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Personality and Its Influence on Pain Sensitivity Based on Different Hormonal Responses to Individual vs. Group Exercise Styles
Health Benefits of Montmorency Tart Cherry Juice Supplementation in Adults with Mild to Moderate Ulcerative Colitis; A Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial
Traumatic Brain Injury and Artificial Intelligence: Shaping the Future of Neurorehabilitation—A Review
A Comparative Study of the Biological Properties of Eugenia uniflora L. Fruits and Leaves Related to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
Enhancing Retinal Resilience: The Neuroprotective Promise of BDNF in Diabetic Retinopathy

Journal Description

Life

Life is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of scientific studies related to fundamental themes in life sciences, from basic to applied research, published monthly online by MDPI. The Astrobiology Society of Britain (ASB) and Spanish Association for Cancer Research (ASEICA) are affiliated with Life and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Biology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Paleontology)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Life.
Companion journals for Life include: Physiologia and Hydrobiology.

Impact Factor: 3.2 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.1 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2075-1729

Latest Articles

19 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sonodynamic Therapy Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Malignant Gliomas: A Review

by Andrea Ebeling and Francesco Prada

Life 2025, 15(5), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050718 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

In recent years, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted attention as a promising new approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas, as it is a non-invasive form of therapy that specifically kills tumor cells with limited side effects. SDT combines low-intensity ultrasound with a [...] Read more.

In recent years, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted attention as a promising new approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas, as it is a non-invasive form of therapy that specifically kills tumor cells with limited side effects. SDT combines low-intensity ultrasound with a sonosensitizer to produce cytotoxic effects in tumor cells. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), an endogenous amino acid that is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), has shown promise as a sonosensitizer for malignant gliomas in SDT. Ultrasound can penetrate deeper body regions and activate PpIX, leading to an increase in tumor immunogenicity and induction of apoptosis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action, the results of preclinical, clinical and ongoing studies on 5-ALA-SDT in malignant gliomas, and discusses the future benefits of SDT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Applications in Medical and Healthcare)

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17 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Life on Venus?

by Sanjay S. Limaye

Life 2025, 15(5), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050717 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Venus is not generally at the forefront when considering extraterrestrial life. Yet, based on the physical similarities and proximity to Earth and with the little knowledge of its evolutionary history, there is a possibility that Venus may have hosted life in the past [...] Read more.

Venus is not generally at the forefront when considering extraterrestrial life. Yet, based on the physical similarities and proximity to Earth and with the little knowledge of its evolutionary history, there is a possibility that Venus may have hosted life in the past on the surface if Venus had liquid water and perhaps even has water present in the clouds today. While the early suggestions during the beginning of the space exploration about life on Venus were mostly speculative due to limited data, recent interest has arisen from realizations: (i) the unexplained ultraviolet absorption spectrum of Venus resembles many organics, (ii) there is chemical disequilibria in the cloud layer, (iii) the cloud aerosols likely contain significant abundances of hydrated iron and magnesium sulfates, and (iv) the solar radiation received in the cloud layer contains the appropriate wavelengths and flux to support phototrophy. Considering the extreme environmental survival of many terrestrial microorganisms, the possibility remains that any extant life on Venus in the past could have adapted to survival in the cloud layer far above the surface where energy and nutrients are available, but the precise compositions of the cloud particles and water availability are still uncertain. The key to solving the mystery of life on Venus is to determine if Venus had liquid water on the surface in its past and to measure the precise chemical composition of the Venus atmosphere and the cloud particles. Missions which will be launched in the next few years will provide much needed data that should provide some answers we seek and will surely raise more questions. This perspective reviews recent developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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15 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Life Detection on Mars: Understanding Challenges in DNA Amplification in Martian Regolith Analogue After Fe Ion Irradiation

by Alessia Cassaro, Claudia Pacelli and Silvano Onofri

Life 2025, 15(5), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050716 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

The search for life beyond Earth currently hinges on the detection of biosignatures that are indicative of current or past life, with terrestrial life being the sole known example. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which acts as the long-term storage of genetic information in all [...] Read more.

