Horticulturae

18 pages, 3307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Changes in Lignan Content and Antioxidant Capacity During the Development of Three Cultivars of Schisandra chinensis Seeds

by Zitong Zhao, Manqun Liu, Binhong Zhu, Fan Zhang, Peijin Ni, Zhendong Zhang, Dan Sun, Zhenxing Wang, Guangli Shi and Jun Ai

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091106 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. is an important traditional medicinal plant. Lignans, the main active components of S. chinensis, have pharmacological effects, including liver protection, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes and differences in appearance quality, contents [...] Read more.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. is an important traditional medicinal plant. Lignans, the main active components of S. chinensis, have pharmacological effects, including liver protection, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes and differences in appearance quality, contents of key lignan compounds, and antioxidant capacity of three S. chinensis varieties during the ripening of fruits and seeds. The lignan content in the seeds of the three varieties reached up to 91.9%, it showed an ‘M’-type trend of ‘increase–decrease–increase–decrease’ during fruit ripening; this lignan content was significantly higher than that measured in the fruit. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds surpassed that of the grains, and the maturation trends of the grains and seeds remained relatively aligned. The overall change in free radical (DPPH)-scavenging ability in the seeds during ripening exhibited an inverted ‘N’-type trend of ‘decrease–increase–decrease’. The trends in TFC and TPC were consistent with this ‘N’-type pattern of ‘increase–decrease–increase’. In summary, our results suggest 104 days after flowering as the best harvesting period for S. chinensis. Additionally, this study elucidates the synthesis patterns of lignan content and the corresponding changes in antioxidant capacity in S. chinensis, thereby providing a foundation for the evaluation and screening of germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants)

14 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Berry, Cluster Thinning and No-Sulfites Addition on the Sensory Quality of ‘Monastrell’ Organic Wines

by Jorge Piernas, Santiago García-Martínez, Pedro J. Zapata, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, Luis Noguera-Artiaga and María J. Giménez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091105 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of berry and cluster thinning on the organoleptic and chemical quality of red wines produced with no-sulfites-added production, using ‘Monastrell’ grapes cultivated under organic viticulture. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard in Murcia (Spain), applying three [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of berry and cluster thinning on the organoleptic and chemical quality of red wines produced with no-sulfites-added production, using ‘Monastrell’ grapes cultivated under organic viticulture. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard in Murcia (Spain), applying three treatments: control, bunch reduction (BR), and berry thinning (BT). Grapes were vinified under identical conditions, and the resulting wines were analyzed after three months and five years of storage. Physicochemical parameters, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sensory profiles were evaluated. Thinning treatments significantly increased alcohol content, reducing sugars, polyphenol index, and the concentration of key aromatic compounds. Sensory analysis revealed that wines from thinned grapes exhibited more intense toasted, vegetal, and fruity notes, and presented greater color stability and fewer defects over time. Notably, only the control wine developed Brettanomyces-related off-flavors after five years. Consumer preference tests confirmed higher acceptance of BR and BT wines, based particularly on color, fruity aroma, and aftertaste. These findings suggested that thinning practices, especially bunch thinning, offer a cost-effective strategy to improve wine quality and stability in no-sulfites-added winemaking, reducing the risk of spoilage and enhancing consumer satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits Quality and Sensory Analysis—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 2325 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Climate Change and Viticulture in Liguria: Regional Perceptions, Impacts, and Adaptive Responses

by Mousaab Alrhmoun, Naji Sulaiman, Andrea Castagna, Lorenzo Massa, Giulia Mattalia, Emilio Aliotta and Andrea Pieroni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091104 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a [...] Read more.

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a focus on vine growth dynamics, productivity, and the adaptation strategies adopted by local winegrowers. Semi-structured interviews with 48 winemakers revealed significant shifts in grape maturation (p < 0.001), earlier harvest dates, and increased vulnerability to fungal diseases (p < 0.01), primarily driven by rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes. A notable rise in extreme temperature events (p < 0.01) was reported, with all respondents (100%) observing irregular seasonal temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, climate change was linked to changes in local fauna, particularly the expansion of ungulate populations (p < 0.001), leading to increased vineyard damage. In response, growers have adopted a range of adaptive measures, including drought-resistant rootstocks (e.g., M-series), traditional training systems (Guyot, Alberello), and local innovations such as the low pergola in Cinque Terre. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed region-specific adaptation profiles, underscoring the influence of environmental and agronomic variability on viticultural resilience. Logistic regression identified temperature variability, disease incidence, and precipitation shifts as key predictors of perceived climate impact. The results underscore the urgency of developing regionally tailored adaptation strategies to sustain viticulture in Liguria’s complex and changing landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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17 pages, 3217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Organic Fertilizer Application Simultaneously Promotes the Yield and Quality of Pinellia ternata by Improving Soil Quality

by Yang Chen, Yiyuan Wu, Pengchong Li, Zhen Li, Qiujie Chao, Rongzhi Yang, Yongbo Duan, Dexin Wang, Varun Kumar, Jianping Xue, Ru Wang and Tao Xue

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091103 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Pinellia ternata, a traditional Chinese herb, suffers from soil degradation and nutrient imbalance, which significantly decrease both yield and quality. Here, the application of microbial organic fertilizer (MOF) in the cultivation of P. ternata results in high yields and quality under two [...] Read more.

Pinellia ternata, a traditional Chinese herb, suffers from soil degradation and nutrient imbalance, which significantly decrease both yield and quality. Here, the application of microbial organic fertilizer (MOF) in the cultivation of P. ternata results in high yields and quality under two soil conditions, whether grown in greenhouse or open-field environments. The application of MOF enhanced seedling emergence rates and photosynthetic efficiency, significantly improving various agronomic traits, and increasing the content of flavonoids and total alkaloids in tubers, with a stronger effect observed at a dosage of 75 g/m². Moreover, available phosphorus, available potassium, catalase, and urease levels were significantly improved. Further, 16S and ITS sequencing revealed that bacteria diversity was not affected by all treatment, while the fungi unweighted UniFrac index showed significant decline in the MOF treatment. The abundance of bacterial Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria varied with continuous cropping soil, whereas abundance of fungi Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota was changed in the first cropping of P. ternata. These findings suggest that applying MOF improves the microbial communities of the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata, enhancing soil enzyme activities and decomposing organic and inorganic matter. This, in turn, contributes to the yield and quality of P. ternata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1063 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Spermidine Enhances Drought Resistance of Mango Seedlings by Regulating Physiological and Biochemical Metabolism

by Xinyu Liu, Mingtian Wang, Jing Yan, Feng Cheng, Wei Liao, Yunhe Xiao, Lirong Zhou, Meng Zhang, Xiangchi Leng and Qingzhi Liang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091102 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Drought stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. Spermidine (SPD), a polyamine, plays a critical role in plant defense mechanisms against drought stress. PEG was used to simulate osmotic stress, which mimics drought conditions under controlled environments. [...] Read more.

