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Life
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Advances in Molecular Imaging
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Advances in Molecular Imaging

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 2201

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Petra Petranović Ovčariček

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Guest Editor
Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: thyroid diseases; nuclear medicine; molecular imaging; theranostics; endocrine tumors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luca Giovanella

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Guest Editor
1. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
2. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
Interests: clinical thyroidology; parathyroid imaging; laboratory medicine; molecular imaging; PET/CT; thyroid cancer; thyroid diseases; molecular endocrinology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thyroid and parathyroid disorders affect millions of people worldwide, yet accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment remain challenging due to the complex heterogeneity of these conditions. Advancements in radiopharmaceutical chemistry, hybrid imaging, and AI-driven analytics are improving endocrine diagnostics. For specialists handling thyroid and parathyroid diseases, whether diagnosing, planning surgery, guiding therapy, analyzing specimens, or delivering targeted treatments, this Special Issue brings together the frontiers of innovation, with real clinical relevance. We invite high-quality submissions in the following different areas of interest:

Molecular Tracers and Biomarkers

Emerging radiopharmaceuticals (e.g., 18F-tetrafluoroborate, 68Ga-Trivehexin, 18F-choline, PSMA analogs) for improved detection, staging, and risk stratification in thyroid malignancies and enhanced lesion detection in hyperparathyroidism.

State-of-the-Art Imaging Modalities

PET/CT and PET/MRI enhancements for superior lesion detection.

4D CT/MRI, SPECT/CT, and ultrasound‑PET fusion tailored for surgical precision.

AI and Radiomics

Cutting-edge tools for image interpretation, quantification, and predictive modeling to boost diagnostic confidence and efficiency.

Theranostics and Personalized Treatment

Dual imaging-therapy strategies (e.g., PSMA-targeted PET and 177Lu-based therapy) for individualized care.

Integration of imaging biomarkers into treatment pathways.

This Special Issue welcomes a wide range of article types, and we particularly encourage submissions of original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Join us in shaping the future of thyroid and parathyroid imaging by contributing to this timely and impactful collection!

Dr. Petra Petranovic Ovcaricek
Prof. Dr. Luca Giovanella
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroid cancer
  • parathyroid imaging
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • benign thyroid diseases
  • molecular imaging
  • radioactive iodine
  • radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer
  • theranostics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2075 KB  
Article
Standardized and Quantitative ICG Perfusion Assessment: Feasibility and Reproducibility in a Multicentre Setting
by Eline Feitsma, Hugo Schouw, Tim Hoffman, Sam van Dijk, Wido Heeman, Jasper Vonk, Floris Tange, Jan Koetje, Liesbeth Jansen, Abbey Schepers, Tessa van Ginhoven, Wendy Kelder, Gooitzen van Dam, Wiktor Szymanski, Milou Noltes and Schelto Kruijff
Life 2025, 15(12), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121868 - 5 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence (ICG-NIRF) imaging is widely used to assess tissue perfusion, yet its subjective interpretation limits correlation with postoperative parathyroid function. To address this, the Workflow model for ICG-angiography integrating Standardization and Quantification (WISQ) was developed. This exploratory prospective multicenter study [...] Read more.
Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence (ICG-NIRF) imaging is widely used to assess tissue perfusion, yet its subjective interpretation limits correlation with postoperative parathyroid function. To address this, the Workflow model for ICG-angiography integrating Standardization and Quantification (WISQ) was developed. This exploratory prospective multicenter study evaluated the reproducibility of WISQ in adults undergoing total thyroidectomy at two Dutch university centres. Patients with contraindications to ICG or prior neck surgery were excluded. Intraoperative imaging used standardized camera settings with blood volume-adjusted ICG dosing, and perfusion curves were analyzed using predefined regions of interest. Eighty patients were included. Significant inter-centre variability was observed in maximum fluorescence intensity, inflow slope, and outflow slope (n = 30). At the lead centre, outflow was the most promising predictor of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (HPT) (median −0.33 [IQR −0.49–−0.15] a.f.u./s for HPT vs. −0.68 [−0.91–−0.41], n = 17, p = 0.08), although no parameter significantly predicted HPT. Repeated ICG injections consistently produced lower maximal intensities irrespective of injection rate, and reproducible curves were achieved only when ICG was freshly dissolved at 0.5 mg/mL instead of 2.5 mg/mL. These findings indicate that ICG concentration and injection technique influence perfusion kinetics and underscore the need to update WISQ with standardized injection dilution to improve its clinical utility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Advances in Molecular Imaging)
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Review

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16 pages, 2275 KB  
Review
Molecular Imaging in Parathyroid Carcinoma Management: A Comprehensive Review
by Petra Petranović Ovčariček, Luca Giovanella, Murat Tuncel, Junko Inoue Inukai, Virginia Liberini, Matija Romić, Désirée Deandreis, Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri, Flaminia Vocaturo, Alfredo Campennì and Martin W. Huellner
Life 2025, 15(12), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121861 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 990
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an exceedingly rare endocrine malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of all primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) cases. It typically presents with pronounced hypercalcemia and markedly elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Accurate imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, staging, surgical [...] Read more.
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an exceedingly rare endocrine malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of all primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) cases. It typically presents with pronounced hypercalcemia and markedly elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Accurate imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, staging, surgical planning, and long-term surveillance, although differentiating PC from benign disease on imaging remains a significant challenge. A multimodal imaging strategy combining cervical ultrasonography (US) and nuclear medicine techniques provides high sensitivity for lesion detection. Ultrasonography with advanced detective flow imaging allows detailed anatomical assessment and evaluation of vascular patterns of the primary tumor. [99mTc]Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile ([99mTc]Tc-MIBI) scintigraphy frequently demonstrates prolonged tracer retention in PC, while [18F]fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging have shown superior performance for detecting both primary tumors and metastatic disease due to its higher spatial resolution and higher molecular sensitivity. [18F]FDG PET serves as an adjunct modality for identifying aggressive, metabolically active lesions. Emerging radiotracers such as [18F]-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor ([18F]FAPI) and [68Ga]Ga-trivehexin have shown potential in cases where initial imaging is inconclusive. Theranostic strategies that integrate molecular imaging with targeted radioligand therapy may transform PC management by enabling personalized treatment approaches tailored to each tumor’s biological and imaging characteristics. This review aims to evaluate available imaging modalities for PC diagnosis and provide guidance for their clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Advances in Molecular Imaging)
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