The search for life beyond Earth currently hinges on the detection of biosignatures that are indicative of current or past life, with terrestrial life being the sole known example. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which acts as the long-term storage of genetic information in all known organisms, is considered a biosignature of life. Techniques like the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are particularly useful as they allow for the amplification of DNA fragments, allowing the detection of even trace amounts of genetic material. This study aimed to detect DNA extracted from colonies of an Antarctic black fungus both when (i) alone and (ii) mixed with a Sulfatic Mars Regolith Simulant (S-MRS), after exposure to increasing doses of Fe ions (up to 1 kGy). PCR-based amplification methods were used for detection. The findings of this study revealed no DNA amplification in samples mixed with Sulfatic Mars Regolith Simulant, providing important insights into the potential application of these techniques for in situ DNA detection during future space exploration missions or for their application on the Mars sample return program; it also gives input in the planetary protection discussions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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15 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effects of Red and Blue LED Light on Melatonin Levels During Three-Hour Exposure in Healthy Adults

by Ana Sanchez-Cano, María José Luesma-Bartolomé, Estela Solanas and Elvira Orduna-Hospital

Life 2025, 15(5), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050715 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Circadian rhythms, essential for regulating human physiology and behavior, are influenced by light exposure, particularly at night. This study examined the impact of red (631 nm) and blue (464 nm) LED light on melatonin secretion, a key circadian marker. Twelve participants aged 19–55 [...] Read more.

Circadian rhythms, essential for regulating human physiology and behavior, are influenced by light exposure, particularly at night. This study examined the impact of red (631 nm) and blue (464 nm) LED light on melatonin secretion, a key circadian marker. Twelve participants aged 19–55 years were exposed to red and blue light for three hours (9:00 p.m.–midnight), with hourly saliva samples analyzed via ELISA to track melatonin levels. Initially, melatonin levels were comparable under both light conditions. After one hour, both lights suppressed melatonin, but differences emerged after two hours: blue light-maintained suppression, with levels at 7.5 pg/mL, while red light allowed recovery to 26.0 pg/mL (p = 0.019). This pattern persisted at the third hour. Blue light had stronger suppression effects, particularly in younger participants and men. These results underscore blue light’s disruptive effects on circadian health and highlight red light as a less disruptive alternative for nighttime environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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14 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenoprotein M Inhibits the Replication of Influenza A Virus by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Levels

by Minxuan Liu, Jinhui Wang, Weigang Li, Bo Zhao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Guangyuan Liu and Qiaoying Zeng

Life 2025, 15(5), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050714 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is the major pathogen responsible for influenza pandemics and can cause seasonal influenza outbreaks. In general, viral infection of host cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, a process that triggers cell death, lung injury (LI), and other [...] Read more.

Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is the major pathogen responsible for influenza pandemics and can cause seasonal influenza outbreaks. In general, viral infection of host cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, a process that triggers cell death, lung injury (LI), and other damage mechanisms. Methods: In our previous study, we revealed that selenoproteins may inhibit IAV replication at the cellular level. In this study, we determined the effect of selenoprotein M (SelM) on Nanoluc-IAV-PR8 replication through Nanoluc analysis. The mechanism through which selenoprotein inhibits the replication of the influenza virus was investigated using the SelM knockout cell line, nano-luciferase reporter assays, RNAi, qPCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Results: Our experimental results show that SelM can effectively inhibit the replication of influenza A viruses and could potentially be used as a broad-spectrum inhibitor for IAV therapy in future clinical treatments. The increase in ROS levels induced by IAV infection was found to be inhibited by SelM, which possesses an important Sec functional site, thus weakening the ability of IAV to replicate in cells. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight SelM as a selenoprotein that can effectively inhibit IAV replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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15 pages, 8942 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Trileaflet Aortic Valve Aortopathies

by Abdelrahman Ahmed and Tom Kai Ming Wang

Life 2025, 15(5), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050713 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) is approximately 10.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. Although most cases of TAA are caused by degenerative disease, associated aortic valve abnormalities have been heavily linked to this condition. These include unicuspid, bicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves. [...] Read more.

