Journal of Composites Science

19 pages, 2352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Different Approaches—A Review

by Dharanendra Yachenahalli Thimmegowda, Jamaluddin Hindi, Gurumurthy Bethur Markunti and Muralishwara Kakunje

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050220 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Natural fibers have become increasingly popular owing to their affordability, environmental friendliness, and renewability. Owing to their abundance and low density, they have gained attention in their use as reinforcements in polymer composites. However, untreated natural fiber composites have several disadvantages, including higher [...] Read more.

Natural fibers have become increasingly popular owing to their affordability, environmental friendliness, and renewability. Owing to their abundance and low density, they have gained attention in their use as reinforcements in polymer composites. However, untreated natural fiber composites have several disadvantages, including higher water absorption, low-to-moderate mechanical properties, and challenges with fiber-to-matrix adhesion. To address these drawbacks, various approaches have been employed, such as the chemical treatment of natural fibers, fiber hybridization, and the incorporation of nanoparticles/fillers. Chemical treatment enhances the interfacial bonding with the polymer matrix by different mechanisms. Hybridization enhances the mechanical properties of composites by leveraging the advantages of individual fibers. The incorporation of nanoparticles enhances the mechanical properties and various other properties due to a significant increase in interfacial interaction, which is a result of the increased surface area of nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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19 pages, 29431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Magneto-Responsive Composites Made from Recyclable Components: Tunable Electrical Properties Under Magnetic and Mechanical Fields

by Ioan Bica, Eugen Mircea Anitas, Paula Sfirloaga, Liviu Chirigiu and Andrei Mihai Gavrilovici

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050219 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents the fabrication and characterization of hybrid magneto-responsive composites (hMRCs), composed of recyclable components: magnetite microparticles (MMPs) as fillers, lard as a natural binding matrix, and cotton fabric for structural reinforcement. MMPs are obtained by in-house plasma-synthesis, a sustainable, efficient, and [...] Read more.

This study presents the fabrication and characterization of hybrid magneto-responsive composites (hMRCs), composed of recyclable components: magnetite microparticles (MMPs) as fillers, lard as a natural binding matrix, and cotton fabric for structural reinforcement. MMPs are obtained by in-house plasma-synthesis, a sustainable, efficient, and highly tunable method for producing high-performance MMPs. hMRCs are integrated into flat capacitors, and their electrical capacitance (C), resistance (R), dielectric permittivity (

ϵ^{'}

), and electrical conductivity (

σ

) are investigated under a static magnetic field, uniform force field, and an alternating electric field. The experimental results reveal that the electrical properties of hMRCs are dependent on the volume fractions of MMPs and microfibers in the fabric, as well as the applied magnetic flux density (B) and compression forces (F). C shows an increase with both B and F, while R decreases due to improved conductive pathways formed by alignment of MMPs.

σ

is found to be highly tunable, with increases of up to 300% under combined field effects. In the same conditions, C increases up to 75%, and R decreases up to 80%. Thus, by employing plasma-synthesized MMPs, and commercially available recyclable lard and cotton fabrics, this study demonstrates an eco-friendly, low-cost approach to designing multifunctional smart materials. The tunable electrical properties of hMRCs open new possibilities for adaptive sensors, energy storage devices, and magnetoelectric transducers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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18 pages, 5271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing High-Performance Composites in Additive Manufacturing (AM) Through Pre-Impregnation and Direct Ink Writing for Scalable 3D Printing

by Yuanrui Wang, Yuchen Ding, Kai Yu and Guoying Dong

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050218 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CCFRPCs). Among AM techniques, direct ink writing (DIW) with ultraviolet (UV) curable resin shows promise for creating CCFRPCs with high manufacturing speed, high fiber volume fraction, and [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CCFRPCs). Among AM techniques, direct ink writing (DIW) with ultraviolet (UV) curable resin shows promise for creating CCFRPCs with high manufacturing speed, high fiber volume fraction, and low energy consumption. However, issues such as incomplete curing and weak interfacial bonding, particularly in dense fiber bundles, limit the mechanical performance. This study addressed these challenges using pre-impregnated systems (PISs), which is a process developed to impregnate dry fiber bundles with partially cured resin before being used for DIW printing, to enhance resin-fiber adhesion and fiber–fiber bonding within fiber bundles. By optimizing resin viscosity and curing conditions in the PIS process, samples treated by PIS achieved improved mechanical properties. Tensile and bending tests revealed significant performance gains over non-PIS treated samples, with tensile stiffness increasing by at least 39% and bending stiffness by 45% in 3K fiber bundles. Tensile samples with thicker fiber bundles (6K and 12K) exhibited similar improvements. On the other hand, while all samples exhibit enhanced mechanical properties under bending deformation, the improvement of flexural stiffness and strength with thicker fiber bundles is shown to be less significant than those with 3K fiber bundles. Overall, composites made with PIS-treated fibers can enhance mechanical performance compared with those made with non-PIS-treated fibers, offering the scaling capability of printing thicker fiber bundles to reduce processing time while maintaining improved properties. It emphasizes the importance of refining the pre-processing strategies of large continuous fiber bundles in the AM process to achieve optimal mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 3846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

2K UV- and Sunlight-Curable Waterborne Polyurethane Coating Through Thiol-Ene Click Reaction

by Zichen Ling, Haoran Wang and Qixin Zhou

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050217 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings have gained significant attention in the industry due to their low environmental impact and excellent properties. Furthermore, the UV-curing system reduces energy costs and enhances curing efficiency. Hence, exploring the UV-curable WPU system is essential for advancing the next [...] Read more.

