Journal Description
Life
Life
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of scientific studies related to fundamental themes in life sciences, from basic to applied research, published monthly online by MDPI. The Astrobiology Society of Britain (ASB) and Spanish Association for Cancer Research (ASEICA) are affiliated with Life and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Biology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Paleontology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Life.
- Companion journals for Life include: Physiologia and Hydrobiology.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2024)
Latest Articles
Finite Element Investigation of Patellofemoral Contact Mechanics: Influence of Tibial Tuberosity Lateralisation and Trochlear Dysplasia on Extensor Mechanism Stability
Life 2025, 15(9), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091442 (registering DOI) - 15 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Patellofemoral instability arises from the interplay between trochlear morphology and malalignment of the extensor vector. Although each factor is individually well described, their combined mechanical effects have not been quantified within a single finite element framework. Objective: To investigate how lateral trochlear
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Background: Patellofemoral instability arises from the interplay between trochlear morphology and malalignment of the extensor vector. Although each factor is individually well described, their combined mechanical effects have not been quantified within a single finite element framework. Objective: To investigate how lateral trochlear inclination (LTI) and tibial tuberosity position interact to influence patellofemoral contact mechanics and stability across clinically relevant knee flexion angles. Methods: A subject-specific finite element model of the femur–patella–tibia complex was reconstructed from high-resolution CT data. Cortical and cancellous bone, patellar cartilage, the MPFL, and patellar tendon were included. Three trochlear morphologies were simulated (LTI = 15°, 10°, 5°) under native alignment (Case A) and after 10 mm lateral tibial tuberosity translation (Case B). Flexion at 30°, 60°, and 90° was imposed via solver-applied tibial displacement. Primary outcomes were contact pressure, contact area, MPFL stress, and lateral patellar translation. Instability was defined as >5 mm lateral translation or >50% reduction in contact area, consistent with the biomechanical literature. Model convergence (<5% variation) and validation against cadaveric pressure data were performed; a sensitivity analysis tested material property variation (±15%). Results: The native model reproduced peak pressures (3.6 MPa at 60°) within 9% of experimental benchmarks. Decreasing LTI enlarged the contact patch and lowered mean pressures (−18%) but increased MPFL stress (+37%). Tibial tuberosity lateralisation reduced mean pressures further (−25%), yet, when combined with shallow trochlear slopes (≤8°), produced >5 mm lateral patellar translation and near-complete loss of cartilage contact by 60°, simulating lateral dislocation. Sensitivity testing confirmed robustness to material property uncertainty. Conclusions: Shallow trochlear inclination dissipates articular load but destabilises the patella, an effect magnified by tibial tuberosity lateralisation. While these findings highlight thresholds at which stability may be compromised, they derive from a single-subject model and should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than prescriptive. Broader validation across multiple geometries and loading conditions is required before clinical translation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopedic Disease Treatment and Management: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)
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Open AccessArticle
Sexual Dysfunction Is Common in Reproductive-Age Women with Systemic Sclerosis
by
Lingling Salang, Pranom Buppasiri, Arporn Jutiviboonsuk and Chingching Foocharoen
Life 2025, 15(9), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091441 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is an underrecognized issue in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc), influenced by physical and psychological factors. Data on FSD in reproductive-age SSc patients, especially those with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), remain limited. Objectives: This study aimed to determine
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Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is an underrecognized issue in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc), influenced by physical and psychological factors. Data on FSD in reproductive-age SSc patients, especially those with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), remain limited. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FSD and identify its associated factors among reproductive-age women with SSc. Methods: A cross-sectional study (May 2019–March 2020) included sexually active women with SSc aged 18–45. Patients with surgical amenorrhea, prior radiation, hormonal contraceptive use within 12 weeks, or pregnancy were excluded. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Results: Among 27 women of reproductive age, 66.7% had the dcSSc subset. The mean age was 39.4 ± 5.2 years (range: 22–45 years), with a mean disease duration of 9.9 ± 7.9 years. FSD was identified in 51.9% of patients (95%CI: 31.9–71.3), with a higher prevalence in the dcSSc subset (71.4%) compared to limited cutaneous SSc (28.6%). Patients with FSD were more likely to be older at disease onset, exhibit telangiectasia, and have longer exposure to cyclophosphamide (CYC), although these findings were not statistically significant. Women with FSD showed significantly lower FSFI scores in arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and total sexual function (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusions: FSD is highly prevalent among SSc women of reproductive age, particularly in those with dcSSc. Disease severity, older age at onset, and prolonged CYC treatment may contribute to the risk of FSD. Early recognition and management of sexual health issues are essential in this patient population.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Stride Length on Pelvic–Trunk Separation and Proximal Plyometrics in Baseball Pitching
by
Dan K. Ramsey and Ryan L. Crotin
Life 2025, 15(9), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091440 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025
Abstract
