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16 pages, 4508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NAT10 Regulates LPS-Induced Inflammation via Stabilization of N4-Acetylated PTX3 mRNA in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Zihan Ni, Luhui Cai, I-Chen Tsai, Wenqian Ding, Cheng Tian, Di Li and Qiong Xu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094325 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Severe dental pulp inflammation can lead to tissue lysis and destruction, underscoring the necessity for effective treatment of pulpitis. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10)-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac⁴C) modification has recently emerged as a key regulator in inflammatory processes. However, whether NAT10 affects the inflammatory [...] Read more.

Severe dental pulp inflammation can lead to tissue lysis and destruction, underscoring the necessity for effective treatment of pulpitis. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10)-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac⁴C) modification has recently emerged as a key regulator in inflammatory processes. However, whether NAT10 affects the inflammatory response in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) remains unelucidated. In this study, elevated NAT10 expression was observed in pulpitis tissues and LPS-stimulated hDPSCs. Knockdown of NAT10 led to reduced inflammatory gene expression and lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in LPS-stimulated hDPSCs, while the chemotactic migration of macrophages was also suppressed. Similar results were observed when hDPSCs were treated with Remodelin, an inhibitor of NAT10. Differentially expressed genes identified through RNA sequencing were significantly enriched in inflammatory signaling pathways after NAT10 depletion. Among the differential genes, pentraxins 3 (PTX3) was identified as the potential target gene due to the presence of the ac⁴C modification site and its known ability to regulate dental pulp inflammation. The mRNA and protein levels of PTX3 were reduced in NAT10-deficient cells, along with a decrease in its mRNA stability. Exogenous PTX3 supplementation partially reversed the inflammatory inhibition induced by NAT10 knockdown. Further evidence in vivo revealed that Remodelin treatment attenuated the severity of dental pulp inflammation in rats with pulpitis. In summary, these data indicated that NAT10 deficiency inhibited the stability of PTX3 mRNA and further inhibited hDPSC inflammation, while Remodelin might be a potential therapeutic agent for pulp capping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)

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19 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AV-Teller: Browser Fingerprinting for Client-Side Security Software Identification

by Hyeong-Seok Jang, Mohsen Ali Alawami and Ki-Woong Park

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 5059; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095059 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of digitalization and the growing reliance on internet-based technologies by individuals and organizations have led to a significant escalation in the frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks. As attackers continuously refine their methods to evade conventional defense mechanisms, antivirus solutions, despite [...] Read more.

The rapid proliferation of digitalization and the growing reliance on internet-based technologies by individuals and organizations have led to a significant escalation in the frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks. As attackers continuously refine their methods to evade conventional defense mechanisms, antivirus solutions, despite their widespread utilization as primary security tools, face increasing challenges in addressing these evolving threats. This study introduces AV-Teller, a novel framework designed for analyzing antivirus behavior through interactions with web browsers. AV-Teller reveals weaknesses in antivirus detection mechanisms by highlighting ways in which web browser interactions may inadvertently expose critical aspects of antivirus operations. The framework provides key insights into the vulnerabilities inherent to these detection processes and their implications for the interplay between antivirus systems and modern web technologies. To assess the efficacy of the AV-Teller in detecting antivirus via web browsers, the framework evaluates three detection scenarios: Document Object Model (DOM) Monitoring-Based Detection, Signature-Based Detection, and Phishing Page-Based Detection. The results revealed performance inconsistencies: 16 products (57%) failed to respond to any tested scenarios, exhibiting deficiencies in threat mitigation capabilities. Of the 12 products (43%) that successfully handled three scenarios, 9 (75%) inadvertently disclosed identifiable antivirus metadata during assessments, thereby enabling attackers to pinpoint specific antivirus solutions and exploit their vulnerabilities. These findings highlight critical gaps in the interaction between antivirus systems and web technologies, exposing systemic flaws in existing security mechanisms. The inadvertent exposure of sensitive antivirus data underscores the necessity for robust data handling protocols, necessitating collaboration between antivirus developers and web technology stakeholders to design secure frameworks. By exposing these risks, the AV-Teller framework elucidates the limitations of current defenses and establishes a foundation for the enhancement of antivirus technologies to address emerging cyber threats effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Enabled Next-Generation Computing and Its Applications)

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15 pages, 3206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Latitudinal and Seasonal Variation in Exploratory Behavior in Rufous-Collared Sparrow

by Yanina Poblete, Carolina Fernández, Cristian R. Flores, Patricia Vega and Miguel Ávila

Birds 2025, 6(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6020024 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Exploratory behavior involves gathering information and reflects how individuals interact with their environments. In seasonal environments, individuals undergo environmental cycles that might lead to differences in this behavior between locations and seasons. Here, we compare the exploratory behavior measured during an open-field test [...] Read more.

Exploratory behavior involves gathering information and reflects how individuals interact with their environments. In seasonal environments, individuals undergo environmental cycles that might lead to differences in this behavior between locations and seasons. Here, we compare the exploratory behavior measured during an open-field test in 102 adult individuals of rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) from three locations in central and southern Chile. A generalized mixed-effect model (GMM) was utilized to compare the exploratory behavior between locations and seasons. The two-way interaction between both variates was also included. Body mass and sex were included as covariates and elevation of the study sites as a random effect. The result indicates that exploratory behavior significantly varied between populations and seasons. Specifically, birds tested in the Chilean central zone (33° S) and breeding birds showed higher exploration scores during the open-field test than birds tested in the southern zone (38° S) and non-breeding birds. These findings suggest that exploratory behavior may be driven by local environmental pressures, underscoring the role of weather and seasonality in shaping this behavior. Full article

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17 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Bank Loans and Deposits on Ecuador’s Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis

by Freddy Naula, Cristian Zamora and Kevin Gomez

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020076 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between banking sector development (credit and deposits) and economic growth in Ecuador, using quarterly data for the period 2000–2022. An ARDL approach with Bound Test cointegration is employed, incorporating structural breaks using the Bai–Perron test and controlling for [...] Read more.