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings have gained significant attention in the industry due to their low environmental impact and excellent properties. Furthermore, the UV-curing system reduces energy costs and enhances curing efficiency. Hence, exploring the UV-curable WPU system is essential for advancing the next generation of coatings. In this study, a 2K WPU system was developed by functionalizing isocyanate-terminated polyurethane with thiol and vinyl groups. The coating was cured under UV light through a thiol-ene click reaction, and the effects of photoinitiator content on the coating performance were investigated. The feasibility of sunlight curing for this WPU coating was also assessed. The results showed that while photoinitiator content had a slight impact on UV-cured WPU coatings, it significantly affected sunlight-cured WPU. Also, with the appropriate photoinitiator content, sunlight-cured WPU could achieve comparable performance to UV-curable ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, Volume II)

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15 pages, 3881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Sustainability of Concrete by Adding Recycled Sand and Silica Fume Along with Human Hair Fibers

by Nadim I. Shbeeb and Mohammad Nadeem Akhtar

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050216 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This experimental study produced recycled sand–silica fume–hair fiber concrete to enhance concrete sustainability. Recycled sand and silica fume can be used to address the environmental issues caused by excessive river sand mining and the carbon footprint of the concrete industry. In addition, waste [...] Read more.

This experimental study produced recycled sand–silica fume–hair fiber concrete to enhance concrete sustainability. Recycled sand and silica fume can be used to address the environmental issues caused by excessive river sand mining and the carbon footprint of the concrete industry. In addition, waste hair fibers (0.5–2%) were introduced to enhance the properties of newly developed concrete mixes. The absolute volume method was employed for four newly developed sustainable concrete mixes. A 100 mm slump was set as a structural concrete requirement, which was maintained by adding 0.5%, 1%, 1.4%, 1.9%, and 2.6% of the admixture by weight of the cement to the proposed mixes. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and density of the hardened concrete mixtures were estimated. The study results show that combining optimized 10% silica fume with 0.5–2% hair fibers enhanced the properties of the newly developed sustainable mixes. The slump threshold was met when 1.5% of hair fibers were mixed with 10% silica fume, 50% manufactured sand, and 50% recycled sand. However, the splitting tensile strengths of the mixes with 1.5% and 2.0% hair fibers were found to be almost the same at 5.62 MPa and 5.65 MPa, respectively. The bulk density of the mixes increased with increasing percentages of hair fibers. Furthermore, in the mixes with 1.5% and 2.0% hair fibers, the bulk density was very similar at 2.708 g/cm³ and 2.792 g/cm³, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded from the study results that concrete containing recycled sand, silica fume, and hair fibers in optimal percentages is acceptable as structural concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Cement-Based Composites: Innovations in Performance, Durability, and Environmental Impact)

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15 pages, 3791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibration Characteristics of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) Beams on Three-Parameter Viscoelastic Foundation

by Shuming Jia, Guojiang Yang, Yu Pu, Pengfei Ma and Kan Li

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050215 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 22

Abstract

This study numerically investigated free vibration characteristics of functionally graded material (FGM) beams on Winkler–Pasternak three-parameter elastic foundations using the modified generalized differential quadrature (MGDQ) method. To compare the effects of different beam theories on the predicted frequency responses, an nth order [...] Read more.

This study numerically investigated free vibration characteristics of functionally graded material (FGM) beams on Winkler–Pasternak three-parameter elastic foundations using the modified generalized differential quadrature (MGDQ) method. To compare the effects of different beam theories on the predicted frequency responses, an nth order generalized beam theory was employed to establish the governing equations of the system’s dynamic model within the Hamilton framework. As a pioneering effort, a MATLAB (version 2021a) computational program implementing the MGDQ method was developed to obtain the free vibration responses of foundation-supported FGM beams. Parametric analyses were conducted through numerical simulations to systematically examine the influences of various factors, including beam theories, damping coefficients, foundation stiffness parameters, boundary conditions, gradient indices, and span-to-thickness ratios, on the natural frequencies and damping ratios of FGM beams. The findings provide an essential theoretical foundation for dynamic characteristic analysis and functional design of foundation-supported FGM beam structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials)

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24 pages, 1148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Magneto-Elastic Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates and Shells

by Salvatore Brischetto and Domenico Cesare

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050214 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 33

Abstract

This work shows a three-dimensional (3D) layerwise model for static and free vibration analyses of functionally graded piezomagnetic materials (FGPM) spherical shell structures where magnetic and elastic fields are completely coupled. The 3D magneto-elastic governing equations for spherical shells are made of the [...] Read more.