Drought stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. Spermidine (SPD), a polyamine, plays a critical role in plant defense mechanisms against drought stress. PEG was used to simulate osmotic stress, which mimics drought conditions under controlled environments. This study investigated the effects of exogenous spermidine (SPD) on the physiological and biochemical responses of mango plants under drought stress and explored its potential mitigation mechanisms. Two-year-old ‘Renong 1’ mango seedlings were subjected to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at concentrations of 5%, 15%, and 25%, simulating mild, moderate, and severe drought conditions, respectively. Plants were subsequently treated with 1 mmol/L spermidine. After PEG 6000 treatment and spermidine application for 3 days, the leaf morphology, relative chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], catalase [CAT]), and osmotic regulators (proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins) were analyzed. The results demonstrated that drought stress caused leaf chlorosis, desiccation, reduced relative chlorophyll content, elevated MDA levels (indicating lipid peroxidation), enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, increased proline and soluble sugar accumulation for osmotic regulation, and decreased soluble protein content. Exogenous spermidine treatment significantly alleviated drought-induced damage by reducing leaf chlorosis, delaying relative chlorophyll degradation (by 20.0–25.7% under moderate drought and 14.1–19.1% under severe drought), and decreasing MDA levels (by 4.8–9.5% under moderate drought and 0.8–23.7% under severe drought). Furthermore, spermidine enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., SOD activity increased by 24.9–37.4% and POD by 74.0–104.0% under moderate drought), regulated osmotic substance accumulation (e.g., proline decreased by 21%, 26%, and 24% under mild, moderate, and severe drought, respectively), and mitigated the reduction in soluble protein content (by 6.6% under moderate drought and 10.3% under severe drought). In conclusion, exogenous spermidine mitigates drought-induced damage in mango by preserving photosynthetic capacity, enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and modulating osmotic balance. These results showed that SPD could significantly improve plant vigor or survival rate under stress. It provides a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation of mango, improving the stress resistance of mango varieties and the application of spermidine in tropical fruit production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

23 pages, 6920 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybridization Efficiency and Genetic Diversity in Cut Chrysanthemum: Integration of Morphological and iPBS Marker Analysis

by Emine Kırbay, Soner Kazaz, Ezgi Doğan Meral and Akife Dalda Şekerci

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091101 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for novel cut chrysanthemum cultivars has underscored the significance of precision breeding techniques, with particular emphasis on hybridization and molecular tools. This study aimed to assess the cross-compatibility of selected chrysanthemum cultivars and to evaluate the genetic, quantitative, and qualitative [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for novel cut chrysanthemum cultivars has underscored the significance of precision breeding techniques, with particular emphasis on hybridization and molecular tools. This study aimed to assess the cross-compatibility of selected chrysanthemum cultivars and to evaluate the genetic, quantitative, and qualitative diversity among the resulting F₁ progenies. A total of six hybrid combinations were generated using five commercial parental cultivars. Ploidy levels were determined via flow cytometry and chromosome counting, confirming that all parents were allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 54). Pollen viability and germination rates varied significantly among male parents, influencing hybridization success. A total of 30,391 seeds were obtained, with germination rates ranging from 2.69% to 10.73%, depending on the cross combination. F₁ progenies showed considerable phenotypic variability in flowering time, flower stalk length, flower diameter, and branch weight. Molecular characterization using eight iPBS primers revealed a high polymorphism rate (93%) with a mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value of 0.614, confirming substantial genetic diversity among genotypes. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses demonstrated that most F₁ genotypes grouped closely with their maternal parents, although unique genomic variations were also detected. The integration of morphological and molecular data provides valuable insights for selecting superior genotypes and optimizing breeding strategies. This study highlights the importance of evaluating hybridization potential and genetic diversity in the development of commercially viable cut chrysanthemum cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding of Ornamental Plants—Genetic Resources, New Challenges and Prospects: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2064 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Functional Genomics for Watermelon and Melon Breeding: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

by Huanhuan Niu, Junyi Tan, Wenkai Yan, Dongming Liu and Luming Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091100 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) are globally important cucurbit crops, with China being the largest producer and consumer. Traditional breeding methods face difficulties in significantly improving yield and quality. Smart breeding, which combines genomics, gene editing, and [...] Read more.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) are globally important cucurbit crops, with China being the largest producer and consumer. Traditional breeding methods face difficulties in significantly improving yield and quality. Smart breeding, which combines genomics, gene editing, and artificial intelligence (AI), holds great promise but fundamentally depends on understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling important agronomic traits. This review summarizes the progress made over recent decades in discovering and understanding the functions of genes that control essential traits in watermelon and melon, focusing on plant architecture, fruit quality, and disease resistance. However, major challenges remain: relatively few genes have been fully validated, the complex gene networks are not fully unraveled, and technical hurdles like low genetic transformation efficiency and difficulties in large-scale trait phenotyping limit progress. To overcome these and enable the development of superior new varieties, future research priorities should focus on the following: (1) systematic discovery of genes using comprehensive genome collections (pan-genomes) and multi-level data analysis (multi-omics); (2) deepening the study of gene functions and interactions using advanced gene editing and epigenetics; (3) faster integration of molecular knowledge into smart breeding systems; (4) solving the problems of genetic transformation and enabling efficient large-scale trait and genetic data collection (high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Genetics Improvement of Watermelon and Melon)

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14 pages, 2469 KB

Open AccessArticle

WUSCHEL Transcription Factor Regulates Floral Development in ‘Jizaomi’ Grapevine

by Zedong Sun, Huan Xu, Wenxuan Shi, Jialin Fu, Pengfei Wen, Jinjun Liang and Pengfei Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091099 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Carpel number has been recognized as a critical factor influencing fruit size, ultimately determining yield and economic efficiency. The WUSCHEL (WUS) protein is essential for maintaining stem cell homeostasis in the floral meristem. Its expression level directly influences the size of the floral [...] Read more.