This study examines the relationship between banking sector development (credit and deposits) and economic growth in Ecuador, using quarterly data for the period 2000–2022. An ARDL approach with Bound Test cointegration is employed, incorporating structural breaks using the Bai–Perron test and controlling for macroeconomic shocks. In addition, time transformation methodologies are applied to harmonize the frequency of the series: the monthlyization of GDP is performed using the Chow-Lin method, and the imputation of missing unemployment data using the Kalman filter. The results reveal a significant long-run elasticity between bank deposits and GDP (0.45%), while credits do not present a statistically significant effect, possibly due to high delinquency and institutional weakness. Granger causality tests confirm a unidirectional relationship between banking variables to economic growth. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening financial supervision and improving institutional quality to enhance the effect of bank intermediation. The study provides robust and contextualized empirical evidence relevant to resource-dependent economies with concentrated financial systems, contributing to the debate on the relationship between finance and growth in developing countries. Full article

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Graphical abstract

28 pages, 2657 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Classic and Novel Pathogenetic Insights of Plastic Exposure in the Genesis and Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

by Mario Romeo, Marcello Dallio, Fiammetta Di Nardo, Giuseppina Martinelli, Claudio Basile, Alessia Silvestrin, Giusy Senese, Annachiara Coppola, Carmine Napolitano, Angela Amoresano, Carlo Altucci and Alessandro Federico

Livers 2025, 5(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers5020021 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

The term “plastics” is an umbrella term generally referring to any material containing a high level of polymer content as an essential ingredient. Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are derived from the degradation of plastics, representing exogenous substances whose exposure can potentially interfere with different physiological [...] Read more.

The term “plastics” is an umbrella term generally referring to any material containing a high level of polymer content as an essential ingredient. Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are derived from the degradation of plastics, representing exogenous substances whose exposure can potentially interfere with different physiological processes. In this scenario, even considering the relative paramount detoxification role, the liver emerges as a key active organ in the relationship between plastic exposure and human disease. In industrialized countries, where plastics constitute largely diffused components of objects routinely adopted in daily/social life, including food packaging, Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and is progressively becoming the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer, with an incompletely elucidated multifactorial pathogenesis. Notably, oral exposure to MNPs has been revealed to impact the gut–liver axis by influencing gut microbiota composition, gastrointestinal absorption, and, ultimately, determining hepatic accumulation. At the hepatic level, MNPs can contribute to the onset and worsening of steatosis by inducing metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Plastics can also serve as vectors for different potentially toxic additives, with specific MNPs constituting a persistent source of release of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-recognized exogenous etiological factor contributing to MASLD genesis and worsening. Recently, exposure to MNPs and additives has demonstrated significant impacts on the immune system, oxidative stress, and metabolism. In particular, polystyrene-derived MNPs impair the mechanisms regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, simultaneously acting as antigens abnormally triggering the innate immune response. At the same time, environmental BPA exposure has been revealed to trigger trained immunity-related pathways, configuring novel pathogenetic drivers potentially promoting the progression of MASLD. The present review, after rapidly overviewing the main sources and toxicological properties of MNPs and related additives, explores plastic-related exposure’s potential implications in the genesis and progression of hepatic steatosis, highlighting the urgent need for further clarification of relative pathogenetic mechanisms. Full article

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18 pages, 868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Drilling Performance Optimization Using Automated Penetration Rate Algorithms with Vibration Control

by Dan Sui

Fuels 2025, 6(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels6020033 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Automation has transformed process optimization across industries by enhancing efficiency, safety, and reliability while minimizing human intervention. This paper presents a model-based optimization strategy tailored for automated drilling operations, focusing on maximizing performance while maintaining operational safety. The approach employs real-time control of [...] Read more.

Automation has transformed process optimization across industries by enhancing efficiency, safety, and reliability while minimizing human intervention. This paper presents a model-based optimization strategy tailored for automated drilling operations, focusing on maximizing performance while maintaining operational safety. The approach employs real-time control of key parameters, such as applied force and rotational speed, through a robust closed-loop control system. An adaptive detection algorithm is incorporated to dynamically adjust operational parameters when encountering changing conditions. This real-time adaptability ensures efficient performance under diverse scenarios while mitigating risks. In the simulation, the data used for modeling drillstring dynamics are sourced from a publicly available benchmarking dataset, which provides a reliable basis for evaluation. From the simulation results, it is clear that the drilling optimization framework is capable of achieving high performance with lower energy consumption while maintaining effective vibration mitigation and prevention. This balance is essential for ensuring operational efficiency and tool longevity in dynamic environments. The findings highlight the potential of this framework to enhance automated systems in energy, construction, and other sectors requiring precise control of dynamic mechanical processes. Full article

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23 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Functional Brain Networks in Alzheimer’s Disease Using Resting State EEG Signals

by Vangelis P. Oikonomou, Kostas Georgiadis, Ioulietta Lazarou, Spiros Nikolopoulos, Ioannis Kompatsiaris and PREDICTOM Consortium

