Life

18 pages, 2402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Elbow Joint Incongruity as a Primary Cause of Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Comparative Imaging Analysis Using CT and Radiography in 108 Dogs—A Retrospective Study

by Dominika Kubiak-Nowak, Zdzisław Kiełbowicz, Mateusz Hebel, Przemysław Prządka, Agnieszka Antończyk and Marcin Jankowski

Life 2025, 15(11), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111673 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Incongruity is a primary cause of elbow dysplasia. The aims of this study included assessing the prevalence of incongruity, determining reference ranges for joint space widths of the elbow joints in asymptomatic animals, and analyzing the correlations between incongruity and other primary [...] Read more.

Background: Incongruity is a primary cause of elbow dysplasia. The aims of this study included assessing the prevalence of incongruity, determining reference ranges for joint space widths of the elbow joints in asymptomatic animals, and analyzing the correlations between incongruity and other primary causes of elbow dysplasia. Methods: The study was conducted in 108 dogs of different sexes and aged from 3 to 15 months. The animals were divided into two groups: group I (50 dogs) comprising healthy animals and group II (58 dogs) comprising sick animals. Results: All the dogs in group I were considered healthy. In these dogs, the mean radioulnar “step” height based on the X-ray examination was 0.85 ± 0.33 mm, the mean joint space width of the humeroulnar joint assessed in the computed tomography (CT) examination was 1.34 ± 0.34 mm, and the mean joint space width of the humeroradial joint was 1.43 ± 0.31 mm. In group II, incongruity was detected in 30 and 41 dogs based on the X-ray and CT scan images, respectively. The mean radioulnar “step” height in the dogs with incongruity based on the X-ray examination was 2.05 ± 0.53 mm, while that in the CT examination was 2.33 ± 0.74 mm. The mean joint space width of the humeroulnar joint based on the computed tomography (CT) examination was 3.189 ± 1.03 mm, and the mean joint space width of the humeroradial joint was 2.916 ± 0.702 mm. The most common diagnosis was a combination of incongruity with medial coronoid process disease. Conclusions: Based on the conducted studies, the following reference values were determined: for the height of the radioulnar “step” measured on radiographs, 0.3–1.5 mm; for the height of the radioulnar “step” measured in the CT examination, 0–1.5 mm; for the width of the joint space of the humeroulnar joint measured on MPR images in the sagittal section, 0.8–2.2 mm; and, for the width of the joint space of the humeroradial joint measured on MPR images in the sagittal section, 0.7–2.5 mm. An elbow incongruity was the most frequently diagnosed primary cause of elbow dysplasia, most often occurring in combination with other causes, particularly medial coronoid process disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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19 pages, 6081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Daylight Sonography: Clinical Relevance of Color-Tinted Ultrasound Imaging

by Christoph F. Dietrich, Matthias Wüstner, Christian Jenssen, Daniel Merkel and Jörg S. Bleck

Life 2025, 15(11), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111672 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Daylight sonography refers to the technique of using color-tinted, brightness and contrast-controlled B-mode ultrasound images optimized for well-lit environments. Originally introduced as Photopic (“Tageslichtsonographie”, Daylight sonography) by Siemens, this approach addresses the limitations of grayscale imaging under ambient light conditions. With the growing [...] Read more.

Daylight sonography refers to the technique of using color-tinted, brightness and contrast-controlled B-mode ultrasound images optimized for well-lit environments. Originally introduced as Photopic (“Tageslichtsonographie”, Daylight sonography) by Siemens, this approach addresses the limitations of grayscale imaging under ambient light conditions. With the growing emphasis on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and mobile diagnostics, daylight-compatible imaging modes such as Photopic Mode have become increasingly relevant since they are performed under daylight conditions. This paper explores the technical background, visual physiology, clinical applications, implementation challenges, and future perspectives of daylight sonography, advocating for broader use and standardization. Standardization, further clinical validation, and integration with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are essential to fully realize the potential of daylight sonography in routine practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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8 pages, 192 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial: Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition

by Laikang Yu

Life 2025, 15(11), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111671 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Exercise physiology has developed into a dynamic scientific discipline that lies at the crossroads of biological science, medicine, and performance enhancement [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 6392 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Harvesting and Molecular Identification for the Germinating Species Diversity of Dinoflagellate Resting Cysts in Jiaozhou Bay, China

by Shuo Shi, Wanli Yang, Zhe Tao, Fengting Li, Ben Wei, Caixia Yue, Yunyan Deng, Lixia Shang, Zhaoyang Chai and Ying-Zhong Tang

Life 2025, 15(11), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111670 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Dinoflagellate resting cysts are critical to dinoflagellate ecology, acting as a key seed source for initiating harmful algal blooms (HABs) through their germination. However, the in situ germination dynamics of these cysts remain poorly understood due to technical challenges. To overcome this, we [...] Read more.

