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Life
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Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy
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Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 5405

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Manos Stefanakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Interests: sports and musculoskeletal physiotherapy; sports and musculoskeletal biomechanics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to contribute to a Special Issue, which will incorporate related papers on sports biomechanics, injuries and rehabilitation. Recent advances in biomechanics and wearable sensors have transformed all fields of clinical practice in sports rehabilitation, from prevention to assessment and management to decisions regarding return to play. The present Special Issue aims to highlight these recent advances in sports biomechanics and how objective data drive clinical decision making in sports injuries and rehabilitation. The purpose of this Special Issue is to compile a series of peer-reviewed studies, case reports, and methodological advancements and provide clinicians and practitioners with actionable insights into the optimization of performance and minimization of injury risk through biomechanical understanding. This Special Issue will cover all aspects relevant to sports injuries, from epidemiology to prevention, objective assessment and management to return-to-play decisions.

This Special Issue is now open for submissions. Prospective authors should first send a short abstract or tentative title to the Editorial Office. If the editors deem the topic to be appropriate for inclusion in one of the Special Issues, the author will be encouraged to submit a full manuscript.

Dr. Manos Stefanakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sports injuries
  • epidemiology
  • data-driven rehabilitation
  • objective assessment
  • injury prevention
  • return to play

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 882 KB  
Article
Integrating Wearable Sensors and Clinical Tools for Assessing Pelvic Gait Symmetry During ACL Recovery
by Atanas Kostadinov Drumev and Danelina Emilova Vacheva
Life 2026, 16(3), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030531 - 23 Mar 2026
Viewed by 652
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries frequently lead to persistent gait asymmetries, posing challenges for early rehabilitation and functional status. Comprehensive monitoring of pelvic gait symmetry during rehabilitation remains underexplored. This study evaluated post-operative functional status using an integrated monitoring approach combining pelvic-mounted inertial [...] Read more.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries frequently lead to persistent gait asymmetries, posing challenges for early rehabilitation and functional status. Comprehensive monitoring of pelvic gait symmetry during rehabilitation remains underexplored. This study evaluated post-operative functional status using an integrated monitoring approach combining pelvic-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors with standardized clinical assessments in 32 individuals (9 women, 23 men; aged 19–64) following ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon autografts. IMU recordings captured pelvic oscillations in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes during standardized 10 m walking tests, providing objective digital biomarkers of gait symmetry. Clinical assessments included knee range of motion, thigh circumference, swelling, and pain using a modified 0–20 visual analogue scale (VAS). Across the early rehabilitation period, VAS scores decreased from 13.6 to 3.0, knee swelling from 2.88 cm to 1.09 cm, knee extension deficit from −9.38° to −2.03°, and knee flexion improved from 61.56° to 98.75°. Thigh hypotrophy increased from 1.13 cm to 2.53 cm. Pelvic oscillations improved in all planes (sagittal: 36.2 to 49.2; frontal: 71.9 to 92.2; transverse: 73.4 to 90.9), reflecting progressive restoration of gait control as patients transitioned from crutch-assisted to independent walking. The integration of wearable sensor data with clinical metrics enabled sensitive tracking of pelvic gait symmetry and functional status, demonstrating the utility of technology-supported monitoring to support individualized clinical assessment and early-phase monitoring following ACL reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
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10 pages, 193 KB  
Article
Analysis of Participation Patterns and Injury-Triggering Factors in Elderly Grassroots Sports Using Association Rule Mining
by So Yoon Lee
Life 2026, 16(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030467 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 387
Abstract
This study aimed to identify structural relationships between sports participation patterns and injury risk factors among older adults using data mining techniques, addressing limitations of prior descriptive research. Data from the 2024 Sports Safety Accident Survey were analyzed, including 352 adults aged 65 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to identify structural relationships between sports participation patterns and injury risk factors among older adults using data mining techniques, addressing limitations of prior descriptive research. Data from the 2024 Sports Safety Accident Survey were analyzed, including 352 adults aged 65 years and older. Eight key variables related to participation and injury were examined using association rule analysis with the Apriori algorithm. High-risk injury patterns were associated with irregular participation in non-sport-specific locations during late-night hours and with excessive movement during prolonged, daily participation, particularly in the morning. Injuries most frequently affected major joints of the upper and lower limbs. Sports injuries in older adults arise from complex interactions among temporal, environmental, and behavioral factors. These findings support the development of targeted safety guidelines and injury prevention strategies tailored to participation patterns in the aging population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
19 pages, 527 KB  
Article
Concentric Versus Eccentric Exercise-Induced Fatigue on Proprioception, Motor Control and Performance of the Upper Limb in Handball Players: A Retrospective Study
by Stelios Hadjisavvas, Michalis A. Efstathiou, Irene-Chrysovalanto Themistocleous and Manos Stefanakis
Life 2026, 16(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030429 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Background: Upper-limb performance in handball depends on accurate shoulder sensorimotor control under high loads and fatigue. This study examined between-cohort differences associated with concentric versus eccentric exercise-induced fatigue in shoulder proprioception, kinesthesia, functional stability, and isometric force output in professional male handball players. [...] Read more.