J. Dement. Alzheimer's Dis. 2025, 2(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdad2020012 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts functional brain connectivity, leading to cognitive and functional decline. Electroencephalography (EEG), a noninvasive and cost-effective technique, has gained attention as a promising tool for studying brain network alterations in AD. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts functional brain connectivity, leading to cognitive and functional decline. Electroencephalography (EEG), a noninvasive and cost-effective technique, has gained attention as a promising tool for studying brain network alterations in AD. This study aims to leverage EEG-derived connectivity metrics to differentiate between healthy controls (HC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, offering insights into disease progression. Methods: Using graph theory-based analysis, we extracted key connectivity metrics from resting-state EEG signals, focusing on the betweenness centrality and clustering coefficient. Statistical analysis was conducted across multiple EEG frequency bands, and discriminant analysis was applied to evaluate the classification performance of connectivity metrics. Results: Our findings revealed a progressive increase in theta-band betweenness centrality and a concurrent decrease in alpha- and beta-band centrality, reflecting AD-related network reorganization. Among the examined metrics, theta-band betweenness centrality exhibited the highest discriminative power in distinguishing AD stages. Additionally, classification performance using connectivity metrics was comparable to advanced deep learning models, highlighting their potential as predictive biomarkers. Conclusions: EEG-derived connectivity metrics demonstrate strong potential as noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of AD progression. Their effectiveness in capturing network alterations underscores their value in clinical diagnostic workflows, offering a scalable and interpretable alternative to deep learning-based models for AD classification. Full article

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27 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Financial Sentiment Analysis and Classification: A Comparative Study of Fine-Tuned Deep Learning Models

by Dimitrios K. Nasiopoulos, Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis, Damianos P. Sakas, Kanellos Toudas and Panagiotis Reklitis

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020075 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Financial sentiment analysis is crucial for making informed decisions in the financial markets, as it helps predict trends, guide investments, and assess economic conditions. Traditional methods for financial sentiment classification, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, and Logistic Regression, served as [...] Read more.

Financial sentiment analysis is crucial for making informed decisions in the financial markets, as it helps predict trends, guide investments, and assess economic conditions. Traditional methods for financial sentiment classification, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, and Logistic Regression, served as our baseline models. While somewhat effective, these conventional approaches often struggled to capture the complexity and nuance of financial language. Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly transformer-based models like GPT and BERT, have significantly enhanced sentiment analysis by capturing intricate linguistic patterns. In this study, we explore the application of deep learning for financial sentiment analysis, focusing on fine-tuning GPT-4o, GPT-4o-mini, BERT, and FinBERT, alongside comparisons with traditional models. To ensure optimal configurations, we performed hyperparameter tuning using Bayesian optimization across 100 trials. Using a combined dataset of FiQA and Financial PhraseBank, we first apply zero-shot classification and then fine tune each model to improve performance. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in sentiment prediction accuracy post-fine-tuning, with GPT-4o-mini showing strong efficiency and performance. Our findings highlight the potential of deep learning models, particularly GPT models, in advancing financial sentiment classification, offering valuable insights for investors and financial analysts seeking to understand market sentiment and make data-driven decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Financial Econometrics)

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21 pages, 8241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Recycling of Bio-Based Thermosetting Epoxy Composite Produced by Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion Process

by Liberata Guadagno, Raffaele Longo, Marialuigia Raimondo, Luigi Vertuccio, Francesca Aliberti, Lorenzo Bonadies, Simone Morciano, Luigia Longo, Roberto Pantani and Elisa Calabrese

Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091241 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This research work focuses on the chemical recycling of a Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite (CFRC) manufactured through a vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process, characterized by a high Young’s modulus of approximately 7640 MPa. The recycling reaction was performed using a mixture of eco-sustainable solvents, [...] Read more.

This research work focuses on the chemical recycling of a Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite (CFRC) manufactured through a vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process, characterized by a high Young’s modulus of approximately 7640 MPa. The recycling reaction was performed using a mixture of eco-sustainable solvents, composed of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and was conducted at three different temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C). The reaction yield values, evaluated with an innovative approach that involved the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirmed the importance to recycle at a temperature corresponding to the glass transition temperature (Tg = 90.3 °C) of the resin. Spectroscopic investigations highlighted that the chemical bond cleavage occurred through the selective breaking of the C-N bonds of the cross-linked matrix structure, allowing the recovery of both the reinforcing phase of the epoxy matrix and the initial oligomers/monomers of the epoxy matrix. The morphological and electrical investigations carried out on the recovered fibers further confirmed the efficiency of the recycling process conducted at the highest explored temperature, allowing the recovery of cleaner fibers with an electrical conductivity value (8.04 × 10² S/m) closer to that of virgin fibers (2.20 × 10³ S/m). The proposed strategy is a true challenge in terms of saving energy, solving waste disposal problems, preserving the earth, and preventing the depletion of planet resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Sustainable Polymer Science)

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17 pages, 2839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Agro-Industrial Residues on Pleurotus columbinus Production and Intra-Cellular Polysaccharide Synthesis

by Marianna Dedousi, Chrysavgi Gardeli, Seraphim Papanikolaou and Panagiota Diamantopoulou

