists and predisposes individuals to fall and fracture. Among interventions to be [...] Read more.

Hip fractures are a major health issue considerably impacting patients’ quality of life and well-being. This is particularly evident in elderly subjects, in which the decline in bone and muscle mass coexists and predisposes individuals to fall and fracture. Among interventions to be implemented in hip fractured patients, the assessment and management of nutritional status is pivotal, particularly in subjects older than 65. Nutrition plays a central role in both primary and secondary preventions of fracture. An adequate protein intake improves muscle mass and strength and the intestinal absorption of calcium. Other nutrients with recognized beneficial effects on bone health are calcium, vitamins D, K, and C, potassium, magnesium, folate, and carotenoids. With reference to calcium, results from longitudinal studies showed that the consumption of dairy foods has a protective role against fractures. Moreover, the most recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses and one umbrella review demonstrated that the combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces hip fracture risk, with presumed higher efficacy in older and institutionalized subjects. Owing to these reasons, the adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and other macro and micronutrients has been successfully implemented in the Fracture Liaison Services (FLSs) that represent the most reliable model of management for hip fracture patients. In this narrative review, papers (randomized controlled trials, prospective and intervention studies, and systematic reviews) retrieved by records from three different databases (PubMed, Embase, and Medline) have been analyzed, and the available information on the screening, assessment, and management of nutritional and vitamin D status and calcium intake in patients with hip fractures is presented along with specific prevention and treatment measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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18 pages, 1935 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutraceutical Features of the Phycobiliprotein C-Phycocyanin: Evidence from Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina)

by Valentina Citi, Serenella Torre, Lorenzo Flori, Luca Usai, Nazlim Aktay, Nurhan Turgut Dunford, Giovanni Antonio Lutzu and Paola Nieri

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111752 - 3 Jun 2024

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 13158

Abstract

Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium (blue–green microalga) that has been utilized as a food source since ancient times. More recently, it has gained significant popularity as a dietary supplement due to its rich content of [...] Read more.

Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium (blue–green microalga) that has been utilized as a food source since ancient times. More recently, it has gained significant popularity as a dietary supplement due to its rich content of micro- and macro-nutrients. Of particular interest is a water soluble phycobiliprotein derived from Spirulina known as phycocyanin C (C-PC), which stands out as the most abundant protein in this cyanobacterium. C-PC is a fluorescent protein, with its chromophore represented by the tetrapyrrole molecule phycocyanobilin B (PCB-B). While C-PC is commonly employed in food for its coloring properties, it also serves as the molecular basis for numerous nutraceutical features associated with Spirulina. Indeed, the comprehensive C-PC, and to some extent, the isolated PCB-B, has been linked to various health-promoting effects. These benefits encompass conditions triggered by oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathological conditions. The present review focuses on the bio-pharmacological properties of these molecules, positioning them as promising agents for potential new applications in the expanding nutraceutical market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Nutraceuticals and Human Health: 2nd Edition)

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33 pages, 720 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Foods: A Narrative Review of the Impact on the Human Gut Microbiome and Variations in Classification Methods

by Allison L. Brichacek, Melanie Florkowski, Esther Abiona and Karen M. Frank

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111738 - 1 Jun 2024

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 19408

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. UPFs are hypothesized to affect the body in multiple ways, including by inducing changes in the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the available research on the effect of UPFs on the gut microbiome. We also review current usage of the NOVA food classification system in randomized controlled trials and observational studies and how its implementation effects UPF research. Despite some differences in methodology between studies, results often associate UPF consumption with a number of negative health consequences. There are attempts to standardize a UPF classification system; however, reaching and implementing a consensus is difficult. Future studies focusing on the mechanisms by which UPFs effect the body, including through the microbiome and metabolome, will be essential to refine our understanding of the effects of UPFs on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbes and Human Health)

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13 pages, 686 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Childhood Obesity, Hypothalamic Inflammation, and the Onset of Puberty: A Narrative Review

by Anastasia-Maria Tzounakou, Galateia Stathori, George Paltoglou, Georgios Valsamakis, George Mastorakos, Nikolaos F. Vlahos and Evangelia Charmandari

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111720 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8775

Abstract

The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, [...] Read more.

