Nutrients

15 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Theory of Food: Unravelling the Lifelong Impact of Childhood Dietary Habits on Adult Food Preferences across Different Diet Groups

by Omer Horovitz

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030428 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11462

Abstract

The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the “Theory of Food” (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the “Theory [...] Read more.

The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the “Theory of Food” (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the “Theory of Mind,” the ToF hypothesizes that individuals construct an associative world of food images and representations mirroring the socio-cognitive world shaped by proper theory of mind development. The study, involving 249 healthy adults, employs the Cognitive Food Preference Questionnaire (CFPQ) and the Adult Food Preference Profile (AFPP) to explore the correlation between childhood and adult food preferences across diet groups (omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans). Results reveal robust correlations in omnivores, varied patterns in vegetarians, and mixed outcomes in vegans. Notably, omnivores show correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, meat, soft drinks, and snack consumption. Vegetarians exhibit correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, snacks, and, surprisingly, meat consumption. Vegans display correlations in grains, fast food, vegetables, and snacks. The study suggests that childhood dietary habits tend to influence adult food choices, offering insights for future research in the field of theory of food (ToF). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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12 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Aging: Central Role of Immunocompetence

by Carsten Carlberg and Eunike Velleuer

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030398 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8767

Abstract

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human [...] Read more.

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human immune cells and controls in this way the expression of hundreds of vitamin D target genes. Since the myeloid linage of hematopoiesis is epigenetically programmed by VDR in concert with the pioneer factors PU.1 (purine-rich box 1) and CEBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α), monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are the most vitamin D-sensitive immune cell types. The central role of the immune system in various aging-related diseases suggests that immunocompetence describes not only the ability of an individual to resist pathogens and parasites but also to contest non-communicative diseases and the process of aging itself. In this review, we argue that the individual-specific responsiveness to vitamin D relates to a person’s immunocompetence via the epigenetic programming function of VDR and its ligand 1,25(OH)₂D₃ during hematopoiesis as well as in the periphery. This may provide a mechanism explaining how vitamin D protects against major common diseases and, in parallel, promotes healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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24 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome

by Giulia Catassi, Marina Aloi, Valentina Giorgio, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030400 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 13222

Abstract

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding [...] Read more.

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. These findings underscore the need for future research to understand the long-term health impacts of these interventions and for further strategies to enrich the gut microbiome of formula-fed and preterm infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Infant Gut Microbiome—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review

by Adriano dos Santos and Serena Galiè

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030390 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 14433

Abstract

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). [...] Read more.

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this complex scenario, the role of the gut–brain axis as the main communicating pathway between gut microbiota and sleep regulation pathways in the brain reveals some common host–microbial biomarkers in both sleep disturbances and MetS. As the biological mechanisms behind this complex interacting network of neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways are not fully understood yet, the present systematic review aims to describe common microbial features between these two unrelated chronic conditions. Results: This systematic review highlights a total of 36 articles associating the gut microbial signature with MetS or sleep disorders. Specific emphasis is given to studies evaluating the effect of dietary patterns, dietary supplementation, and probiotics on MetS or sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Dietary choices promote microbial composition and metabolites, causing both the amelioration and impairment of MetS and sleep homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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15 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D Supplementation: A Review of the Evidence Arguing for a Daily Dose of 2000 International Units (50 µg) of Vitamin D for Adults in the General Population

by Pawel Pludowski, William B. Grant, Spyridon N. Karras, Armin Zittermann and Stefan Pilz

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030391 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 47168

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, several knowledge gaps remain regarding the precise definition of vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency, the health benefits of improving vitamin D status, and the required vitamin D intakes. Consequently, various societies and expert groups have released heterogeneous recommendations on the dosages for vitamin D supplementation. In this brief narrative review, we outline and discuss recent advances regarding the scientific evidence arguing for a daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 international units (IU) (50 µg) of vitamin D3 to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency. According to data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), such a dose may improve some health outcomes and is sufficient to raise and maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) and above 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) in >99% and >90% of the general adult population, respectively. According to large vitamin D RCTs, there are no significant safety concerns in supplementing such a dose for several years, even in individuals with an already sufficient vitamin D status at baseline. A daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 IU (50 µg) may be considered a simple, effective, and safe dosage to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency in the adult general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pleiotropic Actions of Vitamin D: Proceedings from the 6th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

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16 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Patterns and Hypothyroidism in U.S. Adult Population

by Dana Alkhatib, Zumin Shi and Vijay Ganji

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030382 - 28 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8449

Abstract

The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for various body functions. Hypothyroidism is defined as insufficient thyroid hormone production. Several studies have found associations between specific micronutrients and overall thyroid function; however, the amount of evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns [...] Read more.

The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for various body functions. Hypothyroidism is defined as insufficient thyroid hormone production. Several studies have found associations between specific micronutrients and overall thyroid function; however, the amount of evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns and hypothyroidism among the U.S. population is limited. Data from three cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2011–2012, were used (n = 8317). Subjects with serum thyroid stimulating hormone >4.5 mIU/L or on levothyroxine were considered to have hypothyroidism. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and several lifestyle factors were considered as covariates. Three patterns were extracted using factor analysis. These were labeled as fat–processed grains–sugars–meats (FPSM), oils–nuts–potatoes–low-fat meats (ONPL), and fruits–whole grains–vegetables–dairy (FWVD) patterns. In a weighted multiple logistic regression, FPSM and ONPL were inversely associated with hypothyroidism (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57–1; p = 0.049 and OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.97; p = 0.025, respectively). However, FWVD demonstrated no association with hypothyroidism (p = 0.63). In conclusion, FPSM and ONPL patterns but not FWVD patterns were associated with hypothyroidism in U.S. adults. Nutrient deficiencies and their interactions may be linked to hypothyroidism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Habits, Nutritional Status, Health Beliefs and Disease Risks)

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12 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Inversely Associated with Anxiety and Stress but Not Depression: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Community-Dwelling Older Australians

by Lisa Allcock, Evangeline Mantzioris and Anthony Villani

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030366 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8868

Abstract

Diet quality may be an important modifiable risk factor for mental health disorders. However, these findings have been inconsistent, particularly in older adults. We explored the independent associations between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and severity of symptoms related to depression, anxiety [...] Read more.

Diet quality may be an important modifiable risk factor for mental health disorders. However, these findings have been inconsistent, particularly in older adults. We explored the independent associations between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and severity of symptoms related to depression, anxiety and stress in older adults from Australia. This was a cross-sectional analysis of older Australians ≥ 60 years. MedDiet adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS−21) was used to assess the severity of negative emotional symptoms. A total of n = 294 participants were included in the final analyses (70.4 ± 6.2 years). Adherence to a MedDiet was inversely associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms (β = −0.118; CI: −0.761, −0.012; p = 0.043) independent of age, gender, BMI, physical activity, sleep, cognitive risk and ability to perform activities of daily living. Furthermore, MedDiet adherence was inversely associated with symptoms of stress (β = −0.151; CI: −0.680, −0.073; p = 0.015) independent of age, gender, BMI, physical activity and sleep. However, no relationship between MedDiet adherence and depressive symptoms was observed. We showed that adherence to a MedDiet is inversely associated with the severity of symptoms related to anxiety and stress but not depression. Exploring these findings with the use of longitudinal analyses and robust clinical trials are needed to better elucidate these findings in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geriatric Nursing Nutrition)

24 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS

by Luisa Bertin, Miriana Zanconato, Martina Crepaldi, Giovanni Marasco, Cesare Cremon, Giovanni Barbara, Brigida Barberio, Fabiana Zingone and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030370 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 26820

Abstract

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such [...] Read more.