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020034 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent coffee grounds from espresso production (SCG), faba bean harvest residues (FBR), pistachio shells (PS) wheat straw (WS) (control) agro-industrial waste were combined in different ratios, with or without supplements (wheat bran, soybean flour), to create novel substrates for [...] Read more.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent coffee grounds from espresso production (SCG), faba bean harvest residues (FBR), pistachio shells (PS) wheat straw (WS) (control) agro-industrial waste were combined in different ratios, with or without supplements (wheat bran, soybean flour), to create novel substrates for Pleurotus columbinus growth. The impact of the substrates on the mycelial growth rate (Kr), biomass production, laccase, total cellulases and carbohydrate synthesis, along with the C and N consumption by P. columbinus, were examined in fully colonized substrates. The incubation period, earliness and biological efficiency (B.E.) (%) were also determined. Then, the intracellular polysaccharide (ICP) contents of the P. columbinus produced mushrooms were evaluated in the most promising substrates. P. columbinus was grown successfully in a wide range of C/N ratios of substrates and the fastest Kr (7.6 mm/d) was detected on the 70 SMS-30 FBR, without supplements, whereas substrates consisting of SCG enhanced biomass production (700.0–803.7 mg/g d.w.). SMS and PS or SCG led to the shortest incubation and earliness period of P. columbinus. The C content was reduced and the N content was substantially increased in all the colonized substrates. The 70 SMS-30 FBR and 80 SMS considerably enhanced the laccase production (up to 59,933.4 U/g d.w.) and substrates consisting of PS promoted total cellulases activities. Greater amounts of carbohydrates (3.8–17.4 mg/g d.w.) than that in the control were recorded for all the substrates. The combination of SMS and SCG or WS led to the highest B.E. values (59.3–87.1%) and ICP amounts (34.7–45.9%, w/w), regardless of the supplement addition. These findings support the effective utilization of agro-industrial waste in P. columbinus cultivation, producing high-value-added compounds and supporting mushroom growth. Full article

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20 pages, 8050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Natural Product Inhibitors of IKKα: Insights from Integrative In Silico and Experimental Validation

by Muhammad Yasir, Jinyoung Park, Eun-Taek Han, Jin-Hee Han, Won Sun Park, Jongseon Choe and Wanjoo Chun

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30092025 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses and is strongly implicated in cancer progression and inflammation-related diseases. The inhibitory κB kinases (IKKs), particularly IKKα, are central to modulating NF-κB activity, with distinct roles in the canonical and non-canonical [...] Read more.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses and is strongly implicated in cancer progression and inflammation-related diseases. The inhibitory κB kinases (IKKs), particularly IKKα, are central to modulating NF-κB activity, with distinct roles in the canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. This study investigates the potential of selectively targeting IKKα to develop novel therapeutic strategies. A receptor–ligand interaction pharmacophore model was generated based on the co-crystallized structure of IKKα, incorporating six key features, two hydrogen bond acceptors, two hydrogen bond donors, one hydrophobic region, and one hydrophobic aromatic region. This model was used to virtually screen a diverse natural compound library of 5540 molecules, yielding 82 candidates that matched the essential pharmacophore features. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were subsequently employed to evaluate binding conformations, stability, and dynamic behavior of the top hits. The end-state free energy calculations (gmx_MMPBSA) further validated the interaction strength and stability of selected compounds. To experimentally confirm their inhibitory potential, key compounds were tested in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, where they significantly reduced IκBα phosphorylation. These findings validate the integrative computational-experimental approach and identify promising natural compounds as selective IKKα inhibitors for further therapeutic development in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Natural Products in Inflammation)

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23 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

National Culture, Institutional Quality, and Financial Development: International Evidence Before and After Financial Crisis

by Selma Izadi, Frankie J. Weinberg and Mamunur Rashid

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020074 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the impact of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions and institutional quality on financial development in the periods preceding and following the global financial crisis. The study analyzes data from 33 countries spanning 2001 to 2021 using a combination of OLS, two-stage [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions and institutional quality on financial development in the periods preceding and following the global financial crisis. The study analyzes data from 33 countries spanning 2001 to 2021 using a combination of OLS, two-stage GMM, and PVAR models and concludes that inflation and economic growth negatively, and exchange rate and institutional quality positively significantly enhance financial development. Countries characterized by low masculinity and uncertainty avoidance scores, alongside high individualism and indulgence scores, tend to exhibit greater financial development. The results also indicate that cultural factors ought to be regarded as dynamic modifiers of financial development. National culture and institutional quality have a consistent influence on financial development pre- as well as post-crisis periods. Policymakers must recognize the significance of both formal and informal institutions in fostering an environment that promotes financial development and growth. A strategic integration of diverse cultural identities and values will confer a competitive advantage to nations. The effective management of cultural diversity and openness is crucial for attracting new investment, fostering innovation, comprehending the needs and skills of the workforce, and promoting financial development. Full article

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19 pages, 16814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Vertical Bearing Characteristics of Single Pile in Complex Interactive Karst Area

by Xinquan Wang, Chen Liu, Haibo Hu, Yongle Tian, Haitao Chen and Jun Hong

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091530 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the vertical bearing characteristics of single-pile foundations in complex karst areas, focusing on the influence of underlying cavities, eccentric cavities, and beaded cavities. Using both indoor model tests and numerical simulations with ABAQUS/CAE 2020, the load–settlement behavior, pile axial force, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the vertical bearing characteristics of single-pile foundations in complex karst areas, focusing on the influence of underlying cavities, eccentric cavities, and beaded cavities. Using both indoor model tests and numerical simulations with ABAQUS/CAE 2020, the load–settlement behavior, pile axial force, and side friction distribution under these conditions are explored. The results reveal that the presence of eccentric cavities (eccentricity 2.5 d) significantly enhances the ultimate bearing capacity by 53% compared to concentric cavities. In contrast, beaded cavities reduce the bearing capacity by 12% due to increased pile instability and larger settlements. The study also examines the effects of backfilling on the bearing characteristics, finding that backfilling underlying cavities increases the ultimate bearing capacity by 111.8% and prevents shear failure of the cavity roof. Backfilling beaded cavities improves stability by reducing top settlement and increasing the ultimate bearing capacity by 4.5%. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive consideration of both eccentric and beaded cavities, which are often overlooked in existing studies. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of pile foundations in karst regions, offering practical guidance on how to mitigate the adverse effects of cavities and optimize foundation stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disaster Risk Management and Resilience)

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28 pages, 18274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Urban Spaces: A Parametric Approach to Enhancing Outdoor Recreation Between Residential Areas in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

by Amr Sayed Hassan Abdallah, Randa Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud and Mohammed A. Aloshan

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091527 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Improvement of recreational areas between the residential areas to achieve human behavior and the concept of humanization is urgently needed to achieve the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia. This study aims to develop a parametric urban optimization framework to optimize the outdoor thermal [...] Read more.

