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Review

Enhancing the Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Current Indicators and Future Trends

by
Caesar Ferrari
1 and
Micheal Tadros
2,*
1
MD Program, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
2
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15(1), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010001
Submission received: 1 December 2023 / Accepted: 14 December 2023 / Published: 24 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Disease)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD) is crucial and carries significant consequences for patient outcomes, the employment of healthcare resources, and the future course of gastroenterology as a medical specialty. In this review, we navigate through the terrain of the Quality Indicators (QIs) for EGD, shedding light on their indispensable function in ensuring and augmenting the quality of patient care throughout the pre-procedural, intra-procedural, post-procedural, and outcome-oriented facets of the practice. We delve into the comprehensive scope of the QIs and the challenges impeding the delivery of high-quality EGD, from variability in practitioner training and patient compliance to the systemic limitations of current QIs and the barriers hindering the adoption of advanced techniques. Future directions for bolstering the quality of EGD are highlighted, encapsulating the integration of emergent endoscopic technologies, the evolution of patient-centered metrics, the refinement of endoscopist training and credentialing processes, and the promise held by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Particular emphasis is placed on the role of advanced endoscopic techniques and equipment in enhancing EGD quality. This article presents a cogent narrative, promoting the pursuit of excellence in EGD as an ever-evolving endeavor that necessitates the collective dedication of clinicians, researchers, educators, and policymakers.

1. Introduction

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or EGD, is essential for diagnosing and managing ailments of the upper gastrointestinal tract [1,2]. Despite its importance, pronounced variability exists in EGD examinations due to operator proficiency, impacting patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency [3]. Even with guidelines for standardized endoscopic protocols, inconsistent adherence remains a concern [4]. Notably, there is no globally accepted systematic examination protocol for EGD, leading to false-negative rates between 10% and 20% [1,4,5]. Especially significant for high-risk gastric cancer patients, EGD’s practice standardization becomes paramount [6,7].
Unlike colonoscopy, EGD lacks distinct Quality Indicators (QIs), making detecting subtle changes in gastric mucosa challenging [8,9,10]. Subpar EGD practices result in misdiagnoses, increased healthcare expenses, and potential complications [11]. In this review, we examine the importance of the QIs for EGD across various dimensions, acknowledging the role of emerging technologies, patient metrics, endoscopist training, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in elevating the practice. We advocate for EGD excellence through dedication, aiming for improved patient outcomes and healthcare standards.

2. EGD Procedure: A Landmark-Driven Examination

The Technique: An EGD employs an endoscope, a flexible tube with an attached camera and light, allowing visualization of the internal surfaces of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Preparation and Sedation: Fasting is mandated for several hours before the procedure. Mild sedatives are often administered for patient comfort and to suppress natural gag reflexes [12,13,14].
Landmark Exploration (Figure 1) [15]:
⮚
Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES): As the endoscope enters the esophagus, the first landmark encountered is the UES. This muscular ring divides the pharynx from the esophagus and acts as a valve, ensuring a unidirectional flow of ingested contents.
⮚
Z-line: Moving distally, the endoscope will visualize the “Z-line” or “squamocolumnar junction.” This zone demarcates the junction between the esophagus’s squamous epithelium and the stomach’s columnar epithelium. The appearance and location of the Z-line can offer insights into conditions like Barrett’s esophagus.
⮚
Cardia: As the endoscope progresses into the stomach, the cardia is encountered, a small area surrounding the esophagogastric junction.
⮚
Body of the Stomach: The main, central region of the stomach is examined next, noting the appearance of the gastric folds and assessing for abnormalities like ulcers or masses.
⮚
Angularis Incisure: A notable bend in the stomach’s structure, this landmark can be a reference for the division between the body of the stomach and the antrum.
⮚
Antrum: This portion of the stomach is closer to the pyloric canal and is essential to assess as it is a common site for peptic ulcers.
⮚
Pyloric Canal and Pyloric Ring: The distal stomach section leading into the duodenum. It acts as a valve to regulate the release of gastric contents into the duodenum.
⮚
Duodenal Bulb: The first part of the duodenum, immediately after the pylorus. It is a common site to inspect for ulcers, especially in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.
⮚
Descending (Second) Part of the Duodenum: The endoscope can typically be advanced a short distance beyond the bulb to visualize this segment. The presence of the ampulla of Vater, the joint opening for the bile and pancreatic ducts, can be identified in this region.
Post-Procedural Care: Once the procedure concludes, patients are monitored until the sedative effects dissipate. Mild symptoms such as a sore throat or bloating are commonplace but usually transient. Activities requiring keen attention are generally discouraged for 24 h post-EGD due to potential sedation after-effects.
Potential Risks: Though largely safe, the procedure can sometimes lead to minor discomfort in the throat or bloating. On rare occasions, complications like GI tract perforation or adverse reactions to sedation can occur, necessitating swift medical attention [16].