Pelvis and trunk counter-rotation are key factors known to effect throwing arm kinematics in baseball pitching, where energy or momentum is transferred from the lower extremities through to the trunk during the pitching cycle. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze
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Pelvis and trunk counter-rotation are key factors known to effect throwing arm kinematics in baseball pitching, where energy or momentum is transferred from the lower extremities through to the trunk during the pitching cycle. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze previously recorded motion capture data of 19 skilled competitive pitchers to test the a priori hypothesis whether different stride lengths affect transverse pelvis and trunk biomechanics. A blinded randomized crossover design was used where pitchers threw two simulated games at ±25% from desired stride length (DSL), respective of overstride (OS) and under-stride (US). Variables of interest included pelvic–trunk separation (PTS) angle or degree of uncoupling and proximal plyometric effect (PPE) or ratio between trunk–pelvis angular velocities, as surrogate measures of rotational and elastic energy transfer. Paired t-tests were used to compare across stride conditions. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc analysis demonstrated stride lengths differed statistically, (DSL vs. OS p = 0.006), (DSL vs. US, p < 0.001), and (US vs. OS, p < 0.001). Despite the statistically different stride lengths, fastball velocities tracked with radar were consistent. No significant differences within and across innings pitched between OS and OS conditions were found. The ±25% stride length changes influenced temporal parameters within the pitching cycle. Shorter stride elicited by early SFC reduced time during the Generation phase and extended the Brace-Transfer duration (p < 0.001). Statistically different transverse pelvis and trunk kinematics at hallmark events and phases consequently influenced pelvic–trunk separation and proximal plyometrics. During the Generation (PKH-SFC) and Brace-Transfer (SFC-MER) phases, the pelvis and trunk were significantly more externally rotated (p < 0.001) with shorter strides, concomitant with less separation at the instant of SFC and the Generation phase with greater peak proximal plyometrics effect ratios peak during throwing arm acceleration, indicative of greater contribution of trunk angular velocity (p < 0.05). Greater transverse trunk angular velocities relative to the pelvis late in double support necessitates the throwing arm to “catch up” from a position of greater arm lag, which compromises the dynamic and passive stabilizers. In conclusion, stride length alters pitching biomechanics and timing of peak pelvic–trunk separation and trunk angular velocity relative to the pelvis. Increased shoulder and elbow tensile stress is to be expected, consequently increasing risk for injury.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Sport Physiology: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Pancreatic Injury in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Study Across Three Pandemic Waves
by
Mihai Lazar, Cristina Emilia Chitu and Ecaterina Constanta Barbu
Life 2025, 15(9), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091439 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) has emerged as a notable complication in patients with COVID-19, yet the interplay between viral infection, systemic inflammation, and pancreatic injury remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluatethe characteristics and risk factors of APin patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Acute pancreatitis (AP) has emerged as a notable complication in patients with COVID-19, yet the interplay between viral infection, systemic inflammation, and pancreatic injury remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluatethe characteristics and risk factors of APin patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. We conducted a retrospective, single-center analysis of 405 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without AP. Laboratory markers, including CRP, ESR, fibrinogen, LDH, D-dimers, WBC, neutrophils, serum potassium, and serum glucose, alongside imaging and clinical parameters, were analyzed for associations with AP occurrence. Our results indicate that elevated inflammatory and coagulation markers, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and more severe pulmonary involvement were significantly associated with AP in COVID-19. LDH and inflammatory markers demonstrated particularly strong predictive value, while D-dimers and lung injury severity also contributed to risk stratification. These findings suggest that systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, immunothrombosis, and metabolic impairments converge to increase pancreatic vulnerability in COVID-19 patients. Early recognition of these risk factors may guide monitoring and therapeutic interventions, although prospective validation is needed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Pneumonia Pathophysiology—from Lung Fibrosis to Coagulation Disorders)
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Investigating the Hemorheological, Metabolic, and Physical Performance Effect of a Core Muscle Strengthening Training Program
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Tobias Mody, Zsuzsanna Nemethne Gyurcsik, Csaba Attila Bakos, Bela Horvath, Barbara Bedocs-Barath, Adam Varga, Adam Attila Matrai, Norbert Nemeth and Sandor Szanto
Life 2025, 15(9), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091438 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025
Abstract
Physical activity influences red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation, which affect oxygen transport and performance. While regular training may enhance RBC properties, adaptations depend on exercise intensity, duration, and recovery. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 12-week core muscle
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Physical activity influences red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation, which affect oxygen transport and performance. While regular training may enhance RBC properties, adaptations depend on exercise intensity, duration, and recovery. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 12-week core muscle training program on RBC deformability, aggregation, and aerobic capacity in military trainees. A total of 35 male volunteers were divided into a Training group (n = 17) and a Control group (n = 18). The intervention included dynamic stretching, core stabilization, and functional movement exercises. Spiroergometry tests, blood gas analysis, and hemorheological measurements were conducted before and after the program. Results showed no significant changes in body composition or aerobic capacity. RBC deformability slightly decreased after exercise in both groups, while RBC aggregation increased. Blood viscosity changes were more moderate in the Training group, suggesting potential adaptation. However, the training intensity may have been insufficient for significant hemorheological improvements. While regular physical activity can enhance RBC function, adequate intensity, recovery, and nutrition are essential for optimal adaptation. Individualized training strategies should consider these factors to maximize performance and hemorheological benefits.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blood Rheology: Insights & Innovations)