Background: Upper-limb performance in handball depends on accurate shoulder sensorimotor control under high loads and fatigue. This study examined between-cohort differences associated with concentric versus eccentric exercise-induced fatigue in shoulder proprioception, kinesthesia, functional stability, and isometric force output in professional male handball players. Methods: This was a retrospective, quasi-experimental (non-randomized) between-cohort comparison of two previously collected cohorts who completed either a concentric (n = 46) or eccentric (n = 33) fatigue protocol, with pre- and post-fatigue assessments of joint repositioning sense (absolute angular error, AAE), threshold to detection of passive movement (TTDPM), Y Balance Test Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ), and the Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test. Results: Fatigue significantly increased AAE across all tested angles (Time: all p < 0.001), with a contraction-specific effect at end-range internal rotation (IR45°), where AAE increased more after concentric than eccentric fatigue (Time × Fatigue Type: p = 0.017; Δ = +1.34° (+61.8%) vs. +0.20° (+7.4%)). TTDPM increased after fatigue (p = 0.001) with no interaction (p = 0.968). YBT-UQ performance decreased after fatigue for all dominant-limb outcomes and for non-dominant inferolateral, superolateral, and composite scores (all p ≤ 0.018), but not for non-dominant anteromedial reach (p = 0.986); no Time × Fatigue Type interactions were detected for YBT-UQ outcomes (all p > 0.05). ASH force output decreased across all positions and both limbs (all p ≤ 0.002), with the dominant-limb Y position showing a greater decline following eccentric fatigue (Time × Fatigue Type: p = 0.030; e.g., ASH Y dominant Δ = −0.49 (−4.6%) vs. −1.43 N·kg−1 (−13.3%)). Conclusions: Exercise-induced fatigue impairs shoulder sensorimotor function and upper-limb performance in handball. Contraction-mode differences were small and task-specific in this between-cohort comparison, emerging primarily at end-range proprioception and selected isometric strength positions. These findings may inform the design of training programs that emphasize fatigue-resistant sensorimotor control and end-range strength, while causal inferences regarding contraction mode are not warranted given the non-randomized design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
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13 pages, 1773 KB  
Article
Speed and Distance Redistribution—Lower Limb Power Strategy in Single-Leg-Approach Jumps
by Wei-Hsun Tai, Hsien-Te Peng, Jian-Zhi Lin, Hai-Bin Yu and Po-Ang Li
Life 2026, 16(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010160 - 18 Jan 2026
Viewed by 559
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the influence of approach kinematics on the subsequent kinetics and power production strategies during the approach to running jumps with a single leg (ARJSL). Twenty-five physically active male university students performed ARJSL trials under two prescribed approach speeds (fast [...] Read more.