3. Best Practice Guidelines for High-Quality EGD: Guidelines from Leading Medical Societies

Numerous esteemed medical societies, including the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/American College of Gastroenterology (ASGE/ACG), the Asian Consensus, the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), have issued extensive guidelines outlining the finest methodologies for conducting a high-caliber EGD [17,18,19,20]. It is incumbent upon practicing endoscopists to remain current with these guidelines and incorporate the recommended practices into their routine clinical work. The convergence of insights from these reputable organizations is a cornerstone for establishing best practices in EGD procedures. However, beyond mere adherence to guidelines, endoscopists are tasked with the vital responsibility of translating these recommendations into tangible actions within their everyday clinical practice. To facilitate a holistic understanding of the intricate nuances involved in achieving the highest standards of quality, Table 1 offers an in-depth comparison of the pre-procedural, intra-procedural, and post-procedural QIs as outlined by these key organizations. This comprehensive analysis not only underscores the convergence of these societies on critical aspects but also highlights potential variations and distinctive perspectives that can enrich the decision-making process for endoscopists, promoting optimal patient outcomes and contributing to the continuous advancement of upper endoscopic practices.

4. QIs for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

In the realm of EGD, QIs play an indispensable role as measurable benchmarks pivotal to evaluating healthcare delivery processes and outcomes. Serving as a yardstick for assessing excellence, QIs pinpoint opportunities for quality enhancement, monitor the impacts of changes, and guarantee the delivery of superlative patient care.

4.1. Fundamental Elements of High-Quality EGD: Patient Selection, Patient Preparation, Procedure, Follow-Up

Achieving a high-quality EGD begins with appropriate patient selection and extends beyond the procedure to include adequate follow-up [24].
  • Patient Selection: A judicious evaluation of the patient’s symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and, where appropriate, non-invasive tests are critical in deciding when EGD is indicated.
  • Patient Preparation: Effective communication with the patient about the purpose, process, and potential risks of the procedure, in addition to providing clear instructions for pre-procedure fasting and medication management, is essential to minimize the risk and maximize the diagnostic or therapeutic yield.
  • Procedure: The endoscopist should adhere to established procedural guidelines, which include a systematic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract, adequate documentation of findings, taking biopsies when indicated, and performing therapeutic interventions safely and effectively.
  • Follow-Up: Post-procedure care includes monitoring for complications, communicating findings to the patient and their primary care provider, arranging for pathological evaluation of biopsies, and scheduling appropriate follow-up based on the results of the EGD.

4.2. Pre-Procedural QIs

Before executing the EGD procedure, myriad indicators are crucial in determining and ensuring procedural quality. Foremost among these is the justification for the EGD. It is vital that the procedure adheres strictly to accepted indications and established clinical guidelines, as emphasized by organizations such as the ASGE/ACG [21]. Equally significant is the role of informed consent. Comprehensive informed consent involves a thorough discussion of the procedure’s risks, benefits, and alternatives. The ASGE/ACG, BSG/AUGIS, and ESGE highlight this fundamental aspect [1,22,23,25]. This aligns seamlessly with the age-old practice of accurately documenting a patient’s medical history and emphasizes the importance of effective communication with the patient.
Fasting conventions have evolved. Historically, patients fasted for between four and six hours before endoscopy. However, recent BSG/AUGIS and ESGE guidelines highlight that while solids require a minimum fasting duration of six hours, clear liquids can be consumed up to two hours before the procedure. This modern approach alleviates patient discomfort and anxiety without increasing the risk of regurgitating gastric contents. Furthermore, the ESGE underlines the importance of reporting on stomach contents and water jet usage to better gauge gastric preparation [1].
The use of premedication has been spotlighted in the recent literature, demonstrating its role in enhancing visualization. Agents like simethicone, N-acetylcysteine, and pronase significantly improve visibility during the procedure, with pronase, in particular, having added benefits during biopsy due to reducing mucus thickness and biopsy depth, thereby refining diagnostic evaluations [26,27,28].
Prophylactic measures, as the ASGE/ACG recommends, play an instrumental role in preventing potential complications. These include prescribing prophylactic antibiotics in particular situations, such as cirrhosis and PEG tube placements, and utilizing proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for suspected ulcer bleeding and vasoactive drugs for anticipated variceal bleeding [29,30,31].
Furthermore, the Asian Consensus guidelines accentuate risk stratification. It is essential to identify high-risk patients for UGI cancers and to maintain a lower biopsy threshold for suspicious lesions, especially in the context of high-risk factors such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma [22].
Another essential facet of procedural quality is the competency of the endoscopist. The BSG/AUGIS stresses the importance of continuous professional development, adequate experience, especially in high-risk populations, meeting benchmarks like the JAG/JET accreditation, and performing a specified number of procedures annually [23].
Lastly, the choice of sedation is pivotal. While the debate on the optimal sedation regimen remains, evidence suggests that patient satisfaction is markedly improved among those who receive sedation [13]. Specifically, propofol has been shown to lead to a more comprehensive inspection during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), yielding a superior-quality examination [14].

