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Volume 9, April
 
 

J. Compos. Sci., Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 57 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Environmental concerns and stricter regulations on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in coatings have driven the development of waterborne systems. Additionally, UV curing coatings achieve effective crosslinking with lower energy consumption and shorter curing times compared to thermal curing systems. In this paper, a novel two-component (2K) waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coating system based on thiol-ene click chemistry is developed. The formulation features thiol- and vinyl-functionalized WPU dispersions that cure rapidly under both UV light and natural sunlight. It is also demonstrated that, when properly formulated, the system can achieve comparable film performance to that of conventional UV curing coatings. View this paper
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16 pages, 2763 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis of Conductive Copolymers and Its Supercapacitor Application
by Md Mostafizur Rahman, Iftidul Alam, Md Rayhan Hossen, Farhan Azim, Nafiza Anjum, Muhammad Omar Faruk, Mohammed Mastabur Rahman and Okenwa I. Okoli
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050253 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
In this work, conductive polymers, i.e., polyaniline (PANI) and its copolymers with polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were synthesized following chemical oxidative polymerization methods and used in the construction of supercapacitor devices. These conductive copolymers were characterized by structural (FTIR, [...] Read more.
In this work, conductive polymers, i.e., polyaniline (PANI) and its copolymers with polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were synthesized following chemical oxidative polymerization methods and used in the construction of supercapacitor devices. These conductive copolymers were characterized by structural (FTIR, XRD), morphological (FESEM), electrochemical (CV and GCD), and impedance spectroscopy studies. The PANI-PPy copolymer showed higher sp. capacitance of 420 F/g and cyclic capacitive retention of 97.8% compared to the other copolymers. Additionally, Tafel extrapolation studies demonstrated that the PANI-PEDOT had the lowest corrosion rate. To further assess performance, asymmetric supercapacitor devices (ASDs) were fabricated using prepared materials. GCD analysis demonstrated that the PANI-PTh//AC device achieved a sp. capacitance of 81 F/g and power density of 550 W/kg, while the PANI-PPy//AC device exhibited a capacitance of 69 F/g. PANI-PTh//AC device shows superior performance over other electrode configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials Containing Conjugated and Conductive Polymers)
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16 pages, 5091 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Silane-Modified Al2O3 Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study
by Ting Zhang, Xujiang Chao, Junhao Liang, Bin Wang and Mengmeng Sun
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050252 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical performance of epoxy resin composites reinforced with silane coupling agent-modified Al2O3 nanoparticles (m-Nano-Al2O3/epoxy). Three silane coupling agents (KH550, KH560, and KH570) were employed to functionalize the Al2O3 nanoparticles, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mechanical performance of epoxy resin composites reinforced with silane coupling agent-modified Al2O3 nanoparticles (m-Nano-Al2O3/epoxy). Three silane coupling agents (KH550, KH560, and KH570) were employed to functionalize the Al2O3 nanoparticles, and their chemical structures were confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microstructure and elemental distribution of the composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and hardness, were evaluated using a universal testing machine and a Rockwell hardness tester, respectively. The incorporation of m-Nano-Al2O3 significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix. Compared to pure epoxy, the KH570-modified composites demonstrate a remarkable 49.1% improvement in tensile strength and an 8.8% increase in hardness. These findings highlight the potential of surface-modified Al2O3 nanoparticles as effective reinforcements for high-performance epoxy composites. Full article
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15 pages, 2748 KiB  
Article
Effect of Silane-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Flame-Retardant Properties of Rice Husk/Polylactic Acid Composites
by Yufeng Sun, Mingyang Liu, Ziheng Zhang, Hengyu Liu, Dongming Shi, Jilai Ying, Wenlong Mu, Defeng Li and Ing Kong
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050251 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 122
Abstract
In this study, rice husk (RH, 15wt%) served as a carbonizing agent, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as an acid and gas source. These were combined with polylactic acid (PLA) to develop a high-strength and flame-retardant PLA-based composite. The APP surface was modified [...] Read more.
In this study, rice husk (RH, 15wt%) served as a carbonizing agent, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as an acid and gas source. These were combined with polylactic acid (PLA) to develop a high-strength and flame-retardant PLA-based composite. The APP surface was modified with silane coupling agents (KH550 and KH570) to enhance the compatibility with the PLA matrix and improve both mechanical and flame-retardant properties. The composite was evaluated using UL-94 flame retardancy tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, and mechanical properties assessments. The findings demonstrated that both PLA/RH-APP10% and PLA/RH-APP15% composites met the UL-94 V-0 standard. Increasing APP content enhanced flame retardancy but reduced mechanical strength. Compared to unmodified PLA composite, the PLA/KAPP5% composite exhibited an 18.7% increase in tensile strength, an elongation at break improvement from 3.26% to 4.09%, and a LOI of 27.9%. The silane modification significantly improved APP dispersion within the PLA matrix, increasing interfacial contact and improving overall mechanical properties. The flame retardancy improvements were attributed to reduced thermal decomposition rates and increased carbon residue formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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20 pages, 3722 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using a NiFe2O4/NG@MIL-100(Fe)/TiO2 Composite Photoanode: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance
by Waheed Rehman, Faiq Saeed, Samia Arain, Muhammad Usman, Bushra Maryam and Xianhua Liu
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050250 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
NiFe2O4 and TiO2 are widely studied for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications due to their unique properties. Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as MIL-100(Fe) (where MIL stands for Materials of Lavoisier Institute), are commonly incorporated to enhance PEC [...] Read more.
NiFe2O4 and TiO2 are widely studied for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications due to their unique properties. Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as MIL-100(Fe) (where MIL stands for Materials of Lavoisier Institute), are commonly incorporated to enhance PEC performance by offering a high surface area and facilitating efficient charge transport. Composite systems are commonly employed to overcome the limitations of individual PEC catalysts. In this study, a highly efficient NiFe2O4/NG@MIL-100(Fe)/TiO2 photoanode was developed to enhance photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance. The composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method with a two-step heating process. X-ray diffraction confirmed the expected crystal structures, with peak broadening in NiFe2O4 indicating reduced crystallite size and increased lattice strain. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the Ni 2p and Fe 2p regions validated the successful integration of NiFe2O4 into the composite. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated excellent performance, with linear sweep voltammetry achieving a peak photocurrent density of 3.5 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs RHE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a reduced charge-transfer resistance of 50 Ω, indicating improved charge transport. Optical and electronic properties were evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Tauc plots, revealing a direct bandgap of 2.1 eV. The composite exhibited stable photocurrent under amperometric J-t testing for 2000 s, demonstrating its durability. These findings underscore the potential of NiFe2O4/NG@MIL-100(Fe)/TiO2 as a promising material for renewable energy applications, particularly in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Composite Materials for Energy Storage Applications)
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20 pages, 1992 KiB  
Article
Innovation in Biodegradable Composites: Wheat Flour and Hermetia illucens Larvae Flour Biocomposites Enhanced with Cellulose Nanocrystals
by Diana Carmona-Cantillo, Alexis López-Padilla and Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050249 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 85
Abstract
The development of biocomposites derived from wheat flour and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae flour presents a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation. The incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is anticipated to enhance the [...] Read more.