The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, resulting in the development of precocious or early puberty. Mechanisms involving phoenixin action and hypothalamic microglial cells are implicated. Furthermore, obesity induces structural and cellular brain alterations, disrupting metabolic regulation. Imaging studies reveal neuroinflammatory changes in obese individuals, impacting pubertal timing. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables the assessment of the brain’s neurochemical composition by measuring key metabolites, highlighting potential pathways involved in neurological changes associated with obesity. In this article, we present evidence indicating a potential association among obesity, hypothalamic inflammation, and precocious puberty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: Etiology, Prevention and Treatment)

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13 pages, 287 KB

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Mediterranean Dietary Pattern for Healthy and Active Aging: A Narrative Review of an Integrative and Sustainable Approach

by Polina Dobroslavska, Maria Leonor Silva, Filipa Vicente and Paula Pereira

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111725 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 11157

Abstract

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and [...] Read more.

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and an increase in the maximum lifespan. The aging process is accompanied by different changes, often leading to a decline in daily life activities and an increased susceptibility to disease. Age-related changes can cause cellular damage and subsequent cellular death. Oxidative stress and inflammation play significant roles in this process contributing to molecular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Active aging has been associated with improved quality of life and a reduced risk of morbidity and premature mortality. In this context, the Mediterranean diet has emerged as a promising approach to promoting healthy aging and sustainability. The phytochemical compounds within the Mediterranean diet have been linked to a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The findings of peer-reviewed articles regarding the use of the Mediterranean diet as a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern written in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included in this narrative literature review. This dietary pattern’s emphasis on the consumption of fresh and local food aligns with both health and environmental sustainability goals. This work provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and its components in a healthy aging process and highlights the importance of this dietary pattern as a sustainable approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Food Ingredients—a Sustainable Health Approach for Chronic Disease Prevention)

31 pages, 3277 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Physiology of Vitamin D—Focusing on Disease Prevention

by Sunil J. Wimalawansa

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111666 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 16523

Abstract

Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)₂D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)₂D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal calcium absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, and skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and reduction of the severity of diverse conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, and cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune cells, obtain vitamin D and 25(OH)D through concentration-dependent diffusion from the circulation. Calcitriol is synthesized intracellularly in these cells from these precursors, which is crucial for their protective physiological actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and infections; deficiency also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL is vital for health and disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than the government’s recommended vitamin D doses. Despite extensive published research, recommended daily intake and therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations have lagged and are outdated, preventing people from benefiting. Evidence suggests that maintaining the 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 ng/mL with a range of 40–80 ng/mL in the population is optimal for disease prevention and reducing morbidities and mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation for individuals is to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) for optimal clinical outcomes. Insights from metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics offer promise for better clinical outcomes from vitamin D sufficiency. Given its broader positive impact on human health with minimal cost and little adverse effects, proactively integrating vitamin D assessment and supplementation into clinical practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review synthesized recent novel findings related to the physiology of vitamin D that have significant implications for disease prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anthocyanins and Type 2 Diabetes: An Update of Human Study and Clinical Trial

by Aleksandra Kozłowska and Aneta Nitsch-Osuch

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111674 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10483

Abstract

Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds occurring in fruits and vegetables. Evidence from pre-clinical studies indicates their role in glucose level regulation, gut microbiota improvement, and inflammation reduction under diabetic conditions. Therefore, incorporating these research advancements into clinical practice would significantly improve the prevention and [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds occurring in fruits and vegetables. Evidence from pre-clinical studies indicates their role in glucose level regulation, gut microbiota improvement, and inflammation reduction under diabetic conditions. Therefore, incorporating these research advancements into clinical practice would significantly improve the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. This narrative review provides a concise overview of 18 findings from recent clinical research published over the last 5 years that investigate the therapeutic effects of dietary anthocyanins on diabetes. Anthocyanin supplementation has been shown to have a regulatory effect on fasting blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and other diabetes-related indicators. Furthermore, increased anthocyanin dosages had more favorable implications for diabetes treatment. This review provides evidence that an anthocyanin-rich diet can improve diabetes outcomes, especially in at-risk groups. Future research should focus on optimal intervention duration, consider multiple clinical biomarkers, and analyze anthocyanin effects among well-controlled versus poorly controlled groups of patients with diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals: Implications for Health and Disease)