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such as luminal distension induced by gas and water but also recent evidence on the role of FOMAPs in the modulation of visceral hypersensitivity, increases in intestinal permeability, the induction of microbiota changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as metabolomics and alterations in motility. Although most of the supporting evidence is of low quality, recent trials have confirmed its effectiveness, even though the majority of the evidence pertains only to the restriction phase and its effectiveness in relieving abdominal bloating and pain. This review examines potential pathophysiological mechanisms and provides an overview of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet across various IBS subtypes. Key considerations for its use include the challenges and disadvantages associated with its practical implementation, including the need for professional guidance, variations in individual responses, concerns related to microbiota, nutritional deficiencies, the development of constipation, the necessity of excluding an eating disorder before commencing the diet, and the scarcity of long-term data. Despite its recognized efficacy in symptom management, acknowledging these limitations becomes imperative for a nuanced comprehension of the role of a low FODMAP diet in managing IBS. By investigating its potential mechanisms and evidence across IBS subtypes and addressing emerging modulations alongside limitations, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and patients navigating the intricate landscape of IBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation)

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19 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Adverse Food Reactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

by Ivan Capobianco, Federica Di Vincenzo, Pierluigi Puca, Guia Becherucci, Maria Chiara Mentella, Valentina Petito and Franco Scaldaferri

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030351 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8010

Abstract

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the [...] Read more.

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the patients themselves may associate with specific dietary components. This task becomes even more arduous when managing patients with significant underlying organic conditions, like IBD. The aim of this review is to summarize and emphasize any actual associations between food allergies and intolerances and inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Through a narrative disceptation of the current literature, we highlight the increased prevalence of various food intolerances, including lactose, fructose, histamine, nickel, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in individuals with IBD. Additionally, we explore the association between increased epithelial barrier permeability in IBD and the development of food sensitization. By doing so, we aim to enhance clinicians’ awareness of the nutritional management of patients with IBD when facing complaints or evidence of food allergies or intolerances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Is New in Nutrition Care and What Should We Eat?)

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12 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Low-Glycemic Load Diets and Thyroid Function: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives

by Ioanna Partsalaki, Georgios K. Markantes and Marina A. Michalaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030347 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 12181

Abstract

Nutrition and calorie intake are associated with subtle changes of thyroid function tests in subjects with an intact Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Iodine deficiency and extreme fluctuations in calorie intake, such as those that occur during periods of starvation or overfeeding could lead to alterations [...] Read more.

Nutrition and calorie intake are associated with subtle changes of thyroid function tests in subjects with an intact Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. Iodine deficiency and extreme fluctuations in calorie intake, such as those that occur during periods of starvation or overfeeding could lead to alterations in thyroid hormones. The dietary macronutrient and micronutrient composition could also influence the thyroid function. Recently, Low-Glycemic Load (LGL) diets have become very popular and are effective in the treatment and/or prevention of several medical conditions, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and epilepsy. In this review, we report on the available data from the literature regarding the association between LGL diets and thyroid function or dysfunction. Several studies conducted in this field to date have yielded inconsistent results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Glycemic-Load Diets: Impact on Health and Disease)

15 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Combined Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training and Dietary Supplementation on Reduction of Body Fat in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Eliza Gaweł, Barbara Hall, Szymon Siatkowski, Agata Grabowska and Anna Zwierzchowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030355 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8877

Abstract

Excessive body fat is associated with various comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and certain types of cancer. The search for effective, relatively easy to maintain body-fat reduction interventions has been ongoing. We aimed to review the current literature to assess [...] Read more.

Excessive body fat is associated with various comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and certain types of cancer. The search for effective, relatively easy to maintain body-fat reduction interventions has been ongoing. We aimed to review the current literature to assess the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training with and without dietary supplementation on body fat loss, concentration of markers of metabolic health and aerobic capacity of adults with overweight and obesity. Seventy full-text articles were assessed to determine their eligibility and thirteen were included in the review. The methodology of this systematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Almost all studies (93%) demonstrated effectiveness of high-intensity interval training of various protocols in reducing body fat, improving metabolic health and aerobic capacity of adults with overweight and obesity. These effects were enhanced by an addition of a dietary supplement, such as green tea or ginger or other. Although combining HIIT with dietary supplementation seem to improve body composition, metabolic health and aerobic capacity in adults with overweight and obesity in some instances to a greater extent than HIIT alone, it does not seem to be necessary to combine these two interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Intensity Interval Training with Dietary Interventions in Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Mushroom Intake and Cognitive Performance: An Epidemiological Study in the European Investigation of Cancer—Norfolk Cohort (EPIC-Norfolk)

by Sara Cha, Lynne Bell and Claire M. Williams

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030353 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6213

Abstract

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. [...] Read more.

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. Changes in mushroom intake were measured using a food frequency questionnaire at three health check (HC) points over an 18-year period, with participants categorised based on their consumption frequency. Cognitive performance was assessed at the final health check (3HC) via a battery of validated tests assessing a range of different cognitive domains. The findings revealed a significant reduction in mushroom intake over time, with 4.12% of the cohort giving up mushrooms after previously consuming them. At 3HC, mushroom consumers displayed better cognitive performance than non-consumers across multiple cognitive domains. This relationship was observed to be dose-dependent, with those consuming 1 or more portions per week showing the highest cognitive scores. These findings suggest that regular mushroom consumption may be beneficial for cognitive function during aging. Further randomised controlled trials will be needed to confirm any potential benefits of mushrooms on long-term cognitive health, alongside public health initiatives to promote mushroom consumption in this older-adult demographic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant-Based Nutrition on Ageing)

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15 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gluten and Wheat in Women’s Health: Beyond the Gut

by Francesca Manza, Lisa Lungaro, Anna Costanzini, Fabio Caputo, Umberto Volta, Roberto De Giorgio and Giacomo Caio

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020322 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7545

Abstract

Since the rise of awareness of gluten/wheat-related disorders in the academic and clinical field in the last few decades, misinformation regarding the gluten-free diet (GFD) and its impact on health has been spreading among the general population. Despite the established link between gluten [...] Read more.

Since the rise of awareness of gluten/wheat-related disorders in the academic and clinical field in the last few decades, misinformation regarding the gluten-free diet (GFD) and its impact on health has been spreading among the general population. Despite the established link between gluten and celiac disease (CD), where a GFD is mandatory to reach clinical and histological remission, things are more complicated when it comes to non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) and other autoimmune/dysimmune disorders. In the last conditions, a beneficial effect of gluten withdrawal has not been properly assessed, but still is often suggested without strong supporting evidence. In this context, women have always been exposed, more than men, to higher social pressure related to nutritional behaviors and greater engagement in controlling body weight. With this narrative review, we aim to summarize current evidence on the adherence to a GFD, with particular attention to the impact on women’s health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gluten-Free Diet and Celiac Disease)

25 pages, 2150 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cow’s Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management

by Giovanni Pratelli, Bartolo Tamburini, Giusto Davide Badami, Marianna Lo Pizzo, Anna De Blasio, Daniela Carlisi and Diana Di Liberto

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020320 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 14728

Abstract

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals [...] Read more.

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the “one size fits all” approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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16 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet

by Gorka Prieto-Bellver, Javier Diaz-Lara, David J. Bishop, José Fernández-Sáez, Javier Abián-Vicén, Iñigo San-Millan and Jordan Santos-Concejero

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020318 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 18716

Abstract

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in [...] Read more.

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO_2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Intake on Athletic Performance)

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15 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using the Nutrition Facts Label to Make Food Choices Is Associated with Healthier Eating among 8th and 11th-Grade Students: An Analysis of Statewide Representative Data from the 2019–2020 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey

by Christopher D. Pfledderer, Nalini Ranjit, Adriana Pérez, Raja I. Malkani, Augusto César Ferreira De Moraes, Ethan T. Hunt, Carolyn L. Smith and Deanna M. Hoelscher

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020311 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6947

Abstract

Background: Nutrition labels are a tool to inform and encourage the public to make healthier food choices, but little information is available about use in multi-ethnic adolescent populations in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the level [...] Read more.

