Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. IBS: Pathogenesis
3. Adverse Food Reactions
4. Which Foods and Food Patterns Can Cause Intolerance?
4.1. Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, and Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs)
4.2. Fructose Malabsorption
4.3. Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
4.4. Histamine
4.5. Food Additives
4.6. Other Foods Identified as Triggers in IBS Patients
5. Which Dietary Patterns Are Useful in Food Intolerance in IBS Patients?
5.1. Low-FODMAP Diet
5.2. Gluten-Free Diet
5.3. Lactose-Free Diet
5.4. Mediterranean Diet
5.5. Other Dietary Patterns for the Management of Food Intolerance in IBS Patients
6. Future Prospective and Unmet Needs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FOODS | MECHANISM OF ACTION | ASSOCIATION WITH IBS | SPECIFIC DIETARY APPROACH |
---|---|---|---|
FODMAPs [126] |
| High prevalence in IBS → 33% of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, including IBS Symptoms associated: Triggers bloating, abdominal discomfort, and altered bowel habits | Low-FODMAP diet to identify triggers:
|
Fructose [77] |
| Common in IBS patients → The prevalence of fructose intolerance in patients with IBS is about 22% Symptoms associated: Causes bloating, abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea | Fructose-restricted diet (FRD):
|
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity [127,128] |
| Prevalence of NCGS in IBS → between 23 and 49% Symptoms associated: Intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms (i.e., altered bowel habit, abdominal pain, bloating, headache, fatigue, and joint pain) | Gluten-free diet:
|
Lactose [129,130] |
| Misdiagnosed as IBS → 60.7% of the patients with IBS and 43.5% in the control group Symptoms associated: Triggers bloating and diarrhea after ingestion | Lactose-free diet:
|
Food Additives [131] |
| Potential trigger of IBS onset → Between 1 and 2% of general population, with no direct data on IBS Symptoms associated: Effects on gut health are ongoing | Avoidance of artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, and colorants:
|
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Pasta, A.; Formisano, E.; Calabrese, F.; Plaz Torres, M.C.; Bodini, G.; Marabotto, E.; Pisciotta, L.; Giannini, E.G.; Furnari, M. Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows. Nutrients 2024, 16, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265
Pasta A, Formisano E, Calabrese F, Plaz Torres MC, Bodini G, Marabotto E, Pisciotta L, Giannini EG, Furnari M. Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows. Nutrients. 2024; 16(2):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265
Chicago/Turabian StylePasta, Andrea, Elena Formisano, Francesco Calabrese, Maria Corina Plaz Torres, Giorgia Bodini, Elisa Marabotto, Livia Pisciotta, Edoardo Giovanni Giannini, and Manuele Furnari. 2024. "Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows" Nutrients 16, no. 2: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265
APA StylePasta, A., Formisano, E., Calabrese, F., Plaz Torres, M. C., Bodini, G., Marabotto, E., Pisciotta, L., Giannini, E. G., & Furnari, M. (2024). Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows. Nutrients, 16(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020265