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Open AccessArticle
Syncope and In-Hospital Mortality in Pulmonary Embolism: Insights from 300 Patients
by
Corina Cinezan and Camelia Bianca Rus
Life 2025, 15(9), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091437 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, with heterogeneous presentation. Syncope, reported in 10–20% of cases, may indicate severe hemodynamic compromise, but its independent prognostic role remains uncertain. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 300 patients admitted with acute
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Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, with heterogeneous presentation. Syncope, reported in 10–20% of cases, may indicate severe hemodynamic compromise, but its independent prognostic role remains uncertain. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 300 patients admitted with acute PE confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography between January 2022 and December 2024. Patients were stratified according to the presence of syncope at admission. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings and outcomes were compared. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. The present study is a single-center, retrospective analysis. Results: Syncope occurred in 48 patients (16%). Compared with those without syncope, these patients had higher rates of right ventricular dysfunction (68.7% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.002), elevated troponin (75% vs. 44%, p = 0.01), hypotension (29% vs. 8%, p < 0.001), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (56% vs. 22%, p < 0.001), and thrombolysis (19% vs. 8%, p = 0.03). In-hospital mortality was markedly higher in the syncope group (37.5% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed syncope as an independent predictor of mortality (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.1–8.4, p < 0.001), alongside right ventricular dysfunction and elevated troponin. Conclusions: Syncope at presentation is a simple but powerful clinical marker of high-risk PE and should prompt intensive monitoring and consideration of early reperfusion therapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anesthesia and Critical Care)
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Open AccessArticle
Changes in Cryotolerance of Spermatozoa in Men with Teratozoospermia Under the Influence of Extracellular Vesicles from Donor Seminal Plasma Isolated by Depth Filtration
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Maxim Gavrilov, Natalya Makarova, Anastasia Sysoeva, Ekaterina Evtushenko, Elizaveta Bragina, Polina Vishnyakova, Victoria Karyagina, Aida Bagdasaryan, Alexandra Yakimova, Denis Silachev, Elena Kalinina and Gennady Sukhikh
Life 2025, 15(9), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091436 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025
Abstract
Currently, there is a need to improve the cryopreservation process for male gametes, especially for patients with low cryotolerance during sperm cryopreservation. Methods: The content and size of donor extracellular vesicles (EVs) in seminal plasma (SP) were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA),
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Currently, there is a need to improve the cryopreservation process for male gametes, especially for patients with low cryotolerance during sperm cryopreservation. Methods: The content and size of donor extracellular vesicles (EVs) in seminal plasma (SP) were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), CD marker analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Patient ejaculates were exposed to cryopreservation with or without prior co-culture with SP EVs and were not exposed to cryopreservation. The interaction of SP EVs with spermatozoa was assessed by TEM. Apoptotic, necrotic and late apoptotic cells, and mitochondrial functional activity were detected by flow cytometry. Results: NTA showed the highest concentration of SP EVs with a size of 80 nm, corresponding to small EVs. The binding of SP EVs to spermatozoa occurred along the entire plasma membrane, with an increased concentration of SP EVs at the neck and upper third of the sperm head. A significant increase in sperm motility was observed in the EVs co-culture group after cryopreservation/thawing. Flow cytometry showed a significant difference in the JC-1 Red/JC-1 Green ratio, indicating a higher mitochondrial membrane potential in the EVs exposure group. Conclusions: SP EVs have a protective function during human sperm cryopreservation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Clinical Research of Germ Cells)
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Open AccessCase Report
Intensive Management of a Patient with HIV, Active Tuberculosis, and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Approach in the Intensive Care Unit
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Brayan Ricardo Mosquera-Arias, Valeria Sanclemente-Cardoza and Jose Luis Estela-Zape
Life 2025, 15(9), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091435 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025
Abstract
Coinfection with HIV, active tuberculosis, and COVID-19 is rare but markedly increases mortality risk and complicates treatment due to the interactions between these infections. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates antiretroviral therapy, antituberculous drugs, antibiotics, and supportive care for COVID-19. We report