Background: Nutrition labels are a tool to inform and encourage the public to make healthier food choices, but little information is available about use in multi-ethnic adolescent populations in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the level of nutrition label usage and healthy/unhealthy eating behaviors among a statewide representative sample of 8th and 11th-grade students in Texas. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional associations between the Nutrition Facts label use and eating behaviors from a statewide sample of 8th and 11th-grade students in Texas, (n = 4730, weighted n = 710,731, mean age = 14.7 ± 1.6 years; 49% female, 51% Hispanic), who completed the 2019–2020 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition (TX SPAN) survey. Students self-reported their level of nutrition label usage to make food choices (5-point Likert scale from “Never” to “Always”) and previous day consumption of 26 food items (13 healthy, 13 unhealthy). The 26 food items were used to calculate a Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score (0–100), a Healthy Foods Index (HFI) score (0–100), and an Unhealthy Foods Index (UFI) score (0–100). Weighted linear regression models were employed to examine the associations between self-reported use of nutrition labels to make food choices and HEI, HFI, and UFI scores. Marginal predicted means of HEI, HFI, and UFI scores were calculated post hoc from linear regression models. The odds of consuming specific individual food items for nutrition label usage were also calculated from weighted logistic regression models. All linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for grade, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), race/ethnicity, economic disadvantage, and percentage of English language learners by school. Results: A total of 11.0% of students reported always/almost always using nutrition labels to make food choices, 27.9% reported sometimes using them, while 61.0% indicated they never/almost never used nutrition labels to make food choices. The average HEI score among students in the sample was 47.7 ± 5.9. Nutrition Facts label usage was significantly and positively associated with HEI (b = 5.79, 95%CI: 4.45, 7.12) and HFI (b = 7.28, 95%CI:4.48, 10.07), and significantly and negatively associated with UFI (b = −4.30, 95%CI: −6.25, −2.34). A dose–response relationship was observed between nutrition label usage and HEI, HFI, and UFI scores, such that the strength of these associations increased with each one-point increase in nutrition label usage. Students who reported using nutrition labels always/almost always to make food choices had significantly higher odds of consuming healthy foods including baked meat, nuts, brown bread, vegetables, whole fruit, and yogurt (OR_range = 1.31–3.07), and significantly lower odds of consuming unhealthy foods including chips, cake, candy, and soda (OR_range = 0.48–0.68) compared to students who reported never/almost never using the Nutrition Facts label. Conclusions: Using the Nutrition Facts labels to make food choices is beneficially associated with healthy and unhealthy eating among 8th and 11th-grade students, although the proportion of students using nutrition labels to make their food choices was low. Public health efforts should be made to improve nutrition literacy and encourage nutrition label use among secondary students in the United States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition Labels in Relation to Diet and Public Health)

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18 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Intermittent Fasting and/or Caloric Restriction on Aging-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Dara L. James, Nanako A. Hawley, Alex E. Mohr, Janice Hermer, Edward Ofori, Fang Yu and Dorothy D. Sears

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020316 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 25165

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic approach to scope published randomized controlled trials (databases: PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from inception through August 2023. The initial search provided 389 unique articles which were critically appraised. Thirty articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion: 12 were IF, 10 were CR, and 8 were combined IF and CR interventions. IF and CR were associated with weight loss; however, IF studies tended to report greater adherence compared with CR. Overall, IF and CR were equivalently effective across cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcomes. Our findings suggest that IF has health benefits in a variety of conditions and may be better accepted and tolerated than CR, but more comparative research is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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28 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Status of Breastfeeding Mothers and Impact of Diet and Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review

by Alejandra Carretero-Krug, Ana Montero-Bravo, Carmen Morais-Moreno, Ana M. Puga, Mª de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, Teresa Partearroyo and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020301 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 15070

Abstract

Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the [...] Read more.

Adequate nutrition during breastfeeding is crucial for ensuring the good health of mothers and babies. Despite the high energy and nutrient demands of breastfeeding, lactating women are often vulnerable from a nutritional perspective. The nutritional focus during breastfeeding tends to be on the newborn, often neglecting the mother’s diet. Therefore, in the present narrative review, nutrient intakes were compared with the dietary reference values (DRVs) proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). In the diets of lactating mothers, dietary inadequacies were observed in the intake of some vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D, and in the intake of certain minerals like calcium, iron, and iodine; polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, primarily in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were also observed. On the other hand, the debate on the necessity of supplementation during lactation continues; the need for nutritional supplementation during lactation depends on many factors, such us mothers’ eating habits. There seems to be a positive association between nutritional supplementation of the lactating mother and the concentration of certain nutrients in human milk. The present narrative review provides an update on the nutritional status (fatty acids and micronutrients) of breastfeeding mothers and the impact of diet and dietary supplementation on human milk composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

14 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Diet as Modulating Factors in the Course of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

by Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Agata Gajewska, Paulina Jakubowska, Zofia Uszok, Ewelina Młynarska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020308 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5130

Abstract

Many researchers propose manipulating microbiota to prevent and treat related diseases. The brain–gut axis is an object that remains the target of modern research, and it is not without reason that many researchers enrich it with microbiota and diet in its name. Numerous [...] Read more.

Many researchers propose manipulating microbiota to prevent and treat related diseases. The brain–gut axis is an object that remains the target of modern research, and it is not without reason that many researchers enrich it with microbiota and diet in its name. Numerous connections and mutual correlations have become the basis for seeking answers to many questions related to pathology as well as human physiology. Disorders of this homeostasis as well as dysbiosis itself accompany neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Heavily dependent on external factors, modulation of the gut microbiome represents an opportunity to advance the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotic interventions, synbiotic interventions, or fecal transplantation can undoubtedly support the biotherapeutic process. A special role is played by diet, which provides metabolites that directly affect the body and the microbiota. A holistic view of the human organism is therefore essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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14 pages, 3574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Consumption of the Non-Nutritive Sweetener Stevia for 12 Weeks Does Not Alter the Composition of the Human Gut Microbiota

by Gurdeep Singh, Andrew J. McBain, John T. McLaughlin and Nikoleta S. Stamataki

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020296 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 19683

Abstract

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, [...] Read more.

The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated how regular consumption of stevia, for up to 12 weeks, impacts the human gut microbiota. Healthy subjects with a normal body mass index participated in our study; the stevia group (n = 14) was asked to consume five drops of stevia twice daily, compared to control participants (n = 13). Faecal samples collected before and after treatment were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Stevia did not cause significant changes in the alpha or beta diversity when compared to the control groups. When the relative abundances of taxa were investigated, no clear differences were detected. Conversely, a random forest analysis correctly associated the gut microbiome with the control and stevia groups with an average of 75% accuracy, suggesting that there are intrinsic patterns that could discriminate between control and stevia use. However, large-scale changes in the gut microbiota were not apparent in this study, and, therefore, our data suggest that stevia does not significantly impact the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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11 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving the Effect of Ferulic Acid on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Regulating the JNK/ERK and NF-κB Pathways in TNF-α-Treated 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

by Jae-Eun Park and Ji-Sook Han

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020294 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3478

Abstract

In this study, ferulic acid was investigated for its potential in suppressing TNF-α-treated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Ferulic acid suppressed TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. TNF-α increased p-JNK and ERK1/2, but treatment with ferulic acid (1, 10, and 50 μM) decreased [...] Read more.