Improvement of recreational areas between the residential areas to achieve human behavior and the concept of humanization is urgently needed to achieve the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia. This study aims to develop a parametric urban optimization framework to optimize the outdoor thermal comfort in outdoor recreational areas between residential buildings in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, based on the 2030 vision of Saudi Arabia to achieve a high standard of quality of life with thermal comfort. Measurement was conducted inside the sports walking path with walk-through observation and interviews. Then, case study geometry was generated computationally, using Rhinoceros software and its plug-in Grasshopper to implement the set of development scenarios. Then, the optimization process for the case study was integrated with 192 proposed development solutions to assess the solutions’ influence in reducing the Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI) and average solar irradiance, besides increasing energy generated by PV panels. EnergyPlus engine and Ladybug plug-in are used to integrate PV panels with shading scenarios, to utilize the high solar irradiation, and to calculate the generated electrical energy. The results concluded that trees with diameters between 10 and 15 m could achieve thermal comfort and reduction UTCI by 11.26 K and average solar irradiance by 642.77 W/m² with average energy generation of PV panel and optimum inclination angle of 20°. The integration of PV with shading scenarios generates electricity for every square meter of PV panel, equal to 578.84 kWh/m² for lighting poles and service areas within the recreational areas. The results of this study help to improve the current park as a prototype, for which results can be implemented in more than 8100 instances of gardens, parks, and municipal squares in Saudi Arabia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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19 pages, 7295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HGF Aggravated Periodontitis-Associated Gut Barrier and Microbial Dysfunction: Implications for Oral–Gut Axis Regulation

by Zhen Chen, Yang Zhong, Lu Chen, Weijia Liu, Chuyin Lin, Yannan Chen and Xinhong Wang

Biology 2025, 14(5), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050496 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

While periodontitis is increasingly linked to systemic disorders through the oral–gut axis, the molecular mediators driving gut microbiota dysbiosis and barrier disruption remain elusive. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a novel regulator of inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis, may serve as a critical communicator [...] Read more.

While periodontitis is increasingly linked to systemic disorders through the oral–gut axis, the molecular mediators driving gut microbiota dysbiosis and barrier disruption remain elusive. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a novel regulator of inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis, may serve as a critical communicator between oral infection and distal intestinal pathology. This study investigates how HGF overexpression modulates the gut microbial ecosystem and intestinal barrier integrity in a transgenic periodontitis model. In this study, we combined 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal microbiota with comprehensive gut barrier assessments, including systemic markers (D-lactate, LPS, and DAO ELISA), structural integrity (villous morphology), and molecular analysis (ZO-1, occludin, and NOD2 immunohistochemistry), using HGF-overexpressing transgenic (HGF-Tg) mice with periodontitis. The results demonstrated that HGF increased gut permeability in the context of periodontitis, as evidenced by elevated serum levels of D-lactate and LPS compared to wild type (WT) mice. In addition, gut villous morphology disorder was observed in HGF-Tg mice with periodontitis. HGF also diminished the protein level of occludin and upregulated NOD2 expression in mice with periodontitis. Moreover, HGF-Tg mice with periodontitis exhibited significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota, with reduced levels of probiotics (e.g., Faecalibaculum). Notably, HGF also increased the enrichment of the periodontitis-associated pathogens (e.g., Desulfovibrio and Streptococcus) in the gut. Microbial functions, particularly metabolic pathways, were significantly altered by HGF when periodontitis occurred. Some microorganisms like g_Desulfovibrio may play a role in gut barrier disorder in HGF-Tg mice with periodontitis. Overall, our findings position HGF as a novel orchestrator of oral–gut crosstalk, where its overexpression reshapes gut microbial ecology toward a “leaky gut” phenotype to compromise intestinal barrier integrity, further deepening our understanding of the oral–gut axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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20 pages, 22376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constrained Optimization for the Buckle and Anchor Cable Forces Under One-Time Tension in Long Span Arch Bridge Construction

by Xiaoyu Zhang, Xuming Ma, Wei Chen, Wei Xu, Yuan Kang and Yonghong Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091529 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

During long-span arch bridge construction, repeated adjustments of large cantilevered segments and nonuniform cable tensions can lead to deviations from the desired arch profile, reducing structural efficiency and increasing labor and material costs. To precisely control the process of cable-stayed buckle construction in [...] Read more.