Dinoflagellate resting cysts are critical to dinoflagellate ecology, acting as a key seed source for initiating harmful algal blooms (HABs) through their germination. However, the in situ germination dynamics of these cysts remain poorly understood due to technical challenges. To overcome this, we utilized the Germlings Harvester (GEHA), an in situ germination device we designed, to collect water samples containing dinoflagellate cysts germinated from marine sediments in Jiaozhou Bay, China, after 5 and 20 days of incubation. By combining the GEHA with metabarcoding analysis targeting 28S rDNA-specific primers for dinoflagellates, we identified 44 dinoflagellate species spanning 31 genera, 18 families, and 7 orders. Of these, 12 species were linked to HABs or recognized as toxic, including Azadinium poporum, Alexandrium leei, Alexandrium pacificum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Karlodinium veneficum, Stoeckeria algicida, and Luciella masanensis. Additionally, five species were newly identified as cyst producers, and one symbiotic dinoflagellate, Effrenium voratum, was detected. Our results also found that germinated dinoflagellate species increased from 23 to 34 with extended incubation, and the ratio of mixotrophic to heterotrophic species was approximately 2:1 in the samples of in situ sediments and seawater outside GEHA, as well as across germination durations (Sg-5 d vs. Sg-20 d). These findings provide essential field evidence for the role of resting cysts in driving HAB formation in this region and highlight the efficacy of the GEHA-based approach for studying in situ cyst germination dynamics, offering a robust tool for monitoring, early warning, prevention, and forecasting of HABs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmful Algal Bloom Risk: Mechanisms, Prediction, Impacts and Mitigation)

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22 pages, 444 KB

Open AccessReview

Age-Related Alterations of Cerebral Autoregulation

by Anna Ungvari, Attila Kállai, Levente Stankovics, Dominika Lendvai-Emmert, Rafal Gulej, Eva Pal, Roland Patai, Boglarka Csik, Mónika Fekete, Ágnes Lipecz, Tamás Csípő, Zoltán Benyó, Anna Csiszar and Peter Toth

Life 2025, 15(11), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111669 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Intact regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is essential for preserving cognitive function and reducing the risk of cerebrovascular events, particularly in the aging population. Autoregulation of CBF is one of the fundamental mechanisms that ensure constant supply for brain tissue by maintaining [...] Read more.

Intact regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is essential for preserving cognitive function and reducing the risk of cerebrovascular events, particularly in the aging population. Autoregulation of CBF is one of the fundamental mechanisms that ensure constant supply for brain tissue by maintaining relatively stable perfusion despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure. It also acts as a critical protective mechanism, shielding the fragile cerebral microcirculation from potentially harmful pressure fluctuations and hence excessive pulsatility. The loss or attenuation of this protective mechanism with aging or disease increases the vulnerability of the microvasculature to structural damage, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and the development of cerebral small vessel disease. This mini-review summarizes current understanding of how aging affects cerebral autoregulation, highlighting underlying mechanisms, clinical consequences, and potential strategies to preserve cerebrovascular health in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Cerebrovascular Resistance in Health and Disease: From Molecules to Humans)

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15 pages, 1621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study for Milk Protein Content in Romanian Dual-Purpose Cattle

by Daniel George Bratu, Șerban Blaga, Bianca Cornelia Zanfira, Călin Mircu, Ioana Irina Spătaru, Iuliu Torda, Alexandru Eugeniu Mizeranschi, Daniela Elena Ilie, Ludovic Toma Cziszter, Dorin Alexandru Vizitiu, Oana Maria Boldura and Ioan Huțu

Life 2025, 15(11), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111668 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Milk protein content represents a key economic trait in dairy production, yet the genetic architecture underlying this trait remains unexplored in Romanian dual-purpose cattle breeds. This study conducted a genome-wide association analysis for milk protein content in 313 Romanian Simmental (n = 271) [...] Read more.