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Coinfection with HIV, active tuberculosis, and COVID-19 is rare but markedly increases mortality risk and complicates treatment due to the interactions between these infections. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates antiretroviral therapy, antituberculous drugs, antibiotics, and supportive care for COVID-19. We report the case of a 28-year-old male with HIV (viral load 30 copies, CD4 count 303), active tuberculosis, and a history of resolved syphilis, who presented with severe respiratory decompensation and hypoxemia (SpO2 55%), requiring orotracheal intubation. Initial treatment included broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiretrovirals, and antituberculous therapy. Despite the critical illness, the patient demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, was successfully extubated after a spontaneous breathing trial, and continued recovery under supplemental oxygen. This case underscores the clinical complexity of triple coinfection and highlights the potential for favorable outcomes when management is timely and multidisciplinary.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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Open AccessReview
The Role of Probiotics in Healing Burns and Skin Wounds; An Integrative Approach in the Context of Regenerative Medicine
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Lenuta Ambrose, Ciprian Adrian Dinu, Gabriela Gurau, Nicoleta-Maricica Maftei, Madalina Nicoleta Matei, Maria-Andrada Hincu, Marius Radu and Mihaela-Cezarina Mehedinti
Life 2025, 15(9), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091434 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
In the context of thermal injury, local tissue integrity and systemic homeostasis are compromised, often resulting in delayed healing, infections, and disturbances of the skin and intestinal microbial balance. Despite several reviews addressing probiotics in wound healing, none has specifically focused on their
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In the context of thermal injury, local tissue integrity and systemic homeostasis are compromised, often resulting in delayed healing, infections, and disturbances of the skin and intestinal microbial balance. Despite several reviews addressing probiotics in wound healing, none has specifically focused on their role in thermal injuries and burn-associated pathophysiology. This review uniquely integrates evidence on the gut–skin axis, postbiotic innovations, and regenerative perspectives tailored to burn care. We conducted a critical synthesis of recent preclinical and clinical trials evaluating the use of probiotics and their derivatives to promote tissue regeneration following burn injury. Previous reviews have addressed probiotics in general wound repair, but the present synthesis advances the field by bridging mechanistic insights (immune modulation, angiogenesis, microbiome restoration) with translational evidence in burn patients, offering a framework for personalized regenerative approaches. Based on a structured review of the literature—including in vitro models, animal experiments, and randomized trials with topical, enteral, and systemic administration of probiotic—we identified four main mechanisms of action: modulation of the immune response by balancing cytokines and polarization of T lymphocytes; stimulation of tissue repair by increasing the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, increased collagen synthesis, and induction of angiogenesis; direct antimicrobial activity against biofilms and multiresistant pathogens; and the restoration of eubiosis with the improvement of the function of epithelial barriers. While these findings endorse the adjunctive use of probiotics in burn management, large multicenter trials are required to standardize strains, dosages, and formulations before their routine clinical adoption.
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(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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Open AccessArticle
Randomized Controlled Trial of Patient Positioning and Operator Radiation Exposure During Lower Extremity Catheter Angiography
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Ákos Bérczi, Fanni Éva Szablics, Anita Nelli Simon, Gabriella Taba, Dóra Ágota Papp, Réka György, Ákos András Pataki, Artúr Hüttl, Balázs Nemes and Csaba Csobay-Novák
Life 2025, 15(9), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091433 - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains an important reference modality for evaluating chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), with left transradial access (TRA) increasingly favored for its lower complication rates and patient comfort. Radiation safety for operators is paramount, yet the impact of patient positioning on
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Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains an important reference modality for evaluating chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), with left transradial access (TRA) increasingly favored for its lower complication rates and patient comfort. Radiation safety for operators is paramount, yet the impact of patient positioning on scatter radiation during lower limb diagnostic catheter angiography (CA) is understudied. This single-center randomized controlled trial evaluated whether head-first (HF) vs. feet-first (FF) supine patient orientation affects operator radiation exposure during lower extremity CA from left TRA. Between February and August 2024, 24 patients with CLTI were enrolled and randomized to HF or FF positions. Operator radiation exposure was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) at the eye, chest, and left ring finger. Background radiation was subtracted. Procedures were standardized and performed by a single experienced interventional radiologist. Fluoroscopy time, dose area product (DAP), and contrast usage were recorded. No statistically significant differences were found between groups in patient BMI and procedural parameters. Patient positioning (HF vs. FF) did not significantly impact operator radiation exposure. A trend toward higher finger exposure in FF position suggests the need for optimized hand protection. These findings support flexible patient positioning without compromising operator safety, reinforcing adherence to ALARA principles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vascular Medicine: From Endovascular Innovations to Pathophysiological Insights)
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Open AccessArticle
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity
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Nikolay Dimov, Antoniya Yaneva, Evelina Valcheva, Gabriela Raycheva, Veselin Popov, Raya Delipavlova, Dimitar Nikolov and Zhanet Grudeva-Popova
Life 2025, 15(9), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091432 - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a common complication during antineoplastic therapy, particularly when platinum-based medications are used. Early detection of this condition is crucial for improving risk stratification and management, thereby enhancing decision-making in kidney disease treatment. However, traditional biomarkers for renal assessment lack sensitivity in