Carpel number has been recognized as a critical factor influencing fruit size, ultimately determining yield and economic efficiency. The WUSCHEL (WUS) protein is essential for maintaining stem cell homeostasis in the floral meristem. Its expression level directly influences the size of the floral meristem (FM), thereby determining the number of floral organs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Cucumis sativus. While its role remained largely unexplored in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). This study cloned the VvWUS gene from the polycarpic grape cultivar ‘Jizaomi’. Transgenic tomato lines expressing VvWUS heterologously exhibited accelerated floral transition, enhanced carpel/floral organ initiation, and had significantly higher locule numbers relative to wild type. Furthermore, direct binding of VvWUS to the VvAGAMOUS (VvAG) promoter and activation of VvAG expression were demonstrated through yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase (LUC) assays. These findings elucidated the molecular function of VvWUS in grape carpel development, providing a foundational basis for molecular breeding strategies targeting large-berry grape varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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11 pages, 2391 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of UV-C Irradiation Against Fusarium solani in Potatoes

by Gcinokuhle Buthelezi, Nokwazi Carol Mbili and Asanda Mditshwa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091098 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Potatoes are a vital staple crop globally, valued for their high nutritional content and yield; however, they are highly susceptible to microbial attacks, mainly during postharvest handling and storage. One of the most important potato diseases that reduces the yield and quality of [...] Read more.

Potatoes are a vital staple crop globally, valued for their high nutritional content and yield; however, they are highly susceptible to microbial attacks, mainly during postharvest handling and storage. One of the most important potato diseases that reduces the yield and quality of potatoes is Fusarium solani. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation has become a potential postharvest disease control method; however, its efficacy against F. solani on potatoes is poorly understood. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of UV-C irradiation against F. solani of potatoes. UV-C light (254 nm) treatment was applied to F. solani for 5, 10, and 15 min at 10, 15, and 20 cm to evaluate the in vitro effects. The treated plates were incubated at 25 °C for seven days. UV-C treatment at a 10 cm distance for 10 and 15 min successfully inhibited F. solani mycelial growth, with the 15 min exposure showing the highest inhibition rate of 57.96%. Both treatments were selected for further screening. Subsequently, ‘Sifra’ potatoes were treated with UV-C for 10 and 15 min, and the results showed low disease incidence of 33% and 22%, respectively, compared to 96% for the untreated tubers. The scanning electron microscopy assay showed broken and shrunken mycelia, along with damaged spores of F. solani, on potatoes treated with UV-C. The findings suggest that UV-C irradiation may offer a potential alternative, environmentally friendly method to chemical fungicides for controlling postharvest F. solani of potatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Disease Management in Horticultural Crops: Recent Developments and Insights)

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19 pages, 3913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Revealed Genes Associated with the Formation of Different Fruit Colors in Fragaria pentaphylla

by Xianan Yang, Shiqi Tian, Chenxue Zhao, Jianxin Li, Lianjun Wang, Xuedong Tang and Ruixue Guo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091097 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Fragaria pentaphylla, a unique wild strawberry species in China, is rich in various fruit colors and a valuable resource for studying color genes. Fruits of different colors from F. pentaphylla were selected as the experimental material. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-throughput [...] Read more.

Fragaria pentaphylla, a unique wild strawberry species in China, is rich in various fruit colors and a valuable resource for studying color genes. Fruits of different colors from F. pentaphylla were selected as the experimental material. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were employed to identify key genes responsible for the development of different fruit colors. Metabolite analysis revealed that 3249 metabolites were detected, including nine differential metabolites related to anthocyanin synthesis and five biological pathways. Additionally, an analysis combining transcriptome and metabolome data showed that the structural genes FpDFR, FpCHS, FpCHI, and FpUFGT were upregulated in red fruit, with significantly higher expression levels compared to pink and white fruits, actively promoting anthocyanin production in red fruit. Conversely, genes FpANR and FpLAR were upregulated in white fruit, enhancing catechin synthesis and inhibiting anthocyanin formation. The gene FpPAL was upregulated in pink fruit. Transcription factors FpbHLH18, FpMYB1, FpMYB24, and FpMYB114 collaborate with structural genes to enhance the synthesis of anthocyanins in red fruit. The findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control anthocyanin production in F. pentaphylla. The identified key candidate genes may be utilized in the molecular breeding of strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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38 pages, 7697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Local Climate and Cultivation Practice Shape Total Protein and Phenolic Content of Mulberry (Morus sp.) Leaves in Sub-Mediterranean and Sub-Pannonian Regions of Slovenia

by Špela Jelen, Martin Kozmos, Jan Senekovič, Danijel Ivajnšič, Silvia Cappellozza and Andreja Urbanek Krajnc

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091096 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus sp.) trees, traditionally cultivated for their leaves used in sericulture, have recently gained recognition for their adaptability and valuable ecosystem services. The biochemical composition of mulberry leaves varies both qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on genotype, environmental conditions, and cultivation practices. [...] Read more.

Mulberry (Morus sp.) trees, traditionally cultivated for their leaves used in sericulture, have recently gained recognition for their adaptability and valuable ecosystem services. The biochemical composition of mulberry leaves varies both qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on genotype, environmental conditions, and cultivation practices. This study aimed to (1) identify differences in old local white (M. alba L.) and black mulberry (M. nigra L.) leaves, (2) perform a chemotype analysis of monitored local varieties, and (3) evaluate the influence of selected bioclimatic factors and pruning practices on the biochemical composition of leaves of white mulberry trees across Slovenian mesoregions. Black mulberry exhibited a higher phenolic content, particularly caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (16.05 mg/g dry weight (DW)), while white mulberry contained more quercetin glycosides (6.04 mg/g DW). Ward’s clustering identified three chemotypes, two of which had elevated protein and hydroxycinnamic acid levels, making them particularly suitable for silkworm feeding. Considering pruning practices of white mulberries, we determined significantly increased protein contents in yearly pruned trees (187.24 mg/g DW). Principal component analysis revealed interactions between bioclimatic, morphological, and biochemical factors, distinctly separating mulberries from the Sub-Mediterranean and Sub-Pannonian macroregions. White mulberries from Sub-Pannonian regions accumulated more caffeoylquinic acids in leaves under lower precipitation and total insolation, while those from Sub-Mediterranean regions exhibited higher kaempferol derivatives due to photo-thermal stress. These findings highlight the influence of climate and pruning on mulberry biochemical diversity and adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulture from an Ecological Perspective)

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14 pages, 4473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Variation and Evolutionary Dynamics of Orobanchaceae from the Perspective of the Mitochondrial Genomes Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis

by Qian Shi, Xiuzhang Li and Yuling Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091095 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

To better understand the mitochondrial genome evolution within the genus Pedicularis, we investigated two representative species, Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis. We sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genomes of two Pedicularis species, P. kansuensis and P. chinensis, using Nanopore technology. [...] Read more.