During long-span arch bridge construction, repeated adjustments of large cantilevered segments and nonuniform cable tensions can lead to deviations from the desired arch profile, reducing structural efficiency and increasing labor and material costs. To precisely control the process of cable-stayed buckle construction in long-span arch bridges and achieve an optimal arch formation state, a constrained optimization for the buckle and anchor cable forces under one-time tension is developed in this paper. First, by considering the coupling effect of the cable-stayed buckle system with the buckle tower and arch rib structure, the control equations between the node displacement and cable force after tensioning are derived based on the influence matrix method. Then, taking the cable force size, arch rib closure joint alignment, upstream and downstream side arch rib alignment deviation, tower deviation, and the arch formation alignment displacement after loosening the cable as the constraint conditions, the residual sum of squares between the arch rib alignment and the target alignment during the construction stage is regarded as the optimization objective function, to solve the cable force of the buckle and anchor cables that satisfy the requirements of the expected alignment. Applied to a 310 m asymmetric steel truss arch bridge, the calculation of arch formation alignment is consistent with the ideal arch alignment, with the largest vertical displacement difference below 5 mm; the maximum error between the measured and theoretical cable forces during construction is 4.81%, the maximum difference between the measured and theoretical arch rib alignments after tensioning is 3.4 cm, and the maximum axial deviation of the arch rib is 5 cm. The results showed the following: the proposed optimization method can effectively control fluctuations of arch rib alignment, tower deviation, and cable force during construction to maintain the optimal arch shape and calculate the buckle and anchor cable forces at the same time, avoiding iterative calculations and simplifying the analysis process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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12 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exosomes in Dermatology: Emerging Roles in Skin Health and Disease

by Salman Bin Dayel and Ramadan S. Hussein

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(5), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17050600 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Exosomes, nanosized vesicles secreted by diverse cell types, have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication, tissue repair, and disease pathogenesis. Their roles in dermatology are increasingly recognized, influencing skin health and the progression of various dermatological conditions. This review aims to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Exosomes, nanosized vesicles secreted by diverse cell types, have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication, tissue repair, and disease pathogenesis. Their roles in dermatology are increasingly recognized, influencing skin health and the progression of various dermatological conditions. This review aims to explore the biogenesis, composition, and mechanisms of exosome uptake in skin cells and their implications in dermatological research and clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive review of the existing literature was conducted to elucidate the biological composition of exosomes, their roles in skin homeostasis, and their involvement in processes, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, and barrier function maintenance. This review also examined the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, acne, and skin cancer. Results: Exosomes were found to contain intricate compositions, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and bioactive molecules, crucial for maintaining skin homeostasis. They demonstrated significant roles in modulating wound healing and skin regeneration. Emerging evidence highlights their involvement in dermatological conditions and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Exosome-based approaches hold promise for advancing disease management, although challenges remain in translating these findings into clinical applications. Conclusions: Exosomes represent a promising frontier in dermatology, with the potential to revolutionize the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of skin-related disorders. Despite the challenges, their complexity and versatility underscore their potential in developing personalized skin health strategies. Further research is warranted to address the existing gaps and harness the full therapeutic potential of exosomes in dermatological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs in Dermatology: Topical Agent, Cosmeceuticals, Dermatological Drug Delivery, Natural Product in Dermatology, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 2853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enabling a Reversible Six-Electron Redox Reaction Based on I⁻/I⁺ and Br⁻/Br⁰ for Aqueous Zinc-Bromine Batteries

by Jing Zhang, Xiaoxing Ji, Qingxiu Yu, Xixi Zhang, Chuanlin Li, Na Li, Mengzhen Kong, Dingzheng Li, Wenjie Liu, Chenggang Wang and Xijin Xu

Chemistry 2025, 7(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7030075 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Zinc-halogen batteries are usually based on two-electron transfer reactions from X⁻ to X₂. However, the halogen is capable of being further oxidized to higher valence states, thereby achieving the higher capacity of zinc- halogen batteries. Here, a six-electron reaction based [...] Read more.

Zinc-halogen batteries are usually based on two-electron transfer reactions from X⁻ to X₂. However, the halogen is capable of being further oxidized to higher valence states, thereby achieving the higher capacity of zinc- halogen batteries. Here, a six-electron reaction based on I⁻/I⁺ and Br⁻/Br⁰ is activated successfully by introducing KI into the electrolyte. ZIF-8-derived porous carbon (ZPC), serving as the host of halogen, effectively suppresses polybromide/polyiodide shuttle owing to the chemisorption/physical adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption of I⁻ on the surface of the zinc anode effectively inhibits the growth of dendrites and the formation of by-products. Consequently, zinc-bromine batteries exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, including a specific capacity of 345 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and an excellent capacity retention of 80% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g⁻¹. This strategy provides a novel way for enhancing the electrochemical performance of zinc-halogen batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Energy Storage in Aqueous Zinc Batteries)

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13 pages, 3179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Impact of PM_2.5 on Hospital Burden from Respiratory and Cardiovascular Conditions in Southern Oregon: A Case-Crossover Analysis

by Anita Lee Mitchell and Kyle A. Chapman

Air 2025, 3(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/air3020013 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

It is crucial to assess health impacts of PM_2.5, especially from wildfire smoke, to ensure proper planning for healthcare services. Studies often focus on respiratory conditions; fewer estimate the additional burden of cardiovascular complications. This study aims to extend previous work [...] Read more.

It is crucial to assess health impacts of PM_2.5, especially from wildfire smoke, to ensure proper planning for healthcare services. Studies often focus on respiratory conditions; fewer estimate the additional burden of cardiovascular complications. This study aims to extend previous work on the impacts of wildfire smoke and associated PM_2.5 on health in Southern Oregon by expanding study areas and timeframes, including cardiovascular conditions, and applying improved and novel air quality measurement data. This study adopts a case-crossover approach using conditional Poisson regression to analyze time stratified patient counts while controlling for mean temperature. Every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 is associated with a 1.6% increase in same-day hospital or emergency room admission rates for respiratory conditions (OR = 1.0157; 95% CI: 1.0024–1.0287) and no significant increase in admission rates for cardiovascular conditions. A 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 lasting fifteen days is associated with a 6.5% increase in hospital or emergency room admission rates for respiratory conditions (OR = 1.0645; 95% CI: 1.0400–1.0894) and a 4.9% increase in hospital or emergency room admission rates for cardiovascular conditions (OR = 1.0493; 95% CI: 1.0265–1.0723). As the duration of poor air quality increases, the risk of negative respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Effect of Air Pollution on Human Health)

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8 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association Between Sensory Impairment and Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention Measures in the Adult California Health Interview Survey Population

by Catherine T. Cascavita, Ahmad Santina, Ken Kitayama, Fei Yu, Victoria L. Tseng and Anne L. Coleman

Vision 2025, 9(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9020040 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study explores the association between vision/hearing impairment and COVID-19 prevention strategies in the 2020 and 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 and 2021 CHIS. The exposure of interest was self-reported history of sensory impairment. [...] Read more.