The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) is approximately 10.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. Although most cases of TAA are caused by degenerative disease, associated aortic valve abnormalities have been heavily linked to this condition. These include unicuspid, bicuspid and quadricuspid aortic valves. These non-tricuspid aortic valves occur sporadically but can occur in familial clusters with variable penetrance. The presence of non-tricuspid aortic valves has significant implications for patients, as they become prone to valvular dysfunction and aortic dissection. Therefore, understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of this condition is imperative for early diagnosis, regular surveillance and timely intervention. In this review article, we discuss the normal anatomy of the aortic valve, non-tricuspid aortic valves and their association with TAAs. We also highlight the role of various cardiac imaging modalities in the management of affected patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress-Induced Depression and Its Effects on Tooth Wear in Rats: A 3D Dental Scan Imaging Perspective

by Preeyarat Plongniras, Sarawut Lapmanee, Natchayaporn Thonapan, Phuripong Thangsombat, Phongsakorn Janthaphim, Chanakarn Lertkarnvijai, Pattama Chailertvanitkul and Supawich Morkmued

Life 2025, 15(5), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050712 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Background: In addition to behavioral and biochemical abnormalities, a parafunction associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) resulted in stress-induced depression in rats. Exploring how chronic stress influences molar wear in rodents provides insights into the understanding of depression, TMD, and oral health. This [...] Read more.

Background: In addition to behavioral and biochemical abnormalities, a parafunction associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) resulted in stress-induced depression in rats. Exploring how chronic stress influences molar wear in rodents provides insights into the understanding of depression, TMD, and oral health. This study aimed to conduct a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of first molar wear in an animal model of depression by comparing molar attrition and cusp variation between stressed male rats and control groups. Methods: After obtaining a validated model of depression in male rats, we obtained 3D scans of lower molars to analyze wear patterns. The 3D analysis was applied to quantify cusps’ volume and the difference in first molar cusp morphological structure. The data were then compared to identify significant morphological differences between groups side by side. Results: The analysis revealed the reduction of cusps’ volume in the depression groups. Rats exposed to depression exhibited significantly greater occlusal table wear than their control counterparts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: As dentistry moves towards greater digital imaging, understanding the impact of psychological factors on TMD becomes increasingly necessary. This study shows that stress-induced depression in rats can result in significant tooth wear, as investigated using a 3D dental scanner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine)

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Graphical abstract

1 pages, 121 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Golkocheva-Markova, E. Editorial: Epidemiology and Control of Hepatitis Viruses. Life 2024, 14, 1369

by Elitsa Golkocheva-Markova

Life 2025, 15(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050711 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Author to be removed [...] Full article

20 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Profile in Field-Collected Seaweed, Lipid Extraction Optimization, and Food Functional Properties

by Nabeel Gnayem, Razan Unis, Rima Gnaim, Álvaro Israel, Jallal Gnaim and Alexander Golberg

Life 2025, 15(5), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050710 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Macroalgae (seaweeds) represent a sustainable and alternative source of high-value fatty acids (FAs), including omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), which could help alleviate pressure on wild fish stocks and mitigate global overfishing. This study analyzed the FA composition of [...] Read more.