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Nephrotoxicity is a common complication during antineoplastic therapy, particularly when platinum-based medications are used. Early detection of this condition is crucial for improving risk stratification and management, thereby enhancing decision-making in kidney disease treatment. However, traditional biomarkers for renal assessment lack sensitivity in identifying early or subclinical damage, underscoring the need for novel and more precise markers. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of urinary KIM-1, clusterin, nephrin, and serum cystatin C in detecting nephrotoxicity associated with platinum-based therapies. A total of 43 patients with different oncological diseases participated in the prospective study, divided into two groups based on the nephrotoxic potential of the administered drugs: patients treated with cisplatin (high-risk group for nephrotoxicity) and patients treated with oxaliplatin/carboplatin (low-to-moderate risk group for nephrotoxicity). The results showed that nephrotoxicity, determined as a decrease in eGFR of >10 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the sixth month after initiation of platinum-based therapy, occurred in 54.3% of cases, with 80% of these attributable to cisplatin-based therapy. Conventional renal biomarkers, such as the serum creatinine and urine albumin-creatinine ratio, have shown controversial results in the course of the study. In contrast, the patients treated with cisplatin, as well as those who developed nephrotoxicity, showed significant increases in the mean values of cystatin C (p < 0.001, respectively, p < 0.001), urinary KIM-1 (p = 0.005, respectively, p = 0.002), and urinary clusterin (p = 0.001, respectively, p = 0.001). Among the group with a low to moderate risk of nephrotoxicity including those treated with oxaliplatin/carboplatin, no statistically significant changes over time were observed in any of the biomarkers. These findings suggest that the aforementioned biomarkers can be used for the early detection of cisplatin-induced eGFR decline.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Kidney Diseases)
Open AccessReview
When a Woman’s Heart Fails to Contain: Takotsubo Syndrome as a Gendered Collapse of Emotional Regulation
by
Giuseppe Marano, Enrico Romagnoli, Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, Gianandrea Traversi, Osvaldo Mazza, Roberto Pola, Eleonora Gaetani and Marianna Mazza
Life 2025, 15(9), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091431 - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is an acute and typically reversible cardiac condition that mimics acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease. Predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, TTS has been increasingly recognized as a psychobiological disorder involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, autonomic imbalance,
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Background: Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is an acute and typically reversible cardiac condition that mimics acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease. Predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, TTS has been increasingly recognized as a psychobiological disorder involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, autonomic imbalance, psychosocial stress, and gendered patterns of emotional regulation. This review aimed to synthesize multidisciplinary evidence to propose an integrative, gender-informed model of TTS. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2025) to identify clinical, neurobiological, psychosocial, and psychoanalytic studies addressing sex/gender differences, psychiatric comorbidities, and emotional regulation in TTS. Results: Evidence indicates that catecholamine surge, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, estrogen deficiency, and autonomic imbalance provide a biological substrate for stress-induced myocardial stunning. Psychosocial factors, such as caregiving burden, chronic stress, and alexithymia, further decrease resilience. Gendered coping scripts and unconscious symbolic processes may amplify vulnerability and influence clinical presentation. The integrative model combines biological, psychological, and social mechanisms, highlighting the predominance of emotional triggers in women and worse in-hospital outcomes in men. Conclusions: TTS should be approached as both a cardiac and affective disorder. Gender-sensitive, multidisciplinary management, including psychiatric screening, psychocardiology interventions, and psychoanalytically informed care, may improve prevention, diagnosis, and patient outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Perspectives of Takotsubo Syndrome)
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Open AccessArticle
A Dose-Dependent Study Examining Dexmedetomidine’s Possible Effects Against Oxidative, Fibrotic, and Apoptotic Damage Induced by Radiation Exposure in Spleen Tissue
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Hatice Beyazal Polat, Hamit Yılmaz, Kagan Kilinc, Belemir Gülhan, Sema Yılmaz Rakıcı and Levent Tümkaya
Life 2025, 15(9), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091430 - 12 Sep 2025
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential splenic tissue damage induced by radiotherapy (RT) and the potential protective effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine on this damage at the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical levels. Materials and Methods: In our study, Sprague Dawley
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential splenic tissue damage induced by radiotherapy (RT) and the potential protective effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine on this damage at the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical levels. Materials and Methods: In our study, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, Radiotherapy (RT; 8 Gy), RT + Dexmedetomidine 100 µg/kg (RT-D100), and RT + Dexmedetomidine 200 µg/kg (RT-D200). A single dose of 8 Gy radiotherapy was administered to each RT group. Spleen tissues were examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically with anti-Caspase-3, anti-TGF-β1, and anti-TGF-β3 using light microscopy. TBARS and total thiol levels were also analyzed to assess oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. Results: Histopathological results showed a significant decrease in white pulp diameter, decreased cellular density, and increased congestion in the red pulp in the RT group. Significant fibrosis, sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization, and amyloid deposition were detected in the white pulp in the RT group. Regarding anti-caspase-3 immunoreactivity, strong positivity increased in the red pulp in the RT group, while a significant increase was observed in the white pulp in both the RT-D100 and RT groups. While the proportion of TGF-β1 immunopositive cells did not change significantly in the RT group, they increased significantly in both dexmedetomidine groups (especially RT-D200). TGF-β3 expression increased significantly only in the RT-D100 group. In biochemical analyses, TBARS levels increased significantly in the RT-D100 group. Total thiol levels decreased in the RT group and increased in the dexmedetomidine-treated groups. Conclusions: While RT caused histopathological damage and increased oxidative stress in spleen tissue, dexmedetomidine reduced this damage in a dose-dependent manner. The different immunohistochemical profiles of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 suggest that these cytokines may have different functions in the spleen. 