In this study, ferulic acid was investigated for its potential in suppressing TNF-α-treated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Ferulic acid suppressed TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. TNF-α increased p-JNK and ERK1/2, but treatment with ferulic acid (1, 10, and 50 μM) decreased p-JNK and ERK1/2. TNF-α induced the activation of IKK, IκBα, and NF-κB p65 compared to the control, but ferulic acid inhibited the activation of IKK, IκBα, and NF-κB p65. Following treatment with TNF-α, pIRS-1ser307 increased and pIRS-1tyr612 decreased compared to the control. Conversely, as a result of treatment with 1, 10, and 50 μM ferulic acid, pIRS-1ser307 was suppressed, and pIRS-1tyr612 was increased. Therefore, ferulic acid reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion by regulating JNK, ERK, and NF-κB and improved insulin resistance by suppressing pIRS-1ser. These findings indicate that ferulic acid can improve inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1361 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Birth to Weaning: A Window of Opportunity for Microbiota

by Valentina Biagioli, Greta Volpedo, Antonella Riva, Paolo Mainardi and Pasquale Striano

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020272 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5332

Abstract

(1) Background: The first 1000 days of life constitute a critical window of opportunity for microbiota development. Nutrients play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the microbiota, derived not only from solid food but also from maternal dietary patterns during gestation. (2) [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The first 1000 days of life constitute a critical window of opportunity for microbiota development. Nutrients play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the microbiota, derived not only from solid food but also from maternal dietary patterns during gestation. (2) Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review using the PubMed database, covering eleven years (2013–2023). We included English-language reviews, original research papers, and meta-analyses, while excluding case reports and letters. (3) Results: Consensus in the literature emphasizes that our interaction with a multitude of microorganisms begins in the intrauterine environment and continues throughout our lives. The existing data suggest that early nutritional education programs, initiated during pregnancy and guiding infant diets during development, may influence the shaping of the gut microbiota, promoting long-term health. (4) Conclusions: Further research is necessary in the coming years to assess potential interventions and early nutritional models aimed at modulating the pediatric microbiota, especially in vulnerable populations such as premature newborns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Diet and Sleep Features: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

by Justyna Godos, Raffaele Ferri, Giuseppe Lanza, Filippo Caraci, Angel Olider Rojas Vistorte, Vanessa Yelamos Torres, Giuseppe Grosso and Sabrina Castellano

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020282 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9613

Abstract

The prevalence of sleep disorders, characterized by issues with quality, timing, and sleep duration is increasing globally. Among modifiable risk factors, diet quality has been suggested to influence sleep features. The Mediterranean diet is considered a landmark dietary pattern in terms of quality [...] Read more.

The prevalence of sleep disorders, characterized by issues with quality, timing, and sleep duration is increasing globally. Among modifiable risk factors, diet quality has been suggested to influence sleep features. The Mediterranean diet is considered a landmark dietary pattern in terms of quality and effects on human health. However, dietary habits characterized by this cultural heritage should also be considered in the context of overall lifestyle behaviors, including sleep habits. This study aimed to systematically revise the literature relating to adherence to the Mediterranean diet and sleep features in observational studies. The systematic review comprised 23 reports describing the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and different sleep features, including sleep quality, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and insomnia symptoms. The majority of the included studies were conducted in the Mediterranean basin and reported a significant association between a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and a lower likelihood of having poor sleep quality, inadequate sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness or symptoms of insomnia. Interestingly, additional studies conducted outside the Mediterranean basin showed a relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean-type diet and sleep quality, suggesting that biological mechanisms sustaining such an association may exist. In conclusion, current evidence suggests a relationship between adhering to the Mediterranean diet and overall sleep quality and different sleep parameters. The plausible bidirectional association should be further investigated to understand whether the promotion of a healthy diet could be used as a tool to improve sleep quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet – Health Benefits and Advances)

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40 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition at the Intersection between Gut Microbiota Eubiosis and Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes

by Sevag Hamamah, Oana C. Iatcu and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020269 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8909

Abstract

Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not [...] Read more.

Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not mutually exclusive and that changes in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may influence systemic inflammation and signaling pathways that contribute to pathophysiological processes associated with T2DM. With this background, our review highlights the effects of macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, on T2DM, specifically through their alterations in gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce. Additionally, we describe the influences of common food groups, which incorporate varying combinations of these macronutrients and micronutrients, on both microbiota and metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes mellitus. Overall, nutrition is one of the first line modifiable therapies in the management of T2DM and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence its pathophysiology provides opportunities for optimizing dietary interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes)

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21 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

by Andrea Pasta, Elena Formisano, Francesco Calabrese, Maria Corina Plaz Torres, Giorgia Bodini, Elisa Marabotto, Livia Pisciotta, Edoardo Giovanni Giannini and Manuele Furnari

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 12117

Abstract

This narrative review delves into the intricate relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food intolerances. IBS, a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by symptoms like abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The prevalence of IBS has increased globally, especially among young [...] Read more.

This narrative review delves into the intricate relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food intolerances. IBS, a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by symptoms like abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The prevalence of IBS has increased globally, especially among young adults. Food and dietary habits play a crucial role in IBS management. About 85–90% of IBS patients report symptom exacerbation linked to specific food consumption, highlighting the strong connection between food intolerances and IBS. Food intolerances often exhibit a dose-dependent pattern, posing a challenge in identifying trigger foods. This issue is further complicated by the complex nature of gastrointestinal physiology and varying food compositions. This review discusses various dietary patterns and their impact on IBS, including the low-FODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, and Mediterranean diet. It highlights the importance of a personalized approach in dietary management, considering individual symptom variability and dietary history. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and holistic management of IBS, considering the complex interplay between dietary factors and gastrointestinal pathophysiology. It underlines the importance of patient education and adherence to treatment plans, acknowledging the challenges posed by the variability in dietary triggers and the psychological impact of dietary restrictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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22 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Has a High Dose of Vitamin D3 Impacted Health Conditions in Older Adults?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Focusing on Dose 100,000 IU

by Barbara Owczarek, Anna Ziomkiewicz and Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020252 - 14 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12027

Abstract

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 [...] Read more.

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 in older adults coming from clinical trials is mixed. Objective: To review the literature on the efficacy of a single dose of 100,000 IU of VD3 in older people. Methods: We searched PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and NIH’s clinical trials registry for clinical studies on the effect of a single high dose of VD3 on various health outcomes in older people. We also performed a meta-analysis using the standardized mean difference to assess the effect of VD3 on its blood level. Due to expected high heterogeneity, its amount (i.e., tau²) was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird estimator. To estimate tau², the Q-test for heterogeneity and the I² statistic were calculated. Results: Search results identify 13 studies that reported diverse health outcomes, such as lung and cardiovascular function, skin cancer progression, intensive care unit mortality, immune system response, and bone density. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in 25(OH)D blood levels after treatment in 10 studies, with an average standardized mean difference of 2.60 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.07 to 3.13). Their results suggested that a single high dose of VD3 may benefit intensive care unit patients and skin cancer patients in remission. However, evidence for other beneficial health effects of HDVD3 was mixed due to high heterogeneity among studies. Conclusions: A single high dose of VD3 may positively affect some health outcomes in older people, possibly due to its pleiotropic and immunomodulatory effects. However, the evidence needs to be more extensive and consistent, and more rigorous studies are required to confirm the benefits and safety of VD3 high doses in older patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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36 pages, 5124 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metabolic and Nutritional Issues after Lower Digestive Tract Surgery: The Important Role of the Dietitian in a Multidisciplinary Setting

by Alejandra Utrilla Fornals, Cristian Costas-Batlle, Sophie Medlin, Elisa Menjón-Lajusticia, Julia Cisneros-González, Patricia Saura-Carmona and Miguel A. Montoro-Huguet

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020246 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 18020

Abstract

Many patients undergo small bowel and colon surgery for reasons related to malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mesenteric ischemia, and other benign conditions, including post-operative adhesions, hernias, trauma, volvulus, or diverticula. Some patients arrive in the operating theatre severely malnourished due to an [...] Read more.

Many patients undergo small bowel and colon surgery for reasons related to malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mesenteric ischemia, and other benign conditions, including post-operative adhesions, hernias, trauma, volvulus, or diverticula. Some patients arrive in the operating theatre severely malnourished due to an underlying disease, while others develop complications (e.g., anastomotic leaks, abscesses, or strictures) that induce a systemic inflammatory response that can increase their energy and protein requirements. Finally, anatomical and functional changes resulting from surgery can affect either nutritional status due to malabsorption or nutritional support (NS) pathways. The dietitian providing NS to these patients needs to understand the pathophysiology underlying these sequelae and collaborate with other professionals, including surgeons, internists, nurses, and pharmacists. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the nutritional and metabolic consequences of different types of lower gastrointestinal surgery and the role of the dietitian in providing comprehensive patient care. This article reviews the effects of small bowel resection on macronutrient and micronutrient absorption, the effects of colectomies (e.g., ileocolectomy, low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection, and proctocolectomy) that require special dietary considerations, nutritional considerations specific to ostomized patients, and clinical practice guidelines for caregivers of patients who have undergone a surgery for local and systemic complications of IBD. Finally, we highlight the valuable contribution of the dietitian in the challenging management of short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

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14 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of 100% Orange Juice and a Volume-Matched Sugar-Sweetened Drink on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Adults

by Stephanie Robayo, Michaela Kucab, Sarah E. Walker, Katherine Suitor, Katherine D’Aversa, Olivia Morello and Nick Bellissimo

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020242 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 8531

Abstract

Dietary recommendations to reduce the consumption of free sugars often group 100% fruit juice with other sugar-containing beverages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming 100% orange juice compared to an orange drink on next-meal food intake (FI), [...] Read more.