To better understand the mitochondrial genome evolution within the genus Pedicularis, we investigated two representative species, Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis. We sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genomes of two Pedicularis species, P. kansuensis and P. chinensis, using Nanopore technology. Both genomes showed irregular morphological characteristics, with P. chinensis measuring 225,612 bp and P. kansuensis 273,598 bp, and GC (guanine and cytosine) contents of 44.42% and 44.29%, respectively. Each genome encodes 36 unique protein-coding genes, 3 rRNA genes, and varying numbers of tRNA genes (P. chinensis: 20; P. kansuensis: 19). Codon usage analysis revealed distinct preferences, while repeat sequence analysis identified significant differences in SSRs, tandem repeats, and dispersed repeats between the two genomes. Structural analyses highlighted genome recombination facilitated by repeat sequences. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of Pedicularis within Orobanchaceae, clustering P. kansuensis and P. chinensis with Castilleja paramensis and other genera in the family, thus resolving longstanding taxonomic uncertainties regarding their relationship with Scrophulariaceae. RNA editing events were predominantly C-to-U, ccmB and nad4 exhibiting the highest editing frequencies. Synteny analysis revealed frequent rearrangements, underscoring the dynamic evolution of Pedicularis mitochondrial genomes. These findings provide valuable insights into the structure, function, and evolution of mitochondrial genomes in parasitic plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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13 pages, 3344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Physiological Plasticity and the Adaptability of Introduced Landscape Plants on a Tropical Coral Island

by Chushu Meng, Han Sheng, Zhipeng Li, Fasih Ullah Haider, Linhua Wang, Zitao Guo, Zhiyuan Shi, Cheng Huang, Fan Yang and Xu Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091094 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

The ecological restoration of tropical islands, such as the Xisha Islands, is critical for sustainable development but is hindered by extreme environmental conditions and nutrient-poor coral sand soils. This study assessed the adaptive strategies of two introduced landscape species, Acacia auriculiformis and Nerium [...] Read more.

The ecological restoration of tropical islands, such as the Xisha Islands, is critical for sustainable development but is hindered by extreme environmental conditions and nutrient-poor coral sand soils. This study assessed the adaptive strategies of two introduced landscape species, Acacia auriculiformis and Nerium oleander, by comparing their leaf physiological and biochemical traits across three treatments: native coral sand (SS2), coral sand amended with garden soil (SS1), and a garden soil control (GZ). Results revealed differentiated physiological adaptation strategies: N. oleander exhibited a ‘conservative tolerance’ strategy, characterized by maintaining higher levels of soluble proteins and the non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH, whereas A. auriculiformis employed an ‘active defense’ strategy, significantly upregulating its enzymatic antioxidant system (SOD activity increased by up to 58.80% in coral sand compared to the control). Soil amendment was crucial for improving plant performance by fundamentally altering the soil’s physicochemical properties and nutrient status. Specifically, amending coral sand with garden soil (SS1 vs. SS2) resulted in a threefold increase in both soil organic carbon (from 3.81 to 11.63 g kg⁻¹) and water content (from 0.04% to 0.12%), while also increasing available phosphorus by over 50% and reducing the extreme soil alkalinity. This amelioration of the soil environment directly enhanced plant antioxidant capacity and overall growth performance. These findings provide a scientific basis for plant introduction on tropical islands, demonstrating that success depends on matching species-specific adaptive strategies with appropriate soil improvement techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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12 pages, 1370 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Different Light Qualities and Intensities of Blue Light on Flowering and Volatiles in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

by Joo Young Kim, Madelyn D. Gennaro, Keun Ho Cho, Joseph M. Patt and Thomas A. Colquhoun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091093 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, [...] Read more.

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, but studies on flowers are limited. We investigated the effects of various LED lights, including white (W), red (R), blue (B), and green (G) lights, on flowering. Coriander plants under B light were twice as tall and flowered approximately 4 weeks earlier than those under other lights. However, plants under B light exhibited overgrowth, resulting in fewer flowers at a PAR of 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. To reduce this shade avoidance effect, we tested various combinations of W and B light at a PAR of 120 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. The 50:50 ratio of W and B light enhanced growth and accelerated flowering, resulting in twice as many flowers as plants under W light. Total volatile compound levels were higher under W light and highest under 50% W and 50% B lights. Key volatiles specific to coriander leaves, such as (E)-2-decenal, 2-undecenal, and 2-dodecenal, were high under G light at 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ of PAR. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of light on flower development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agrobiological Means for Sustainable Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture)

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24 pages, 2366 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) and Kober 5BB (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) Root Transcriptomes Reveals Multiple Processes Associated with Drought Tolerance in Grapevines

by Canan Yüksel Özmen, Funda Yılmaz Baydu and Ali Ergül

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091092 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) generally exhibit relatively high tolerance to drought stress. In contrast, the drought tolerance of other Vitis species and their hybrids used as rootstocks differs considerably. In order to attain a better understanding of the molecular basis of [...] Read more.

Grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) generally exhibit relatively high tolerance to drought stress. In contrast, the drought tolerance of other Vitis species and their hybrids used as rootstocks differs considerably. In order to attain a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance in grapevine, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of roots of drought-stressed Cabernet Sauvignon (CS, Vitis vinifera L.) and rootstock of Kober 5BB (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) using the Affymetrix Vitis Genome Array Version 2.0. We identified 1279 (745 upregulated and 534 downregulated) and 1925 (807 upregulated and 118 downregulated) differentially expressed genes in 5BB and CS. Numerous genes that are putatively involved in aquaporins, proline-rich protein, reactive oxygen species, osmoprotection, and lipid transfer were differentially expressed in response to drought stress in both genotypes. When gene ontology analyses were examined, it was observed that CS and 5BB genotypes were associated with the highest number of similar genes in both the molecular function (protein binding, catalytic activity, and DNA binding) and the biological process (metabolic process and translation) categories. The identification of different regulated genes between 5BB and CS roots is expected to help advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms operating during drought stress in grapevine roots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rootstocks for Grape Production)

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12 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of White Asparagus Spears in Relation to the Pre-Harvest Exposure to Infrared and Sunlight Radiation

by Parthena P. Papadopoulou, Eirini A. Siomou, Symeon A. Siomos and Anastasios S. Siomos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091091 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few [...] Read more.