The development of biocomposites derived from wheat flour and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae flour presents a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation. The incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is anticipated to enhance the functional properties of these materials, particularly for food packaging applications. The objective of this study was to develop and characterise biodegradable composites formulated from wheat and larvae flours, and to evaluate the effect of CNC addition on their physicochemical, mechanical, and structural properties. The biocomposites were produced using compression moulding and subsequently subjected to comprehensive characterisation. The results indicated that the addition of CNCs markedly improved the optical, barrier, and mechanical properties of the composites. These improvements render the materials suitable for packaging systems requiring moisture retention and reduced permeability to water vapour. From a mechanical perspective, composites incorporating CNCs exhibited increased tensile strength and stiffness, although a reduction in elongation at break was observed when compared to those prepared solely with larvae flour (LF). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that higher concentrations of larvae flour yielded composites with fewer surface fractures and reduced porosity. In conclusion, the utilisation of wheat and insect larvae flours, in combination with cellulose nanocrystals, represents an innovative and environmentally responsible approach for the development of biodegradable composites suitable for eco-friendly food packaging applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 2478 KiB  
Article
Moisture Absorption and Its Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Biopolymers Reinforced by Curauá Fiber and Montmorillonite Clay: A Transient Experimental Evaluation
by Gustavo H. A. Barbalho, José J. S. Nascimento, Lucineide B. Silva, João M. P. Q. Delgado, Anderson F. Vilela, Joseane F. Pereira, Ivonete B. Santos, Márcia R. Luiz, Larissa S. S. Pinheiro, Andressa G. S. Silva, Roberto M. Faria, Francisco S. Chaves and Antonio G. B. Lima
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050248 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 60
Abstract
Biocomposites are defined as eco-friendly materials from an environmental point of view. Because of the importance of this class of materials, their study is important, especially in moist and heated conditions. In this sense, this work aims to evaluate the transient behavior of [...] Read more.
Biocomposites are defined as eco-friendly materials from an environmental point of view. Because of the importance of this class of materials, their study is important, especially in moist and heated conditions. In this sense, this work aims to evaluate the transient behavior of moisture absorption and mechanical performance of biocomposites composed of a matrix of high-density biopolyethylene (originated from ethanol produced from sugarcane) filled with curauá vegetable fiber and organophilic montmorillonite clay. For this purpose, dry biocomposites filled with organophilic montmorillonite clay and curauá fiber (1, 3, and 5 wt.%) were prepared using a hand lay-up technique and subjected to moisture absorption and mechanical (flexural and impact tests) characterizations at different times. The experiments were carried out at water bath temperatures of 30 °C and 70 °C. The results have proven the strong influence of chemical composition and temperature on the moisture absorption behavior of biocomposites across time. For a higher percentage of reinforcement on the polymeric matrix, a higher moisture migration rate was verified, reaching a higher hygroscopic equilibrium condition at 16.9% for 5 wt.% of curauá fiber and 10.25% for 5 wt.% of montmorillonite clay particles. In contrast, the mechanical properties of all of the biocomposites were strongly reduced with an increasing moisture content, especially at higher fiber content and water bath temperature conditions. The innovative aspects of this research are related to the study of a new material and its transient mechanical behavior in dry and wet conditions. Full article
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17 pages, 8604 KiB  
Article
Design of Composite Systems Based on Hydrophilic Silica and Organic Acids: Gallic, Glycyrrhizic and Its Salts
by Tetiana Krupska, Qiliang Wei, Jinju Zheng, Weiyou Yang, Alina Holovan, Mykola Borysenko and Volodymyr Turov
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050247 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 52
Abstract
The process of formation of composite systems based on nanosilica A-300 and biologically active substances (BAS), namely gallic acid (GA), glycyrrhizic acid (GLA), and its salts, was studied using a set of physicochemical methods. It was shown that when BAS are immobilized on [...] Read more.
The process of formation of composite systems based on nanosilica A-300 and biologically active substances (BAS), namely gallic acid (GA), glycyrrhizic acid (GLA), and its salts, was studied using a set of physicochemical methods. It was shown that when BAS are immobilized on the silica surface by the method of joint grinding in a porcelain mortar, they pass into a nanosized X-ray amorphous state. Water adsorbed on the surface of such composite systems is also in a clustered state, and the radius of adsorbed water clusters is in the range of 0.4–50 nm. The chloroform environment has a complex effect on the size of water clusters. In general, there is a tendency for the radius of water clusters to increase when air is replaced by a chloroform environment. However, this does not always lead to a decrease in the interfacial energy. The possibility of the existence of metastable ice in the temperature range up to 287 K, stabilized by the surface of composite systems, was discovered. The amount of such ice can reach 20% of the total water content in the sample. The possibility of using complex viscosity measurements for hydrated silica powders and silica containing immobilized biologically active substances was shown. These measurements allow recording changes in the phase state of complex mixtures during the formation of compact composite forms under the influence of periodic mechanical loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 5644 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposited Composite Coatings Based on Ni Matrix Filled with Solid Lubricants: Impact of Processing Parameters on Tribological Properties and Scratch Resistance
by Dorra Trabelsi, Faten Nasri, Mohamed Kharrat, Antonio Pereira, César Cardoso, Marielle Eyraud and Maher Dammak
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050246 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
Electrodeposited composite coatings are widely studied for their potential to improve surface properties such as wear resistance and friction reduction. This study investigates the effect of electrodeposition parameters on the structure, morphology, and tribological performance of three coatings: pure nickel (Ni), Ni–graphite (Ni-G), [...] Read more.