Dietary recommendations to reduce the consumption of free sugars often group 100% fruit juice with other sugar-containing beverages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming 100% orange juice compared to an orange drink on next-meal food intake (FI), glycemic response, average appetite, emotions, and sensory characteristics in normal-weight adults. Thirty-six normal-weight adults (age: 26.8 ± 0.9 years) consumed, in random order and at least 5 days apart, three 240 mL test beverages as follows: (a) 100% orange juice, (b) orange drink, or (c) water. Subjective sweetness and pleasantness were determined immediately after test beverage consumption. Glycemic response, average appetite, and subjective emotions were measured every 15 min for 60 min. Food intake was determined at a pizza lunch 60 min later. Rest-of-day glycemic response and energy intake (EI) were determined using a continuous glucose monitor and food record, respectively. Lunch FI (p = 0.054) and total EI (p = 0.01) were both lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink. Caloric compensation was 84% after 100% orange juice and −25% after the orange drink (p = 0.047). Average appetite was not significantly different between the test beverages (p > 0.05). Blood glucose iAUC adjusted for available carbohydrate was lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p < 0.001). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations were lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p = 0.03) and water control (p < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of 100% orange juice as a preload resulted in higher caloric compensation, lower total daily EI, and lower blood glucose concentrations compared to the orange drink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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17 pages, 8394 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Curcumin Mitigates the High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and the Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease-Induced (3xTg-AD) Mice

by Gopal Lamichhane, Jing Liu, Su-Jeong Lee, Da-Yeon Lee, Guolong Zhang and Yoo Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020240 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6029

Abstract

The escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases and an aging demographic has been correlated with a concerning rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence. This study aimed to access the protective effects of curcumin, a bioactive flavonoid from turmeric, on spatial memory, metabolic functions, and [...] Read more.

The escalating prevalence of metabolic diseases and an aging demographic has been correlated with a concerning rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence. This study aimed to access the protective effects of curcumin, a bioactive flavonoid from turmeric, on spatial memory, metabolic functions, and the regulation of the gut microbiome in AD-induced (3xTg-AD) mice fed with either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHSD). Our findings revealed an augmented susceptibility of the HFHSD-fed 3xTg-AD mice for weight gain and memory impairment, while curcumin supplementation demonstrated a protective effect against these changes. This was evidenced by significantly reduced body weight gain and improved behavioral and cognitive function in the curcumin-treated group. These improvements were substantiated by diminished fatty acid synthesis, altered cholesterol metabolism, and suppressed adipogenesis-related pathways in the liver, along with modified synaptic plasticity-related pathways in the brain. Moreover, curcumin enriched beneficial gut microbiota, including Oscillospiraceae and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and Oscillibacter, Alistipes, Pseudoflavonifractor, Duncaniella, and Flintibacter at the genus level. The observed alteration in these gut microbiota profiles suggests a potential crosswalk in the liver and brain for regulating metabolic and cognitive functions, particularly in the context of obesity-associated cognitive disfunction, notably AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Management and Nutritional Health for Age-Related Diseases)

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16 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Its Role on the Fatigue Mitigation: A Narrative Review

by Ippolita Valentina Di Molfetta, Laura Bordoni, Rosita Gabbianelli, Gianni Sagratini and Laura Alessandroni

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020221 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 29395

Abstract

Vitamin D has historically been associated with bone metabolism. However, over the years, a growing body of evidence has emerged indicating its involvement in various physiological processes that may influence the onset of numerous pathologies (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatological diseases, fertility, cancer, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D has historically been associated with bone metabolism. However, over the years, a growing body of evidence has emerged indicating its involvement in various physiological processes that may influence the onset of numerous pathologies (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatological diseases, fertility, cancer, diabetes, or a condition of fatigue). This narrative review investigates the current knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying fatigue and the ways in which vitamin D is implicated in these processes. Scientific studies in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were reviewed with a focus on factors that play a role in the genesis of fatigue, where the influence of vitamin D has been clearly demonstrated. The pathogenic factors of fatigue influenced by vitamin D are related to biochemical factors connected to oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. A role in the control of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin has also been demonstrated: an imbalance in the relationship between these two neurotransmitters is linked to the genesis of fatigue. Furthermore, vitamin D is implicated in the control of voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels. Although it has been demonstrated that hypovitaminosis D is associated with numerous pathological conditions, current data on the outcomes of correcting hypovitaminosis D are conflicting. This suggests that, despite the significant involvement of vitamin D in regulating mechanisms governing fatigue, other factors could also play a role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Perspectives on Vitamin D)

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11 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Vitamin D on Osseointegration in Dental Implants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies

by Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Roxana Buzatu and Magda Mihaela Luca

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020209 - 9 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7197

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the impact of Vitamin D levels on dental implant osseointegration, hypothesizing that optimal Vitamin D enhances success rates, and aims to synthesize data on its relationship with clinical outcomes in implantology. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and [...] Read more.

This systematic review evaluates the impact of Vitamin D levels on dental implant osseointegration, hypothesizing that optimal Vitamin D enhances success rates, and aims to synthesize data on its relationship with clinical outcomes in implantology. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases included seven peer-reviewed articles meeting the criteria for the review. These studies, conducted between 2008 and 2021, included human subjects and explicitly correlated serum Vitamin D levels with dental implant outcomes, following PRISMA guidelines. The selected studies involved 1462 participants and examined 4450 dental implants. Key findings included a varied implant loss rate ranging from 3.9% to 11.4% across the studies. One study reported a 9.8% implant loss rate, yet found no significant association between Vitamin D receptor polymorphism and implant success. Another study indicated successful implantation following Vitamin D3 supplementation, even in severe deficiency cases. The highest implant loss rate (11.1%) was observed in severely Vitamin D-deficient patients, particularly when compounded by risk factors such as smoking and periodontal disease. Additionally, one study noted significantly improved bone density following post-surgical Vitamin D supplementation for up to 12 weeks. The review supports a link between sufficient Vitamin D levels and successful dental implant osseointegration, suggesting Vitamin D deficiency as a potential risk factor for increased failure and advocating for Vitamin D evaluations in pre-surgical planning to potentially enhance implantology outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Elements and Bone Health)

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21 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation Rate during Fed-State Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Javier Fernández-Sánchez, Daniel Trujillo-Colmena, Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño, Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Juan Del Coso, Arturo Casado and Daniel Collado-Mateo

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020207 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12229

Abstract

Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies [...] Read more.

Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses. Hypothetically, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation may be reduced or even withdrawn during fed-state exercise. The present systematic review aimed to meta-analyse investigations on the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise performed in the fed state (last meal < 5 h before exercise). A total of 18 crossover trials with randomised and placebo-controlled protocols and published between 1982 and 2021 were included, with a total of 228 participants (185 males and 43 females). Data were extracted to compare rates of fat oxidation during exercise with placebo and caffeine at the same exercise intensity, which reported 20 placebo–caffeine pairwise comparisons. A meta-analysis of the studies was performed, using the standardised mean difference (SMD) estimated from Hedges’ g, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In comparison with the placebo, caffeine increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (number of comparisons (n) = 20; p = 0.020, SMD = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.20 to 1.20). Only studies with a dose < 6 mg/kg of caffeine (n = 13) increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (p = 0.004, SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.27 to 1.45), while no such effect was observed in studies with doses ≥6 mg/kg (n = 7; p = 0.97, SMD = −0.03, 95% CI = −1.40 to 1.35). The effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise was observed in active untrained individuals (n = 13; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.39 to 1.30) but not in aerobically trained participants (n = 7; p = 0.27, SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = −0.39 to 1.39). Likewise, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation was observed in caffeine-naïve participants (n = 9; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.19) but not in caffeine consumers (n = 3; p = 0.54, SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = −1.23 to 2.37). In conclusion, acute caffeine intake in combination with a meal ingested within 5 h before the onset of exercise increased the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise. The magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise may be modulated by the dose of caffeine administered (higher with <6 mg/kg than with ≥6 mg/kg), participants’ aerobic fitness level (higher in active than in aerobically trained individuals), and habituation to caffeine (higher in caffeine-naïve than in caffeine consumers). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Supplementation for Performance and Health (Volume II))

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17 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Sex and Gender Differences on the Impact of Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals on Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Massimo D’Archivio, Lucia Coppola, Roberta Masella, Alessia Tammaro and Cinzia La Rocca

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020181 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4998

Abstract

Obesity represents an important public health concern, being one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease with many underlying intertwined causes, including genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Notably, metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) can alter the set point control of [...] Read more.

Obesity represents an important public health concern, being one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease with many underlying intertwined causes, including genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Notably, metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) can alter the set point control of metabolism, affecting the development and function of the adipose tissue. Epidemiological studies have reported associations between human exposure to MDCs and several altered metabolic endpoints. It is also noteworthy that sex and gender represent important risk factors in the development of obesity. Different sex-related biological and physiological characteristics influence individual susceptibility, whereas gender represents a critical component in determining the different exposure scenarios. Although some advancements in the treatment of obesity have been achieved in preclinical and clinical studies, the obesity pandemic continues to increase worldwide. The present study performed a systematic review of recent studies considering the effects of MDCs on obesity, with a specific focus on sex- and gender-related responses. This review highlighted that MDCs could differently affect men and women at different stages of life even though the number of studies evaluating the association between obesity and MDC exposure in relation to sex and gender is still limited. This evidence should urge researchers to carry out studies considering sex and gender differences. This is essential for developing sex-/gender-tailored prevention strategies to improve public health policies and reduce exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex Differences in Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Diseases)

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21 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Chronobiology as Key Components of Multidisciplinary Therapeutic Interventions for Fibromyalgia and Associated Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Narrative and Critical Review

by Noèlia Carrasco-Querol, Lorena Cabricano-Canga, Nerea Bueno Hernández, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Rosa Caballol Angelats, Macarena Pozo Ariza, Carme Martín-Borràs, Pilar Montesó-Curto, Elisabet Castro Blanco, Maria Rosa Dalmau Llorca and Carina Aguilar Martín

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020182 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9067

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is often accompanied by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is a poorly understood disorder that mainly affects women and leads to chronic pain, fatigue, and insomnia, among other symptoms, which decrease quality of life. Due to the inefficiency of current pharmacological [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is often accompanied by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is a poorly understood disorder that mainly affects women and leads to chronic pain, fatigue, and insomnia, among other symptoms, which decrease quality of life. Due to the inefficiency of current pharmacological treatments, increasing interest is being directed towards non-pharmacological multicomponent therapies. However, nutrition and chronobiology are often overlooked when developing multicomponent therapies. This narrative and critical review explore the relevance of nutritional and chronobiological strategies in the therapeutic management of FM and the often-associated CFS. Reviewed literature offers scientific evidence for the association of dietary habits, nutrient levels, body composition, gut microbiota imbalance, chronobiological alterations, and their interrelation with the development and severity of symptoms. This review highlights the key role of nutrition and chronobiology as relevant and indispensable components in a multidisciplinary approach to FM and CFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intermittent Fasting: Does It Affect Sports Performance? A Systematic Review

by Javier Conde-Pipó, Agustín Mora-Fernandez, Manuel Martinez-Bebia, Nuria Gimenez-Blasi, Alejandro Lopez-Moro, José Antonio Latorre, Antonio Almendros-Ruiz, Bernardo Requena and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010168 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 21790

Abstract

Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular types of diet at the moment because it is an effective nutritional strategy in terms of weight loss. The main objective of this review is to analyze the effects that intermittent fasting has on sports [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular types of diet at the moment because it is an effective nutritional strategy in terms of weight loss. The main objective of this review is to analyze the effects that intermittent fasting has on sports performance. We analyzed physical capacities: aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, strength, and power, as well as their effect on body composition. For this, a bibliographic search was carried out in several databases where 25 research articles were analyzed to clarify these objectives. Inclusion criteria: dates between 2013 and present, free full texts, studies conducted in adult human athletes, English and/or Spanish languages, and if it has been considered that intermittent fasting is mainly linked to sports practice and that this obtains a result in terms of performance or physical capacities. This review was registered in PROSPERO with code ref. 407024, and an evaluation of the quality or risk of bias was performed. After this analysis, results were obtained regarding the improvement of body composition and the maintenance of muscle mass. An influence of intermittent fasting on sports performance and body composition is observed. It can be concluded that intermittent fasting provides benefits in terms of body composition without reducing physical performance, maintenance of lean mass, and improvements in maximum power. But despite this, it is necessary to carry out new studies focusing on the sports field since the samples have been very varied. Additionally, the difference in hours of intermittent fasting should be studied, especially in the case of overnight fasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet Pattern on Exercise Performance and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 3307 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Obesity-Resistant Mice on a High-Fat Diet Display a Distinct Phenotype Linked to Enhanced Lipid Metabolism

by Fadia Milhem, Emily Skates, Mickey Wilson and Slavko Komarnytsky

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010171 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6107

Abstract

Individually, metabolic variations can significantly influence predisposition to obesity in the form of the obesity-prone (super-responders) and obesity-resistant (non-responders) phenotypes in response to modern calorie-dense diets. In this study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 76) were randomly assigned to either a low-fat diet (LFD) [...] Read more.

Individually, metabolic variations can significantly influence predisposition to obesity in the form of the obesity-prone (super-responders) and obesity-resistant (non-responders) phenotypes in response to modern calorie-dense diets. In this study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 76) were randomly assigned to either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks, followed by selection of the normally obese (HFD), non-responders (NR), super-responders (SR), or super-responders switched back to the low-fat diet (SR-LFD) for an additional 8 weeks. SR mice showed the highest gains in body weight, lean and fat body mass, and total and free water, in part due to increased feed efficiency, despite having a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) similar to that of NR mice. A switch to the LFD was sufficient to revert most of the observed physiological changes in the SR-LFD mice; however, voluntary physical activity and exercise capacity did not return to the basal level. NR mice showed the highest food intake, lowest feed efficiency, increased oxygen consumption during the light (rest) cycle, increased physical activity during the dark (active) cycle, and increased heat production during both cycles. These variations were observed in the absence of changes in food intake and fecal parameters; however, NR fecal lipid content was lower, and the NR fecal microbiome profile was characterized by reduced abundance of Actinobacteria. Taken together, our findings suggest that NR mice showed an increased ability to metabolize excessive dietary fats in skeletal muscle at the expense of reduced exercise capacity that persisted for the duration of the study. These findings underscore the need for further comprehensive investigations into the mechanisms of obesity resistance, as they hold potential implications for weight-loss strategies in human subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle, the Gut Microbiome, and Our Well-Being)

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13 pages, 1130 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant-Based Diets and Metabolic Syndrome Components: The Questions That Still Need to Be Answered—A Narrative Review

by Klaudia Wiśniewska, Katarzyna Małgorzata Okręglicka, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch and Michał Oczkowski

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010165 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5541

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the co-occurrence of at least three of the following metabolic disorders: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high blood glucose, and hypertension. The treatment of MetS involves lifestyle changes, including following an appropriate diet. In [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the co-occurrence of at least three of the following metabolic disorders: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high blood glucose, and hypertension. The treatment of MetS involves lifestyle changes, including following an appropriate diet. In addition to weight reduction, it is crucial to search for optimal nutritional patterns that are highly effective in optimizing other MetS markers, such as glucose and lipid metabolism, and reducing blood pressure. To date, the effects of a Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on MetS have been extensively evaluated. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that plant-based diets (PBDs) may be effective in treating MetS; however, there is still a lack of experimental data. This review aims to analyze the potential benefits of different PBDs on MetS determinants based on the available studies. The findings may help personalize dietary interventions and improve patient care for those with MetS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome)

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18 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review

by Norihisa Kato, Akiko Kimoto, Peipei Zhang, Chanikan Bumrungkit, Sajith Karunaratne, Noriyuki Yanaka and Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010177 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9085

Abstract

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle [...] Read more.