Macroalgae (seaweeds) represent a sustainable and alternative source of high-value fatty acids (FAs), including omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), which could help alleviate pressure on wild fish stocks and mitigate global overfishing. This study analyzed the FA composition of field-collected red (Chondracanthus acicularis, Ballia callitriche, Gracilaria sp., and Gelidium coulteri), brown (Padina pavonica, Sargassum vulgare, Cystoseira myrica, Cystoseira sp., Dictyota dichotoma, and Stephanocystis mundane), and green seaweeds (Ulva compressa). Additionally, lipid extraction was optimized using food-grade solvents, reaction temperatures, and the functional properties of selected green and brown seaweeds. The results showed that brown and green seaweeds contained higher total FA content than red seaweeds, with a favorable n-6/n-3 ratio below 10. The selected species’ functional properties (Water- and Oil-Holding Capacities, Swelling Capacity) met food-grade standards. Ethyl acetate at 60 °C was identified as the optimal food-grade solvent for lipid extraction. Functional properties varied significantly by species and processing conditions, with Ulva compressa exhibiting superior Water- and Oil-Holding Capacities and Swelling Capacity compared to Cystoseira myrica, highlighting its potential as a functional food ingredient. These findings support using seaweeds as a sustainable source for human nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

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8 pages, 2412 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors Combined with Radiotherapy in Curative Breast Cancer Patients Induced Pneumonitis: A Case Report

by Pei-Yu Hou

Life 2025, 15(5), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050709 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Background: The role of CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) has expanded from the treatment of advanced breast cancer to early-stage disease, as recent studies have demonstrated their therapeutic benefits. However, evidence regarding the safety of combining CDK4/6i with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in a curative [...] Read more.

Background: The role of CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) has expanded from the treatment of advanced breast cancer to early-stage disease, as recent studies have demonstrated their therapeutic benefits. However, evidence regarding the safety of combining CDK4/6i with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in a curative setting remains limited. This study aims to present clinical experiences of pulmonary toxicity following the combined use of adjuvant RT and CDK4/6i. Case presentation: We report a case of an Asian female with left breast cancer who underwent a modified radical mastectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, RT, endocrine therapy, and CDK4/6i (abemaciclib) treatment. Cancer therapy-induced grade 2 pneumonitis was impressed by clinical signs and image findings. A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman was diagnosed with left breast invasive lobular carcinoma, hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HR+/HER2−), K67 index of 5–10%, and classified as pT3N3aM0 (stage IIIC). She received adjuvant chemotherapy with FEC followed by docetaxel, endocrine therapy with letrozole, and adjuvant RT of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions to the left chest wall and regional nodal irradiation. Abemaciclib was initiated after completing RT. Treatment-related pneumonitis developed five months after RT and abemaciclib use. Conclusions: In breast cancer patients receiving a combination of RT and CDK4/6i as curative adjuvant treatment, pulmonary toxicity is a concern and requires careful monitoring, particularly in Asian populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)

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16 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morbidity and Mortality Trends in Preterm Neonates at the Limits of Viability: Retrospective Observations from One Greek Hospital

by Dimitra Maria Apostolidi, Maria Kapetanidi, Eleni Vretou, Antigoni Sarantaki, Katerina Lykeridou, Grigorios Karampas, Athina Diamanti, Maria Vlachou, Nikoleta Pantelaki, Anna Deltsidou, Christina Nanou, Stavroula Charoni, Panagiota Katti, Aikaterini Fotiou, Iraklis Salvanos and Dimitra Metallinou

Life 2025, 15(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050708 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

The survival and health outcomes of extremely preterm neonates (PNs) remain a critical challenge in neonatal intensive care. This 5-year retrospective, observational study evaluated morbidity and mortality trends in PNs born at the limits of viability and identified survival patterns and associated risk [...] Read more.

The survival and health outcomes of extremely preterm neonates (PNs) remain a critical challenge in neonatal intensive care. This 5-year retrospective, observational study evaluated morbidity and mortality trends in PNs born at the limits of viability and identified survival patterns and associated risk factors. It was conducted from 2017 to 2022 on a dataset of PNs born between 22 + 0 and 26 + 0 weeks of gestation in a tertiary public hospital in Greece. A total of 73 PNs were included. The mortality rate was 56.2%. The median gestational age was 24.3 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 603.6 g. Survival improved significantly with a higher gestational age and birth weight. Respiratory distress syndrome was the most prevalent morbidity (71–94%), followed by late-onset sepsis (35.3%) and patent ductus arteriosus (29.4%). The use of antenatal corticosteroids and enteral feeding were associated with improved survival rates. Survivors required prolonged respiratory support and demonstrated better outcomes with early and adequate nutritional support. We conclude that the gestational age, birth weight, and effective respiratory and nutritional interventions are critical determinants of survival in neonates at the limits of viability. Enhancing neonatal care protocols with targeted interventions, such as antenatal corticosteroid use and evidence-based nutritional practices, could significantly improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Intensive Care Medicine)