Electrodeposited composite coatings are widely studied for their potential to improve surface properties such as wear resistance and friction reduction. This study investigates the effect of electrodeposition parameters on the structure, morphology, and tribological performance of three coatings: pure nickel (Ni), Ni–graphite (Ni-G), and Ni–MoS2 (Ni-MoS2). Three deposition conditions were selected based on a review of key electrochemical parameters commonly used in the literature. The coatings were analyzed in terms of morphological characteristics, friction and wear resistance. The findings reveal that higher current densities led to increased friction and wear in Ni coatings, while lower pH values promoted finer crystallite sizes and improved tribological behavior. Ni-G coatings exhibited larger cluster formations with reduced friction and wear, especially at low pH, whereas Ni-MoS2 coatings developed a stable cauliflower-like morphology at pH 2, but showed reduced adhesion and structural integrity at higher pH levels. Scratch resistance tests performed under optimal deposition conditions showed that Ni-G coatings provided the highest resistance to mechanical damage, while Ni-MoS2 coatings were more susceptible to microcracking and adhesion failure. These results underscore the importance of optimizing deposition parameters to tailor the microstructure and functional properties of composite coatings for enhanced tribological and mechanical performance. Full article
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15 pages, 3729 KiB  
Article
Histological and Histomorphometric Evaluation of RegenerOss®: A Porcine-Derived Bone Substitute for Guided Bone Regeneration
by Paolo Savadori, Massimo Del Fabbro, Valerio Massimo Sora, Luciano Giardino, Luigi Generali, Danijel Kondic and Fausto Santoro
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050245 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 134
Abstract
Tissue regeneration remains a key challenge in modern dentistry, particularly in cases of bone loss that hinder implant placement. This study evaluates the regenerative potential of RegenerOss®, a porcine-derived bone substitute, through histological and histomorphometric analysis in patients with alveolar bone [...] Read more.
Tissue regeneration remains a key challenge in modern dentistry, particularly in cases of bone loss that hinder implant placement. This study evaluates the regenerative potential of RegenerOss®, a porcine-derived bone substitute, through histological and histomorphometric analysis in patients with alveolar bone defects. Twelve patients underwent guided bone regeneration using RegenerOss®, followed by histological evaluation of newly formed bone (NFB) and residual biomaterial. The results indicate that RegenerOss® effectively promotes bone formation, with an average NFB percentage of 34% and a low residual biomaterial percentage (6%). Osteoclast-mediated resorption was observed, confirming its role in physiological remodeling. Biocompatibility was high, with minimal inflammatory infiltrates in most cases. A scoring system (SCORE2) integrating qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated a strong positive correlation with NFB, providing a reliable metric for bone regeneration quality. Regression analysis confirmed a linear relationship between SCORE2 and bone formation. The study highlights RegenerOss® as a promising biomaterial with excellent osteoconductive properties, predictable integration, and progressive resorption. However, variability among patients suggests that regeneration is influenced by local and systemic factors. Further studies are required to explore its full potential in different bone defect scenarios. Full article
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15 pages, 2522 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Addition of Banana Stem Lignin (Musa acuminata ssp. balbisiana var. Dominico-Harton) on the Physicochemical Properties of Biodegradable Composites Based on Methylhydroxyethylcellulose
by Yonier Alejandro Ocampo-Gómez, Fabian Rico-Rodríguez, Rafael González-Cuello, Joaquín Hernández-Fernández and Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050244 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 157
Abstract
This study analyses the effect of lignin extracted from the Dominico-Harton banana on the physicochemical properties of biodegradable methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC) composites. Lignin was obtained by grinding and sieving, followed by treatment with sulphuric acid and subsequent separation via centrifugation. Films were developed using [...] Read more.
This study analyses the effect of lignin extracted from the Dominico-Harton banana on the physicochemical properties of biodegradable methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC) composites. Lignin was obtained by grinding and sieving, followed by treatment with sulphuric acid and subsequent separation via centrifugation. Films were developed using the casting method, incorporating lignin and glycerol in a matrix of MHEC dissolved in distilled water. They were characterised according to their physical, barrier, mechanical, optical, and antioxidant properties, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The results showed that lignin provides antioxidant capacity and improves mechanical and barrier properties, while MHEC contributes flexibility and biodegradability. These films have a dense and resistant structure, with potential applications in food packaging, agriculture, and medicine. The research highlights the use of agricultural waste to develop sustainable materials as an alternative to conventional plastics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 4072 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Paraffin-Based Composites Incorporating Different Iron–Carbon Core–Shell Particles: Analysis of Gamma-Ray Shielding and Thermal Properties
by Jolanta Sobczak, Marco A. Marcos, Javier P. Vallejo, Luis Lugo and Gaweł Żyła
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050243 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
Shielding nanocomposites against gamma-rays are increasingly recognized as an advantageous alternative over conventional lead-based covers. In particular, constantly evolving nanocomposites are geared toward improving features such as flexibility and low toxicity. Taking this into consideration, this study introduces composites that offer versatile options [...] Read more.
Shielding nanocomposites against gamma-rays are increasingly recognized as an advantageous alternative over conventional lead-based covers. In particular, constantly evolving nanocomposites are geared toward improving features such as flexibility and low toxicity. Taking this into consideration, this study introduces composites that offer versatile options in shape definition outside laboratory conditions. The proposed covers contain paraffin as the main compound, where the fillers are iron nanopowders with hydrophobic and hydrophilic carbon shells, at 10 wt.%. The composite preparation process relies on safe, commercially purchased compounds and utilizes user-friendly equipment. This experimental study includes the determination of the shielding properties of the manufactured composites against gamma radiation from 60Co along with their thermal properties, specifically the heat capacity. The achieved results show that incorporating core–shell particles improves the shielding properties, with half-value layers of ca. 15 cm and ca. 14 cm for the pure matrix and composites, respectively. Regarding the differential scanning calorimetry measurements, this study reveals that the composites possess relatively low phase transition temperature values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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23 pages, 3767 KiB  
Article
Influence of Various Crack Widths in RC Bridge Decks on the Initiation of Chloride-Induced Corrosion
by Mostafa Hassan and Lamya Amleh
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050242 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 241
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of crack width on the time to chloride-induced corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge decks, incorporating climate change projections through the year 2100 under IPCC scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). A probabilistic modelling approach using Monte Carlo simulations [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of crack width on the time to chloride-induced corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge decks, incorporating climate change projections through the year 2100 under IPCC scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). A probabilistic modelling approach using Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) was applied to assess corrosion initiation across a range of environmental and structural conditions, including normal and high-performance concrete (HPC), varying concrete cover depths, and the use of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs). The results indicate that increasing the crack width significantly accelerates chloride ingress, reducing the time to corrosion initiation by up to 41% compared with that under uncracked conditions. HPC demonstrated superior durability, delaying corrosion initiation by nearly twice as long as normal concrete under identical chloride exposure. Elevated temperatures projected under high-emission scenarios further reduce service life by increasing chloride diffusion rates. Polynomial regression models were developed to relate crack width and concrete cover to corrosion initiation time, offering practical tools for durability-based design and service life prediction. These findings highlight the importance of enhanced crack control, climate-adaptive material selection, and updated durability standards to improve the resilience of RC bridge infrastructure in the face of climate change. Full article
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19 pages, 6110 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterisation of Fully Bio-Based Flax Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
by Lorenz Walter, Michael Scherdel and Iman Taha
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050241 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 203
Abstract
The development of lightweight construction is of crucial importance for the development of sustainable technologies and for the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, especially in the automotive industry. This study aims to address the challenges associated with manufacturing plant fibre-based polymer composites. The [...] Read more.