Milk protein content represents a key economic trait in dairy production, yet the genetic architecture underlying this trait remains unexplored in Romanian dual-purpose cattle breeds. This study conducted a genome-wide association analysis for milk protein content in 313 Romanian Simmental (n = 271) and Romanian Brown (n = 42) cows belonging to the Research and Development Station for Bovine Arad, Romania. Following quality control, 33,531 SNPs were tested for association with protein percentage adjusted for other effects (breed, days in milk, season, year, parity) using linear regression with the first five principal components as covariates to control population stratification. Although no SNP reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸), one SNP achieved significance (p< 2.98 × 10⁻⁵) and seven additional SNPs exceeded the nominal threshold (p< 1 × 10⁻⁴) across six chromosomes. The strongest association (p = 9.56 × 10⁻⁶) mapped to chromosome 25 near C7orf61. Biologically relevant candidate genes included KLF6 on chromosome 13, previously associated with milk traits in Chinese Holstein, and AHCYL1 on chromosome 3, involved in calcium homeostasis. These findings provide initial insights into genomic regions influencing milk protein content in Romanian dual-purpose cattle, though validation in larger cohorts needs to be carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy: 3rd Edition)

14 pages, 3900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nasal Irrigation with Licorice Extract for Allergic Rhinitis: A Clinical Study Evaluated by Subjective Assessments and Meridian Electrical Conductance

by Pei-Rung Yang, Yung-Hsiang Chen, Chao-Yang Chang, Bo-Cheng Rau, Yu-Ching Cheng, Yao-Hsu Yang, Ching-Yuan Wu and Geng-He Chang

Life 2025, 15(11), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111667 (registering DOI) - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: Allergic rhinitis (AR) continues to adversely affect the life quality of a substantial patient population, highlighting the necessity for enhanced treatment modalities. Our research utilized licorice extract (LE) in nasal irrigation for managing this condition, with its therapeutic efficacy gauged against [...] Read more.

Objective: Allergic rhinitis (AR) continues to adversely affect the life quality of a substantial patient population, highlighting the necessity for enhanced treatment modalities. Our research utilized licorice extract (LE) in nasal irrigation for managing this condition, with its therapeutic efficacy gauged against traditional saline nasal irrigation (SNI) through clinical trials. Additionally, the study incorporated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles, measuring not just subjective symptom relief but also the objective shifts in lung meridian electrical conductance (MEC), to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the treatment’s effectiveness. Methods: Based on our previous laboratory and animal studies, we developed an LE solution and applied it through nasal irrigation to treat AR. In a one-month controlled trial, 60 patients with AR received either licorice nasal irrigation (LNI) or SNI daily. We assessed treatment efficacy by subjective questionnaire scores (Total Nasal Symptom Score [TNSS] and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22]) and objective lung MEC analysis. Result: In the trial, 30 participants were randomly allocated to each group, and 28 individuals in the LNI group and 24 in the SNI group finished the study without any side effects. The LNI group had better improvements in sneezing, nasal itchiness, and rhinorrhea, along with a greater overall TNSS reduction. On the SNOT-22, the LNI group scored better across most nasal and extra-nasal symptoms, sleep, and physiological and psychosocial well-being. Participants were sorted into low, normal, and high lung MEC subgroups. After treatment, those in the LNI group normalized their lung MEC levels in both the low and high subgroups, which was not observed in the SNI group. Conclusions: LNI markedly improves symptoms in patients with AR, enhancing their quality of life. This treatment method, integrating Western and TCM practices, also normalizes abnormal lung MEC values following therapy. It offers a method of objectively validating the effectiveness of treatments based on TCM theories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders and Head and Neck Cancers: From Pathophysiology to Innovative Approaches)

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10 pages, 419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Phase Angle with Body Composition in Hemodialysis Patients: A Case–Control Study

by Selma Cvijetić Avdagić, Petra Kovačević Totić, Karla Kovačević Čorak, Antonija Sulimanec and Karmela Altabas

Life 2025, 15(11), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111666 (registering DOI) - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Patients on hemodialysis (HD) often experience changes in body composition due to metabolic disorders. Phase angle (PhA) is a marker of tissue integrity and may reflect overall functional condition. This study evaluated body composition and its relationship with PhA in 53 HD patients [...] Read more.