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16 pages, 555 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking COVID-19 and Acute Surgical Abdomen: A Literature Review

by Andrei Modiga, Vlad-Olimpiu Butiurca, Cristian Marius Boeriu, Teodora Sorana Truta, Emilia Turucz, Vasile-Bogdan Halațiu, Ioana-Patricia Rodean, Paul Cristian Russu, Mircea Constantin Gherghinescu and Călin Molnar

Life 2025, 15(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050707 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Acute surgical abdomen is characterized by intense, sudden abdominal pain due to intra-abdominal conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to various complications related to the disease’s complex pathophysiological mechanisms, hence the hypothesis of COVID-19-induced acute abdominal [...] Read more.

Acute surgical abdomen is characterized by intense, sudden abdominal pain due to intra-abdominal conditions requiring prompt surgical intervention. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to various complications related to the disease’s complex pathophysiological mechanisms, hence the hypothesis of COVID-19-induced acute abdominal surgical pathologies. The connection between acute surgical abdomen and COVID-19 involves two primary mechanisms. First, there is the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in multiple abdominal organs. This facilitates the cytokine storm through direct viral injury and inflammation. Second, the hypercoagulable state induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) increases the thrombotic risk within abdominal vessels, which can subsequently lead to ischemia. ACE2 receptors are notably expressed in the gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelium, with SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and nucleocapsid proteins detected in these tissues. The inflammatory response results in significant endothelial damage, activating coagulation pathways that cause monocellular infiltration, lymphocytic inflammation, and uncontrolled coagulation. These findings highlight the need for further research to clarify how COVID-19 leads to acute abdominal pathologies. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for improving clinical management and patient outcomes during future health crises and in the aftermath of the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

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28 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Sedative Agents, Synthetic Torpor, and Long-Haul Space Travel—A Systematic Review

by Thomas Cahill, Nataliya Matveychuk, Elena Hardiman, Howard Rosner, Deacon Farrell and Gary Hardiman

Life 2025, 15(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050706 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Background: With renewed interest in long-duration space missions, there is growing exploration into synthetic torpor as a countermeasure to mitigate physiological stressors. Sedative agents, particularly those used in clinical anesthesia, have been proposed to replicate aspects of natural torpor, including reduced metabolic rate, [...] Read more.

Background: With renewed interest in long-duration space missions, there is growing exploration into synthetic torpor as a countermeasure to mitigate physiological stressors. Sedative agents, particularly those used in clinical anesthesia, have been proposed to replicate aspects of natural torpor, including reduced metabolic rate, core temperature, and brain activity. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of sedative agents to induce torpor-like states suitable for extended spaceflight. The review specifically investigates their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and performance under space-related stressors such as microgravity and ionizing radiation. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) for studies published from 1952 to 2024. Eligible studies included experimental, preclinical, and clinical investigations examining sedative agents (especially inhalation anesthetics) in the context of metabolic suppression or space-relevant conditions. Screening, selection, and data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines. Results: Out of the screened records, 141 studies met the inclusion criteria. These were thematically grouped into seven categories, including torpor physiology, anesthetic uptake, metabolism, and inhalation anesthetics. Sedative agents showed variable success in inducing torpor-like states, with inhalation anesthetics demonstrating promising metabolic effects. However, concerns remain regarding delivery methods, safety, rewarming, and the unknown effects of prolonged use in space environments. Conclusions: Sedative agents, particularly volatile anesthetics, hold potential as tools for inducing synthetic torpor in space. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps and technical challenges persist. Further targeted research is required to optimize these agents for safe, controlled use in spaceflight settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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13 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength, Lactate Accumulation and Exercise Tolerance in Amateur Runners: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Zhe Ren, Junxia Guo, Yurong He, Yu Luo and Hao Wu

Life 2025, 15(5), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050705 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response relationship of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, lactic acid accumulation and exercise tolerance in amateur runners. Methods: Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-intensity IMT (HIMT) group, a low-intensity [...] Read more.