The development of lightweight construction is of crucial importance for the development of sustainable technologies and for the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, especially in the automotive industry. This study aims to address the challenges associated with manufacturing plant fibre-based polymer composites. The investigation focused on two novel formulations of bio-based unsaturated polyester resins, assessing their viability as a matrix in plant fibre-reinforced composites within the context of automotive applications. The study addresses the challenges related to the preparation and processing of the system, leading to the necessity of diluting the resin with (hydroxymethyl)methacrylate (HEMA) to achieve an applicable viscosity. Two different flax fibre textiles, in the form of a short fibre mat and a woven fabric, were used as reinforcement. The composite panels were manufactured using the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. The most efficacious material combination, comprising Bcomp® ampliTex™ 5040 and STRUKTOL® POLYVERTEC® 3831, with viscosity modified by 39% HEMA, exhibited a consistent fibre volume fraction of 40% and a glass transition temperature of 70 °C. In addition, the mechanical behaviour in the 0°-direction demonstrated tensile strength and modulus values of approximately 99 MPa and 9 GPa, respectively, accompanied by an elongation at break of 2%. The flexural modulus was found to be 7 GPa, and the flexural strength 94 MPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)
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16 pages, 4066 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of MAPTAC-Modified Cationic Corn Starch: An Integrated DFT-Based Experimental and Theoretical Approach for Wastewater Treatment Applications
by Joaquín Alejandro Hernández Fernández and Jose Alfonso Prieto Palomo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050240 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
Phosphorus contamination in water bodies is a major contributor to eutrophication, leading to algal overgrowth, oxygen depletion, and ecological imbalance. Conventional treatment methods, including chemical precipitation and synthetic adsorbents, are often limited by high operational costs, low biodegradability, and secondary pollutant generation. In [...] Read more.
Phosphorus contamination in water bodies is a major contributor to eutrophication, leading to algal overgrowth, oxygen depletion, and ecological imbalance. Conventional treatment methods, including chemical precipitation and synthetic adsorbents, are often limited by high operational costs, low biodegradability, and secondary pollutant generation. In this study, a cationic starch was synthesized through free radical graft polymerization of 3-methacrylamoylaminopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) onto corn starch. The modified polymer exhibited a high degree of substitution (DS = 1.24), indicating successful functionalization with quaternary ammonium groups. Theoretical calculations using zDensity Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level revealed a decrease in chemical hardness (from 0.10442 eV to 0.04386 eV) and a lower ionization potential (from 0.24911 eV to 0.15611 eV) in the modified starch, indicating enhanced electronic reactivity. HOMO-LUMO analysis and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps confirmed increased electron-accepting capacity and the formation of new electrophilic sites. Experimentally, the cationic starch showed stable zeta potential values averaging +15.3 mV across pH 5.0–10.0, outperforming aluminum sulfate (Alum), which reversed its charge above pH 7.5. In coagulation-flocculation trials, the modified starch achieved 87% total suspended solids (TSS) removal at a low coagulant-to-biomass ratio of 0.0601 (w/w) using Scenedesmus obliquus, and 78% TSS removal in real wastewater at a 1.5:1 ratio. Additionally, it removed 30% of total phosphorus (TP) under environmentally benign conditions, comparable to Alum but with lower chemical input. The integration of computational and experimental approaches demonstrates that MAPTAC-modified starch is an efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost alternative for nutrient and solids removal in wastewater treatment. Full article
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21 pages, 8395 KiB  
Article
Deep Artificial Neural Network Modeling of the Ablation Performance of Ceramic Matrix Composites in the Hydrogen Torch Test
by Jayanta Bhusan Deb, Christopher Varela, Fahim Faysal, Yiting Wang, Chiranjit Maiti and Jihua Gou
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050239 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 291
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in new materials such as ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for power generation and aerospace propulsion applications through hydrogen combustion. This study employed a deep artificial neural network (DANN) model to predict the ablation performance of [...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in new materials such as ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for power generation and aerospace propulsion applications through hydrogen combustion. This study employed a deep artificial neural network (DANN) model to predict the ablation performance of CMCs in the hydrogen torch test (HTT). The study was conducted in three phases to increase the accuracy of the model’s predictions. Initially, to predict the thermal behavior of ceramic composites, two linear machine learning models were used known as Lasso and Ridge regression. In the second step, four decision tree-based ensemble machine learning models, namely random forest, gradient boosting regression, extreme gradient boosting regression, and extra tree regression, were used to improve the prediction accuracy metrics, including root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (R2 score), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), relative to the previously introduced linear models. Finally, to forecast the thermal stability of CMCs with time, an optimized DANN model with two hidden layers having rectified linear unit activation function was developed. The data collection procedure involved preparing CMCs with continuous Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) fibers and silicon carbide (SiC) matrix using a polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. The samples were exposed to a hydrogen flame at a high heat flux of 183 W/cm2 for a duration of 10 min. A good agreement between the DANN model’s predictions and experimental data with an R2 score of 0.9671, RMSE of 16.45, an MAE of 14.07, and an MAPE of 3.92% confirmed the acceptability of the developed neural network model in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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13 pages, 1787 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Ozonized Gel Application for Stain Removal on Dental Composite Resins
by Paolo Zampetti, Marco Colombo, Maurizio Pascadopoli, Simone Gallo, Claudio Poggio, Jamil Tayybia and Andrea Scribante
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050238 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 167
Abstract
Staining removal is an issue of interest in dentistry. Current treatments deal with staining removal on enamel, while few studies concentrate on resin composites. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy in staining removal of an ozonated gel on [...] Read more.