This study systematically investigated the influence of approach kinematics on the subsequent kinetics and power production strategies during the approach to running jumps with a single leg (ARJSL). Twenty-five physically active male university students performed ARJSL trials under two prescribed approach speeds (fast and slow) and three approach distances (3, 6, and 9 m) in a 2 × 3 within-subjects design. Three-dimensional motion capture synchronized with force platform data was used to quantify jump height (JH), vertical touchdown velocity (TDv), reactive strength index (RSI), peak joint power (hip, knee, and ankle), and joint stiffness. Significant approach speed × distance interactions were observed for JH (p = 0.006), TDv (p < 0.001), RSI (p = 0.014), ankle stiffness (p = 0.006), and peak power generation at all lower-limb joints (all p < 0.034). The results demonstrate that changes in approach strategy systematically alter the distribution of mechanical power among the hip, knee, and ankle joints, thereby influencing the effectiveness of horizontal-to-vertical momentum conversion during take-off. Notably, RSI and ankle stiffness were particularly sensitive to combined manipulations of speed and distance, highlighting their value as neuromechanical indicators of stretch–shortening cycle intensity and joint loading demands. In conclusion, ARJSL performance depends on finely tuned, speed- and distance-specific biomechanical adaptations within the lower extremity. These findings provide a constrained, joint-level mechanical characterization of how approach speed and distance interact to influence power redistribution and stiffness behavior during ARJSL, without implying optimal or performance-maximizing strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
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14 pages, 1579 KB  
Article
Adaptive Neuromuscular Co-Contraction Strategies Under Varying Approach Speeds and Distances During Single-Leg Jumping: An Exploratory Study
by Wei-Hsun Tai, Hsien-Te Peng, Jian-Zhi Lin and Po-Ang Li
Life 2025, 15(12), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121859 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated how variations in approach speed and distance influence lower-limb muscle activation, joint co-contraction ratios (CCRs), and mechanical joint stiffness during single-leg approach run jump landings (ARJSL), to clarify adaptive neuromuscular strategies for joint stiffness regulation. Methods: Twenty-five physically active [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study investigated how variations in approach speed and distance influence lower-limb muscle activation, joint co-contraction ratios (CCRs), and mechanical joint stiffness during single-leg approach run jump landings (ARJSL), to clarify adaptive neuromuscular strategies for joint stiffness regulation. Methods: Twenty-five physically active male university students performed ARJSLs under six randomized conditions combining two approach speeds (fast > 4.0 m/s; slow < 4.0 m/s) and three approach distances (3, 6, and 9 m). Surface electromyography (sEMG) from five dominant-limb muscles—rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus—was analyzed across three movement phases: pre-activation, downward (braking), and push-off. Knee and ankle CCRs were computed, while kinematic and kinetic data were used to calculate mechanical joint stiffness via inverse dynamics. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA evaluated the main and interaction effects of approach speed and distance. Results: Significant speed × distance interactions were observed for tibialis anterior activation, several CCRs, and eccentric ankle stiffness (p < 0.05). Pre-activation knee CCR increased with longer, faster approaches, indicating anticipatory joint pre-stiffening. During braking, greater ankle co-contraction under fast–9 m conditions coincided with reduced mechanical ankle stiffness, suggesting a compensatory yielding strategy under high kinetic loads. In the push-off phase, faster approaches elicited higher concentric stiffness at the hip and ankle, supporting efficient energy transfer. Rectus femoris and gastrocnemius activation scaled with both approach speed and distance. Conclusions: Athletes adapt neuromuscular co-contraction and mechanical stiffness in a coordinated, phase-dependent manner to balance protection and performance. These insights may inform targeted training strategies for enhancing jump efficiency and mitigating ACL injury risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
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17 pages, 2301 KB  
Article
Biomechanical Differences in Bilateral Lower Limb Movement During the Back Kick Technique of Outstanding Taekwondo Athletes
by Qinjian Xu, Hongwei Yan, Junli Yang and Wei Shan
Life 2025, 15(12), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121822 - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1323
Abstract
Background: The back kick is a key scoring technique in taekwondo, often exhibiting bilateral asymmetry in lower limb function. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing training and minimizing injury risk. Methods: This study recruited twelve elite taekwondo athletes to perform back kicks [...] Read more.
Background: The back kick is a key scoring technique in taekwondo, often exhibiting bilateral asymmetry in lower limb function. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing training and minimizing injury risk. Methods: This study recruited twelve elite taekwondo athletes to perform back kicks using both their dominant and non-dominant legs under standardized conditions. Kinematic, kinetic, and surface electromyographic data were synchronously collected using a 3D motion capture system, force plate, and sEMG sensors. Paired t-tests and effect sizes assessed bilateral differences. Results: During the leg-lifting phase (P1), attacking leg peak hip power was significantly greater on the non-dominant side (p < 0.01); knee flexion angle was greater on the dominant side (p < 0.01), yet peak knee power was higher on the non-dominant side (p < 0.01). Support leg knee flexion angle was greater on the dominant side (p < 0.01), while knee flexion torque was higher on the non-dominant side (p < 0.05); ankle extension moment (p < 0.05) and plantar flexion power (p < 0.01) favored the dominant side. In the kicking phase (P2), dominant knee power was significantly higher (p < 0.01). The biceps femoris on the non-dominant side showed significantly higher iEMG and RMS values (p < 0.05), and dominant striking speed was faster (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings confirm marked functional asymmetry, suggesting training should emphasize non-dominant leg development to improve performance and reduce injury risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Biomechanics, Injury, and Physiotherapy)
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