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response relationship of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, lactic acid accumulation and exercise tolerance in amateur runners. Methods: Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-intensity IMT (HIMT) group, a low-intensity IMT (LIMT) group, and a control group. In addition to their regular training regimen, the high-intensity and low-intensity IMT groups underwent a supervised IMT protocol for a duration of 8 weeks. The primary outcome measures included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), time to exhaustion (TTE), blood lactate (BLa), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and rate of perceived breathlessness (RPB). Secondary outcomes encompassed VO2 max, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), and the FEV₁/FVC ratio. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP of HIMT and LIMT were significantly improved (p < 0.01), and the MEP of both groups also increased (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in FVC and FEV₁ (p > 0.05), but only FEV₁/FVC in HIMT was significantly improved (p < 0.01). Exercise testing showed a significant increase in TTE in both the HIMT and low LIMT groups (p < 0.01). Post-exercise RPE scores were lower in both the HIMT group (p < 0.01) and LIMT group (p < 0.05), and both HIMT and LIMT groups’ post-exercise RPB scores were also reduced in both (p < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate accumulation was significantly lower in both HIMT (p < 0.01) and LIMT (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in VO2 max (p > 0.05) and HR peak (p > 0.05). Conclusion: IMT for 8 weeks can improve respiratory muscle strength, prolong exercise time, improve blood lactate accumulation, subjective fatigue, and dyspnea during exercise. Among them, high-intensity IMT can better improve exercise tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Acute Leukemia Patients by Assessing Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Left Ventricular Function Before Chemotherapy

by Anda Gabriela Militaru, Daniel Florin Lighezan, Anca Maria Cimpean, Elena Amaricai and Marius Militaru

Life 2025, 15(5), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050704 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Background: Subclinical atherosclerosis is a “silent” cardiovascular disease that can be devastating when combined with other illnesses. Its presence may affect therapy responses but can potentially worsen hematological malignancies due to most chemotherapy regimens’ cardiovascular adverse effects. Thus, cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) assessment [...] Read more.

Background: Subclinical atherosclerosis is a “silent” cardiovascular disease that can be devastating when combined with other illnesses. Its presence may affect therapy responses but can potentially worsen hematological malignancies due to most chemotherapy regimens’ cardiovascular adverse effects. Thus, cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) assessment is required before chemotherapy. Unfortunately, this rarely happens. Aim: we aim to examine the impact of CVRFs on hemodynamic parameters of acute leukemia (AL) patients before chemotherapy. Methods: Overall, 45 AL patients and 26 controls were included. Intima-media thickness (IMT), ankle brachial index (ABI), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and functional cardiac parameters were used. CVRFs were found in 26 AL patients (36.6%), while 19 AL (26.8%) patients lacked CVRFs. CVRFs were also found in 26 controls (36.6%). Results: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly decreased for patients with CVRFs (59.26 ± 5.62) compared to those without CVRFs (64.05 ± 7.43, p < 0.05). Hypertensive and diabetic patients had a significantly higher left IMT (mm) of 0.92 ± 0.01 compared to those without them (0.76 ± 0.03, p < 0.05). Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with CVRFs had a significantly higher PWV (m/s) of 8.4 ± 0.12 compared to those without CVRFs (6.87 ± 0.66) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: AL and cardiovascular risk factors interacted before chemotherapy. To decrease cardiotoxicity, AL patients need cardiovascular risk assessment. Subclinical atherosclerosis and echocardiography help chemotherapy patients to choose a treatment regimen, predict long-term outcomes, and predict cardiovascular issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fixation Stability of the Right and Left Eyes Under Binocular and Monocular Viewing Conditions

by Jae-Hyeon Noh, Sang-Yeob Kim, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Hyun Gug Cho and Dong-Sik Yu

Life 2025, 15(5), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050703 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Herein, we investigated changes in fixation stability between the right and left eyes during binocular and monocular viewing in young adults without strabismic binocular vision disorders. Fixation stability was assessed using the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) in 34 healthy participants (15 males, [...] Read more.