Staining removal is an issue of interest in dentistry. Current treatments deal with staining removal on enamel, while few studies concentrate on resin composites. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy in staining removal of an ozonated gel on dental composites. The study sample consisted of 40 specimens of restorative composites: 20 specimens were stained for 1 day in tea solution (tea group) and 20 specimens were stained for 1 day in physiological solution (NaCl group). Both the tea and NaCl groups underwent the experimental treatment as follows: five specimens underwent ozonized gel application, five specimens underwent an ozonized spray, five specimens underwent an application of olive oil, and five specimens were not treated. A colorimetric evaluation was performed with a spectrophotometer, using CIEDE2000 data elaboration at the baseline (T0), after staining (T1), and after staining removal (T2). In the T0–T1 time frame, significantly different color changes (ΔE00) were found between tea groups and NaCl groups (p < 0.05), except for control groups (p > 0.05). After staining removal in the T1–T2 period, no significant differences in ΔE00 were found (p > 0.05). Higher values were found for groups treated with ozonized gel, denoting a stain removal effect. The groups treated with olive oil, instead, exhibited higher ΔE00 values, showing a greater staining effect. In conclusion, the ozonized gel tested showed staining removal activity on restorative resin composites. Future clinical applications are required to validate the in vitro results obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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13 pages, 17065 KiB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Magnetically Active Textiles: Influence of Magnetic Fields, Pumpkin Seed Oil, and Propolis Microparticles on Complex Dielectric Permittivity Components
by Ioan Bica, Eugen Mircea Anitas, Gabriela Eugenia Iacobescu and Larisa Marina Elisabeth Chirigiu
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050237 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 339
Abstract
This study presents the fabrication and characterization of magnetically active textiles using cotton fibers impregnated with suspensions of pumpkin seed oil, carbonyl iron microparticles, and propolis microparticles. The textiles were utilized to manufacture planar capacitors, enabling an investigation of the effects of static [...] Read more.
This study presents the fabrication and characterization of magnetically active textiles using cotton fibers impregnated with suspensions of pumpkin seed oil, carbonyl iron microparticles, and propolis microparticles. The textiles were utilized to manufacture planar capacitors, enabling an investigation of the effects of static magnetic fields and the introduced microparticles on the components of complex dielectric permittivity. The results reveal that the dielectric properties of the fabricated textiles are highly sensitive to the applied magnetic field intensity, the frequency of the alternating electric field, and the composition of the impregnating suspension. The experimental findings suggest that the dielectric loss and permittivity can be finely tuned by adjusting the magnetic flux density and the proportion of propolis microparticles. The multifunctional nature of these magnetically responsive textiles, combined with the bioactive properties of the incorporated natural components, opens promising pathways for applications in smart textiles, biomedical devices, and sensor technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 3013 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Fluorescence Properties in Composite Restorative Materials: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
by Shivangi Trivedi, Shivani Khandelwal, Unmesh Khanvilkar, Surekha Puri Bhat, Anuj Bhardwaj, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Rodolfo Reda, Luca Testarelli and Dario Di Nardo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050236 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
In the field of dentistry, achieving a natural look in dental restorations is crucial. This relies significantly on the ability of composite materials to mimic the optical characteristics of natural teeth, particularly their fluorescence. Fluorescence plays a vital role in giving teeth their [...] Read more.
In the field of dentistry, achieving a natural look in dental restorations is crucial. This relies significantly on the ability of composite materials to mimic the optical characteristics of natural teeth, particularly their fluorescence. Fluorescence plays a vital role in giving teeth their lifelike appearance and varies widely among different materials, impacting their long-term performance in clinical settings. This study aims to assess and compare the fluorescence properties of four advanced composite restorative materials against natural dental enamel through both laboratory and clinical evaluations. The research involved an in vitro examination of 50 samples categorized into five groups, with one control group (natural dental enamel) and four experimental groups (G-Aenial, GC Essentia, Brilliant Flo, and Omnichroma). Fluorescence intensity was measured both visually and through photographic techniques immediately after application and again after 30 days. Furthermore, a randomized clinical trial was conducted with 40 participants to evaluate the in vivo fluorescence of these composites used in cervical restorations. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The analysis revealed significant differences in fluorescence levels across all groups (p < 0.05). Among the composites tested, Omnichroma exhibited the closest resemblance to natural enamel fluorescence at both baseline and after 30 days, with p-values of 0.01 for in vitro and 0.02 for in vivo assessments. Notably, all composite materials, except for the control group (natural enamel), showed a decrease in fluorescence over time, with G-Aenial and GC Essentia experiencing more pronounced reductions compared to Omnichroma (p = 0.03). Omnichroma was found to most effectively replicate the fluorescence of natural enamel, leading to better esthetic results. However, it is important to note that all composite materials demonstrated a decline in fluorescence over time, indicating a need for ongoing development to enhance their durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Direct and Indirect Dental Composite Restorations)
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23 pages, 7812 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mineral Fillers on the Rheological and Performance Properties of Self-Compacting Concretes in the Production of Reinforced Concrete Products
by Meiram M. Begentayev, Erzhan I. Kuldeyev, Daniyar A. Akhmetov, Zhanar O. Zhumadilova, Dossym K. Suleyev, Yelbek B. Utepov, Talal Awwad and Mussa T. Kuttybay
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050235 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of widely used mineral fillers in self-compacting concrete compositions applied in vibration-free reinforced concrete production technology, as a means of enhancing rheological characteristics and cost-effectiveness. Three distinct types of mineral fillers, including the well-studied fillers microsilica and metakaolin, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of widely used mineral fillers in self-compacting concrete compositions applied in vibration-free reinforced concrete production technology, as a means of enhancing rheological characteristics and cost-effectiveness. Three distinct types of mineral fillers, including the well-studied fillers microsilica and metakaolin, as well as the lesser-explored filler Kazakhstani natural opal-chalcedony opoka, are examined in this research. In addition to the evaluation of conventional rheological and performance properties of concretes containing these fillers, the internal processes within the cement–filler matrix are analyzed. This includes X-ray phase analysis and microstructural examination of cement hydration products in combination with a superplasticizer and each of the three minerals. The findings confirm the potential for optimizing the rheological parameters of the concrete mixture by substituting up to 15% of the cement with mineral fillers, achieving optimal viscosity and workability. It is established that compositions with the addition of microsilica and metakaolin have a more homogeneous structure, mainly represented by low-basicity calcium hydrosilicates of the CSH(B) type, along with an increase in compressive strength of up to 10%. The addition of these mineral fillers to C30/35 strength class self-compacting concrete resulted in improved frost resistance up to F300, a reduction in volumetric water absorption by up to 30%, and a decrease in shrinkage deformations by 32%. The developed SCC compositions have successfully passed production testing and are recommended for implementation in the operational processes of reinforced concrete product manufacturing plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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17 pages, 1730 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Impact of Sports Drink Exposure on the Surface Roughness of Restorative Materials: A Systematic Review
by Filip Podgórski, Wiktoria Musyt and Kacper Nijakowski
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050234 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
The impact of acidic beverages on dental restorative materials, such as composites and glass ionomers, is critical in conservative dentistry. Exposure to an acidic environment can lead to the degradation of these materials, affecting their durability and clinical effectiveness. We aimed to examine [...] Read more.