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few studies have evaluated the effects of light and all of them focus mainly on the post-harvest period. There are no relevant reports on the effects of exposure of spears to solar and infrared radiation during their growth and development. For this purpose, white asparagus spears were grown in the dark under a low tunnel (100 cm wide and 60 cm high) for 7 days before being exposed to sunlight for 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 h. Subsequently, the spears were either harvested and kept in the dark or continued to grow in the dark for 0, 24, or 48 h. At the end of the treatments, the color and the anthocyanin and total phenol content of the top 7 cm of the spears were determined. The results showed that the infrared radiation that was trapped below the tunnel during the 7-day growing period of white asparagus spears induced anthocyanin biosynthesis only in the lower part (base) of the spears. Exposure to sunlight for at least 3 h was critical for significant anthocyanin biosynthesis in the epidermal cells of the top 7 cm part of white asparagus spears (0.48–0.95 μg g⁻¹ FW). The amount of anthocyanins 24 h later was proportional to the exposure time (y = 0.1585x − 0.162, R² = 0.9953) and was greater in the spears harvested and kept in the dark (up to 5.67 μg g⁻¹ FW) than in the spears that continued to grow in dark conditions (up to 4.32 μg g⁻¹ FW). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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14 pages, 787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soluble Eugenol Formulation for Managing Ball Moss on Ornamental Trees

by Brianna Slade, Kali Elftmann, Heather Kirk-Ballard and Zhijun Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091090 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Ball moss is an epiphytic, perennial monocot that attaches to many surfaces, including ornamental plants. Though not parasitic, ball moss can reduce the growth and health of host plants. Controlling ball moss has thus become necessary. Recommended methods include spraying baking soda or [...] Read more.

Ball moss is an epiphytic, perennial monocot that attaches to many surfaces, including ornamental plants. Though not parasitic, ball moss can reduce the growth and health of host plants. Controlling ball moss has thus become necessary. Recommended methods include spraying baking soda or copper fungicide. This study was designed to validate the recommended methods and discover new, efficacious botanical ingredients in laboratory and field experiments. The efficacy of baking soda, but not the copper fungicide, was confirmed. However, baking soda blindly damages host plants and is not environmentally friendly. A screening study over several candidates (a monocot herbicide, eugenol, thymol, oleander extracts) selected eugenol from clove essential oil. In repeated laboratory studies, eugenol formulated into a soluble liquid (ESL) at 1% concentration achieved comparable lethal levels to 50% baking soda solution against ball moss. Efficacy was most apparent when applied in autumn. In the field trials, spraying ESL directly onto ball moss on live oak trees rather than broadcasting from the ground was efficacious. Possible mechanisms and limitations were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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14 pages, 3221 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveal the Mechanism by Which Melatonin Enhances Drought Tolerance in Platycrater argutae

by Xule Zhang, Yaping Hu, Zhengjian Jiang, Xiaohua Ma, Qingdi Hu, Lei Feng and Jian Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091089 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Drought stress severely impacts the survival of Platycrater arguta, an endangered tertiary relict plant. This study investigated the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin enhances drought tolerance in P. arguta seedlings through integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Under 30% PEG-6000-induced drought, seedlings [...] Read more.

Drought stress severely impacts the survival of Platycrater arguta, an endangered tertiary relict plant. This study investigated the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin enhances drought tolerance in P. arguta seedlings through integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Under 30% PEG-6000-induced drought, seedlings exhibited leaf wilting, reduced relative water content (RWC: 78.6% vs. 84.8% in controls), and elevated oxidative damage (malondialdehyde increased by 62.94%, H₂O₂ by 83.78%). Exogenous melatonin application, particularly at 100 μM (T3), significantly alleviated drought symptoms, restoring RWC to 83.7%, reducing membrane permeability (relative electrical conductivity 1.38-fold vs. CK vs. 2.55-fold in PEG), and lowering oxidative markers (MDA and H₂O₂ accumulation by 28.33% and 27.84%, respectively). T3 treatment also enhanced osmolyte synthesis, increasing proline content by 90.14% and soluble sugars by 47.25% compared to the controls. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 31,870 differentially expressed genes in T3, predominantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and tryptophan metabolism pathways. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated that 100 μM melatonin elevated endogenous melatonin levels 19.62-fold and modulated tryptophan-derived metabolites, including indole derivatives and benzoic acid compounds. These findings indicate that melatonin mitigates drought stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity, osmotic adjustment, and metabolic reprogramming, with 100 μM as the optimal concentration. This study provides critical insights into melatonin-mediated drought resistance mechanisms, offering a theoretical foundation for conserving and restoring P. arguta populations in arid habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)

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22 pages, 3789 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addition of Earthworms to Continuous Cropping Soil Inhibits the Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon: Evidence Under Both Field and Pot Conditions

by Xin Zhao, Liang Zheng, Dong Liu, Ke Song, Ping Lu, Yefeng Yang, Lijuan Yang, Xiaoxiao Li, Yinsheng Li, Yue Zhang, Weiguang Lv and Xianqing Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091088 - 9 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising candidate for the biological control of Fusarium wilt. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding the local earthworm species Metaphire guillelmi (Michaelsen, 1895) on Fusarium wilt in watermelon under field conditions, laboratory pot experiments, and laboratory pot experiments with sterilized soil. The results demonstrated that, compared to the control, the earthworm addition reduced the population of F. oxysporum by approximately 10⁵ copies/mg and suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt by 84.4%. A correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of F. oxysporum was negatively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP). The relative interaction index values indicated that earthworms could enhance SOM and AN levels in the soil. A two-factor network relationship analysis showed that the earthworm addition could inhibit bacteria and fungi to stimulate growth of F. oxysporum while restraining them. A metabolomics analysis revealed that most differential metabolites associated with F. oxysporum were upregulated in the presence of earthworms. Overall, M. guillelmi can reduce the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by improving soil fertility, the relationship of F. oxysporum and microorganisms, and may influence the metabolic process, which need further exploration. It is a potential pathway for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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13 pages, 8290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of a Recombination Inbred Line (RIL) Population from a Melo-agrestis Melon Hybrid

by He Liu, Jianquan Wang, Shoujun Cao, Yongjie Guo, Qinghua Shi and Xiaoyu Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091087 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important horticultural crop worldwide, while its production is continuously endangered by powdery mildew (PM), a fungal disease mainly caused by Podosphaera xanthii, due to the insufficiency of disease resistant germplasms. Here, a melon recombinant [...] Read more.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important horticultural crop worldwide, while its production is continuously endangered by powdery mildew (PM), a fungal disease mainly caused by Podosphaera xanthii, due to the insufficiency of disease resistant germplasms. Here, a melon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population that consisted of 188 independent individuals was obtained through the crossing of ‘SN-1’ (C. melon L. ssp. melo) and ‘YJM’ (C. melon L. ssp. agrestis), two parents with contrasting PM resistance, followed by 7-round selfings. Comprehensive phenotypic investigation revealed substantial variations in key agronomic traits among these RILs, such as stem diameters of 3.7~12.6 mm and internode lengths of 1.6~12.2 cm at the anthesis stage, as well as peduncle lengths of 0.5~9.5 cm and soluble solid content of 1.6~17.4% at the maturation stage. Particularly, 95 RILs, of which 60 and 35 belonged to thin-peel and netted types, respectively, were identified to be highly resistant to P. xnathii infection, providing new germplasms for melon improvement. Altogether, the generation of this melo-agrestis RIL population, together with the phenotypic observations, lays a solid foundation for mechanistic investigation of the traits with economic importance and could contribute to future breeding programs of melon cultivars with PM resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Genetics Improvement of Watermelon and Melon)