This study explores the association between vision/hearing impairment and COVID-19 prevention strategies in the 2020 and 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 and 2021 CHIS. The exposure of interest was self-reported history of sensory impairment. The outcome of interest was adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies defined as obtaining a COVID-19 vaccine, face mask adherence, hand washing, social distancing, and not gathering with non-household members. Logistic regression models examined the association between sensory impairment and adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies, controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, general health status, and household income. All analyses were weighted according to the CHIS sampling design. With 24,453 California adults representing 29,649,837 people, the weighted prevalence of sensory impairment was 6.1% (1,808,640/29,649,837). The regression revealed that adults with sensory impairment were 80% more likely not to maintain social distancing (odds ratio: 1.80, 95%CI: 1.03–3.13, p = 0.04) compared to those without impairment. No significant differences were found for adherence to other COVID-19 strategies. Individuals with sensory impairment may have increased difficulty with physical distancing due to their underlying impairment. Further studies are needed to explore risk reduction strategies for COVID-19 and the transmission of other infections for those with sensory impairment. Full article

21 pages, 19193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Novel Nine-Phase Ferrite-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine with Skewed Stator Slots

by Hongliang Guo, Tianci Wang, Hongwu Chen, Zaixin Song and Chunhua Liu

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092323 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel nine-phase ferrite-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (FA-SynRM) featuring skewed stator slots to address challenges related to harmonic distortion, torque ripple, and material sustainability which are prevalent in conventional permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs). Existing PMa-SynRMs often suffer from [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel nine-phase ferrite-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (FA-SynRM) featuring skewed stator slots to address challenges related to harmonic distortion, torque ripple, and material sustainability which are prevalent in conventional permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs). Existing PMa-SynRMs often suffer from increased torque ripples and harmonic distortion, while reliance on rare-earth materials raises cost and sustainability concerns. To address these issues, the proposed design incorporates low-cost ferrite magnets embedded within the rotor flux barriers to achieve a flux-concentrated effect and enhanced torque production. The nine-phase winding configuration is utilized to improve fault tolerance, reduce harmonic distortion, and enable smoother torque output compared with conventional three-phase counterparts. In addition, the skewed stator slot design further minimizes harmonic components, reducing overall distortion. The proposed machine is validated through finite element analysis (FEA), and experimental verification is obtained by measuring the inductance characteristics and back-EMF of the nine-phase winding, confirming the feasibility of the electromagnetic design. The results demonstrate significant reductions in harmonic distortion and torque ripples, verifying the potential of this design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)

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10 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological and Morphological Properties of Blood vs. Vibration Exercises (Smovey^®)—A Preliminary Study on Elderly Women

by Aleksandra Kiełtyka-Słowik, Aneta Teległów and Joanna Gradek

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 5058; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095058 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Physical activity in elderly adults reduces the risk of numerous diseases, enhances their quality of life, and improves their physical performance and overall strength. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of smovey^® exercise on morphological and rheological blood parameters in [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity in elderly adults reduces the risk of numerous diseases, enhances their quality of life, and improves their physical performance and overall strength. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of smovey^® exercise on morphological and rheological blood parameters in a group of women over 60 years of age. Methods: The study included 30 women aged 71.08 ± 6.41 years, with a control group of 15 age-matched women. Participants in the experimental group underwent a three-month smovey^® training program, consisting of two 45 min sessions per week. The control group did not engage in any regular physical activity. Blood samples were collected from the experimental group before and after the training period, while in the control group, blood was collected once. Results: After three months of smovey^® training, a statistically significant increase in red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts was observed. Smovey^® training also enhanced erythrocyte deformability at the lowest shear force. Conclusions: Smovey^® training leads to changes in the morphological properties of blood in elderly women, leading to increases in RBC, HGB, PLT, and MCHC indices. Additionally, smovey^® training improves erythrocyte deformability at a shear stress of 0.30 [Pa], reducing the half-time of complete aggregation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

16 pages, 4424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“True” Accessibility Barriers of Heritage Buildings

by Samir E. Chidiac and Mouna A. Reda

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091528 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Heritage buildings, which symbolize the pride of a nation, were built prior to the development of current standards, including those for accessibility. As nations strive for equity, diversity, and inclusion, creating barrier-free environments, including heritage buildings, becomes imperative. This study aims to identify [...] Read more.