This work shows a three-dimensional (3D) layerwise model for static and free vibration analyses of functionally graded piezomagnetic materials (FGPM) spherical shell structures where magnetic and elastic fields are completely coupled. The 3D magneto-elastic governing equations for spherical shells are made of the three equations of equilibrium in three-dimensional form and the three-dimensional divergence equation for the magnetic induction. Governing equations are written in the orthogonal mixed curvilinear reference system (

α

,

β

, z) allowing the analysis of several curved and flat geometries (plates, cylindrical shells and spherical shells) thanks to proper considerations of the radii of curvature. The static cases, actuator and sensor configurations and free vibration investigations are proposed. The resolution method uses the imposition of the Navier’s harmonic forms in the two in-plane directions and the exponential matrix methodology in the transverse normal direction. Single-layered and multilayered simply-supported FGPM structures have been investigated. In order to understand the behavior of FGPM structures, numerical values and trends along the thickness direction for displacements, stresses, magnetic potential, magnetic induction and free vibration modes are proposed. In the results section, a first assessment phase is proposed to demonstrate the validity of the formulation and to fix proper values for the convergence of results. Therefore, a new benchmark section is presented. Different cases are proposed for several material configurations, load boundary conditions and geometries. The possible effects involved in this problem (magneto-elastic coupling and effects related to embedded materials and thickness values of the layers) are discussed in depth for each thickness ratio. The innovative feature proposed in the present paper is the exact 3D study of magneto-elastic coupling effects in FGPM plates and shells for static and free vibration analyses by means of a unique and general formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

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16 pages, 5785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Addition of Maguey Bagasse in the Production of Bioplastics Based on Corn and Potato Starch

by Luz Adriana Arias Hernández, María Maldonado Santoyo, Lucia Delgadillo Ruiz, Rudy Solís Silván, Felícitas Calderón Vega, Gilberto Carreño Aguilera, Shaula Melissa Reducindo Ruiz, Julián González Trinidad, Arturo Berumen Cervantes, Arturo Agustín Ortiz Hernández and Eladio Delgadillo Ruiz

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050213 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 111

Abstract

Synthetic plastic impacts the environment due to its slow degradation and the generation of microplastics, driving the development of bioplastics. This study evaluated the use of bagasse fiber combined with corn and potato starch to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioplastics. [...] Read more.

Synthetic plastic impacts the environment due to its slow degradation and the generation of microplastics, driving the development of bioplastics. This study evaluated the use of bagasse fiber combined with corn and potato starch to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioplastics. Five bioplastic mixtures (Am1 to Am5) were prepared with corn starch, glycerin, acetic acid, maleic anhydride, and agave bagasse. Am1 was prepared without bagasse, and the others were prepared with different amounts of bagasse (0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 g). Bioplastics made from potato starch (Ap1 to Ap5) were also produced under the same conditions and were assessed using the thermogravimetric (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.001) in the moisture, Young’s modulus, and stress of the bioplastics. The corn-based bioplastics exhibited lower moisture values (7.26% and 5.51%) compared to the potato-based ones (9.68% to 8.89%). Young’s modulus and stress increased in the corn-based (Am5 = 4.59 MPa) and potato-based (Ap5 = 3.53 MPa) bioplastics with higher amounts of bagasse. Furthermore, TGA and SEM revealed the surface morphology and the effects of processing, and based on their results, it was found that agave bagasse improved the mechanical and thermal properties of bioplastics, especially corn-based ones, suggesting its potential as a material with a lower environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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20 pages, 5893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Factors Affecting Anisotropic Electrical Conductivity in Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Using a Solid Electrode-Based Two-Probe Method

by Gang Zhou and Weiwei Sun

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050212 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 81

Abstract

The lack of an in-depth understanding of electrical conduction behaviour in anisotropic carbon fibre-reinforced laminates was reflected by the fact that there was no measurement standard. Various ad hoc experimental techniques were used, involving a range of extrinsic parameters with little or no [...] Read more.

The lack of an in-depth understanding of electrical conduction behaviour in anisotropic carbon fibre-reinforced laminates was reflected by the fact that there was no measurement standard. Various ad hoc experimental techniques were used, involving a range of extrinsic parameters with little or no rigorous control. Not only were widely varying values of electrical conductivity, if not incorrect values, generated, but also the effects of extrinsic parameters were attributed erroneously to those of intrinsic parameters. This predicament was compounded by different techniques used in measurements of volume and surface electrical conduction. This paper formulated the most effective experimental method, using two well-argued solid electrodes, to evaluate electrical conduction with rigorous control of all extrinsic parameters. Its main objectives were to investigate anisotropic volume and surface electrical conduction with a focus on the effects of electrode–specimen contact resistance, clamping pressure, conductive paint, contact face preparations, lay-ups, and specimen dimensions. Unique results and data trends provided the step-changing understanding of electrical conduction, such that the contributions of extrinsic factors were clearly established. The specifical findings showed that (1) the two-probe method was the only viable technique to measure both volume and surface conductivities, (2) all conductivity values were dependent on clamping torques and contact face machining, (3) the conductive paint enhancement effect was an artefact, and (4) obtaining surface conductivities by multiplying volume conductivities with laminate thickness was incorrect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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20 pages, 9503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of Current Design Models in Predicting Shear Resistance of UHPC Girders

by Ahmad Tarawneh, Hadeel Amirah, Abdullah Alghossoon, Ghassan Almasabha, Ra’ed Al-Mazaidh and Eman Saleh

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050211 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 36

Abstract

This manuscript delivers a comprehensive evaluation of five different ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) shear resistance models: FHWA-HRT-23-077 (2023), ePCI report (2021), French Standard NF-P-18-710 (2016), Canadian Standards A23.3-04 (2004), and Modified Eurocode2/German DAfStb (2023). The models differ in accounting for the steel fiber and [...] Read more.