21 pages, 1253 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enteral Nutrition in Operated-On Gastric Cancer Patients: An Update

by John K. Triantafillidis, John Papakontantinou, Pantelis Antonakis, Manousos M. Konstadoulakis and Apostolos E. Papalois

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111639 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 12375

Abstract

It is well established that the preoperative nutritional status of gastric cancer (GC) patients significantly affects the prognosis of the operated patients, their overall survival, as well as the disease-specific survival. Existing data support that preoperative assessment of nutritional status and early correction [...] Read more.

It is well established that the preoperative nutritional status of gastric cancer (GC) patients significantly affects the prognosis of the operated patients, their overall survival, as well as the disease-specific survival. Existing data support that preoperative assessment of nutritional status and early correction of nutritional deficiencies exert a favorable effect on early postoperative outcomes. A variety of relevant indices are used to assess the nutritional status of GC patients who are candidates for surgery. The guidelines of almost all international organizations recommend the use of oral enteral nutrition (EN). Oncologically acceptable types of gastrectomy and methods of patient rehabilitation should take into account the expected postoperative nutritional status. The majority of data support that perioperative EN reduces complications and hospital stay, but not mortality. Oral EN in the postoperative period, albeit in small amounts, helps to reduce the weight loss that is a consequence of gastrectomy. Iron deficiency with or without anemia and low serum levels of vitamin B12 are common metabolic sequelae after gastrectomy and should be restored. EN also significantly helps patients undergoing neoadjuvant or adjuvant antineoplastic therapy. The occurrence of the so-called “postgastrectomy syndromes” requires dietary modifications and drug support. This review attempts to highlight the benefits of EN in GC patients undergoing gastrectomy and to emphasize the type of necessary nutritional management, based on current literature data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the Etiology, Prevention and Treatment of Malignant and Benign Digestive Disorders)

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28 pages, 2698 KB

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Obesity, Dietary Patterns, and Hormonal Balance Modulation: Gender-Specific Impacts

by Elisa Mazza, Ersilia Troiano, Yvelise Ferro, Fabrizia Lisso, Martina Tosi, Ettore Turco, Roberta Pujia and Tiziana Montalcini

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111629 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 87 | Viewed by 50781

Abstract

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and [...] Read more.

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and women, focusing on their effects on hormonal balance and metabolic health in the context of obesity. Calorie restriction, the Western diet, high-fat diets, low-CHO diets, plant-based diets, and the Mediterranean diet are analyzed in relation to their influence on obesity-related endocrine disruptions and metabolic health. Future research directions include investigating the specific mechanisms underlying dietary influences on hormonal regulation, addressing the gender-specific metabolic differences and body fat distribution, and exploring the dietary needs of individuals undergoing gender transition. Personalized dietary interventions tailored to individual metabolic and hormonal profiles are essential for optimizing health outcomes across the gender spectrum. By integrating gender-specific considerations into dietary recommendations, healthcare professionals can better support individuals in achieving optimal metabolic health and hormonal balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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30 pages, 1344 KB

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Edible Offal as a Valuable Source of Nutrients in the Diet—A Review

by Agnieszka Latoch, Dariusz Mirosław Stasiak and Patryk Siczek

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111609 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 20334

Abstract

The global increase in demand for meat leads to substantial quantities of by-products, including edible offal from both wild and domesticated animals raised for diversified consumption products within an agricultural framework. Information on the nutritional value of offal is scattered and limited. This [...] Read more.