The impact of acidic beverages on dental restorative materials, such as composites and glass ionomers, is critical in conservative dentistry. Exposure to an acidic environment can lead to the degradation of these materials, affecting their durability and clinical effectiveness. We aimed to examine the effect of sports drink exposure on the surface roughness of composite and glass ionomer materials. This systematic review was conducted based on the records published from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2024, according to PRISMA statement guidelines, using the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were included in this review and 6 in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in surface roughness (Ra parameter) for glass ionomer materials after immersion in sports drinks for one week and one month. No such significant differences were observed for composite materials. Despite the systematic review, the degree of material degradation presented by in vitro studies cannot be directly extrapolated to oral conditions due to factors such as the buffering capacity of saliva or irregular exposure times to sports drinks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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29 pages, 5475 KiB  
Article
Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Marine Applications
by Jalal El Bahaoui, Issam Hanafi, Mohamed Chairi, Federica Favaloro, Chiara Borsellino and Guido Di Bella
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050233 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) laminates as a suitable alternative to conventional glass fiber-reinforced composites for marine applications. The laminates were produced by varying the main process parameters: the fiber type was either glass or basalt; the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mechanical performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) laminates as a suitable alternative to conventional glass fiber-reinforced composites for marine applications. The laminates were produced by varying the main process parameters: the fiber type was either glass or basalt; the resin material was either polyester or vinylester; the fiber orientation in selected layers was set to either 0°/90°, or to ±45° by rotating the woven fabrics during lay-up, and finally the manufacturing technique was either hand lay-up or vacuum infusion. Three-point flexural tests with different spans were conducted to evaluate the flexural behavior and fracture mechanisms. The best-performing configuration, based on glass fibers and vacuum infusion, achieved a maximum flexural strength of about 500 MPa, while basalt-based laminates reached values of up to 400 MPa. Basalt laminates exhibited the highest flexural modulus, with values exceeding 24 GPa. An increase in span length from 120 mm to 220 mm resulted in a reduction in flexural strength of approximately 6–18% depending on the laminate configuration, highlighting the influence of loading conditions on mechanical behavior. The effect of the manufacturing processes was also evaluated using an analysis of variance. This showed that fiber type, manufacturing method, and span significantly influenced the mechanical performance. Full article
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18 pages, 6394 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Titanium-Based MXene-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for Efficient Electrochemical Detection of Cadmium and Copper Ions in Water
by Dharshini Mohanadas, Rosiah Rohani, Siti Fatimah Abdul Rahman, Ebrahim Mahmoudi and Yusran Sulaiman
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050232 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 338
Abstract
An electrochemically active and promising binary composite that is made up of titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and rGO is developed to simultaneously detect the Cd2+ and Cu2+, in water. XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, elemental [...] Read more.
An electrochemically active and promising binary composite that is made up of titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and rGO is developed to simultaneously detect the Cd2+ and Cu2+, in water. XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, elemental mapping, and EDX analysis affirmed the successful formation of the Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite. The produced Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode exhibited a homogeneous rGO sheet covering the Ti3C2Tx MXene plates with all the detailed Ti2p, C1s, and O1s XPS peaks. The high-performance Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite was successfully tested for the Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), altering the pH, concentration, and the real water sample’s quality. The electrochemical performances revealed that the proposed Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite depicted excellent detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) for both Cd2+ (LOD = 0.31 nM, LOQ = 1.02 nM) and Cu2+ (LOD = 0.18 nM, LOQ = 0.62 nM) ions, where the result is highly comparable with the reported literature. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO was proven highly sensitive towards Cd2+ (0.345 μMμA−1) and Cu2+ (0.575 μMμA−1) with great repeatability and reproducibility properties. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode also exhibited excellent stability over four weeks with a retention of 97.86% and 98.01% for Cd2+ and Cu2+, respectively. This simple modification of Ti3C2Tx with rGO can potentially be advantageous in the development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)
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11 pages, 4612 KiB  
Article
The Performance Characterization of a Drop-on-Demand Inkjet-Printed Gold Film Under the Temperature Conditions for Airborne Equipment
by Carlos Acosta, William Paul Flynn, Luis Santillan, Sean Garnsey, Amar S. Bhalla and Ruyan Guo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050231 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Drop-on-demand (DoD) printing is an additive manufacturing technique that utilizes functional inks containing nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate electronic circuits or devices on a variety of substrates. One of the most promising applications for such technology is the aerospace industry, due to the capability [...] Read more.