This manuscript delivers a comprehensive evaluation of five different ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) shear resistance models: FHWA-HRT-23-077 (2023), ePCI report (2021), French Standard NF-P-18-710 (2016), Canadian Standards A23.3-04 (2004), and Modified Eurocode2/German DAfStb (2023). The models differ in accounting for the steel fiber and shear reinforcement contribution and determining the angle of inclination of the diagonal compression strut. The evaluation was carried out using an experimental database of 198 UHPC specimens and focused on accuracy, conservatism, and ease of use for each considered model. The database included beams with prestressed and steel reinforcement, different shear reinforcement ratios, and a wide range of geometrical and material properties. In order to apply the FHWA method, a utilization tensile stress (f_t,loc) prediction equation was developed. Generally, the FHWA method showed superior performance to the other models in terms of statistical measures and consistent prediction conservatism across variable ranges. Although the ePCI methods yielded the highest conservatism, it can be said that the ePCI, AFGC, and CSA methods showed similar behavior with different degrees of conservatism. The DAfStb method showed the lowest prediction accuracy and the greatest scatter of data. Except for the FHWA method, all methods showed a reduction in conservatism at a high transverse reinforcement ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials)

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18 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Selenium–Arabinogalactan Nanocomposite on Environmental Bacteria

by Elena I. Strekalovskaya, Alla I. Perfileva, Olga F. Vyatchina, Devard I. Stom, Aleksander V. Romashchenko, Anna I. Kasatova, Tatyana V. Kon’kova, Boris G. Sukhov and Konstantin V. Krutovsky

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050210 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

It has been previously shown that a selenium (Se) nanocomposite (NC) based on the natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) produced from Siberian larch wood (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), containing 0.000625% of Se, has antibacterial properties against phytopathogens, such as Clavibacter sepedonicus, Pectobacterium carotovorum [...] Read more.

It has been previously shown that a selenium (Se) nanocomposite (NC) based on the natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG) produced from Siberian larch wood (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), containing 0.000625% of Se, has antibacterial properties against phytopathogens, such as Clavibacter sepedonicus, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Phytophthora cactorum. The same concentration of Se/AG NC stimulated the growth and development of potato plants in vitro, as well as the formation of their roots, while Se did not accumulate in potato tissues after plant treatment. However, to realize the full potential of Se/AG NC in agriculture for fighting phytopathogens with the aim of developing commercial nanopreparations, additional toxicological studies are needed to fully address their effects. In this study, to assess the environmental risk of using Se/AG NCs, it was applied to a number of bacteria isolated from soil (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and B. megaterium), water (Micrococcus luteus, B. subtilis, and Sarcina flava), and activated sludge and wastewater of treatment facilities (Serratia marcescens, M. luteus, B. cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). When studying the antibacterial activity of Se/AG NC against 11 test cultures of bacteria using the agar diffusion method, it was shown that Se/AG NC had a toxic effect only at high concentrations in the range from 40 mg/mL Se/AG NC (1.68 mg/mL Se) to 0.625 mg/mL Se/AG NC (0.026 mg/mL Se) on two types of bacteria M. luteus isolated from the waters of Lake Baikal and B. cereus obtained from activated sludge of treatment facilities. The maximum diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the test cultures after exposure to different concentrations of Se/AG NC was noted for M. luteus (water) and E. coli (soil) at 40 mg/mL − 26.3 and 20.3 mm, respectively. Thus, the negative impact of Se/AG NC on bacteria from different ecological niches was registered only at high concentrations, similar to the predicted concentrations of Se/AG NC in wastewater, which demonstrates the environmental safety of Se/AG NC for use in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, Volume II)

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21 pages, 7594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FE Parametric Study of Composite Cold-Formed Steel Beams Under Positive and Negative Loadings

by Mahmoud T. Nawar, Ayman El-Zohairy, Ahmed S. Eisa, Amal Mohammed and Shady Gomaa

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050209 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 151

Abstract

Composite structures are increasingly being utilized in modern construction. This computational analysis focuses on the structural performance of composite beams formed by thin-walled, cold-formed steel channel sections strengthened with concrete. The primary objective of this research was to enhance the strength and stability [...] Read more.

Composite structures are increasingly being utilized in modern construction. This computational analysis focuses on the structural performance of composite beams formed by thin-walled, cold-formed steel channel sections strengthened with concrete. The primary objective of this research was to enhance the strength and stability of composite cold-formed steel beams. In this study, back-to-back C-channel sections and concrete slabs with various stiffener configurations were analyzed. The key parameters considered include stiffener spacing, type, and thickness. Additionally, different beam cross-sections, such as C-channel and sigma sections, were investigated. A finite element analysis was conducted using the ABAQUS program, incorporating both geometric and material nonlinearities. The developed models were validated against experimental results from previous research and existing design guidelines. Three beam specimens were examined in this study to assess their structural behavior under static loading conditions. A novel aspect of this research is the investigation of composite cold-formed steel beams under a combination of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and negative moment effects. The load–deflection behavior of all beam specimens was analyzed, considering variations in cross-sectional dimensions and span lengths. Additionally, the study highlights key material properties, including the maximum compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of cold-formed steel channels, and the cross-sectional area of the steel components for each beam specimen. This research provides valuable insights for structural engineers, contributing to the optimization of composite cold-formed steel beam design for enhanced performance in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)