Herein, we investigated changes in fixation stability between the right and left eyes during binocular and monocular viewing in young adults without strabismic binocular vision disorders. Fixation stability was assessed using the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) in 34 healthy participants (15 males, 19 females) in their 20s. Eye-tracking was performed under three conditions: binocular viewing, monocular viewing, and monocular occlusion. Under these conditions, the median BCEA (deg²) values for the right and left eyes were 0.95 and 0.75, 1.07 and 0.86, and 1.62 and 1.32, respectively. Fixation stability did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes under the same viewing conditions. However, the left eye demonstrated greater fixation stability under binocular viewing (closed loop/both eyes open) than the right eye under monocular viewing (open loop/one eye closed). Participants with a dominant left eye in binocular viewing had higher fixation stability than those with a dominant right eye. During monocular occlusion, the nondominant eye showed better fixation stability than the dominant eye. A significant quantitative correlation was observed between phoria and fixation stability in the left eye during binocular viewing. These findings show that fixation stability changes with different viewing conditions and is affected by which eye is covered. Therefore, when conducting tests such as ocular alignment, which involve covering one eye, it may be helpful to assess both right and left eye occlusion for ensuring a more comprehensive analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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16 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Biological Modifications in Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Media Under Hypoxic Preconditioning: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Nanoparticle Stability

by Gülsemin Çiçek, Fatma Öz Bağcı, Mehmet Filizfidan, Selçuk Duman and Tahsin Murad Aktan

Life 2025, 15(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050702 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by modulating their oxidative stress response, metabolic activity, and secretome composition. Conditioned media (CM) obtained from MSCs cultured under hypoxia contains bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles [...] Read more.

Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) is a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by modulating their oxidative stress response, metabolic activity, and secretome composition. Conditioned media (CM) obtained from MSCs cultured under hypoxia contains bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that support regenerative processes. However, the effects of varying oxygen levels on the redox status and physicochemical characteristics of MSC-derived CM remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate how two physiologically relevant oxygen concentrations (1% and 5%) influence oxidative stress parameters and nanoparticle features in Wharton’s jelly-derived MSC (WJ-MSC)-conditioned media. Cells were cultured under 1% or 5% O₂ and subjected to serum starvation for 48 or 72 h. CM samples were analyzed for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI). Nanoparticle size and zeta potential were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and HIF-1α levels were quantified via ELISA. Results showed that CM from 1% O₂ cultures exhibited significantly higher oxidative stress, with elevated TOS and OSI values and reduced TAS levels, particularly after 72 h. Nanoparticle size was initially larger under 1% O₂ but decreased with time, whereas 5% O₂ supported more stable size profiles. Zeta potential measurements revealed more negative values under 5% O₂, indicating greater colloidal stability. HIF-1α expression markedly increased under 1% O₂, confirming hypoxia-induced cellular adaptation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that graded hypoxia distinctly modulates oxidative stress and nanoparticle characteristics in MSC-derived CM. These findings provide a basis for optimizing hypoxic preconditioning protocols to improve the quality and therapeutic potential of acellular MSC-based therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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10 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sports Injury Prevalence and Patterns in Recreational Sports Activities in South Korea: Applying the Association Rule Method