Drop-on-demand (DoD) printing is an additive manufacturing technique that utilizes functional inks containing nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate electronic circuits or devices on a variety of substrates. One of the most promising applications for such technology is the aerospace industry, due to the capability of this method to fabricate custom low-weight geometric films. This work evaluates the performance of a gold (Au) nanoparticle (NP)-based film printed on a ceramic substrate for avionics applications, following the environmental temperature guidance of the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) DO-160. Experimental results show that the Au films, printed on alumina substrates, successfully survived the environmental temperature procedures for airborne equipment. The thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the films was measured to be 2.7×103 °C1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)
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14 pages, 3035 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Effect of Impactor Hardness and Shape on the Impact Response of Composite Panels
by Zoe E. C. Hall, Yuancheng Yang, James P. Dear, Jun Liu, Richard A. Brooks, Yuzhe Ding, Haibao Liu and John P. Dear
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050230 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
In recent decades, the application of composite materials in aerostructures has significantly increased, with modern commercial aircraft progressively replacing aluminum alloys with composite components. This shift is exemplified by comparing the material compositions of the Boeing 777 and the Boeing 787 (Dreamliner). The [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the application of composite materials in aerostructures has significantly increased, with modern commercial aircraft progressively replacing aluminum alloys with composite components. This shift is exemplified by comparing the material compositions of the Boeing 777 and the Boeing 787 (Dreamliner). The Boeing 777 incorporates approximately 50% aluminum alloy and 12% composite materials, whereas the Dreamliner reverses this ratio, utilizing around 50% composites and 12% aluminum alloy. While metals remain advantageous due to their availability and ease of machining, composites offer greater potential for property tailoring to meet specific performance requirements. They also provide superior strength-to-weight ratios and enhanced resistance to corrosion and fatigue. To ensure the reliability of composites in aerospace applications, comprehensive testing under various loading conditions, particularly impact, is essential. Impacts were performed on quasi-isotropic (QIT) carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy panels with stainless steel, round-nosed and flat-ended impactors with rubber discs of 1-, 1.5- and 2 mm thickness, adhered to the flat-ended impactor to simulate the transition between hard and soft impact loading conditions. QIT composite panels were tested in this research employing similar lay-ups often being implemented in aircraft wings and other structures. The rubber discs were applied in the flat-ended impactor case but not for the round-nosed impactor due to the limited adhesion between the rubber and the rounded stainless-steel surface. Impact energies of 7.5, 15 and 30 J were investigated, and the performance of the panels was evaluated using force-time and force-displacement data alongside post-impact ultrasonic C-scan imaging to assess the damaged area. Damage was observed at all three energy values for the round-nosed impacts but only at the highest impact energy when using the flat-ended impactor, leading to the hardness study with adhered rubber discs being performed at 30 J. The most noticeable difference with the addition of rubber discs was the reduction in the damage in the plies nearest the top (impacted) surface. This suggests that the rubber reduces the severity of the impact, but increasing the thickness of the rubber from 1 to 2 mm does not notably increase this effect. Indentation clearly plays a significant role in promoting delamination at low-impact energies for the round-nosed impactors. Full article
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16 pages, 5741 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Flax and Its Hybrid Flax/Carbon Composite Laminates with Vinyl Ester Resin for Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
by Sriman Ram Marimuthu Rajendran, Prem Anand Balakrishnan and Balasubramanian Visvalingam
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050229 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
In this research paper, the ±45 biaxially oriented woven flax and its hybrid flax/carbon composite laminates are manufactured by the vacuum bag technique using vinyl ester as the resin binder and the samples are characterized to evaluate their tensile, flexural and impact properties. [...] Read more.
In this research paper, the ±45 biaxially oriented woven flax and its hybrid flax/carbon composite laminates are manufactured by the vacuum bag technique using vinyl ester as the resin binder and the samples are characterized to evaluate their tensile, flexural and impact properties. Combining natural fibers with conventional materials typically creates a hybrid composite that shows optimal mechanical properties with partial sustainability. The flax/carbon variant exhibited superior tensile strength values of 383.88 MPa and 32.60 GPa, which are about 3.5 and 2.7 times higher than the flax composites, their flexural strengths are around 415.57 MPa and 25.02 GPa, respectively, and they have an impact resistance of 12.67 J. Full article
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16 pages, 2966 KiB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis of Strain-Mediated Direct Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroic Nanocomposites for Material Jetting Fabrication of Tunable Devices
by William Paul Flynn, Sean Garnsey, Amar S. Bhalla and Ruyan Guo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050228 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Magnetoelectric composites enable strain-mediated coupling between magnetic and electric fields, supporting applications in sensors, actuators, and tunable devices. This study presents a finite element modeling framework for simulating the direct magnetoelectric effect in core–shell and layered nanocomposites fabricated by material jetting (inkjet printing). [...] Read more.
Magnetoelectric composites enable strain-mediated coupling between magnetic and electric fields, supporting applications in sensors, actuators, and tunable devices. This study presents a finite element modeling framework for simulating the direct magnetoelectric effect in core–shell and layered nanocomposites fabricated by material jetting (inkjet printing). The model incorporates nonlinear magnetostrictive behavior of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and size-dependent piezoelectric properties of barium titanate, allowing efficient simulation of complex interfacial strain transfer. Results show a strong dependence of coupling on field orientation, particle arrangement, and interfacial geometry. Simulations of printed droplet geometries, including coffee ring droplet morphologies, reveal enhanced performance through increased surface area and directional alignment. These findings highlight the potential of material jetting for customizable, high-performance magnetoelectric devices and provide a foundation for simulation-guided design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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21 pages, 7481 KiB  
Article
Design of a Copolymer-Reinforced Composite Material for Leaf Springs Inside the Elastic Suspension Systems of Light-Duty Trucks
by Ekhlas Edan Kader, Akram Mahde Abed, Mladen Radojković, Slobodan Savić, Saša Milojević and Blaža Stojanović
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050227 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
The growing demand for passenger comfort and environmental protection, as well as reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, drives the search for new, high-performance materials. Composite leaf springs, applied as part of elastic suspension systems and with the advantages of being strong and [...] Read more.