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (a decline in physiological resilience and increased vulnerability associated with aging) is particularly relevant due to the emergence of super-aged societies in developed countries. Notably, among the thirty-one studies included in this review, twenty-five showed a significant association of B6 status with sarcopenia, frailty, and all-cause mortality in adults (p < 0.05), while six showed no association. Emerging studies have suggested novel mechanisms underlying this association. These mechanisms involve P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, AMPK signaling, PD-L1 signaling, and satellite cell-mediated myogenesis. Furthermore, the modulation of PLP-dependent enzymes due to B6 deficiency is associated with impaired metabolic processes, affecting energy utilization, imidazole peptide production, and hydrogen sulfide production, as well as the kynurenine pathway, all of which play vital roles in skeletal muscle health and pathophysiology. This narrative review provides an up-to-date assessment of our current understanding of the potential role of nutritional B6 status in combating sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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14 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction

by Emidio Scarpellini, Lukas Michaja Balsiger, Bert Broeders, Karen Van Den Houte, Karen Routhiaux, Karlien Raymenants, Florencia Carbone and Jan Tack

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010176 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6859

Abstract

Background: Disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) have a complex pathophysiology that is often characterized by a relationship between food ingestion and triggering of symptoms. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the role of nutrients as a therapeutic target are rapidly evolving. Aims and [...] Read more.

Background: Disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) have a complex pathophysiology that is often characterized by a relationship between food ingestion and triggering of symptoms. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the role of nutrients as a therapeutic target are rapidly evolving. Aims and methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature using the following keywords, their acronyms, and their associations: nutrients, disorders of gut–brain interaction; functional dyspepsia; malabsorption; irritable bowel syndrome; diarrhea; constipation. Results: Functional dyspepsia displayed a significant correlation between volume, fat and/or wheat abundance, chemical composition of ingested food and symptoms of early satiety, fullness and weight loss. Carbohydrate malabsorption is related to enzyme deficiency throughout the GI tract. Food composition and richness in soluble vs. non-soluble fibers is related to constipation and diarrhea. The elimination of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) has a significant and non-unidirectional impact on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Conclusions: Food volume, nutritive and chemical composition, and its malabsorption are associated with symptom generation in DGBIs. Further multicenter, randomized-controlled clinical trials are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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16 pages, 3538 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intermittent Fasting Reduces Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice by Downregulating Lipocalin-2 and Galectin-3

by Jaewoong Lee, Hyeong Seok An, Hyun Joo Shin, Hye Min Jang, Chae Oh Im, Yeonjun Jeong, Kibaek Eum, Sejeong Yoon, So Jeong Lee, Eun Ae Jeong, Kyung Eun Kim and Gu Seob Roh

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010159 - 3 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6199

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF), an alternating pattern of dietary restriction, reduces obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. However, the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the hippocampus in diabetic encephalopathy is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the protective effects of IF against neuroinflammation and cognitive [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting (IF), an alternating pattern of dietary restriction, reduces obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. However, the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the hippocampus in diabetic encephalopathy is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the protective effects of IF against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice. Histological analysis revealed that IF reduced crown-like structures and adipocyte apoptosis in the adipose tissue of HFD mice. In addition to circulating lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and galectin-3 (GAL3) levels, IF reduced HFD-induced increases in LCN2- and GAL3-positive macrophages in adipose tissue. IF also improved HFD-induced memory deficits by inhibiting blood–brain barrier breakdown and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence showed that IF reduced HFD-induced astrocytic LCN2 and microglial GAL3 protein expression in the hippocampus of HFD mice. These findings indicate that HFD-induced adipocyte apoptosis and macrophage infiltration may play a critical role in glial activation and that IF reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment by protecting against blood–brain barrier leakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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24 pages, 3522 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

by Yibin Ma, Zekun Zheng, Litao Zhuang, Huiting Wang, Anni Li, Liangkai Chen and Liegang Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010152 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 13007

Abstract

Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of [...] Read more.

Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of dietary macronutrient intake with CVD morbidity and mortality. Prospective cohort studies from PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were reviewed, which reported associations of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) with all-cause, CVD, cancer mortality, or CVD events. Multivariable relative risks (RR) were pooled, and heterogeneity was assessed. The results of 124 prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and 101 in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up period from 2.2 to 30 years, 506,086 deaths and 79,585 CVD events occurred among 5,107,821 participants. High total protein intake was associated with low CVD morbidity (RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.82–0.94), while high total carbohydrate intake was associated with high CVD morbidity (1.08, 1.02–1.13). For fats, a high intake of total fat was associated with a decreased all-cause mortality risk (0.92, 0.85–0.99). Saturated fatty acid intake was only associated with cancer mortality (1.10, 1.06–1.14); Both monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake was associated with all-cause mortality (MUFA: 0.92, 0.86–0.98; PUFA: 0.91, 0.86–0.96). This meta-analysis supports that protein intake is associated with a decreased risk of CVD morbidity, while carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of CVD morbidity. High total fat intake is associated with a low risk of all-cause mortality, and this effect was different in an analysis stratified by the type of fat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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27 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

How Can Selected Dietary Ingredients Influence the Development and Progression of Endometriosis?

by Monika Abramiuk, Paulina Mertowska, Karolina Frankowska, Paulina Świechowska-Starek, Małgorzata Satora, Grzegorz Polak, Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak and Ewelina Grywalska

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010154 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9074

Abstract

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course of the disease is of key importance in improving the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. So far, the literature has shown that nutrition can influence endometriosis through hormonal modification and altering the inflammatory or oxidative response. Since the importance of nutrition in this disease is still a subject of scientific research, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of dietary modifications in endometriosis. Our review showed that nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, including most vitamins and several trace elements, may influence the pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be considered as the nutrients preventing the development of endometriosis. However, despite the many discoveries described in this review, further interdisciplinary research on this topic seems to be extremely important, as in the future, it may result in the development of personalized therapies supporting the treatment of endometriosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle in Gynecological Diseases)

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21 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Oxidative Stress and Natural Products in Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review

by Francesco Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Giulia Latini, Laura Ferrante, Irma Trilli, Gaetano Del Vecchio, Giulia Palmieri, Giuseppina Malcangi, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo and Gianna Dipalma

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010113 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

In recent years, orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, has evolved considerably in terms of both techniques and materials used. Aimed at correcting dental malocclusions and craniofacial anomalies, it improves the functionality and aesthetics of the face and oral cavity. However, orthodontic treatment, [...] Read more.

In recent years, orthodontics, a specialized branch of dentistry, has evolved considerably in terms of both techniques and materials used. Aimed at correcting dental malocclusions and craniofacial anomalies, it improves the functionality and aesthetics of the face and oral cavity. However, orthodontic treatment, in its developmental stages, may induce oxidative stress (O.S.) phenomena, with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging the dental and periodontal tissues involved, affecting the short-, medium- and long-term results. Studies on the antioxidant effects of natural products (e.g., resveratrol, green tea, turmeric, etc.) in the medical field have aroused considerable interest in recent years. A systematic literature review was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using natural products (N.P.s), O.S., and orthodontic as keywords. The study aims to consider the determinants of the increase in ROS occurring during orthodontic treatment and the possibility of natural products being able to control and neutralize biochemical phenomena by restoring the physiological process in which the balance between the production of ROS and the ability of the body’s antioxidant system to neutralize them is in favor of the latter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Protective Effects of Natural Products in Health)

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13 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review

by Bernadette Biondi

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010087 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 12962

Abstract

The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese [...] Read more.