4.3. Intra-Procedural QIs

During the technical execution of the EGD procedure, intra-procedural indicators take precedence in ascertaining optimal outcomes. A cornerstone of these indicators is the thoroughness of the examination. To thoroughly inspect the UGI tract, specific reference points need to be systematically assessed. The evaluation should initiate at the upper esophageal sphincter and extend to the second segment of the duodenum, covering areas such as the upper esophagus, gastro–esophageal junction, fundus, stomach’s main body, incisura, antrum, duodenal bulb, and the end of the duodenum. Using a J-maneuver, the fundus should be observed in every individual. Additionally, the diaphragmatic constriction should be examined in cases with a hiatus hernia during retroflexion [23,32]. The ASGE/ACG and ESGE have accentuated the necessity of a comprehensive view from the esophagus to the duodenum [1,21].
The duration of the inspection has been spotlighted as a critical determinant of quality. While studies like those by Barclay et al. highlighted a mean withdrawal time of six minutes for colonoscopies, the recommendations across the Asian Consensus, BSG/AUGIS, and ESGE guidelines recommend an optimal EGD duration of 7–8 min. Extended durations might be required in certain instances, such as Barrett’s surveillance. Extended EGD durations have correlated with enhanced detection rates of premalignant and neoplastic lesions [33,34,35].
Technological advancements have further elevated the standard of intra-procedural indicators. The Asian Consensus guidelines enumerate the value of imaging enhancement equipment (IEE) types, encompassing narrow band imaging (NBI), flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE), blue laser/light imaging (BLI), i-SCAN, and optical enhancement [22,36]. Concurrently, the BSG/AUGIS accentuates the significance of leveraging high-definition video endoscopy systems for excellent imaging and biopsies. Enhanced detection techniques such as iodine chromoendoscopy, NBI, and magnifying NBI were spotlighted for their potency in improving the detection accuracy for conditions ranging from esophageal SCC to EGC [37,38,39].
An understanding of the biopsy protocols is critical to refine the quality of EGD further. As such, we propose the introduction of Table 2, which outlines a comprehensive overview of the biopsy protocols for various gastrointestinal conditions. This table, informed by current guidelines and the literature, provides a succinct yet detailed guide for performing biopsies within the EGD procedure, ensuring adherence to best practices and enhancing diagnostic accuracy.
The biopsy technique and the number of samples retrieved are critical for an accurate pathological diagnosis in assessing gastric ulcers. A study emphasized the importance of multiple biopsies, recommending at least four to six pieces from various ulcer sites, as single biopsies often result in “pseudo-negative” outcomes, potentially delaying diagnosis and treatment [44]. Consensus guidelines from gastroenterological societies, like the ASGE, corroborate the necessity of multiple biopsies to differentiate between benign and malignant ulcers, especially considering the potential for carcinoma in the background of a benign-appearing gastric ulcer. Moreover, literature reviews suggest a minimum of seven to eight biopsies to significantly decrease the false-negative rate for detecting gastric malignancies. These findings align with expert opinions and meta-analyses that indicate a higher biopsy count leads to an improved diagnostic yield for gastric malignancies. Considering the current evidence and expert recommendations, we propose a standardized protocol for biopsy in gastric ulcers, advocating for a minimum of six biopsies optimally distributed between the antrum and body of the stomach, encompassing the ulcer margins and base. This protocol is designed to increase the likelihood of detecting malignancy and ensure a more reliable diagnostic pathway.
The fidelity of characterization and adherence to biopsy protocols are indispensable. The ASGE/ACG and Asian Consensus guidelines underscore the essence of practices like gastric ulcer biopsies to ascertain malignancy, measuring Barrett’s esophagus (BE) length, and conducting a biopsy for suspected BE cases [45,46]. The ASGE/ACG further insists on documenting primary hemostasis achievements and deploying a secondary treatment modality for bleeding ulcers following epinephrine injections [47,48,49].
Maintaining the clarity of visualization remains pivotal. The BSG/AUGIS advocates employing tools like water jets, mucolytics, and defoaming agents for enhanced mucosal cleansing [50,51,52]. Such clear views are foundational for excluding early UGI lesions, which aligns with the ESGE’s emphasis on superior-quality reporting and photo-documentation, necessitating at least 10 pictures even for standard exams. These images should cover the following areas: the beginning of the esophagus, its end, the Z-line paired with the diaphragm’s impression, the cardia and fundus when inverted, the body of the stomach with a focus on the lesser curvature from a straightforward perspective, a retroflexed view of the stomach body highlighting the greater curvature, a semi-inverted view of the angulus, the antrum, the initial section of the duodenum, and its subsequent segment [1].
Recent developments in ulcer bleeding and treatment necessitate comprehensive treatment approaches integrating pharmacological and endoscopic interventions. This includes using proton pump inhibitors and endoscopic techniques such as clipping and hemospray, which have effectively managed gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly from ulcers. Alongside this, the Forrest classification system is essential for classifying peptic ulcers based on the risk of rebleeding, guiding clinicians in therapeutic decisions. By categorizing ulcers from low to high risk, this system plays a pivotal role in determining the urgency and nature of the interventions required. These advanced strategies, combined with the enhanced understanding and application of biopsy protocols, provide a more robust framework for managing gastric ulcers and associated complications [53,54,55].
Different hemostatic protocols are tailored based on the variceal type—esophageal or gastric—and the severity of the bleeding in managing variceal hemorrhage. For esophageal varices, Endoscopic Variceal Ligation (EVL) is preferred for its efficacy in achieving hemostasis, lower complication rates, and reduced early rebleeding risk compared to sclerotherapy. Esophageal varices, the most common type of gastrointestinal varices, present a notable risk of bleeding, particularly in more severe cases (Child–Pugh class B and C). The EVL technique involves placing bands on the varices during endoscopy, effectively reducing the risk of hemorrhage. This method is favored over nonselective beta-blockers or the previously more commonly used Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) for primary prophylaxis. Screening for esophageal varices is recommended for patients newly diagnosed with cirrhosis, with subsequent monitoring depending on the size of the varices and the presence of liver injury or other cofactor diseases. EVL is typically performed in a series of treatments until the varices are eradicated, with follow-up endoscopy scheduled every 6–12 months [56]. In gastric varices, endoscopic cyanoacrylate glue injection is the first-line treatment, with TIPS reserved for cases of acute bleeding not controlled by endoscopic means [57,58].
In the context of variceal hemorrhage, promptness in terms of the intervention is paramount. Practice society guidelines advocate that endoscopic intervention for variceal bleeding should be executed as swiftly as possible, ideally within 12 h from patient presentation. This timely approach is crucial in managing the acute phase of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and optimizing patient outcomes. The rapid initiation of endoscopic treatment improves hemostasis and significantly reduces the risk of rebleeding and associated complications [57].
Prokinetic agents, particularly metoclopramide, have gained significance regarding pharmacological management during EGD. A meta-analysis investigating the impact of prokinetics in gastroscopy for patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding highlighted the efficacy of metoclopramide. When administered before endoscopy, this agent effectively decreased the need for repeat endoscopy in selected patients, particularly those with active bleeding likely to exhibit blood in the stomach. While metoclopramide did not significantly improve other clinical outcomes, such as endoscopic visualization, blood transfusions, hospitalization duration, or surgery, its role in enhancing gastric emptying and managing gastroesophageal reflux is noteworthy. This underscores its utility as an adjunctive pharmacological option in EGD procedures, improving procedural efficiency and potentially improving patient outcomes [59].
The benefits of sedation are universally acknowledged, including enhanced detection rates and increased patient satisfaction and cooperation. However, the Asian Consensus, BSG/AUGIS, and ESGE emphasize that its administration should be judiciously determined, considering age, comorbidities, and aspiration risks, while potentially incorporating a blend of IV sedation and local anesthetic throat sprays [1,12,22,23].