Patients on hemodialysis (HD) often experience changes in body composition due to metabolic disorders. Phase angle (PhA) is a marker of tissue integrity and may reflect overall functional condition. This study evaluated body composition and its relationship with PhA in 53 HD patients (27 women, 26 men) over 40 years old, compared with 106 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measuring skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat tissue, total bone mass (BM), and PhA. HD patients had significantly lower fat mass and PhA than controls (p < 0.001). The prevalence of low SMM and BM was higher in patients, though not statistically significant. Sex differences were generally not significant, except for a higher prevalence of low BM in female controls (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and sex, PhA was positively associated with SMM% (p = 0.021) and BM (p = 0.035) in HD patients only. These results indicate that PhA–body composition relationships differ between HD patients and healthy individuals, highlighting PhA as a potential marker of body composition disturbances in HD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dialysis Pathology: Insights into Peritoneal and Hemodialysis Complications)

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26 pages, 2168 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring TANK-Binding Kinase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Structural Mechanisms to Machine Learning-Guided Therapeutics

by Farah Anjum, Maram Jameel Hulbah, Anas Shamsi and Taj Mohammad

Life 2025, 15(11), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111665 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) has emerged as one of the most compelling genetic contributors to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with heterozygous loss-of-function and pathogenic missense variants identified in patients across the ALS–frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. TBK1 participates in various core cellular processes associated [...] Read more.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) has emerged as one of the most compelling genetic contributors to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with heterozygous loss-of-function and pathogenic missense variants identified in patients across the ALS–frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. TBK1 participates in various core cellular processes associated with motor neuron vulnerability, including autophagy, mitophagy, and innate immune regulation, indicating that TBK1 is likely a key determinant of ALS pathogenesis. Structurally, TBK1 exhibits a trimodular organization comprising a kinase domain, a ubiquitin-like domain, and a scaffold/dimerization domain. Multiple experimentally resolved conformations and inhibitor-bound complexes provide a foundation for structure-guided therapeutic design. Here, we synthesize current genetic and mechanistic evidence linking TBK1 dysfunction to ALS, emphasizing its dual roles in autophagy and neuroinflammation. We also summarize advances in structure-based and AI-assisted drug discovery approaches targeting TBK1. Finally, we outline key translational challenges, including isoform selectivity, biomarker validation, and central nervous system (CNS) delivery, highlighting TBK1 as a promising yet complex therapeutic target in ALS. By integrating computational modeling, machine learning frameworks, and experimental pharmacology, future research may accelerate the translation of TBK1 modulators into clinically effective therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Machine and Deep Learning in Drug Screening)

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15 pages, 1073 KB

Open AccessArticle

White Matter Integrity of the Corpus Callosum Mediates the Association Between Aging and Skin Condition

by Daihaoyi Yuan, Keisuke Kokubun, Kiyotaka Nemoto and Yoshinori Yamakawa

Life 2025, 15(11), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111664 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines whether white matter integrity mediates the link between psychological stress and skin aging. This cross-sectional study included 92 healthy Japanese adults (aged 22–62 years) who underwent diffusion tensor imaging to obtain Fractional Anisotropy Brain Healthcare Quotients (FA-BHQs) for major white [...] Read more.

This study examines whether white matter integrity mediates the link between psychological stress and skin aging. This cross-sectional study included 92 healthy Japanese adults (aged 22–62 years) who underwent diffusion tensor imaging to obtain Fractional Anisotropy Brain Healthcare Quotients (FA-BHQs) for major white matter tracts, while skin aging was assessed using Motion Scan Technology. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations among stress, skin aging, and FA-BHQ in the corpus callosum (CC) and internal capsule (IC). Mediation analyses suggested, at the statistical level, a potential that the CC fully mediates the association between stress and skin aging. These findings suggest a relationship between interhemispheric white matter integrity, psychological stress, and skin aging in line with the concept of the brain–skin axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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16 pages, 7664 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Record of the Hueberia from the Posongchong Formation, Pragian Stage, Lower Devonian Series in the Bainiuchang Area, Southeastern Yunnan, China

by Yukai Hu, Shitao Zhang, Liurunxuan Chen, Xianchao Chen, Shangyunzhi Xiao, Haonan Yin, Ruohan Zuo, Tao Wang and Xiaoqi Yang

Life 2025, 15(11), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111663 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Posongchong Flora is an important window for understanding early vascular plant evolution. During a recent investigation of the Feigucun Section in the Bainiuchang area, Southeastern Yunnan, the author’s team discovered a large number of plant fossils from the Posongchong Formation of the [...] Read more.