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15 pages, 1806 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

In Vitro Propagation of the Endangered Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb: Conservation Applications and Horticultural Prospects

by Konstantinos Bertsouklis, Eireni Dima, Konstantina-Stamatina Arfani, Apostolos-Emmanouil Bazanis, Nikolaos Ntoulas, Stefanos Kostas, Stefanos Hatzilazarou and Mariacristina Villani

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091086 - 9 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Employing rare or threatened species in ornamental horticulture offers a dual benefit by promoting climate adaptation and enhancing species conservation. Kosteletzkya pentacarpos, an endangered halophytic species, holds potential for introduction into the nursery industry, but efficient propagation methods are lacking. The present [...] Read more.

Employing rare or threatened species in ornamental horticulture offers a dual benefit by promoting climate adaptation and enhancing species conservation. Kosteletzkya pentacarpos, an endangered halophytic species, holds potential for introduction into the nursery industry, but efficient propagation methods are lacking. The present study investigated the in vitro propagation of the species using nodal explants excised from aseptic seedlings. A two-stage in vitro culture system was tested with thidiazuron (TDZ) promoting shoot initiation at low concentrations, while higher levels induced callus formation. Transferring micro-shoots to hormone free-, Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) promoted the highest shoot multiplication and elongation. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on in vitro culture was also assessed, with MS media containing up to 5.0 g L⁻¹ NaCl supporting successful culture establishment. Spontaneous rooting was observed during various stages of the culture process. Micro-shoots were rooted at 100.0% on half strength MS medium with or without indole-3-butyric acid, and all plantlets were successfully acclimatized in a peat–perlite substrate (1/1, v/v). Thus, the present protocol provides an efficient system for the large-scale propagation of K. pentacarpos serving as a valuable tool for its conservation and the potential use in the nursery industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulture from an Ecological Perspective)

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18 pages, 3207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Efficient Micropropagation Protocol for Philodendron erubescens ‘Pink Princess’ Using a Temporary Immersion System and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity

by Bui Khanh Vy, Preekamol Klanrit, Sudarat Thanonkeo and Pornthap Thanonkeo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091085 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Conventional propagation of the highly sought-after ornamental Philodendron erubescens ‘Pink Princess’ is constrained by slow multiplication rates, the risk of unstable variegation, and the limited availability of elite mother stock, making advanced in vitro techniques essential for large-scale production. This research aimed to [...] Read more.

Conventional propagation of the highly sought-after ornamental Philodendron erubescens ‘Pink Princess’ is constrained by slow multiplication rates, the risk of unstable variegation, and the limited availability of elite mother stock, making advanced in vitro techniques essential for large-scale production. This research aimed to establish an efficient micropropagation protocol by optimizing the shoot multiplication phase in a twin-flask Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB) system (RITA-type) and subsequently assessing the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants. Shoot induction was evaluated in a TIB system with an immersion frequency of 4 min every 8 h. Among the tested cytokinins, liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) provided the optimal conditions for shoot proliferation, accounting for approximately 21 shoots/explant. While the TIB system was highly effective for shoot multiplication, it proved suboptimal for root induction. Therefore, rooting was optimized on a semi-solid medium, where MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified as the most effective treatment, yielding an average of 3.0 well-developed roots per explant (1.1 cm in length) within 30 days. For acclimatization, a substrate mix of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite (2:1:1, v/v/v) ensured a 100% survival rate. Critically, genetic fidelity analysis using RAPD markers revealed monomorphic banding patterns between the micropropagated plantlets and the mother plant (100% similarity), confirming their genetic uniformity and true-to-type nature. The established protocol provides a robust and reliable method for the in vitro propagation of P. erubescens ‘Pink Princess’. This work offers a foundation for developing large-scale commercial production strategies and effectively overcomes many limitations of classical propagation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture Techniques and Molecular Markers of Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 17243 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis of Adventitious Bulblet Initiation in Lilium lancifolium Thunb

by Chuanji Xing, Pengyu Guo, Jing Xue, Xiuhai Zhang, Xian Wang, Hua Liu, Ji Qian, Guilin Shan and Xuqing Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091084 - 9 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Bulblet initiation in Lilium lancifolium is a critical yet understudied aspect of lily development. Prior research has predominantly focused on bulb production and tissue culture techniques, with limited exploration of regulatory mechanisms. This study investigates the initiation process through histological, biochemical, and molecular [...] Read more.

Bulblet initiation in Lilium lancifolium is a critical yet understudied aspect of lily development. Prior research has predominantly focused on bulb production and tissue culture techniques, with limited exploration of regulatory mechanisms. This study investigates the initiation process through histological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. Scales from tissue-cultured bulblets were analyzed for sugar content and gene expression. Results revealed significant increases in sucrose levels at the scale base during culture, paralleled by transcriptomic enrichment in hormone signaling, cell cycle, DNA replication, and sugar metabolism pathways. These findings, validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), offer valuable insights into the molecular basis of bulblet initiation in L. lancifolium, providing a foundation for future research into lily developmental mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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17 pages, 2188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling of Monoterpenes and Genome-Wide Discovery of Monoterpene Synthases in Artemisia annua

by Wuke Wei, Xinyue Lin, Zijian Le, Mengxue Wang, Xingyan Qin, Lingjiang Zeng, Yan Qian, Guoping Shu, Min Chen, Xiaozhong Lan, Bangjun Wang, Zhihua Liao, Yong Hou, Jingxin Mao and Fangyuan Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091083 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Monoterpenoids serve as essential components of plant essential oils and play significant roles in plant growth, development, and insect resistance. Artemisia annua, an important medicinal plant, produces abundant terpenoids. While previous research on A. annua has predominantly focused on artemisinin biosynthesis [...] Read more.