4.4. Post-Procedural QIs

Post-procedural QIs are indispensable in ensuring comprehensive patient management following EGD. At the core of these indicators lies the necessity for thorough and precise documentation of findings and recommendations. The BSG/AUGIS and ESGE underscore the need to encapsulate these insights into comprehensive reports, ensuring accessibility for both patients and their healthcare providers [1,23].
Seamless patient communication emerges as a pivotal theme in post-procedural care. This resonates across the guidelines by the ASGE/ACG, Asian Consensus, and ESGE, each accentuating the imperative of reaching out to patients post-EGD to document any untoward incidents meticulously. The ASGE/ACG emphasizes the evolution of robust systems capable of capturing both immediate and delayed adverse events, advocating for all-encompassing post-procedural surveillance [21].
In conjunction with patient communication, the BSG/AUGIS elaborates on the merit of routinely auditing post-procedural outcomes. Tracking metrics like complications, subsequent hospital readmissions, and even mortality rates can shed light on the effectiveness of the procedure and potential avenues for refinement. Moreover, to bolster patient adherence to post-EGD care and empower them with knowledge, it is crucial to provide written and verbal instructions after the procedure [23].
As we navigate the intricacies of biopsies and histological evaluations, timely and efficient communication emerges as a linchpin. Beyond the elemental importance of biopsy handling and swift review, as previously highlighted, the BSG/AUGIS delves deeper by emphasizing the need to review histology results garnered during EGDs promptly. Further accentuating this, they underscore the urgency of formulating adept pathways that facilitate the rapid escalation of detected malignant lesions, ensuring their swift incorporation into multidisciplinary discussions and consequent decisions.
Lastly, the ESGE introduces a technological dimension to post-procedural care, endorsing the deployment of software tools geared toward enhancing report generation. Such tools champion precision and clarity in documentation and fortify standardization processes [1]. Furthermore, in the context of surveillance, especially for conditions like Barrett’s esophagus, vigilant monitoring of dysplasia occurrences is paramount. This proactive approach paves the way for prompt detection and intervention, fine-tuning patient outcomes [60].
For a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the pre-, intra-, and post-procedural QIs, please refer to the QIs checklist chart provided (Table 3) and its visual representation in Figure 2 for a concise visualization.