The Posongchong Flora is an important window for understanding early vascular plant evolution. During a recent investigation of the Feigucun Section in the Bainiuchang area, Southeastern Yunnan, the author’s team discovered a large number of plant fossils from the Posongchong Formation of the Pragian Stage, Lower Devonian Series. Among the fossils collected in this investigation, there are six morphologically distinct drepanophycalean fossils, characterized by irregular dichotomous branching forming clustered stems, with the surface of the stems densely covered with spirally arranged falcate leaves. After comparing with coeval plant fossil records, it was found that the above characteristics are consistent with the generic characteristics of Hueberia fossils found in the Posongchong flora, indicating that these specimens should be assigned to the genus Hueberia. The team compared the newly discovered Hueberia fossils with the previously described Hueberia zhichangensis. The comparison revealed that the Hueberia specimens collected in the Bainiuchang area have thicker stems, longer intervals between successive branchings, and certain differences in leaf morphology from Hueberia zhichangensis. Therefore, the team considers that there are significant differences between it and Hueberia zhichangensis in morphology, geographical distribution, and other aspects, and there is sufficient reason to erect a new species, Hueberia bainiuchangensis sp. nov. The discovery of this species enriches our understanding of the species diversity of the genus Hueberia, expands the geographical distribution range of the Posongchong Flora, further corroborates that the Southeastern Yunnan region had extremely high biodiversity during the Pragian Age of the Early Devonian, and provides new clues for the study of Early Devonian plant evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Paleobiology)

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17 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessReview

Impact of General Anesthetics on Postoperative Infections—A Narrative Review

by Taylor P. L. Butt, Lynn Jazzar, Palak Watts and Christian Lehmann

Life 2025, 15(11), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111662 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Postoperative infections represent the most frequent complication after surgery. Anesthetic agents, while essential during surgical procedures to ensure unconsciousness, are becoming increasingly recognized as modulators of immune function. Volatile anesthetics have been identified as being able to attenuate the inflammatory response in diverse [...] Read more.

Postoperative infections represent the most frequent complication after surgery. Anesthetic agents, while essential during surgical procedures to ensure unconsciousness, are becoming increasingly recognized as modulators of immune function. Volatile anesthetics have been identified as being able to attenuate the inflammatory response in diverse experimental models. Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic, has also been described to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This review synthesizes current cellular, experimental, and clinical evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic agents, highlighting their impact on host defense mechanisms and postoperative infections. By exploring mechanistic properties and clinical outcomes, it underscores the importance of anesthetic choice in enhancing immune function and postoperative recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Postoperative Management of Patients After Surgery)

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15 pages, 492 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors in White Leg Markings: Prevalence and Heritability Analysis in Pura Raza Española Horses

by Ana Encina, María José Sánchez-Guerrero, Manuel Ligero, Arantxa Rodríguez-Sainz de los Terreros and Mercedes Valera

Life 2025, 15(11), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111661 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

White leg markings in horses are phenotypic traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study analyzed their prevalence, symmetry, and genetic parameters in 38,825 Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses registered in the official studbook. White markings were scored using a binary (affected/unaffected) [...] Read more.

White leg markings in horses are phenotypic traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study analyzed their prevalence, symmetry, and genetic parameters in 38,825 Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses registered in the official studbook. White markings were scored using a binary (affected/unaffected) and a four-level ordinal scale. Most horses (38,341 out of 38,825; 98.8%) had at least one limb without white markings. The prevalence of white markings was higher in the hindlegs (17.9% LH; 14.5% RH) than in the forelegs (5.3% LF; 4.6% RF). Markings were most frequent above the fetlock (≈64%), chestnut horses showed the highest prevalence, whereas black coats showed the lowest. Genetic analyses using Bayesian animal models revealed moderate-to-high heritabilities, ranging from 0.488 for Right hindlegs to 0.574 for Left hindlegs in the multinomial model, which outperformed the dichotomous model (h² = 0.030–0.515 for all legs and left foreleg, respectively). Additive genetic variance was highest in the left hindleg (σ²_u = 7.904). Genetic correlations were high between contralateral homologous limbs (0.991 forelegs; 0.995 hindlegs), confirming strong bilateral genetic control, while diagonal correlations were lower (≈0.886). These findings confirm a substantial genetic component underlying white leg markings in PRE horses and highlight the importance of refined phenotyping and genetic evaluations for breeding strategies, particularly when markings are penalized as in the PRE breeding program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Equidae Breeding and Genetics)