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine stimulates a regenerative response through TGF-β3, while 200 µg/kg dexmedetomidine may provide immune regulation and antioxidative defense through TGF-β1.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evidence from Two Selected Cohorts of Patients from Low–Middle and High Income Countries
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Maria Mattiotti, Matteo Righini, Daniele Vetrano, Danilo Ribichini, Valentina Vicennati, Valeria Aiello, Ermanno Notaro, Paolo Belardi, Noemi Bazzanini, Katunzi Mutalemwa, Emmanuel Ndile, Rehema Itambu, Uberto Pagotto, Gaetano Azzimonti, Giuseppe Cianciolo, Irene Capelli and Gaetano La Manna
Life 2025, 15(9), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091429 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Objectives: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Different phenotypes of DKD are emerging, partially attributable to a better glycemic control, partially to concomitant risk factors for kidney disease. Diabetes belongs to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), but poor data
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Objectives: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Different phenotypes of DKD are emerging, partially attributable to a better glycemic control, partially to concomitant risk factors for kidney disease. Diabetes belongs to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), but poor data about DKD in Low–Middle Income Countries are currently available. In the present paper we compare two cohorts of patients affected by DKD from Tanzania and from Italy. Study design: Retrospective observational study conducted by NCDs Clinic of Tosamaganga Regional Referral Hospital (Tanzania) and from the Multidisciplinary Diabetological-Nephrological Clinic of Bologna (Italy). Methods: Included patients’ data were analyzed for demographical features, diabetes complications, laboratory findings, and pharmacological therapy at the time of enrollment and after 6-month follow-up. Results: Tanzanian patients were younger (56.65 vs. 67.66 years, p < 0.001), with a higher prevalence of women (66.9% vs. 25.5%, p < 0.001), and showed lower level of BMI (26.39 vs. 30.18 kg/m2, p < 0.001). Worsened glycemic control could be observed in the Tanzanian cohort (HbA1c 83.71 vs. 56.92 mmol/mol, p < 0.001) and higher eGFR (70.13 ± 31.93 vs. 52.31 ± 23.37 mL/min, p < 0.001). A sharp reduction in albuminuria was observed in both cohorts with an increase in nephroprotective drugs and better glycemic control. Conclusions: Two phenotypes of diabetic patients have emerged from comparison between two cohorts. Tanzanian patients are mostly female, younger, and with a normal BMI, whereas Italian patients are mainly male, older, and affected by metabolic syndrome and vascular complications. Therapy implementation is associated with a delayed decline of eGFR and downgrading of albuminuria at 6-month follow-up.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Diabetic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment)
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Open AccessArticle
Ferreting Out the Effects of Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia and Sex on Ferret Cortical Gyrification
by
Olivia C. Brandon, Olivia R. White, Kylie A. Corry, Andreea Stanescu, Arian Ariaye, Daniel H. Moralejo, Janessa B. Law, Sarah E. Kolnik, Sandra E. Juul and Thomas R. Wood
Life 2025, 15(9), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091428 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Gyrification, the folding of the cerebral cortex, plays a crucial role in brain development and function. Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of neonatal brain injury, affecting cortical folding that can be measured by the gyrification index (GI). Using a late-preterm ferret
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Gyrification, the folding of the cerebral cortex, plays a crucial role in brain development and function. Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of neonatal brain injury, affecting cortical folding that can be measured by the gyrification index (GI). Using a late-preterm ferret model, our objective was to explore the relationships between HI injury, GI changes, and behavior, as well as the potential moderating effects of sex and treatment. Animals received 3 mg/kg E. coli lipopolysaccharide and underwent bilateral carotid artery ligation followed by alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia (HIH) and were randomized to saline vehicle (n = 25), erythropoietin (n = 20), therapeutic hypothermia (6 h at 33.5 °C, n = 20), and uridine monophosphate (n = 6), with n = 20 unexposed littermates serving as controls. Early reflex testing, CatWalk gait analysis, open-field behavior, and an open-water swim test were performed. Average, peak, motor, and somatosensory strip GIs were then assessed using ex vivo MRI. In control animals, males had lower GI than females; however, HIH exposure resulted in male GI being more similar to females, where HIH animals had significantly higher average GI than controls (p = 0.02). Adjusting for brain volume and injury, GIs in motor and somatosensory areas were associated with faster reflex outcomes in males but not females. In female controls, motor and somatosensory GIs were associated with increased anxiety-like behaviors, such as spending less time in open water during the swim test. By comparison, in male controls, higher GI was associated with decreased anxiety-like behaviors, including higher exploration index in the swim test. These sex-specific relationships between GI and behavior were lost with HIH injury. Treatment did not meaningfully restore the relationship between GI and behavior after HIH, but targeting this outcome may be an important measure for use in future neuroprotection studies in the ferret.