4.5. Role of Advanced Endoscopic Techniques and Equipment

Emerging technology and innovative techniques have significantly contributed to enhancing EGD quality. High-definition endoscopes, image enhancement technologies like narrow-band imaging, and digital chromoendoscopy can improve the visualization of the mucosa, thereby increasing the detection of subtle lesions [61]. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) allows for detailed examination of the deeper layers of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent structures, which is invaluable in staging cancers and diagnosing submucosal lesions [62]. Recent advancements such as confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) further augment mucosal imaging, enabling early detection of malignancies. These technologies have benefited Barrett’s esophagus, where targeted biopsies guided by CLE have improved diagnostic accuracy [63].
Additionally, therapeutic techniques like endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have evolved, allowing for the precise and minimally invasive removal of early-stage tumors, a significant step forward from traditional surgical approaches [64]. While potentially offering improved outcomes, these advanced tools and techniques necessitate ongoing endoscopist education and training. It is crucial to stay up-to-date with annual recommendations from societies like the ASGE and ESGE, which incorporate these new techniques and their optimal timing into clinical practice [65].
AI has begun to revolutionize EGD, particularly in enhancing lesion detection and diagnosis. AI algorithms, including computer-assisted detection (CADe) for lesion detection and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) for optical biopsy and lesion characterization, offer unprecedented accuracy and efficiency in endoscopic procedures [66]. AI has demonstrated considerable efficiency in managing early gastric cancer (EGC) at different levels, from diagnosis to staging and automated lesion delineation. AI systems are also being employed to diagnose H. Pylori, showing high sensitivity and specificity, potentially reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies and providing real-time diagnoses [67].
The evolving landscape of EGD procedures, marked by integrating AI and advanced imaging techniques, underscores the importance of comprehensive training and continuous learning. A restructured approach to endoscopist training is essential for endoscopists to evolve with technological advancements and new educational methodologies. Modern training programs must incorporate modules on AI and other emerging technologies, focusing on their technical aspects and practical application in clinical settings. This includes understanding the strengths and limitations of AI in endoscopy, ethical considerations, and the interpretation of AI-assisted findings in the context of patient management [68].
Simulation-based training (SBT) has emerged as a critical component of teaching these advanced techniques. SBT allows for hands-on experience in a risk-free environment, enabling trainees to develop proficiency in using AI-assisted tools and interpreting complex imaging modalities. High-fidelity simulations, including virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, can replicate various endoscopic scenarios, from routine procedures to complex interventions [69]. Adaptive learning, another crucial element, personalizes the training experience, allowing trainees to focus on areas where they need the most improvement. This approach, often supported by AI algorithms, tailors the educational content and difficulty level based on individual performance, ensuring efficient skill development [70]. Furthermore, continuous education programs and workshops should be implemented, offering established endoscopists opportunities to update their skills and knowledge about the latest advancements. These programs could include case studies, interactive sessions, and peer discussions, promoting a culture of lifelong learning and adaptation to technological advancements [71].
Viewing the endoscopic procedure as a seamless part of the patient’s journey, commencing from the initial consultation and extending through follow-up, becomes paramount. Attaining high-quality EGD outcomes hinges not solely on the endoscopist’s technical expertise but also on embracing a holistic patient care approach that seamlessly integrates evolving best practices. A greater emphasis on patient-centered metrics is imperative, in line with evolving best practices. These metrics should encompass patient satisfaction, comfort during the procedure, and understanding of the process and outcomes. Tailoring EGD approaches to individual patient needs and preferences can significantly enhance patient experience and compliance.

5. Challenges in Ensuring High-Quality EGD

Despite the comprehensive guidelines and QIs for EGD, several challenges can impede the consistent delivery of high-quality care. These obstacles can occur at multiple levels, from individual practitioner variance to system-wide issues.

