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Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing concern worldwide. The common etiological factors include infection, alcohol abuse, exposure to hepatotoxic drugs, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic diseases. The chronic liver disease progresses to liver ci...

Gallbladder diseases are very common, and their diagnosis is based on clinical–laboratory evaluation and imaging techniques. Considering the different imaging diagnostic tools, ultrasound (US) has the advantage of high accuracy combined with ea...

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) ranges from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and may lead to liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of numerical grading MASLD using no...

Amidst the obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) stand out as a promising therapeutic ally, achieving notable success in glycemic control and weight management. While GLP-1RAs&rsq...

Ascites is a common syndrome characterized by an excess of fluid in the peritoneum. While cirrhosis is the most common cause, a wide range of other conditions—such as cancer, right heart failure, and tuberculosis—can also lead to ascites,...

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the gut–brain axis with pronounced adverse effects on physical health, psychological health, and overall quality of life. Diagnostic strategies can vary, highlighting a need to synthesize best-pra...

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and have been exploited for centuries to generate primary and secondary metabolites essential for human welfare and environmental sustainability. Microorganisms occupy a prominent position in the industrial sector due to...

Foreign bodies in the digestive tract represent a frequent pathology for the emergency service. Foreign bodies are represented by impacted food bolus or voluntarily and involuntarily swallowed objects. Involuntary swallowing of objects occurs most fr...

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated condition triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. The global prevalence of celiac disease is significant, affecting approximately 1.4% of women and 0.7% of men, with incidence rates o...

The overall prevalence of hyponatremia in cirrhotics is around 50%. Hypovolemic hyponatremia is a result of excessive fluid loss caused mostly by diuretic treatment or diarrhea. More common is hypervolemic hyponatremia, which results from excessive a...

Hematological abnormalities are frequently linked to chronic liver disease of any etiology. About 75% of patients with advanced chronic liver disease experience anemia. The causes of anemia are complex and multifactorial, particularly in cirrhotic pa...

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are used for hormonal replacement therapy in cases of male hypogonadism and for a few other medical conditions, mainly anemias, as well as for the female-to-male transition process. At t...

Liver masses are routinely evaluated using ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI may be used for further investigation in cases with atypical findings and difficult diagnoses. Hepatocellular carcino...

The pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis has recently evolved as new findings demonstrate a complex mechanism operating through various pathways. In this review, the current evidence indicating that several mechanisms act in concert to indu...

Mucosal immunity and trained innate immunity of the gut play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defending against microbial pathogens. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity and the concep...

The quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD) is crucial and carries significant consequences for patient outcomes, the employment of healthcare resources, and the future course of gastroenterology as a medical specialty. In this review, we n...

Obesity in adolescents is associated with non-communicable risk factors and diseases like metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. L-citrulline is a non-protein amino acid that has show...

Background: Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a critical complication of portal hypertension, contributing significantly to mortality worldwide. Pharmacological interventions, including terlipressin and octreotide, have evolved to manage AVB, yet cons...

The gut microbiota interacts with the host’s immune function, and evidence supports a relationship between the gut microbiota and age-related disease. Consumption of herbs and spices, which contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, is as...

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a significant entrance or interaction site for SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the gut mucosal immune system participates in virus interaction as a first-line physical and immunological defense, leading to GI involvement...

Background/Objective: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial and affects an increasing number of people. It is a common condition in which the stomach contents move up into the esophagus; thus, its main cause is found in the antiref...

Multiple gastric polyps are observed in various polyposis syndromes and conditions associated with polypoid lesion development in the stomach. Polyposis syndromes often occur concurrently with specific malignant tumors and can manifest at any point i...

Primary colorectal signet-ring-cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum (PSRCCR) is an extremely rare subtype of mucinous adenocarcinoma with a reported rate of less than 1%. This low rate is mainly because it is generally diagnosed at advanced stages....

Background/Objectives: Thalassemia, a hereditary blood disorder, leads to reduced hemoglobin levels, impairing oxygen transport and negatively impacting patient health. Recent research suggests a possible association between thalassemia and gastroint...

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of HCV remains high (around 1.5 million new patients every year), and 80% of patients with acute infection will progress to chronic hepatitis and develop cirrhosis and even liver cancer....

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) stands as a rare genetic contributor to cholestasis, aligning itself within the spectrum of inherited intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) an...