Monoterpenoids serve as essential components of plant essential oils and play significant roles in plant growth, development, and insect resistance. Artemisia annua, an important medicinal plant, produces abundant terpenoids. While previous research on A. annua has predominantly focused on artemisinin biosynthesis and its regulation, studies on other terpenoids in this plant have significantly lagged behind. To comprehensively investigate monoterpene biosynthesis in A. annua, we analyzed monoterpenes across its different tissues using optimized extraction and chromatographic conditions developed to enhance sensitivity and resolution in our GC-MS-based analytical method. In A. annua, 31 monoterpenoid compounds were identified. Subsequently, eight candidate monoterpene synthases (mTPS) were characterized in Escherichia coli, confirming their catalytic activity in converting geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) into distinct monoterpene products. Subcellular localization revealed these TPSs in chloroplasts, consistent with the widely reported chloroplast localization of TPS enzymes. These enzymes were functionally defined as monoterpenoid synthases, collectively responsible for synthesizing 18 monoterpenoid metabolites. Notably, AaTPS13, AaTPS19, and AaTPS20 exhibited substantial product promiscuity. Critically, the AaTPS19 was identified as the first known terpene synthase producing 2-pinanol. These findings systematically elucidate the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids in A. annua and provide key enzymatic elements for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology applications in monoterpenoid production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Secondary Metabolism and Its Applications in Horticulture)

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17 pages, 14148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Pollination and Fertilization Mechanisms of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdanbai’

by Zhen Li, Chi Xu, Cancan Gu, Shengxin Wang, Wei Li, Xiaolei Jiang, Wanqiu Zhang and Qing Hao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091082 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

Tree peony (Paeonia ostii) is widely cultivated in China as a traditional medicine and a new high-quality woody oil crop. Enhancing seed yield has become a primary breeding objective in the industrial development of oil tree peonies. Pollination and successful fertilization [...] Read more.

Tree peony (Paeonia ostii) is widely cultivated in China as a traditional medicine and a new high-quality woody oil crop. Enhancing seed yield has become a primary breeding objective in the industrial development of oil tree peonies. Pollination and successful fertilization are essential for optimal seed yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pollination and fertilization in P. ostii remain unclear. In this study, comparative transcriptomic and genetic analyses were conducted to investigate the pistils under different pollination periods of P. ostii ‘Fengdanbai’. Compared with pre-pollination, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from pistils 48 h after pollination, when most of the pollen tubes had reached the bottom of the style. Functional annotation indicated that these DEGs were involved in hormone signaling and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Transcription factors and receptor-like kinases play a key role in pollen development, pollen tube growth, and carpel development. Key DEGs (PoUNE10 and PoLIM1) influenced pollination and fertilization and were characterized. Phylogenetic, promoter, and co-expression analyses suggest that they may affect plant pollination, fertilization, and seed yield through pathways such as hormone signaling and photosynthesis in P. ostii ‘Fengdanbai’. Our findings illustrate the molecular changes after pollination and fertilization in P. ostii ‘Fengdanbai’ and provide the molecular characterization of two key genes. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pollination and fertilization in tree peony and suggest potential candidate genes for molecular breeding aimed at improving seed yield in the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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21 pages, 13751 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Biofertilization by Marine Streptomyces sp. and Leonardite Enhances Yield and Heatwave Resilience in Tomato Plants

by Amayaly Becerril-Espinosa, Ahtziri G. Lomeli-Mancilla, Paulina Beatriz Gutiérrez-Martínez, Blanca Catalina Ramírez-Hernández, Jesús Emilio Michel-Morfín, Ildefonso Enciso-Padilla, Rodrigo Perez-Ramirez, Francisco Javier Choix-Ley, Marcela Mariel Maldonado-Villegas, Eduardo Juarez-Carrillo, Asdrubal Burgos and Héctor Ocampo-Alvarez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091081 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Humic substances and beneficial microorganisms are key biostimulants for sustainable agriculture and global food security in the face of climate change. Marine bacteria are emerging as a promising source of plant-beneficial microbes, tapping into a microbial diversity as immense as the oceans themselves. [...] Read more.

Humic substances and beneficial microorganisms are key biostimulants for sustainable agriculture and global food security in the face of climate change. Marine bacteria are emerging as a promising source of plant-beneficial microbes, tapping into a microbial diversity as immense as the oceans themselves. However, their potential, limitations, and mechanisms of action––especially in combination with other biostimulants––remain largely unexplored. In this study, we isolated the Streptomyces sp. LAP3 strain from the giant limpet Scutellastra mexicana. We evaluated the efficacy of the marine bacterium, applied alone or in combination with the humic product Leonardite hydrolate (L), in enhancing tomato performance under field conditions. Treatments included: (1) marine Streptomyces (MS), (2) Leonardite hydrolate (L), (3) both biostimulants (MS + L), and (4) a control (CTRL). We assessed growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant responses, and fruit yield and quality. Both biostimulants individually improved plant performance, but their combination had a significant synergistic effect, markedly boosting tomato productivity, thermotolerance, and resilience during a heatwave. Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity were associated with improved agronomic traits. These results highlight the potential of combining Streptomyces sp. LAP3 and Leonardite hydrolate as an eco-friendly strategy to increase crop productivity, strengthen stress resilience, promote sustainable agriculture, and reduce reliance on agrochemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 28817 KB

Open AccessArticle

Projected Shifts in Colombian Sweet Potato Germplasm Under Climate Change

by Felipe López-Hernández, Maria Gladis Rosero-Alpala, Amparo Rosero and Andrés J. Cortés

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091080 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Extreme climate events—such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts—are increasingly affecting ecosystems, with the global average temperature projected to rise by up to 3 °C (IPCC, 2023) due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These changes pose critical challenges to food security, as evidenced by [...] Read more.