5.1. Variability in Practitioner Training and Technique

There is a substantial degree of variability in the training and experience of endoscopists, which can impact the quality of the EGD performed [72]. This extends from differences in detection rates for pathological lesions to variations in procedure times and complication rates. Continuous professional development and competency assessment are necessary to minimize this variability and improve overall quality [73,74].

5.2. Patient Compliance with Pre- and Post-Procedural Instructions

Patient non-adherence to pre-procedural instructions, encompassing dietary restrictions and medication adjustments, can significantly impact the quality of the EGD. Likewise, non-compliance with post-procedural guidelines may result in preventable complications. Effectual patient education and communication play a pivotal role in addressing this challenge, as highlighted in reference [75].

5.3. Limitations of Current QIs

While the existing QIs provide valuable metrics for assessing EGD quality, they have limitations. Most are process-oriented, measuring aspects of care delivery rather than patient outcomes. Additionally, collecting and analyzing QI data can be labor-intensive and may only sometimes reflect nuances in individual patient care.

5.4. Barriers to the Adoption of Advanced Techniques and Equipment

Despite the demonstrated value of advanced endoscopic techniques and technologies in improving EGD quality, their adoption is slow. This may be due to cost, lack of training, and the inertia of established practice patterns. Efforts are needed to facilitate the broader adoption of these advanced techniques, including cost-effectiveness analyses and targeted educational interventions [75,76].
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving endoscopist education and training, effective patient communication, critical evaluation, refinement of QIs, and promotion of advanced endoscopic techniques and technologies. High-quality EGD can be consistently delivered by addressing these challenges, leading to improved patient outcomes.

6. Future Directions for High-Quality EGD

The field of gastroenterology and endoscopy continues to evolve, driven by technological advances, shifts in healthcare policy, and a growing focus on patient-centered care. As we look forward, several areas stand out as future directions for improving the quality of EGD.

6.1. Technological Innovations and Developments

The continuous development of new endoscopic technologies offers exciting prospects for improving the quality of EGD. Products related to high-definition imaging, confocal laser endomicroscopy, and endocytoscopy enhance our ability to detect and classify gastrointestinal lesions. The further advancement and adoption of these technologies have the potential to substantially improve the diagnostic yield and therapeutic capabilities of EGD [76].

6.2. Training and Credentialing of Endoscopists

The need for rigorous and standardized training programs for endoscopists is increasingly recognized. Future training may emphasize mastery learning, where trainees must demonstrate competence in specific skills before progressing. Incorporating simulation-based training is another promising area [77,78,79]. Moreover, developing more robust credentialing processes will be paramount to ensure that endoscopists maintain high proficiency throughout their career [80].

6.3. Evolving QIs: From Procedure-Based to Patient-Centered Metrics

While the current QIs for EGD are predominantly procedure-based, there is a growing interest in developing patient-centered metrics. These might include measures of patient satisfaction, impact on quality of life, and shared decision-making. Incorporating these patient-centered metrics into the assessment of EGD quality represents an important future direction [81].

6.4. Role of AI in EGD

AI and machine learning technologies are emerging as powerful tools in endoscopy. These technologies can assist in real-time lesion detection, risk stratification, and predictive modeling. While still in its early stages, integrating AI into EGD represents a promising future research and development area [82,83].
The pursuit of high-quality EGD will persist as a dynamic and multifaceted journey. By fostering ongoing innovation, ensuring rigorous training, and embracing a patient-centered approach, we can confidently anticipate continuous enhancements in the quality and outcomes of EGD procedures.

7. Conclusions

Pursuing top-tier EGD procedures is paramount for optimal patient outcomes and the progression of gastroenterology. This review underscores the necessity of meticulous procedure execution, adherence to best practices, and diligent follow-up. While the current QIs are instrumental for practice improvement, refining these metrics to be more patient-centric and adaptive to the changing endoscopic landscape is vital. Overcoming challenges in EGD quality demands systematic efforts, including enhanced endoscopist education, patient outreach, and more nuanced QIs. The future of EGD is promising, with advancements in technology, training, patient-centered metrics, and AI aiming for superior detection and management of gastrointestinal diseases. Regardless of the potential hurdles and evolving paradigms, the enduring goal of EGD remains: to deliver safe, effective, and patient-focused care, necessitating the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders in the field.