9 pages, 1454 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Adaptation of Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy via Extra-Luminal Access in the Treatment of a High Pharyngeal Fistula: Technical Feasibility and Outcome

by Bogdan-Mihnea Ciuntu, Daniel Vasile Timofte, Andreea Ludușanu, Mihaela Corlade-Andrei, Roxana Elena Ciuntu, Irina Mihaela Abdulan, Alexandra-Simona Zamfir, Adelina Tanevski, Mădălina Maxim, Gheorghe Balan, Anca Bordianu and Bogdan Cobzeanu

Life 2025, 15(11), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111660 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Perforation of the piriform sinus is a rare but severe clinical event that can lead to cervico-thoracic mediastinitis, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent multidisciplinary intervention. Among its etiologies, accidental ingestion of foreign bodies, including dental prostheses, is uncommon but poses significant risks [...] Read more.

Background: Perforation of the piriform sinus is a rare but severe clinical event that can lead to cervico-thoracic mediastinitis, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent multidisciplinary intervention. Among its etiologies, accidental ingestion of foreign bodies, including dental prostheses, is uncommon but poses significant risks due to the anatomical vulnerability of the hypopharyngeal structures. Methods: We report a rare case of right piriform sinus perforation secondary to the ingestion of a dental prosthesis, complicated by cervico-mediastinitis, sepsis, tracheostomy, and sacral pressure ulcer. The clinical course required emergency surgical intervention and intensive supportive care. Results: A novel aspect of this case was the use of the Endoscopic Vacuum-Assisted Closure (EVAC) irrigation system as an adjunctive technique in the management of deep cervical drainage. Rather than approaching the fistula from within the lumen, the team created a controlled external drainage system, adaptation of the vacuum-assisted closure therapy directly over the fistulous tract. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, high clinical suspicion and coordinated management in the treatment of piriform sinus perforations. It also illustrates the potential applicability of modern technologies such as negative pressure irrigation in the complex management of deep neck infections and mediastinitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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23 pages, 352 KB

Open AccessReview

Sexual Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review and Call for Multidisciplinary Framework

by Ioannis Mavroudis, Foivos Petridis, Dimitrios Kazis, Gabriel Dăscălescu, Alin Ciobica, Ciprian Ilea, Sorana Caterina Anton and Emil Anton

Life 2025, 15(11), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111659 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common yet under-recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with significant implications for physical health, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships and social reintegration. Although TBI research has largely focused on cognitive, motor and behavioral outcomes, the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common yet under-recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with significant implications for physical health, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships and social reintegration. Although TBI research has largely focused on cognitive, motor and behavioral outcomes, the impact of SD remains insufficiently addressed in both clinical practice and rehabilitation programs. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the prevalence, mechanisms and management of SD following TBI, while emphasizing the importance of gender-sensitive and multidisciplinary approaches to care. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for English-language articles published between 2000 and 2025 using combinations of the following keywords: traumatic brain injury, sexual dysfunction, neuroendocrine dysfunction, psychological sequelae and rehabilitation. Priority was given to peer-reviewed clinical studies, systematic reviews and expert consensus guidelines that addressed neurological, endocrine, cognitive, psychological and social aspects of SD in TBI survivors. Exclusion criteria included case reports with insufficient clinical detail and non-peer-reviewed sources. Articles were screened for relevance to both pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Results: The etiology of post-TBI SD is multifactorial, involving direct neurological injury, hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction, emotional and cognitive impairments, as well as psychological challenges such as stigma and relationship strain. Men and women may present distinct symptom profiles; for instance, men more frequently report erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism, whereas women more commonly experience challenges with arousal, lubrication and psychological stress. Effective interventions include pharmacotherapy, hormone replacement therapy, psychotherapy and rehabilitative approaches designed to restore intimacy and quality of life. Optimal outcomes are achieved through multidisciplinary collaboration among neurology, endocrinology, psychiatry, psychology and rehabilitation medicine. Conclusions: Sexual dysfunction should be recognized as a critical component of TBI sequelae rather than a secondary concern. Routine screening, gender-sensitive assessment and the integration of individualized, multidisciplinary care pathways are essential to improving patient outcomes. Advancing clinical awareness and standardization in this area holds the potential to significantly enhance the holistic recovery and reintegration of TBI survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