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19 pages, 3069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Warpage of 3D-Printed PEEK/CF-PEEK Composites Using Multi-Objective Optimization Technique

by Sorekunte Huchappa Adarsh and Mahadevappa Nagamadhu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050208 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 145

Abstract

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic widely used in aerospace, automotive, and medical applications due to its exceptional strength, heat resistance, and chemical stability. However, warpage and mechanical property variations remain significant challenges in 3D printing PEEK parts. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic widely used in aerospace, automotive, and medical applications due to its exceptional strength, heat resistance, and chemical stability. However, warpage and mechanical property variations remain significant challenges in 3D printing PEEK parts. This study investigates the effect of key printing parameters, including nozzle temperature, layer thickness, platform temperature, and infill rate, on the mechanical properties and warpage of 3D-printed PEEK components. By systematically analyzing tensile and compressive loading conditions, this research aims to optimize printing settings to improve dimensional accuracy and structural integrity. The experimental results indicate that mechanical properties, such as tensile and compressive stress at break, vary significantly with printing conditions. The highest tensile strength and compressive strength achieved were 71.4 MPa and 167 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest tensile (45.36 MPa) and compressive strengths (72.5 MPa) were also recorded. Higher nozzle and platform temperatures, coupled with increased infill rates, enhance layer adhesion, leading to improved tensile and compressive strength. However, a nozzle temperature of 400 °C, platform temperature of 130 °C, and 60% infill rate lead to optimal bonding between layers and thus a reduction in warpage. Considering warpage in all four corners and mechanical properties, a 400 °C nozzle temperature, 0.16 mm layer thickness, and 130 °C platform temperature, coupled with a 60% infill rate, provide optimal printing conditions. The 10% carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composites exhibit an improved tensile strength that is 1.68 times higher compared to pure PEEK. To emphasize the importance of thermal and structural settings, the findings highlight the crucial role of printing parameters in minimizing warpage and enhancing mechanical properties in 3D-printed PEEK parts, which were analyzed by the multi-objective optimization method. Scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out to analyze fracture morphology and printing layer orientation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations of Composite Materials in Prosthetic Dentistry)

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20 pages, 3106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Seismic-Induced Settlement of Pipelines Buried in Sandy Soil Reinforced with Concrete and FRP Micropiles: A Genetic Programming Approach

by Duaa Al-Jeznawi, Musab Aied Qissab Al-Janabi, Laith Sadik, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo and Jorge Miguel de Almeida Andrade

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050207 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 96

Abstract

Unstable sandy soils pose significant challenges for buried pipelines due to soil–infrastructure interaction, leading to settlement that increases the risk of displacement and stress-induced fractures. In earthquake-prone regions, seismic-induced ground deformation further threatens underground infrastructure. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as a [...] Read more.

Unstable sandy soils pose significant challenges for buried pipelines due to soil–infrastructure interaction, leading to settlement that increases the risk of displacement and stress-induced fractures. In earthquake-prone regions, seismic-induced ground deformation further threatens underground infrastructure. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional piling materials, addressing durability issues in deep foundations. This paper introduces novel explicit models for predicting the maximum settlement of oil pipelines supported by concrete or polymer micropiles under seismic loading. Using genetic programming (GP), this study develops closed-form expressions based on simplified input parameters—micropile dimensions, pile spacing, soil properties, and peak ground acceleration—improving the models’ practicality for engineering applications. The models were evaluated using a dataset of 610 data points and demonstrated good accuracy across different conditions, achieving coefficients of determination (R²) as high as 0.92, among good values for other evaluation metrics. These findings contribute to a robust, practical tool for mitigating seismic risks in pipeline design, highlighting the potential of FRP micropiles for enhancing infrastructure resilience under challenging geotechnical scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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12 pages, 2257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Deformation and Strength Characteristics of Highly Filled Sand–Polymer Composites Based on Regenerated Thermoplastics

by Vassiliy Yurchenko, Vitali Haiduk, Alexandr Skaskevich, Olga Zharkevich, Gulnara Zhetessova, Olga Reshetnikova, Altay Smagulov and Medgat Mussayev

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050206 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 95

Abstract

As the volume of polymer waste continues to grow, the development of methods for their processing and the creation of composites is an urgent task. In this work, the characteristics of sand–polymer composites based on reclaimed thermoplastics (1:3 mixture of polyolefins) are investigated. [...] Read more.