The growing demand for passenger comfort and environmental protection, as well as reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, drives the search for new, high-performance materials. Composite leaf springs, applied as part of elastic suspension systems and with the advantages of being strong and lightweight, with a high load-carrying capacity, are a possible method with which to achieve those goals. In this study, an epoxy thermoset was blended with 10–50 wt.% polysulfide rubber and reinforced with 10 wt.% alumina powder. The characteristics of the copolymer composite blend were studied by performing ASTM mechanical tests, including tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and damping ratio tests. The experimental outcomes showed that increasing the proportion of polysulfide rubber caused a reduction in the maximum tensile strength, modulus at fracture, natural as well as damped frequency, and hardness, whereas a significant improvement was observed in impact strength, logarithmic decrement, and the damping ratio. Reinforcement with alumina powder caused a meaningful increase in the maximum tensile strength and natural frequency, with a good improvement in deformation strength. Impact strength and the damping ratio were maximized when alumina powder was increasingly added. This increase was contrary to what occurred for the hardness, which decreased upon reinforcement. Statistical methods, altering the design of the experiments, and linear regression were used to optimize the composite mixture for manufacturing leaf springs. Finally, the model was validated using analysis of variance and probability plots (normal distribution). The regression equations of tensile and impact strength, hardness, and damping ratio test results proved composite suitability for the application of leaf springs under representative loading and operating conditions. Finite element analysis of the composite material was performed using SolidWorks Simulation 22 Mechanical software. ANSYS 2022 R1 was used to study the mechanical properties of the leaf spring model fabricated from the proposed composite material. The finite element analysis results showed a significant reduction in the weight of leaf springs, with very good mechanical properties, including the tensile and impact strength, hardness, and damping ratio, when using the proposed copolymer-reinforced composite material. Full article
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15 pages, 24537 KiB  
Article
An Investigation into Fe3O4 Nanoparticle-Based Composites for Enhanced Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding
by Aidos Lesbayev, Doszhan Akalim, Bakhytzhan Kalauov and Darkhan Yerezhep
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050226 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
In both fundamental and applied scientific exploration, nanostructured protective materials have garnered substantial interest owing to their multifaceted utilization in the fields of medicine, pharmaceuticals, and electronics, among others. This study investigated the evolution of cutting-edge materials for electromagnetic radiation attenuation, with a [...] Read more.
In both fundamental and applied scientific exploration, nanostructured protective materials have garnered substantial interest owing to their multifaceted utilization in the fields of medicine, pharmaceuticals, and electronics, among others. This study investigated the evolution of cutting-edge materials for electromagnetic radiation attenuation, with a specific emphasis on the incorporation of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4, into composite systems. The nanoparticles were generated through chemical condensation, meticulously adjusting the proportions of iron salts, specifically FeSO4·7H2O and FeCl3·6H2O, in conjunction with a 25% aqueous solution of ammonia, NH4OH·H2O. This study examined the intricate details of the crystalline structure, the precise composition of phases, and the intricate physicochemical attributes of these synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The analysis was conducted employing a suite of advanced techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive analysis (EDAX). The key findings of this research suggest that the magnetic nanoparticles generated through chemical condensation have an average size between 10 and 11 nm. This size was determined using BET surface area measurements, which were precise to within 0.1 nm. Moreover, this study demonstrated that incorporating superparamagnetic nanoparticles into composite materials significantly reduces microwave radiation. In particular, an optimal concentration of 0.25% by weight leads to a maximum decrease of 21.7 dB in cement specimens measuring 10 mm in thickness. Moreover, a critical threshold concentration of 0.5 weight percent is established, beyond which the interactions of nanoparticles inhibit the process of remagnetization. These investigations demonstrate that it is feasible to pursue a route towards the development of highly effective electromagnetic shielding materials tailored to specific requirements for diverse applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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11 pages, 460 KiB  
Article
Studies on the Production of a Ground Silicate Composite Based on a Mineral Slag Binder with the Disposal of Industrial Waste
by Sultan Auyesbek, Bakhitzhan Sarsenbayev, Valeriy Lesovik, Olga Kolesnikova, Meiram Begentayev, Erzhan Kuldeyev, Alexandr Kolesnikov, Bakhrom Tulaganov, Gaukhar Sauganova and Zholdybay Zhumayev
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050225 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
This article discusses the current problem of industrial waste disposal and its use in the production of building materials, which corresponds to the global concept of sustainable development. Attention is mainly paid to the development of a gruntosilicate composite (concrete) based on a [...] Read more.
This article discusses the current problem of industrial waste disposal and its use in the production of building materials, which corresponds to the global concept of sustainable development. Attention is mainly paid to the development of a gruntosilicate composite (concrete) based on a mineral slag binder using drilling sludge from the mining industry, ashes from thermal power plants and electrothermophosphoric slag. Physico-chemical studies of man-made raw materials have been carried out, including analysis of chemical and mineralogical composition, granulometric characteristics, radiation safety and other parameters. It has been established that drilling mud, thermal power plant ash and electrothermophosphoric slag meet the requirements for use in building materials and belong to non-hazardous waste. The optimal ratios of the components in the composition of gruntosilicate concrete have been experimentally determined. The highest compressive strength (3.0–3.5 MPa) is achieved with a drilling mud content of 15–23% and a mineral slag binder of 10–20%. It is shown that the introduction of these wastes improves the structure of the material, reduces shrinkage deformations and ensures compliance with the requirements of road surfaces of the II–III classes. The use of industrial waste in construction will reduce the cost of raw materials by approximately 10–30%, reduce the environmental burden and solve the problem of waste disposal. The results of the study demonstrate the prospects of creating a waste-processing industry capable of processing up to 40% of industrial waste into building materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Advance Composite Materials, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 6178 KiB  
Article
Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (NTCR) of Bismuth Manganite Nanoparticles: Polypyrrole Conductivity Enhancement
by Meti Bharathi, Sharanappa Chapi, Nagaraj Nandihalli and M. V. Murugendrappa
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050224 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy)-doped bismuth calcium manganite (BCM) nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical polymerization. The amorphous nature of the polypyrrole and the monoclinic crystal structure of the BCM particles (35–65 nm) were confirmed by various microstructural, X-ray powder, and spectroscopy techniques. The DC conductivity analysis [...] Read more.
Polypyrrole (PPy)-doped bismuth calcium manganite (BCM) nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical polymerization. The amorphous nature of the polypyrrole and the monoclinic crystal structure of the BCM particles (35–65 nm) were confirmed by various microstructural, X-ray powder, and spectroscopy techniques. The DC conductivity analysis via the correlated barrier-hopping (CBH) model and Mott’s variable-range hopping (MVRH) model showed that the nanocomposites exhibited ionic conduction. Activation energies, evaluated from the Arrhenius plots, showed that PPy/BCM-30 (30 wt.% of BCM) had the minimum value of 0.09 eV, indicating maximum conductivity and normal NTCR behavior, with resistance decreasing with temperature. The CBH model described the conduction process, and the AC conductivity measurements indicated that the conductivity was frequency-independent at lower frequencies but became dispersive and frequency-dependent at higher frequencies, conforming to Jonscher’s power law. The study revealed that the transport of electrical charge in the material followed the correlated barrier-hopping (CBH) model. These results demonstrate how promising PPy/BCM nanocomposites are for energy storage, sensors, and electronic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials Containing Conjugated and Conductive Polymers)
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