Author Contributions

C.F. drafted the manuscript; M.T. made critical revisions to the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Gastroent 15 00001 g001
Figure 1. Sequential landmarks during EGD. Utilizing an endoscope to traverse the upper GI tract, this figure illustrates the key anatomic landmarks. Starting at the UES (1), the journey highlights the Z-line (2), indicative of the esophagus–stomach transition. This path proceeds through the Cardia (3), then the Body of the Stomach (4). The Angularis Incisure (5) serves as a notable bend before reaching the Antrum (6), adjacent to the Pyloric Canal and Ring (7). The exploration continues to the Duodenal Bulb (8) and slightly extends into the Descending Duodenum (9), showcasing the ampulla of Vater. This overview facilitates understanding a structured EGD exploration and its intrinsic significance.
Figure 1. Sequential landmarks during EGD. Utilizing an endoscope to traverse the upper GI tract, this figure illustrates the key anatomic landmarks. Starting at the UES (1), the journey highlights the Z-line (2), indicative of the esophagus–stomach transition. This path proceeds through the Cardia (3), then the Body of the Stomach (4). The Angularis Incisure (5) serves as a notable bend before reaching the Antrum (6), adjacent to the Pyloric Canal and Ring (7). The exploration continues to the Duodenal Bulb (8) and slightly extends into the Descending Duodenum (9), showcasing the ampulla of Vater. This overview facilitates understanding a structured EGD exploration and its intrinsic significance.
Gastroent 15 00001 g001
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Figure 2. Concise representation of the pre-procedural, intra-procedural, and post-procedural QIs for an EGD procedure. This visualization provides a quick reference for the measurable benchmarks crucial for assessing each EGD healthcare delivery process phase. For a detailed checklist of these indicators, refer to Table 3.
Figure 2. Concise representation of the pre-procedural, intra-procedural, and post-procedural QIs for an EGD procedure. This visualization provides a quick reference for the measurable benchmarks crucial for assessing each EGD healthcare delivery process phase. For a detailed checklist of these indicators, refer to Table 3.
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Table 1. Comparing EGD guidelines between the ASGE/ACG, Asian Consensus, BSG/AUGIS, and ESGE.
Table 1. Comparing EGD guidelines between the ASGE/ACG, Asian Consensus, BSG/AUGIS, and ESGE.
PRE-, INTRA-, AND POST- PROCEDURALCRITERIA/CATEGORYASGE/ACG [21]ASIAN CONSENSUS [22]BSG/AUGIS [23]ESGE [1]
PRE-PROCEDURALEGD IndicationsAccepted IndicationsRisk stratification for UGI cancers; High-risk factorsAdequate preparation, indications, fitness assessment, and consent-
Informed ConsentRisk discussion; proper documentationIdentification of high-risk patients for UGI cancersConsent; endoscopist competency: JAG/JET accreditation with a minimum of 100 procedures/yearProper instructions and informed consent
Prophylactic MeasuresAntibiotics for cirrhosis, PEG tube; PPI for suspected ulcer bleeding; vasoactive drugs for suspected variceal bleeding-Fasting protocol: 2 h for liquids, 6 h for solids; continuing professional development emphasizing lesion recognitionWater allowed until 2 h before procedure; safe fasting duration ≥6 h for solids
INTRA-PROCEDURALOrgan ExaminationComplete organ examination, including stomach retroflexionSedation enhances detection of superficial neoplasms; systematic endoscopic mapping for detection of UGI superficial neoplasms; longer OGD timesMidazolam use; optimal procedure time: 7–8 min; high-definition systems for improved images and biopsiesInclusion of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in inspection; inspection duration should be ≥7 min
Biopsy ProtocolGastric ulcer biopsy for malignancy; biopsy for suspected BE; adequate sample collectionSystematic photo-mapping; enhanced lesion recognition in high-risk and surveillance populationsPrague classification for Barrett’s lesions; Paris classification for lesion descriptionMinimum of 10 pictures for normal exam; use validated classifications for reporting
Clinical Documentation and VisualizationPrimary hemostasis; second treatment modality for bleeding ulcersIodine chromoendoscopy; NBI; indigo carmine chromoendoscopyPhoto mapping to enhance mucosal inspection; standardized terminology for reporting findingsVisualize major duodenal papilla; high-quality reporting with photo documentation
POST-PROCEDURALAdverse Event MonitoringContact patients to document adverse events after EGDContact patients to document adverse events after EGDAudit complications, readmissions, and mortality; review histology results from proceduresImplement software for reporting enhancement; monitor dysplasia incidence in Barrett’s surveillance
Patient Communication--Provide written and verbal post-EGD instructions; escalate malignant lesions promptly to multidisciplinary team meetingsContact patients to document adverse events after EGD
Table 2. Biopsy protocols for EGD.
Table 2. Biopsy protocols for EGD.
DiseaseBiopsy SiteNumber of BiopsiesMethod and ConsiderationsReference
Barrett’s EsophagusEsophagus above the GEJEvery 1–2 cm in quadrantsSeattle protocol for quadrants; targeted biopsies of visible lesions; consider advanced imaging like NBI for identification of dysplastic areas; surveillance based on degree of dysplasia[40,41]