27 pages, 3060 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutrigenomics of Obesity: Integrating Genomics, Epigenetics, and Diet–Microbiome Interactions for Precision Nutrition

by Anam Farzand, Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin, Sana Javaid Awan, Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad, Hiba Akram, Talha Saleem and Muhammad Mudassar Imran

Life 2025, 15(11), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111658 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Obesity is a highly complex, multifactorial disease influenced by dynamic interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that explicitly position genetics as the core. While advances in multi-omic integration have revolutionized our understanding of adiposity pathways, translation into personalized clinical nutrition remains [...] Read more.

Obesity is a highly complex, multifactorial disease influenced by dynamic interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that explicitly position genetics as the core. While advances in multi-omic integration have revolutionized our understanding of adiposity pathways, translation into personalized clinical nutrition remains a critical challenge. This review systematically consolidates emerging insights into the molecular and nutrigenomic architecture of obesity by integrating data from large-scale GWAS, functional epigenomics, nutrigenetic interactions, and microbiome-mediated metabolic programming. The primary aim is to systematically organize and synthesize recent genetic and genomic findings in obesity, while also highlighting how these discoveries can be contextualized within precision nutrition frameworks. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024 using MeSH terms, nutrigenomic-specific queries, and multi-omics filters. Eligible studies were classified into five domains: monogenic obesity, polygenic GWAS findings, epigenomic regulation, nutrigenomic signatures, and gut microbiome contributions. Over 127 candidate genes and 253 QTLs have been implicated in obesity susceptibility. Monogenic variants (e.g., LEP, LEPR, MC4R, POMC, PCSK1) explain rare, early-onset phenotypes, while FTO (polygenic) and MC4R (monogenic mutations as well as common polygenic variants) represent major loci across populations. Epigenetic mechanisms, dietary composition, physical activity, and microbial diversity significantly recalibrate obesity trajectories. Integration of genomics, functional epigenomics, precision nutrigenomics, and microbiome science presents transformative opportunities for personalized obesity interventions. However, translation into evidence-based clinical nutrition remains limited, emphasizing the need for functional validation, cross-ancestry mapping, and AI-driven precision frameworks. Specifically, this review systematically identifies and integrates evidence from genomics, epigenomics, nutrigenomics, and microbiome studies published between 2000 and 2024, applying structured inclusion/exclusion criteria and narrative synthesis to highlight translational pathways for precision nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)

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9 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Dose 8 mg Aflibercept for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Who Is Being Treated with This New Agent?

by Caspar Liesenhoff, Carolin Meyrl, Daniel Krause, Franziska Eckardt, Anna Lorger, Viktoria Deiters, Johannes Schiefelbein, Julian Elias Klaas, Benedikt Schworm, Siegfried G. Priglinger and Jakob Siedlecki

Life 2025, 15(11), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111657 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Purpose: To describe the indication spectrum for high-dose 8 mg aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world cohort in a tertiary referral center. Methods: The database of the University Eye Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians-University was screened for eyes with nAMD [...] Read more.

Purpose: To describe the indication spectrum for high-dose 8 mg aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world cohort in a tertiary referral center. Methods: The database of the University Eye Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians-University was screened for eyes with nAMD treated with 8 mg aflibercept. Demographic data, multimodal imaging and treatment parameters were recorded. Reasons for treatment with 8 mg aflibercept were analyzed. Results: Thirty-four consecutive eyes of 31 patients (mean age 78.6 ± 8.9 years) were identified. There were 22 women (70.1%) and 9 men (29.9%). In all eyes (100%), 8 mg Aflibercept was applied as switching therapy. Prior to switching, the mean anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment duration for nAMD was 3.9 ± 2.9 years, pretreatment amounted to a mean of 34.5 ± 26.3 injections, equaling 9.2 ± 2.4 injections/year, and the mean visual acuity (VA) was 0.4 ± 0.4 logMAR. The last treatment before switching was 2 mg aflibercept in 76%, faricimab in 18%, ranibizumab in 3% and bevacizumab in 3% of cases. Reasons for switching included (A) recalcitrant nAMD with persistent fluid despite q4w dosing (17 eyes, 50%), (B) the wish for interval extension (15 eyes, 44%) and (C) macular hemorrhage (2 eyes, 6%). In group B, two-thirds of eyes (10/15, 66.7%) were maintained at ≤q6w prior to switching. Conclusions: In this study, high-dose 8 mg aflibercept was exclusively used as a switch therapy. Most eyes (76%) switched were from pretreatment with 2 mg aflibercept. The main reasons for switching were recalcitrant nAMD with persistent fluid despite q4w dosing (50%) or the wish for treatment extension beyond 6 weeks (32%). In the future, these data will aid in the design of prospective real-world studies comparing the efficacy of high-dose 8 mg aflibercept with older generation treatment options, especially 2 mg aflibercept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Eye and Systemic Diseases)