The global increase in demand for meat leads to substantial quantities of by-products, including edible offal from both wild and domesticated animals raised for diversified consumption products within an agricultural framework. Information on the nutritional value of offal is scattered and limited. This review aims to synthesize scientific publications on the potential of offal as a source of nutrients and bioactive substances in human diets. The literature review included publications available in ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar published between 2014 and 2024. Findings indicate that edible offal is characterized by a nutrient concentration often surpassing that found in skeletal muscle. This review discusses the yield of edible offal and explores factors influencing human consumption. Selected factors affecting the nutritional value of offal of various animals and the importance of individual nutrients in ensuring the proper functioning of the human body were analyzed. The optimal use of offal in processing and catering can significantly benefit aspects of human life, including diet quality, food security, and conservation of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1823 KB

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Vitamin D and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Eliana Marrone, Carla Di Palermo, Candela Iommi, Rosaria Ruggirello, Carla Caffarelli, Stefano Gonnelli and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111561 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 11021

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, particularly in old age, when people are at the highest risk of the negative adverse consequences of hypovitaminosis D. Additionally to the recognized functions in the regulation of calcium absorption, bone remodeling, and bone growth, vitamin [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, particularly in old age, when people are at the highest risk of the negative adverse consequences of hypovitaminosis D. Additionally to the recognized functions in the regulation of calcium absorption, bone remodeling, and bone growth, vitamin D plays a key role as a hormone, which is supported by various enzymatic, physiological, metabolic, and pathophysiological processes related to various human organs and systems. Accruing evidence supports that vitamin D plays a key role in pancreatic islet dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. From an epidemiological viewpoint, numerous studies suggest that the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes in humans may be linked to the global trend of prevalent vitamin D insufficiency. In the past, this association has raised discussions due to the equivocal results, which lately have been more convincing of the true role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of incident type 2 diabetes. Most meta-analyses evaluating this role have been conducted in adults or young older persons (50–60 years old), with only one focusing on older populations, even if this is the population at greater risk of both hypovitaminosis D and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we conducted an update of the previous systematic review and meta-analysis examining whether hypovitaminosis D (low serum 25OHD levels) can predict incident diabetes in prospective longitudinal studies among older adults. We found that low 25OHD was associated with incident diabetes in older adults even after adjusting for several relevant potential confounders, confirming and updating the results of the only previous meta-analysis conducted in 2017. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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14 pages, 634 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ultrasound Cut-Off Values for Rectus Femoris for Detecting Sarcopenia in Patients with Nutritional Risk

by Daniel de Luis Roman, José Manuel García Almeida, Diego Bellido Guerrero, Germán Guzmán Rolo, Andrea Martín, David Primo Martín, Yaiza García-Delgado, Patricia Guirado-Peláez, Fiorella Palmas, Cristina Tejera Pérez, María García Olivares, María Maíz Jiménez, Irene Bretón Lesmes, Carlos Manuel Alzás Teomiro, Juan Manuel Guardia Baena, Laura A. Calles Romero, Inmaculada Prior-Sánchez, Pedro Pablo García-Luna, María González Pacheco, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos, Blanca Alabadí, Valeria Alcántara-Aragón, Samara Palma Milla, Tomás Martín Folgueras, Andrea Micó García, Begoña Molina-Baena, Henry Rendón Barragán, Pablo Rodríguez de Vera Gómez, María Riestra Fernández, Ana Jiménez Portilla, Juan J. López-Gómez, Nuria Pérez Martín, Natalia Montero Madrid, Alba Zabalegui Eguinoa, Cristina Porca Fernández, María José Tapia Guerrero, Marta Ruiz Aguado, Cristina Velasco Gimeno, Aura D Herrera Martínez, María Novo Rodríguez, Natalia C. Iglesias Hernández, María de Damas Medina, Irene González Navarro, Francisco Javier Vílchez López, Antía Fernández-Pombo and Gabriel Olveira Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111552 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8960

Abstract

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound [...] Read more.