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(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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Open AccessArticle
Metabolic Responses of Newly Isolated Microalgal Strains Cultured in an Open Pond Simulating Reactor Under Balanced Conditions and Nutrient Limitation
by
Panagiotis Dritsas and George Aggelis
Life 2025, 15(9), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091427 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Microalgal strains—Picochlorum costavermella VAS2.5, Picochlorum oklahomense PAT3.2B and SAG4.4, Microchloropsis gaditana VON5.3, and Nephroselmis pyriformis PAT2.7—were evaluated in an Open Pond Simulating Reactor (OPSR) under varied conditions to assess their biomass yield and high-value metabolite production. Overall, the strains produced 269.1–523.0 mg/L
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Microalgal strains—Picochlorum costavermella VAS2.5, Picochlorum oklahomense PAT3.2B and SAG4.4, Microchloropsis gaditana VON5.3, and Nephroselmis pyriformis PAT2.7—were evaluated in an Open Pond Simulating Reactor (OPSR) under varied conditions to assess their biomass yield and high-value metabolite production. Overall, the strains produced 269.1–523.0 mg/L of biomass under balanced growth conditions in modified Artificial Seawater, continuous illumination, and pH 8.5. Phosphorus limitation notably enhanced yields for SAG4.4 and PAT2.7 (529.0 ± 52.2 mg/L and 452.2 ± 21.0 mg/L, respectively). Conversely, nitrogen limitation reduced productivity. In most strains the glycolipid plus sphingolipid fraction was dominant. Significant quantities of 20:5(n-3) were traced in the cultures of VAS2.5 and VON5.3, while the PAT3.2B and SAG4.4 strains produced considerable amounts of 18:3(n-3). In contrast, the most interesting fatty acid synthesized by PAT2.7 was 16:1(n-7), which was also detected in significant quantities in VAS2.5 and VON5.3. Polysaccharide content remained stable across conditions (10–15%), and protein levels reached 45–50% under control and phosphorus-limited environments. Pigment synthesis peaked at control conditions. Overall, the biochemical profiles of these strains revealed their potential for use primarily as feed additives in the aquaculture sector.
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(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
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Open AccessReview
Arrhythmias in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Call for a Multidisciplinary Team
by
Veronica Ungurean, Diana Elena Costan, Monica Claudia Dobos, Anca Ouatu, Paula Cristina Morariu, Alexandru Florinel Oancea, Maria Mihaela Godun, Diana-Elena Floria, Dragos Traian Marcu, Genoveva Livia Baroi, Silviu Marcel Stanciu, Anton Knieling, Daniela Maria Tanase, Codrina Ancuta and Mariana Floria
Life 2025, 15(9), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091426 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most prevalent systemic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the synovial tissue of small and large joints, also associated with significant extra-articular manifestations. Throughout the progression of the disease, cardiac structures may be affected, including the conducting system, myocardium, endocardium,
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Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most prevalent systemic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the synovial tissue of small and large joints, also associated with significant extra-articular manifestations. Throughout the progression of the disease, cardiac structures may be affected, including the conducting system, myocardium, endocardium, coronary arteries, and valves, potentially resulting in a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the most recent studies that highlight the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of arrhythmias occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, we examined the impact of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)—including conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biologic (bDMARDs), and targeted synthetic agents (tsDMARDs)—on cardiac electrophysiology. Results: Cardiac immune cells may influence arrhythmogenesis through non-canonical and inflammatory mechanisms by modifying myocardial tissue architecture or by interacting with cardiomyocytes, potentially altering their electrical function. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the essential role of a multidisciplinary approach integrating rheumatology and cardiology expertise in the screening and management of arrhythmias in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment—4th Edition)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Does Nitrate Supplementation Improve Muscle Strength, Power, and Sprint Performance in Females? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by
Fanhao Meng, Yuhang Liu, Bopeng Qiu and Juan Li
Life 2025, 15(9), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091425 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: Inorganic nitrate (NO3−) may enhance muscle contractility and blood flow via nitric oxide production, offering potential ergogenic benefits. However, most studies have focused on males, and its effects in females during high-intensity, short-duration exercise remain unclear. Objective: This review