The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese individuals is higher than in non-obese subjects and this trend is more pronounced in unhealthy obesity phenotypes. However, the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism can be difficult in obese patients. Exaggerated body fat is linked to thyroid hypoechogenicity as evident through ultrasonography and euthyroid obese people have greater TSH, FT3, and FT3/FT4 ratios than non-obese individuals in a euthyroid condition. Moreover, a reduced expression of the TSH receptor and altered function of deiodinases has been found in the adipose tissue of obese patients. Current data do not support the necessity of a pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in euthyroid obese patients because treatment with thyroid hormone does not significantly improve weight loss and the increase in serum TSH can be reversible after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery. On the other hand, obesity is linked to elevated leptin levels. Inflammation can raise the risk of Hashimoto thyroiditis, which increases the likelihood that obese patients will experience overt or subclinical hypothyroidism. Both metabolic syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with atherosclerosis, liver and kidney disease. Hence, the association of these two illnesses may potentiate the adverse effects noted in each of them. Subclinical hypothyroidism should be identified in patients with obesity and treated with appropriate doses of L-thyroxine according to the lean body mass and body weight. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to verify whether treatment of thyroid deficiency could counteract the expected risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Hormone Regulation)

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20 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Gut Microbiota and Leaky Gut in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy

by Remo Poto, William Fusco, Emanuele Rinninella, Marco Cintoni, Francesco Kaitsas, Pauline Raoul, Cristiano Caruso, Maria Cristina Mele, Gilda Varricchi, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010092 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 17685

Abstract

Food allergy (FA) is a growing public health concern, with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. Increasing evidence suggests that the balance of human gut microbiota and the integrity of our intestinal barrier may play roles in the development of FA. Environmental factors, [...] Read more.

Food allergy (FA) is a growing public health concern, with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. Increasing evidence suggests that the balance of human gut microbiota and the integrity of our intestinal barrier may play roles in the development of FA. Environmental factors, including industrialization and consumption of highly processed food, can contribute to altering the gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier, increasing the susceptibility to allergic sensitization. Compositional and functional alterations to the gut microbiome have also been associated with FA. In addition, increased permeability of the gut barrier allows the translocation of allergenic molecules, triggering Th2 immune responses. Preclinical and clinical studies have highlighted the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of FA through enhancing gut barrier function and promoting the restoration of healthy gut microbiota. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is now being explored as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent FA in both experimental and clinical studies. In this review article, we aim to explore the complex interplay between intestinal permeability and gut microbiota in the development of FA, as well as depict potential therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics, Probiotics and Nutrition Effects on the Human Metabolome)

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21 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Importance of Nutrition in Menopause and Perimenopause—A Review

by Aliz Erdélyi, Erzsébet Pálfi, László Tűű, Katalin Nas, Zsuzsanna Szűcs, Marianna Török, Attila Jakab and Szabolcs Várbíró

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010027 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 54106

Abstract

Menopause is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. These diseases and unfavorable laboratory values, which are characteristic of this period in women, can be significantly improved by eliminating and reducing dietary risk factors. Changing dietary habits [...] Read more.

Menopause is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. These diseases and unfavorable laboratory values, which are characteristic of this period in women, can be significantly improved by eliminating and reducing dietary risk factors. Changing dietary habits during perimenopause is most effectively achieved through nutrition counseling and intervention. To reduce the risk factors of all these diseases, and in the case of an already existing disease, dietary therapy led by a dietitian should be an integral part of the treatment. The following review summarizes the recommendations for a balanced diet and fluid intake, the dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the role of sleep, and the key preventive nutrients in menopause, such as vitamin D, calcium, vitamin C, B vitamins, and protein intake. In summary, during the period of perimenopause and menopause, many lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of developing all the diseases (cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and tumors) and symptoms characteristic of this period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Hormone Regulation)

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18 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases—Review

by Iga Bartel, Izabela Mandryk, Jarosław O. Horbańczuk, Agnieszka Wierzbicka and Magdalena Koszarska

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010010 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3302

Abstract

Civilization diseases account for a worldwide health issue. They result from daily behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. One of the most significant opportunities to prevent and alleviate the occurrence of these diseases is a diet rich in antioxidants like polyphenols. This review paper [...] Read more.

Civilization diseases account for a worldwide health issue. They result from daily behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. One of the most significant opportunities to prevent and alleviate the occurrence of these diseases is a diet rich in antioxidants like polyphenols. This review paper is concentrated on syringic acid (SA), one of the representative compounds of phenolic acids subgroups. There are many in vitro and in vivo studies on SA that assess its pivotal effects on oxidative stress and inflammation parameters. It is effective on metabolic risk factors as well, including hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia. SA is one of the prominent polyphenolic compounds that may help address health issues related to civilization diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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16 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children’s Health Status: A Literature Review

by Fátima Morales, Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz, Maria J. Leon and Fernando Rivero-Pino

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010001 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 27902

Abstract

Malnutrition refers to a person’s status as under- or overnourished, and it is usually associated with an inflammation status, which can subsequently imply a different health status, as the risk of infection is increased, along with a deterioration of the immune system. Children’s [...] Read more.

Malnutrition refers to a person’s status as under- or overnourished, and it is usually associated with an inflammation status, which can subsequently imply a different health status, as the risk of infection is increased, along with a deterioration of the immune system. Children’s immune systems are generally more susceptible to problems than adults. In the situation of malnutrition, because malnourished children’s immune systems are compromised, they are more likely to die. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of altered immune functioning and how it relates to starvation. Nutritional interventions have been reported as cost-effective strategies to prevent or treat the development of malnourishment, considering the link between food intake and health, especially in children, and also the susceptibility of this population to diseases and how their health status during childhood might affect their long-term physiological growth. The ingestion of specific nutrients (e.g., vitamins or oligoelements) has been reported to contribute to the proper functioning of children’s immune systems. In this review, we aim to describe the basis of malnutrition and how this is linked to the immune system, considering the role of nutrients in the modulation of the immune system and the risk of infection that can occur in these situations in children, as well as to identify nutritional interventions to improve their health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutraceuticals in Immunometabolism)

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32 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements

by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Stefano Tarantini, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Zoltán Csizmadia and János Tamás Varga

Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5116; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245116 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 29468

Abstract

Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. In this [...] Read more.

Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. In this context, our comprehensive narrative review critically examines the role of nutritional supplements in mitigating cognitive decline. Amidst growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive enhancement, this review delves into the efficacy of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other dietary supplements. Through a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analysis, this review focuses on outcomes such as memory enhancement, attention improvement, executive function support, and neuroprotection. The findings suggest a complex interplay between nutritional supplementation and cognitive health, with some supplements showing promising results and others displaying limited or context-dependent effectiveness. The review highlights the importance of dosage, bioavailability, and individual differences in response to supplementation. Additionally, it addresses safety concerns and potential interactions with conventional treatments. By providing a clear overview of current scientific knowledge, this review aims to guide healthcare professionals and researchers in making informed decisions about the use of nutritional supplements for cognitive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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26 pages, 5313 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review

by Fabiana Zingone, Luisa Bertin, Daria Maniero, Michela Palo, Greta Lorenzon, Brigida Barberio, Carolina Ciacci and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234969 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 17993

Abstract

Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of [...] Read more.

Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of common food intolerances, giving clinicians a guide on diagnosing and treating these cases. We performed a narrative review of the latest evidence on the widespread food intolerances reported by our patients, giving indications on the clinical presentations, possible tests, and dietary suggestions, and underlining the myths and reality. While lactose intolerance and hereditary fructose intolerance are based on well-defined mechanisms and have validated diagnostic tests, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) intolerance are mainly based on patients’ reports. Others, like non-hereditary fructose, sorbitol, and histamine intolerance, still need more evidence and often cause unnecessary dietary restrictions. Finally, the main outcome of the present review is that the medical community should work to reduce the spread of unvalidated tests, the leading cause of the problematic management of our patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Intolerance in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

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