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound measures. Methods: Patients at risk of malnutrition according to the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) underwent handgrip dynamometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and rectus femoris ultrasound studies. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria were used to define categories of sarcopenia (at risk, probable, confirmed, severe). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to determine the optimal diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of cut-off points of the ultrasound measures for the detection of risk of sarcopenia and probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia. Results: A total of 1000 subjects were included and 991 of them (58.9% men, mean age 58.5 years) were evaluated. Risk of sarcopenia was detected in 9.6% patients, probable sarcopenia in 14%, confirmed sarcopenia in 9.7%, and severe sarcopenia in 3.9%, with significant differences in the distribution of groups between men and women (p < 0.0001). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris showed a significantly positive correlation with body cell mass of BIA and handgrip strength, and a significant negative correlation with TUG. Cut-off values were similar within each category of sarcopenia, ranging between 2.40 cm² and 3.66 cm² for CSA, 32.57 mm and 40.21 mm for the X-axis, and 7.85 mm and 10.4 mm for the Y-axis. In general, these cut-off values showed high sensitivities, particularly for the categories of confirmed and severe sarcopenia, with male patients also showing better sensitivities than women. Conclusions: Sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition was high. Cut-off values for the better sensitivities and specificities of ultrasound measures of the rectus femoris are established. The use of ultrasound of the rectus femoris could be used for the prediction of sarcopenia and be useful to integrate nutritional study into real clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)

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21 pages, 1959 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Implications of Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Offspring Development: A Narrative Review

by Juan M. Toledano, Maria Puche-Juarez, Jorge Moreno-Fernandez, Patricia Gonzalez-Palacios, Ana Rivas, Julio J. Ochoa and Javier Diaz-Castro

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111556 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7661

Abstract

During the last decades, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted the attention of the scientific community, as a result of a deepened understanding of their effects on human health. These compounds, which can reach populations through the food chain and a number of daily [...] Read more.

During the last decades, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted the attention of the scientific community, as a result of a deepened understanding of their effects on human health. These compounds, which can reach populations through the food chain and a number of daily life products, are known to modify the activity of the endocrine system. Regarding vulnerable groups like pregnant mothers, the potential damage they can cause increases their importance, since it is the health of two lives that is at risk. EDCs can affect the gestation process, altering fetal development, and eventually inducing the appearance of many disorders in their childhood and/or adulthood. Because of this, several of these substances have been studied to clarify the influence of their prenatal exposure on the cognitive and psychomotor development of the newborn, together with the appearance of non-communicable diseases and other disorders. The most novel research on the subject has been gathered in this narrative review, with the aim of clarifying the current knowledge on the subject. EDCs have shown, through different studies involving both animal and human investigation, a detrimental effect on the development of children exposed to the during pregnancy, sometimes with sex-specific outcomes. However, some other studies have failed to find these associations, which highlights the need for deeper and more rigorous research, that will provide an even more solid foundation for the establishment of policies against the extended use of these chemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 423 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Associations between Vegetable Nitrate Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review

by Loucas Tan, Libby Stagg, Emily Hanlon, Toby Li, Andrea M. Fairley, Mario Siervo, Jamie Matu, Alex Griffiths and Oliver M. Shannon

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101511 - 17 May 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 12358

Abstract

Consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables increases nitric oxide bioavailability, lowers blood pressure, and improves endothelial function. These effects could also translate into reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality. This systematic review aimed to investigate the associations between habitual vegetable nitrate intake and CVD [...] Read more.

Consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables increases nitric oxide bioavailability, lowers blood pressure, and improves endothelial function. These effects could also translate into reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality. This systematic review aimed to investigate the associations between habitual vegetable nitrate intake and CVD incidence and mortality. A secondary aim was to identify factors that moderate the relationship between vegetable nitrate intake and CVD incidence/mortality. Seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO) were searched from inception to 13 February 2023. Observational studies quantifying vegetable nitrate intake in participants aged 18+ years through self-reported dietary exposure and assessing incidence or mortality from CVD overall, or individual CVD subtypes, were eligible. Five studies including a total of 63,155 participants were included. There was an inverse association between vegetable nitrate intake and most reported CVD outcomes. Reported risk reductions tended to plateau at moderate intake, suggesting a possible ceiling effect. The risk of bias across all studies was low. The results of this systematic review suggest a potential role for vegetable nitrate in reducing CVD risk and mortality. Further randomised controlled trials are now required to corroborate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Nitrate in Health and Diseases: Pathways from Nitrate and NOS to Nitric Oxide and Beyond)

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