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Background: Inorganic nitrate (NO3−) may enhance muscle contractility and blood flow via nitric oxide production, offering potential ergogenic benefits. However, most studies have focused on males, and its effects in females during high-intensity, short-duration exercise remain unclear. Objective: This review assessed the acute effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle strength, power, and sprint performance in healthy females. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane CENTRAL, from inception to July 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of oral inorganic nitrate (e.g., beetroot juice or nitrate salts) in healthy females were included. Eligible studies involved (i) healthy women aged 18–30, (ii) nitrate supplementation vs. placebo, and (iii) outcome measures of muscle strength (e.g., MVC), power (e.g., countermovement jump height, peak power), or sprint performance (e.g., sprint time or repeated sprint ability). Studies were excluded if they did not report sex-specific results or lacked relevant physical performance outcomes. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for each outcome. Results: Nitrate supplementation had small, non-significant effects on muscle strength (SMD = 0.10, 95% CI: −0.10 to 0.30, p > 0.05) and sprint performance (SMD = 0.14, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.41, p > 0.05). A statistically significant, small-to-moderate improvement was observed in power (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.69, p < 0.05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of the power result. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate based on the GRADE assessment. Conclusions: Inorganic nitrate supplementation may modestly enhance power in healthy females but does not appear to significantly improve muscle strength or sprint performance. These findings highlight the importance of sex-specific research in sports nutrition to guide targeted supplementation strategies for female athletes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Following-Up Micro-Rheological and Microcirculatory Alterations During the Early Wound Healing Phase of Local and Rotated Musculocutaneous Flaps in Rats
by
Gergo Kincses, Laszlo Adam Fazekas, Adam Varga, Adam Attila Matrai, Nguyen Xuan Loc, Kincso Barabasi, Anna Orsolya Flasko, Tamas Juhasz, Abel Molnar and Norbert Nemeth
Life 2025, 15(9), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091424 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
In reconstructive surgery, usage of different flaps is essential to cover tissue defects. Twisting, stretching or damaging the vascular pedicle may jeopardize the flaps’ viability. The aim of our experiment was to monitor tissue perfusion parameters of local versus rotated musculocutaneous flaps. In
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In reconstructive surgery, usage of different flaps is essential to cover tissue defects. Twisting, stretching or damaging the vascular pedicle may jeopardize the flaps’ viability. The aim of our experiment was to monitor tissue perfusion parameters of local versus rotated musculocutaneous flaps. In rats, musculus cutaneus maximus-based muscle–skin flaps were prepared bilaterally: one was sutured back to its original position, while the other flap was rotated to the ventral chest region (Flap group). In the Control group, flaps were not prepared. Tissue microcirculation was monitored intraoperatively, and on the 7th and 14th postoperative days. Blood samples were taken for testing hematological and hemorheological parameters. At the end of the observation period, biopsies were taken for biomechanical (tensile strengths) and histological investigations. We found that leukocyte and platelet counts significantly increased in the Flap group, while erythrocyte deformability decreased and aggregation increased. Although both local and rotated flaps survived and wound healing progressed well, in microcirculatory recordings, hypoperfusion and visible red blood cell aggregates were seen mostly in the rotated flaps. The rotated flaps were biomechanically weaker compared to local flaps or intact skin regions. This new model seems to be suitable for studying further flap pathophysiology focusing on tissue perfusion.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blood Rheology: Insights & Innovations)
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Evaluation of Dry Eye Disease Signs, Symptoms, and Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
by
Wojciech Luboń, Anna Agaś-Lange, Ewa Mrukwa-Kominek, Adrian Smędowski and Dorota Wyględowska-Promieńska
Life 2025, 15(9), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091423 - 10 Sep 2025
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) represents one of the most prevalent ocular manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with reported incidence rates ranging from 15% to 35%. DED constitutes a multifactorial condition that significantly impairs both visual function and health-related quality of life.
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Dry eye disease (DED) represents one of the most prevalent ocular manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with reported incidence rates ranging from 15% to 35%. DED constitutes a multifactorial condition that significantly impairs both visual function and health-related quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of DED symptoms on vision-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with SLE, employing the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) as a disease-specific instrument. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate correlations between clinical diagnostic tests and OSDI scores, and to determine the frequency of abnormalities affecting individual ocular structures. This study included 35 SLE patients, identifying DED in 37.1%. Common ophthalmic abnormalities included lens opacification (22.9%) and hyaloid degeneration (34.3%). Astigmatism (>0.50 D cyl) was prevalent (60.0%), being significantly higher in DED patients. While visual acuity and intraocular pressure were comparable, DED patients showed significantly lower Schirmer I test values, reduced tear break-up time, and higher van Bijsterveld scores, indicating impaired tear film and surface integrity. OSDI scores were significantly elevated in the DED group, with 51.4% reporting moderate to severe dysfunction. Strong, statistically significant correlations between the OSDI and objective tear film parameters confirmed a robust association between subjective symptoms and clinical signs. These findings highlight the significant impact of DED on visual function in SLE patients, underscoring the importance of routine ophthalmological evaluation and timely intervention.
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(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
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