Extreme climate events—such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts—are increasingly affecting ecosystems, with the global average temperature projected to rise by up to 3 °C (IPCC, 2023) due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These changes pose critical challenges to food security, as evidenced by 733 million people facing hunger in 2024. In response, crop modeling considering different climate change scenarios has become a valuable tool to guide the development of climate-resilient agricultural strategies. Despite its nutritional importance and capacity to thrive across diverse environments, Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) remains understudied in terms of potential spatial distribution forecasting, particularly in regions of high agrobiodiversity such as northwestern South America. Therefore, in this study we modeled the projected distribution of wild and landrace sweet potato genepools in the northern Andes under four future timeframes using seven machine learning algorithms. Our results predicted a 50% reduction in the climatically suitable range for the wild genepool by 2081, coupled with an average altitudinal shift from 1537 to 2216 m above sea level (a.s.l.). For landraces, a 36% reduction was projected by 2080, with a shift from 62 to 1995 m a.s.l. By the end of the century, suitable zones for both wild and cultivated genepools are expected to converge in high-altitude regions such as the Colombian Massif, with additional remnants of wild populations near the mountain range of Farallones de Cali. This modeling approach provides essential insights into the spatial dynamics of I. batatas under climate change, highlighting the need for ex situ conservation planning in vulnerable regions as well as assisted migration to more suitable areas. Future research should integrate edaphic and biotic interaction data to better approach the realized niche of the species and understand potential responses under a niche conservatism assumption, as well as genomic data to account for the species’ intrinsic adaptative potential, overall informing conservation, germplasm mobilization, and pre-breeding strategies that may ultimately secure the role of sweet potato in resilient food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights to Optimize Sweet Potato Production and Transformation)

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15 pages, 23303 KB

Open AccessArticle

BSA-Seq-Based Discovery of Functional InDel Markers for Seed Size Selection in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

by Tingting Yan, Yutong Ju, Zhe Chen, Mingchao Yang, Xianghe Wang, Lin Wang, Yiwei Zhou and Fuchu Hu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091079 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

As a globally significant fruit crop, litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) exhibits substantial variation in seed size, which is a key determinant of fruit quality. However, the lack of molecular markers closely associated with seed-related traits has hindered targeted breeding efforts. In this [...] Read more.

As a globally significant fruit crop, litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) exhibits substantial variation in seed size, which is a key determinant of fruit quality. However, the lack of molecular markers closely associated with seed-related traits has hindered targeted breeding efforts. In this study, we systematically evaluated six critical traits—single fruit weight, seed weight, seed length, seed width, edible rate, and seed-to-fruit weight ratio—across 131 early-maturing litchi accessions. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear bifurcation of these accessions into two distinct groups based on seed size-related traits. Using bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), we identified a candidate genomic region (24.93–25.69 Mb) on chromosome 5, potentially regulating litchi seed size. Within this region, 1600 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 314 insertion/deletion mutations (InDels) exhibited significant divergences between the extreme pools. To validate these findings, we performed PCR-based screening on 87 litchi accessions. Two InDel markers demonstrated strong phenotypic associations: Chr5_25610680_InDel showed highly significant correlations with seed weight, edible rate, seed length, seed width, and seed-to-fruit weight ratio, explaining 22.60–35.54% of phenotypic variation. Meanwhile, Chr5_25585686_InDel was significantly associated with seed weight and edible rate, accounting for 18.66% and 18.94% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. These findings provide valuable molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding of litchi seed size, offering a promising avenue to advance precision breeding in this economically important crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects in Germplasm of Tropical Fruits)

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14 pages, 2759 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity Analysis in Natural Chinese Holly Using ISSR and SCoT Markers

by Meng Liu, Huixue He, Baoxin Zhang, Jianfang Zuo, Wona Ding, Bingsong Zheng, Jiejie Jiao and Xiaofei Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091078 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Chinese holly (Ilex chinensis Sims.), an evergreen tree species native to China, is distributed mainly in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huai River. This research aimed to characterize the molecular profiles and genetic relationships of 40 Chinese holly genotypes [...] Read more.

The Chinese holly (Ilex chinensis Sims.), an evergreen tree species native to China, is distributed mainly in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huai River. This research aimed to characterize the molecular profiles and genetic relationships of 40 Chinese holly genotypes via inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers. Genetic diversity analysis revealed that the ISSR markers detected 111 polymorphic bands from 13 primers, with a polymorphism rate of 88.10%. The analysis generated parameters such as the observed allele number (Na = 1.876), effective allele number (Ne = 1.461), Shannon’s information index (I = 0.271), and expected heterozygosity (H = 0.411). In comparison, the SCoT markers produced 65 polymorphic bands from the 6 primers, resulting in a 100% polymorphism rate, with Na = 2.000, Ne = 1.695, I = 0.393, and H = 0.575. Cluster analysis classified the 40 genotypes into two main clusters with genetic similarity coefficients of 0.69 (ISSR) and 0.55 (SCoT). The ISSR markers presented the greatest similarity between the ZSS and ZLS genotypes, whereas the ZZDH and ZWW genotypes presented lower similarity. Conversely, the SCoT markers identified ZZP and ZJDS as the most similar, with ZLJ and ZHX showing less similarity. These results provide a theoretical basis for hybrid breeding, germplasm innovation, and conservation strategies of Chinese holly in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cultivation and Breeding of Woody Plants)

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Open AccessArticle

Mapping of Leaf Pigments in Lettuce via Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning

by João Vitor Ferreira Gonçalves, Renan Falcioni, Thiago Rutz, Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro da Silva, Renato Herrig Furlanetto, Luís Guilherme Teixeira Crusiol, Karym Mayara de Oliveira, Caio Almeida de Oliveira, Nicole Ghinzelli Vedana, José Alexandre Melo Demattê and Marcos Rafael Nanni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091077 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The nutritional and commercial value of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is determined by its foliar pigment and phenolic composition, which varies among cultivars. This study aimed to assess the capacity of hyperspectral and applied multispectral imaging, combined with machine learning algorithms, to [...] Read more.

The nutritional and commercial value of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is determined by its foliar pigment and phenolic composition, which varies among cultivars. This study aimed to assess the capacity of hyperspectral and applied multispectral imaging, combined with machine learning algorithms, to predict and map key biochemical traits, such as chloroplastidic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and extrachloroplastidic pigments (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds). Eleven cultivars exhibiting contrasting pigmentation profiles were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, and their chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and total phenolic contents were evaluated. Spectral reflectance data were acquired via a Headwall hyperspectral sensor and a MicaSense multispectral sensor, and the pigment contents were quantified via solvent extraction and a UV microplate reader. We developed predictive models via seven machine learning approaches, with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest (RF) emerging as the most robust algorithms for pigment estimation. Chlorophyll a and b are highly and positively correlated (r > 0.9), which is consistent with their hyperspectral reflectance imaging results. The hyperspectral data consistently outperformed the multispectral data in terms of predictive accuracy (e.g., R² = 0.91 and 0.76 for anthocyanins and flavonoids via RF) and phenolic compounds with R² = 0.79, capturing subtle spectral features linked to biochemical variation. Spatial maps revealed strong genotype-dependent heterogeneity in pigment and phenolic distributions, supporting the potential of this approach for cultivar discrimination and pigment phenotyping. These findings demonstrate that hyperspectral imaging integrated with data-driven modelling offers a powerful, nondestructive framework for the biochemical monitoring of leafy vegetables, supporting breeding, precision agriculture, and food quality assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 111 articles

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