Heritage buildings, which symbolize the pride of a nation, were built prior to the development of current standards, including those for accessibility. As nations strive for equity, diversity, and inclusion, creating barrier-free environments, including heritage buildings, becomes imperative. This study aims to identify the “true” accessibility barriers of heritage buildings. Accordingly, a three-part study was conducted: review current standards and best practices; document and investigate the accessibility lived experiences of people with different abilities in heritage buildings; and analyze and discuss the data. The findings revealed that 19%, 17%, and 64% of reported “true” barriers per building were attributed to the conflict between accessibility and heritage preservation, accessibility standard clarity/specificity, and accessibility standard compliance, respectively. In comparison, accessibility-trained professionals attributed 16%, 39%, and 45% of their assessments to the same categories. A significant number of accessibility barriers in heritage buildings can be mitigated by applying current standards. The accessibility needs of people with cognitive/intellectual disabilities are the least addressed and understood by the standards and accessibility-trained professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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11 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Measuring the Marginal Gap of Pre-Cemented All-Metal Single Crowns: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

by James Dudley and Taseef Hasan Farook

Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050204 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Different methods have been used to fabricate and measure marginal gap in all-metal crowns, yet a systematic review on this topic has not been conducted. Objective: To review the existing literature regarding the measurement methods employed for the in vitro marginal gap [...] Read more.

Background: Different methods have been used to fabricate and measure marginal gap in all-metal crowns, yet a systematic review on this topic has not been conducted. Objective: To review the existing literature regarding the measurement methods employed for the in vitro marginal gap measurement of pre-cemented all-metal single crowns and examine the influence of crown fabrication method on the marginal gap. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed from December 2024 backwards across EBSCO Host, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and predefined eligibility criteria. The quality of included articles was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: Ten studies, involving 180 crowns, assessed marginal gaps using computerised superimposition (102 µm), scanning electron microscopy (89 µm), profilometry (100 µm), photogrammetry (59 µm), impression replica techniques (124 µm), and direct view microscopy (35 µm). Marginal gaps varied across crowns constructed with cobalt–chromium (97 µm), titanium (56 µm), noble metals (127 µm), and base metal alloys (35 µm). No significant differences (t = 1.06, p = 0.315) were observed between CAD/CAM (103.21 ± 58.56 µm) and lost wax casting method (71.59 ± 43.94 µm) of crown fabrication when analysed using an independent t-test. Conclusions: Cobalt–chromium was the most used material for AMCs, while titanium alloys produced the lowest mean marginal gap per crown. No significant differences in reported marginal gaps were observed between crowns fabricated using lost wax casting and CAD/CAM techniques. However, the limited number of studies, variation in measurement methods, and inconsistency in methodological rigour restricted the generalisability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Materials)

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18 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Whey Protein-Fortified Blackberry Juice in Transporting and Protecting Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Proteolytic Profile Analysis and Antioxidant Activity

by Liliana Lugo-Zarate, Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio, Luis Guillermo González-Olivares, Emmanuel Pérez-Escalante, Araceli Castañeda-Ovando, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, María Guadalupe Herrera-Hernández and Luis Delgado-Olivares

Fermentation 2025, 11(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11050252 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of blackberry juice fortified with whey as a carrier for transporting and protecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The interactions between whey proteins and the juice were examined to assess their impact on probiotic stability and protection during storage [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of blackberry juice fortified with whey as a carrier for transporting and protecting lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The interactions between whey proteins and the juice were examined to assess their impact on probiotic stability and protection during storage and passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, the study explored how this combination influences the antioxidant properties of the product. The results indicated that the blackberry juice and whey protein mixture provided moderate protection to Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG compared to the positive control (inulin), suggesting that whey proteins may enhance probiotic viability. Proteolytic analysis revealed progressive protein hydrolysis during fermentation, leading to the release of bioactive peptides, indicating the formation of compounds with potential functional benefits. Moreover, samples inoculated with LAB exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those without inoculum. This research demonstrates the promise of fermented blackberry juice fortified with whey proteins as an effective probiotic delivery system. It opens new possibilities for developing functional foods to promote intestinal health and overall well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolism)

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15 pages, 6124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Research on the Preparation of Pervious Concrete Using Carbonized Steel Slag as a Full Component

by Xiao Chen, Kai Zhang, Benren Wang, Zhiqiang Wu and Mingkai Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091526 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025

Abstract

To address the environmental pressures and resource waste caused by massive stockpiling of steel slag, this study developed a carbonated steel slag pervious concrete binder using 40% steel slag powder as the primary cementitious component combined with CaO and MgO. The mechanical performance [...] Read more.

To address the environmental pressures and resource waste caused by massive stockpiling of steel slag, this study developed a carbonated steel slag pervious concrete binder using 40% steel slag powder as the primary cementitious component combined with CaO and MgO. The mechanical performance evolution was investigated, while XRD, SEM, and TG-DTG microcharacterization techniques were employed to reveal the carbonation mechanism and strength formation principles. The results demonstrate that when CaO and MgO contents reached 5% and 15%, respectively, the 28d compressive strength of mortar increased by 134.49% compared to the reference group. Microstructural analysis confirmed that CaO reacted to form CaCO₃ crystals, while MgO enhanced strength by regulating CaCO₃ crystal morphology to optimize product structure. Using steel slag as an aggregate, carbonated steel slag pervious concrete was prepared to investigate the influence mechanisms of B/A ratio and W/B ratio on compressive strength, permeability coefficient, and carbonation effects. The post-carbonation strength increase was adopted to evaluate carbonation efficiency. Increasing B/A ratio enhanced paste filling in aggregate voids, raising 28d compressive strength to 24.76 MPa, but thickened paste coating layers reduced permeability coefficient to 0.33 mm/s while impeding CO₂ diffusion, decreasing carbonation strength growth rate by 22.76%. Initial W/B ratio elevation improved workability to increase strength to 23.76 MPa, whereas excessive water caused paste sedimentation and strength reduction. As W/B ratio rose, permeability coefficient decreased by 65.6%, while carbonation strength growth rate increased. The carbonated steel slag pervious concrete contained approximately 82% steel slag, demonstrating high resource utilization efficiency of steel slag and significant potential for carbon emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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