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22 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessReview

The Multifaceted Role of Platelets in Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Disease: Pathogenesis, Inflammation, and Therapeutic Opportunities

by Sophia Strukel, Betelhem Teshome and Vikrant Rai

Life 2025, 15(11), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111656 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the plaque-induced thickening of medium-sized and large arterial walls. Chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and endothelial dysfunction play a critical role in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Along with immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the plaque-induced thickening of medium-sized and large arterial walls. Chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and endothelial dysfunction play a critical role in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Along with immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and platelets play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Targeting platelet-related molecular mechanisms has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in treating atherosclerosis. However, potential targets are not clearly understood. This review discusses the multifaceted role of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and ischemic disease followed by the potential of targeting platelets. (2) Methods: Articles related to the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and underlying molecular mechanisms were searched from PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms atherosclerosis, platelets, therapeutics, targets; alone or in combination; (3) Results: Current research suggest that platelet-related molecular mechanisms play a critical role in plaque development, progression, and rupture. The mediators involved may serve as therapeutic targets; (4) Conclusions: Targeting platelets can attenuate atherosclerosis by interfering with platelet functions beyond blood clotting, such as promoting vascular inflammation and platelet adhesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biology and Functions of Platelets: Emerging Challenges)

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7 pages, 471 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Acute Sulcal FLAIR Hyperintensity in Severe Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Potential Prognostic Marker

by Vincent Böhm, Bogdan-Andrei Ianosi, Caterina Kulyk, Franz Gruber, Maria Lorenz, Thomas Mitterling, Amadeus Hauser, Stephan Eger, Ulrike Köhl, Serge Weis, Sibylle Wimmer, Michael Sonnberger and Raimund Helbok

Life 2025, 15(11), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111655 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: To report two cases of severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in elderly patients presenting with a previously undescribed subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on repeated MRI examinations, which may serve as an early imaging biomarker of disease severity. (2) Methods: Two unvaccinated 82-year-old patients [...] Read more.

(1) Background: To report two cases of severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in elderly patients presenting with a previously undescribed subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on repeated MRI examinations, which may serve as an early imaging biomarker of disease severity. (2) Methods: Two unvaccinated 82-year-old patients (one male and one female) presented with acute encephalitis and required intensive care. Serial brain MRI, EEG, CSF analysis, and neurophysiological assessments were performed. (3) Results: Both patients showed rapid progressive neurological deterioration in the context of TBE, confirmed by elevated serum and CSF IgM and IgG titers. Early follow-up MRI revealed striking sulcal hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR sequences, interpreted as protein-rich subarachnoid inflammatory changes. These changes paralleled clinical worsening and resolved on follow-up imaging. The male patient developed meningoencephalomyeloradiculitis, remained comatose, and died from respiratory failure (the brain and spinal cord were examined postmortem). The female patient had meningoencephaloradiculitis with severe dysphagia and was discharged with a modified Rankin Scale score of four. Both patients demonstrated epileptiform EEG activity. The CSF analysis revealed markedly elevated total protein, lactate, tau protein, and CXCL13, as evidence of blood–brain barrier disruption and inflammatory neurodegeneration. (4) Conclusions: We describe acute subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in TBE as an imaging feature that may correlate with severe systemic inflammation and a poor prognosis. This radiological finding could serve as a potential early prognostic marker in TBE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Encephalitis: From Molecular Pathophysiology to Therapy)

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