Introduction. The aetiology for the recent increase in pancreatic cancer incidence (PCI) in the US is unknown. This paper provides an epidemiological investigation of the exponential increase in PCI in young people aged 15–34 years, particularl...

The bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis, plays a crucial role in health and disease. This review explores the mechanisms underlying gut–brain interaction disorders and highlights...

Helicobacter pylori is a primary cause of several gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. Unfortunately, standard treatments are increasingly failing due to rising antimicrobial resistance, particularly to clarithro...

Numerous clinical studies published in the Chinese language support the use of Medilac-S (Bacillus subtilis R0179 and Enterococcus faecium R0026; non-commercial name IBacilluS+) as an adjuvant in various indications, including ulcerative colitis, irr...

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implicates several interconnecting factors. Immunity and external factors interact, and most aspects are still under investigation. Autophagy and apoptosis are two critical pathways that decide the...

Introduction: High-quality colonoscopy is influenced by several factors, with the adenoma detection rate (ADR) being one of the most studied indicators. A strong inverse relationship exists between ADR and the risk of developing post-colonoscopy colo...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD is a complex pathology, considered to be the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is supposed to become the main indication for liver...

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a frequent and potentially life-threatening clinical condition. Over the past two decades, several prognostic scoring systems have been developed to stratify risk and guide the management of patients with LGI...

Mast cells have vital functions in allergic responses and parasite ejection, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Meanwhile, MCs are essential for the maintenance of GI barrier function, and their interactions with neurons, immune cells, a...

Background: Vonoprazan-based triple therapy has recently been reported as being more effective than proton pump inhibitors for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), but it is apparent that the eradication rate could be further improved....

Background and Objectives: Glucose metabolism alterations are very common in solid pancreatic lesions, particularly in pancreatic cancer. Similarly, diabetes and especially new-onset diabetes (NOD) have been associated with the malignant transformati...

Background: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage, caused by acute esophageal variceal bleeding, is a common complication and a leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, predicting the risk in order to employ an active management...

Despite the fact that gastric syphilis is considered rare, it is reported as a type of organic involvement that is present in a large proportion of secondary syphilis cases, even though gastritis presenting with symptoms is extremely rare. Clinical,...

Hepatorenal syndrome stands as one of several potential triggers of acute kidney injury in individuals grappling with either acute or persistent liver ailments. The nature of the decline in kidney function has led to the identification of two variant...

Background and Aims: Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is a common cause of hospitalizations, with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) being the mainstay treatment. However, there is a lack of high-level evidence to show if adjunctive m...

GI endoscopy forms an important part in the daily practice of a gastroenterologist. Musculoskeletal injuries related to GI endoscopy are on the rise. Observational studies and surveys depict the importance of a proper ergonomic environment when perfo...

The development of perianal fistulas leads to a significant decrease in the quality of patients’ lives. The onset of this condition is dependent on many factors, including inflammation or trauma. In the occurrence of Crohn’s disease-assoc...

The management of antithrombotic agents in patients undergoing urgent gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy presents a common and complex clinical challenge. The use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapies, especially in older patients with significan...

The consequences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children are connected to possible detrimental impacts on growth, development, psychosocial function, and general well-being. Therefore, the primary management plan in pediatric IBD is to achiev...

The esophagus, traditionally viewed as a sterile conduit, is now recognized as a dynamic habitat for diverse microbial communities. The emerging evidence suggests that the esophageal microbiota plays an important role in maintaining esophageal health...

Introduction: Hepatitis B is the most prevalent virus that causes severe liver infection worldwide. According to the current guidelines, the HBV viral load and other factors can help in treatment decisions. Therefore, the present study explores the r...

Background/Objectives: It remains inconclusive whether or not smoking is associated with an increased risk of fatty liver disease (FLD). We investigated the association between smoking and the risk of FLD by using a meta-analysis of cohort studies. M...

The process of development, recurrence, and exacerbation of the inflammatory process depends on the cytokine levels in IBD. For that reason, many cytokine therapies have been developed for treating IBD patients. Researchers employ various techniques...

Introduction. Biliary obstruction is a common manifestation of biliopancreatic malignancies, and its relief is an essential part of the treatment algorithm. Currently, there are three techniques to manage malignant biliary obstruction—endoscopi...