by Byeong Seok Min and Nara Jang

Life 2025, 15(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050701 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who experienced injuries were selected for the study. For data processing, data related to recreational sports injuries were first collected and organized using Excel 2015, and frequency analysis was conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. Furthermore, the association rule method was applied via Python 3.13.3 to analyze the patterns of injury sites and types. First, by investigating the prevalence of injuries in recreational sports, it was found that the injury frequency was highest in soccer, followed by cycling, hiking, and badminton. Second, in soccer, it was found that when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, knee, toe, and sprain injuries also occur together (Lift: 1.843). Additionally, in cycling, when knee injuries occur, toe, sprain, and strain (bruise) injuries also occur together (Lift: 2.420). In mountain biking, when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, cuts, sprains, stab wounds (cuts), sprains, and strains (bruises) also occur together (Lift: 1.808). The current survey on recreational sports injuries is expected to be used as basic data to prevent injuries in advance for participants in recreational sports, and it is expected that this will allow them to participate in sports by recognizing common injury sites before participating in sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

11 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study Evaluating the Early Clinical Outcomes Obtained with a Novel, Customized, Multifocal Corneo-Scleral Contact Lens for Presbyopia Correction

by Laura Barberán-Bernardos, Daniel Soriano Salcedo, Sergio Díaz-Gómez and David P. Piñero

Life 2025, 15(5), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050700 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2025

Background: The objective was to preliminarily evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes obtained in presbyopic patients with a novel, multifocal, customized corneo-scleral contact lens (CSCL). Methods: A total of 11 presbyopic subjects (age 45–80 years, corrected-distance visual acuity ≤ 0.1 LogMAR, near addition ≥ [...] Read more.

Background: The objective was to preliminarily evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes obtained in presbyopic patients with a novel, multifocal, customized corneo-scleral contact lens (CSCL). Methods: A total of 11 presbyopic subjects (age 45–80 years, corrected-distance visual acuity ≤ 0.1 LogMAR, near addition ≥ +1.00 D) were recruited and fitted with a multifocal corneo-scleral contact lens in this pilot study. Pre-fitting evaluations included stereopsis, contrast sensitivity (CS), and ocular aberrometry, with follow-up assessments conducted at 20 min and 1-month post-fitting. The defocus curve was also measured to assess visual performance across varying distances. Results: Twenty-two eyes from 11 participants (53.9 ± 4.7 years, 10 female) were included in this study. Significant changes were observed post-fitting for primary and secondary spherical aberration, coma, and stereopsis (p ≤ 0.033). No significant changes in Strehl ratio and total root mean square were detected (p ≥ 0.182). Binocular contrast sensitivity was better with spectacles than with the fitted CSCL at all frequencies (p ≤ 0.048), but the change in monocular did not reach statistical significance for 18 cycles per degree (p = 0.109). All patients and 90.9% of patients achieved a visual acuity of 0.0 LogMAR or better at distance and at intermediate, respectively, and 91.8% achieved 0.3 LogMAR or better for near vision. Conclusions: The customized CSCL evaluated provided functional recovery of visual quality across distances, with acceptable reductions of CS and stereopsis that are comparable to those reported for other multifocal contact lenses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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10 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Increase in Functional Visual Loss: Another Side-Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

by Andrea Lembo, Ilia Bresesti, Sofia Ginelli, Irene Schiavetti and Paolo Nucci

Life 2025, 15(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050699 - 25 Apr 2025

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the incidence of FVL before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore potential underlying psychosocial factors contributing to its increase. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study at the University Eye Clinic, Milan, analyzing patient records from two six-month periods: pre-pandemic (January–June 2019) and post-pandemic (January–June 2023). We included patients aged 3–80 years old and collected their demographic, clinical, and ophthalmological data. Statistical analyses compared the FVL incidence rates and symptom prevalence across both periods. Results: The incidence of FVL significantly increased from 4.0% pre-pandemic to 9.1% post-pandemic (p < 0.001). Certain symptoms, such as eye irritation and luminous scotoma, showed significant changes post-pandemic. Pediatric patients demonstrated an increased tendency towards emulation behavior. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have influenced the prevalence and characteristics of FVL, likely due to heightened psychological distress. Further research is needed to explore the long-term trends and intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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