As the volume of polymer waste continues to grow, the development of methods for their processing and the creation of composites is an urgent task. In this work, the characteristics of sand–polymer composites based on reclaimed thermoplastics (1:3 mixture of polyolefins) are investigated. It was found that composites containing up to 75 wt% silica sand (100–300 μm) retained acceptable compressive strength (at least 25 MPa) at a strain of no more than 5%. Sand surface treatment improved the interaction between polymer and filler, increasing compressive strength by 10–15% and impact strength by 10% at 70–75 wt% of filler. The deformation and strength parameters of composites modified with carbon nanocomponents were investigated. The dependencies of compressive and bending strength on technological parameters of formation were obtained. The role of modifying components in appretization and reinforcement was shown. The introduction of technological lubricants improved homogeneity but reduced strength. The strengthening effect was related to the increase in the proportion of polymer interacting with the filler surface when the thickness of the polymer matrix reached the nanostate. The introduction of silica nanoparticles (up to 0.1 wt%) increased the compressive strength by 15%. However, the decrease in melt fluidity limited the degree of filling. The obtained composites are promising for application as structural materials in hull products used in limited climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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18 pages, 13367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Mechanical Properties of the Additively Manufactured Modified Hybrid Stereolithography (SLA)–Glass Powder

by Benny Susanto, Ardi Jati Nugroho Putro, Muhammad Rafi Ristyawan, Vishnu Vijay Kumar, Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha, Arif Kusumawanto, Budi Prawara, Endro Junianto, Muhammad Fathul Hikmawan and Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050205 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This research successfully enhances the mechanical properties of the ready-market resin product additively printed by using stereolithography (SLA) reinforced with glass powder. Using Esun Standard Resin (Shenzhen, China), various proportions of glass powder (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%) [...] Read more.

This research successfully enhances the mechanical properties of the ready-market resin product additively printed by using stereolithography (SLA) reinforced with glass powder. Using Esun Standard Resin (Shenzhen, China), various proportions of glass powder (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%) were mixed to create test specimens. The results indicated that the incorporation of glass powder markedly enhanced tensile strength and hardness. Specimens containing 25% glass powder exhibited a tensile strength of 37.01 MPa and a hardness of 84.5 HV, in contrast to 24.03 MPa and 73.7 HV for those without glass powder. The density rose with the addition of glass powder, attaining 1.338 g/cm³ at 25% concentration. Nevertheless, heightened brittleness and reduced strain values signified a compromise between strength and ductility. Compression testing revealed increased maximum stress but more brittleness with higher glass powder content, while flexural testing demonstrated diminished flexural strength attributed to inadequate filler adherence and dispersion. This study highlights that the addition of glass powder to SLA resins can improve mechanical strength while reducing flexibility and ductility. Enhancing the concentration and dispersion of glass powder is crucial for attaining a balance in mechanical properties, which enhances SLA 3D printing for dependable, high-performance engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 9576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cold Forming Hybrid Aluminium–Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Sheets Joined by Mechanical Interlocking

by Núria Latorre, Daniel Casellas, Josep Costa, Eduard Garcia-Llamas and Jaume Pujante

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050204 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Forming hybrid structures into complex shapes is key to address lightweighting of automotive parts. Recently, an innovative joining technique between aluminium and Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) based on mechanical interlocking through sheet punching has been developed. However, scaling up the solution requires the [...] Read more.

Forming hybrid structures into complex shapes is key to address lightweighting of automotive parts. Recently, an innovative joining technique between aluminium and Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) based on mechanical interlocking through sheet punching has been developed. However, scaling up the solution requires the assessment of challenges, such as multi-material forming and joint integrity, after forming operations. Therefore, this work proves the feasibility of forming aluminium–CFRP prepreg panels into complex omega-shaped profiles following a conventional cold-stamping process. Forming without defects was possible even in specimens featuring mechanical joints generated through punching. The effect of the CFRP position (in the inner or the outer side of the formed profile), the number of mechanical joints, the addition of a Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) intermediate layer to prevent galvanic corrosion and adequate lubrication on necking, cracking, springback behaviour and the final geometry after curing were studied. Compression tests were performed to assess the mechanical response of the hybrid profile, and the results showed that the addition of CFRP in the aluminium omega profile changed the buckling behaviour from global bending to axial folding, increasing the maximum compression load. Additionally, the presence of mechanical interlocking joints further improved the mechanical performance and led to a more controlled failure due to buckling localization in the geometric discontinuity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

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12 pages, 6585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microtensile Bond Strength of Composite Restorations: Direct vs. Semi-Direct Technique Using the Same Adhesive System

by Paulo J. Palma, Maria A. Neto, Ana Messias and Ana M. Amaro

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050203 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The main purpose was to evaluate the in vitro adhesion strength of direct and semi-direct composite resin restorations in dentin, when the same adhesive system is applied, using microtensile testing (μTBS) and to observe the most recurrent types of failure in the different [...] Read more.

The main purpose was to evaluate the in vitro adhesion strength of direct and semi-direct composite resin restorations in dentin, when the same adhesive system is applied, using microtensile testing (μTBS) and to observe the most recurrent types of failure in the different groups. For this study, 16 intact human mandibular molars without microscopic evidence of lesions were randomly divided into two test groups, according to the restoration strategy: direct restoration (DR) and semi-direct restoration (SR). For both restorative strategies, the same adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond 2, Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to the dentin surface using a two-step self-etching approach with no prior conditioning of the dentin, and the same composite resin (Ceram. x Sepctra ST HV, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) was used as a restorative material. The indirect restoration was cemented using resin cement (Variolink Esthetic LC, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) within the interior side of the restoration. Each specimen was sliced into sections measuring approximately 1 mm². The rods were then subjected to a microtensile bond strength test and the statistical analysis on the differences in μTBS between the groups were determined with the Mann–Whitney test. The surfaces were examined to determine the failure mode. The Chi-Square test was used to determine the association between the type of restoration and the failure mode. The DR group presented with a mean μTBS of 38.15 ± 10.75 MPa and a predominance of cohesive failures in the composite resin (69.5%). The SR group showed a mean μTBS of 25.45 ± 10.19 MPa and a predominance of adhesive failures (92.3%). There was not only a statistically significant difference in the adhesive strength of the DR and SR groups (p < 0.001), but also a statistically significant association between the type of restorative strategy and failure mode (p < 0.001). Even though Clearfil SE Bond 2 provided acceptable adhesion to the dentin, using the same two-step self-etch adhesive system, lower adhesive strength and more adhesive failures are expected in semi-direct restorations when compared to direct restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications)