Celiac
Disease		Duodenal bulb and descending duodenum4–6Biopsies from the duodenal bulb and at least one other site in the duodenum; ensure adequate sampling of the intestinal mucosa for assessment of villous atrophy; orientation of biopsies for histological evaluation is important; four to six biopsies recommended, including one from the bulb[40,42]
Eosinophilic EsophagitisEsophagusAt least 6Biopsies from different locations focusing on areas with endoscopic mucosal abnormalities; eosinophil count ≥15 per high power field for diagnosis; Hematoxylin-eosin staining for assessment; two to four biopsies each from the proximal and distal esophagus recommended[40,43]
Gastric PolypsPolypDepends on polyp sizeSmall polyps (<5 mm): biopsy; larger polyps: removal and histological examination; multiple biopsies from large sessile polyps to rule out malignancy; polypectomy recommended for solitary polyps, with representative biopsies from smaller polyps in cases of multiple polyps[40]
Helicobacter pyloriAntrum and corpusMultiple from both sitesSidney protocol: One biopsy each from lesser and greater curvatures of the antrum and body, and one from the incisura angularis; alternatively, three biopsies protocol: one from the incisura angularis, one from the greater curvature of the body, one from the greater curvature of the antrum[40]
Infectious EsophagitisUlcers or lesionsAs indicatedBiopsies from base of ulcers for CMV, edges for HSV; multiple biopsies may be needed for fungal esophagitis; consider PCR testing for definitive pathogen identification[40]
Peptic Ulcer DiseaseUlcer and surrounding mucosa≥8 around the baseBiopsies of the ulcer margin and adjacent mucosa; consider testing for H. pylori; in cases of gastric ulcers, biopsy the ulcer base as well to rule out malignancy; recommended to perform multiple biopsies (≥8) in the base[40]
Upper GI NeoplasiaLesion site4–8 (optimal: 3–4)Targeted biopsies of suspected malignant lesions; additional biopsies from the margins may be required for larger or irregular lesions; enhanced imaging techniques like chromoendoscopy may be used to identify subtle lesions; three or four biopsies considered optimal; exact targeting of appropriate site and viable tissue acquisition crucial for diagnosis; image enhanced endoscopy-assisted biopsy can aid in targeting and reduce the number of biopsies needed[6]
Table 3. Pre-, intra-, and post-procedural QIs for EGD checklist.
Table 3. Pre-, intra-, and post-procedural QIs for EGD checklist.
Quality IndicatorDefinitionCriteria Met?
PRE-PROCEDURALJustification for EGDThe EGD is performed for a valid indication.YesNoN/A
Informed consentThe patient is informed of risks and benefits and provides consent.YesNoN/A
Patient preparationThe patient is properly prepared for the EGD, including fasting and taking prescribed medications.YesNoN/A
PremedicationThe patient is given appropriate premedication to prevent complications.YesNoN/A
Prophylactic measuresProphylactic antibiotics are administered to patients at risk for infection.YesNoN/A
Risk stratificationThe patient’s risk of complications is assessed and mitigated.YesNoN/A
Endoscopist competencyThe endoscopist is qualified and experienced to perform EGDs.YesNoN/A
SedationThe patient is sedated safely and comfortably for the EGD procedure.YesNoN/A
INTRA-PROCEDURALThoroughness of the examinationThe entire UGI tract is examined thoroughly.YesNoN/A
Duration of the examinationThe examination is performed in a timely manner.YesNoN/A
Imaging enhancement equipmentAppropriate imaging enhancement is used to improve visualization.YesNoN/A
Adherence to biopsy protocolsBiopsies are taken from suspicious lesions and characterized appropriately.YesNoN/A
Clarity of visualizationThe endoscopist can visualize the entire UGI tract clearly.YesNoN/A
Photo-documentationThe EGD is documented photographically.YesNoN/A
POST-PROCEDURALReportingThe EGD findings are reported accurately and in a timely manner.YesNoN/A
Documentation of findingsThe EGD findings and recommendations are documentedYesNoN/A
Patient communicationThe patient is informed of the EGD findings and recommendations.YesNoN/A
Auditing post-procedural outcomesThe post-procedural outcomes are audited to ensure quality.YesNoN/A
Biopsy handling and reviewBiopsies are handled and reviewed appropriately.YesNoN/A
Escalation of malignant lesionsDetected malignant lesions are escalated to the appropriate level of care.YesNoN/A
Report generationThe EGD report is generated accurately and in a timely manner.YesNoN/A
Surveillance for dysplasiaPatients with Barrett’s esophagus are monitored for dysplasia.YesNoN/A
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Ferrari, C.; Tadros, M. Enhancing the Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Current Indicators and Future Trends. Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010001

AMA Style

Ferrari C, Tadros M. Enhancing the Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Current Indicators and Future Trends. Gastroenterology Insights. 2024; 15(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010001

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferrari, Caesar, and Micheal Tadros. 2024. "Enhancing the Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Current Indicators and Future Trends" Gastroenterology Insights 15, no. 1: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15010001

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