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21 pages, 8011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Optimization of Vibration Damping in Epoxy-Based Nano Cement Composite Dampers for Sustainable Structures

by Sandhya R. Jalgar, Anand M. Hunashyal, U. Satisha Prabhu, B. M. Gurumurthy, Pavan Hiremath and Nithesh Naik

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050202 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Traditional cement-based materials often fall short in delivering both high mechanical strength and effective vibration damping. Although nano-modified composites have shown promise, a gap remains in understanding the interaction between nanofillers and polymeric phases in epoxy-based cement systems. This study investigates the development [...] Read more.

Traditional cement-based materials often fall short in delivering both high mechanical strength and effective vibration damping. Although nano-modified composites have shown promise, a gap remains in understanding the interaction between nanofillers and polymeric phases in epoxy-based cement systems. This study investigates the development of epoxy-based cement composite dampers with enhanced mechanical strength and vibration damping for structural applications. The composite integrates nano-SiO₂ and graphene to improve the energy dissipation, structural integrity, and long-term performance. A comprehensive experimental and mathematical modeling approach was employed to evaluate the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor (tan δ) using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results indicated that incorporating 2.0 wt.% nano-SiO₂ and 0.05 wt.% graphene leads to an optimum increase in both mechanical and damping properties, achieving a 92% enhancement in compressive strength and a 38% improvement in damping factor compared to conventional cement composites. Beyond this optimal composition, agglomeration effects reduce the reinforcement efficiency. Microstructural investigations using TEM and EDX confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of the nanofillers, leading to enhanced matrix densification and improved interfacial bonding. A validated mathematical model was proposed to predict viscoelastic behavior, correlating well with experimental findings. These results highlight the potential of epoxy-based cement composites for high-performance damping applications in sustainable infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials and Joints)

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33 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Unified Size-Dependent Theory for Analyzing the Free Vibration Behavior of an FG Microplate Under Fully Simply Supported Conditions and Magneto-Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Loads Considering Couple Stress and Thickness Stretching Effects

by Chih-Ping Wu and Cheng-Dao Hsu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050201 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This work develops a unified size-dependent shear deformation theory (SDSDT) to analyze the free vibration behavior of a functionally graded (FG) magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) microplate under fully simply supported conditions, open- or closed-circuit surface conditions, biaxial compression, magnetic and electric potentials, and uniform temperature [...] Read more.

This work develops a unified size-dependent shear deformation theory (SDSDT) to analyze the free vibration behavior of a functionally graded (FG) magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) microplate under fully simply supported conditions, open- or closed-circuit surface conditions, biaxial compression, magnetic and electric potentials, and uniform temperature changes based on consistent couple stress theory (CCST). The FG-MEE microplate is composed of BaTiO₃ (a piezoelectric material) and CoFe₂O₄ (a magnetostrictive material). Various CCST-based SDSDTs, considering couple stress and thickness stretching effects, can be reproduced by employing a generalized shape function that characterizes shear deformation distributions along the thickness direction within the unified SDSDT. These CCST-based SDSDTs encompass the size-dependent classical plate theory (CPT), first-order shear deformation theory (SDT), Reddy’s refined SDT, exponential SDT, sinusoidal SDT, and hyperbolic SDT. The unified SDSDT is validated by comparing its solutions with relevant three-dimensional solutions available in the literature. After validation and comparison studies, we conduct a parametric study, whose results indicate that the effects of thickness stretching, material length-scale parameter, inhomogeneity index, and length-to-thickness ratio, as well as the magnitude of biaxial compressive forces, electric potential, magnetic potential, and uniform temperature changes significantly impact the microplate’s natural frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obtaining Composite Zinc Phosphate Cement with the Addition of Phosphoric Slag

by Aidana Abdullin, Nurgali Zhanikulov, Bakhitzhan Taimasov, Ekaterina Potapova, Yana Alfereva, Dmitry Ksenofontov and Bibol Zhakipbayev

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050200 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The feasibility of producing high-quality zinc phosphate cement based on a frit-sintered mixture of ZnO, SiO₂, MgO, and Bi₂O₃ oxides, with the addition of phosphorous slag and an aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid as the mixing liquid, was [...] Read more.

The feasibility of producing high-quality zinc phosphate cement based on a frit-sintered mixture of ZnO, SiO₂, MgO, and Bi₂O₃ oxides, with the addition of phosphorous slag and an aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid as the mixing liquid, was demonstrated. The raw materials used for zinc phosphate cement preparation were investigated using various physicochemical analysis methods. It was found that the phosphorous slag contains silicon oxide (37.6%), aluminum oxide (4.49%), calcium oxide (42.4%), magnesium oxide (2.19%), as well as fluorine (1.94%) and calcium fluoride (4.91%). The slag predominantly consists of an amorphous glassy phase with minor inclusions of crystalline components. During the sintering process, the addition of 1.5–3.0 wt.% phosphorous slag to the frit promotes the formation of low-melting eutectics due to the presence of fluorides, resulting in a 100 °C reduction in the sintering temperature. An optimal zinc phosphate cement powder composition was developed, comprising: ZnO—83.0%, MgO—9.0%, SiO₂—3.5%, Bi₂O₃—3.0%, and phosphorous slag—1.5%. The resulting sintered product exhibited a whiteness of 97.8%, which exceeds that of the reference sample by 2.6%. Upon mixing the powder with the mixing liquid, zinc ions are released first, initiating a chemical reaction that leads to the formation of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum phosphates. The compressive strength of the resulting composite cements ranged from 101.8 to 111.9 MPa, fully complying with the requirements for cement grade as specified in GOST 31578-2012. Full article

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24 pages, 9175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Effects of H₂ Additions to Helium and Argon Shielding Gases on TIG-Welded AISI 316L Stainless Steel

by Samir Khrais, Tariq Darabseh, Awsan Mohammed and Ahmad Abdel Al

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050199 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Adding hydrogen (H₂) to shielding gas in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding has garnered attention for its potential to enhance weld quality. This study explores the effects of H₂ and helium (He) content on AISI 316L stainless steel welding, focusing [...] Read more.

Adding hydrogen (H₂) to shielding gas in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding has garnered attention for its potential to enhance weld quality. This study explores the effects of H₂ and helium (He) content on AISI 316L stainless steel welding, focusing on their influence on weld bead geometry, microstructural properties, and mechanical properties. The H₂ (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%) and He (10%, 20%, 30%) concentrations were evaluated in a shielding gas primarily composed of argon (Ar). The study underscores the need for precise gas blend control to balance enhanced performance with material safety. These findings offer insights into optimizing welding parameters for AISI 316L, with implications for broader applications in industries demanding high quality. The result shows that H₂ (1.5–3.0%) improves penetration, geometry, and surface finish, while He (10–20%) enhances arc stability and smoothness; however, excessive levels of H₂ (>4.5%) cause defects. Optimal mechanical properties (UTS: 714.54 MPa, YS: 449.03 MPa, hardness: 93.34 HRB, impact toughness: 34.45 J) are achieved with 3% H₂, 30% He, and 150 A arc current. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding and Friction Stir Processes for Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 6548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Relative Displacement Distribution of a Composite Plate with Built-In FBG Sensors

by Aliya Kalizhanova, Ainur Kozbakova, Murat Kunelbayev, Timur Kartbayev and Gulzhan Kashaganova

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050198 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The paper studies the distribution of relative displacement of a composite plate with integrated fiber Bragg gratings. The analysis of the methods for manufacturing composite plates with embedded optical fibers containing FBG sensors, as well as the spectral characteristics of the gratings under [...] Read more.

The paper studies the distribution of relative displacement of a composite plate with integrated fiber Bragg gratings. The analysis of the methods for manufacturing composite plates with embedded optical fibers containing FBG sensors, as well as the spectral characteristics of the gratings under various bending conditions, are performed. The effect of sensor arrangement on the accuracy of determining stresses and relative elongations of the material is experimentally studied. The features of spectral shifts that occur under non-uniform stresses are revealed, which can reduce the accuracy of measurements when using interrogators. The patterns of change in the central wavelength of Bragg gratings depending on the type and magnitude of plate bending are established. The research results confirm that the use of a network of embedded FBG sensors allows one to accurately determine the areas of maximum deformations, as well as the nature and magnitude of bending of composite structures. The data obtained can be used to develop more accurate systems for monitoring the stress–strain state of composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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25 pages, 5601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen by g-C₃N₄/CQD/Ag Nanocomposites from Aqueous Media

by Ali Toolabi, Mahsa Tahergorabi, Jamal Mehralipour, Neda Seyedi and Negin Nasseh

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050197 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Ternary g-C₃N₄/CQD/Ag photocatalysts were synthesized via deposition of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag) onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for efficient acetaminophen degradation. The nanocomposites exhibited enhanced photoresponse and broad-spectrum photocatalytic activity under [...] Read more.

Ternary g-C₃N₄/CQD/Ag photocatalysts were synthesized via deposition of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag) onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for efficient acetaminophen degradation. The nanocomposites exhibited enhanced photoresponse and broad-spectrum photocatalytic activity under both UV (254 nm, 250 W) and Xenon (>420 nm, 500 W) irradiation. Characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM, PL, and EDX elucidated the material’s composition, structure, morphology, and optical properties. Optimized photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (50 mg/L) was achieved at pH 7 with 0.6 g/L catalyst loading and 60 min irradiation, yielding degradation efficiencies of 87.5% (UV) and 85.3% (Xenon). Radical quenching experiments and GC-MS analysis identified hydroxyl radicals as the primary reactive species and revealed a gradual decrease in intermediate toxicity during mineralization. This study demonstrates the superior photocatalytic performance of the ternary g-C₃N₄/CQD/Ag nanocomposites compared to binary systems for effective acetaminophen removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)

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J. Compos. Sci., Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 24 articles

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