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J. Compos. Sci.
Volume 9
Issue 6
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J. Compos. Sci., Volume 9, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 61 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This review explores recent progress in polypropylene fibre-reinforced 3D-printed concrete, emphasizing optimal mix designs, fibre characteristics, and their impacts on printability and structural integrity. The incorporation of polypropylene fibres significantly improves buildability, flexural strength, and crack resistance, thereby mitigating shrinkage-induced deformation. Optimal print quality and mechanical performance depend critically on fibre dosage, length, and printing parameters, revealing a strong potential for enhancing durability in 3D-printed concrete. View this paper
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15 pages, 2839 KiB  
Article
A Preliminary Investigation on the Thermal Behavior of Polysaccharides-Modified Casein
by Maria R. Ricciardi, Marco Russo, Vincenza Antonucci, Lorena Affatato and Antonio Langella
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060314 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
The effective use of natural casein-based adhesives requires the reduction of shrinkage phenomena associated with the evaporation of water, which is largely used for preparation. After the procedure optimization of a casein natural glue by aid of an alkaline solution, it was modified [...] Read more.
The effective use of natural casein-based adhesives requires the reduction of shrinkage phenomena associated with the evaporation of water, which is largely used for preparation. After the procedure optimization of a casein natural glue by aid of an alkaline solution, it was modified by the addition of two different sugars with long and short chains—chitosan and dextrose, respectively—at different weight concentration levels to absorb and retain water. The thermal decomposition and degradation kinetics of prepared sugar-based casein glues have been analyzed by performing thermogravimetric TGA characterization at different heating rates. Experimental results and the evaluation of thermal degradation activation energy by Kissinger analysis evidenced that the chitosan and dextrose could be efficient and sustainable additives to control and mitigate the degradation mechanisms of casein glues. Further, vertical flammability tests (UL 94 standards) on the sugar-modified casein materials with the highest sugar content confirmed the positive effect of chitosan and dextrose addition under flame exposure too. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Degradation of Composites: Microscopic Characterization and Analysis)
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13 pages, 3441 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Dental Bleaching on Nanohybrid Composite Surface Roughness: A Comparative In Vitro Study of SEM and Profilometry
by Dalia Abou Saad, Rania Shatila, Gina Khazaal, Marie Abboud, Naji Kharouf and Carina Mehanna Zogheib
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060313 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in-office bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the surface roughness of a nanohybrid composite resin by comparing two measurement techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Methods: Sixty composite specimens of identical shade [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in-office bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the surface roughness of a nanohybrid composite resin by comparing two measurement techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Methods: Sixty composite specimens of identical shade and thickness were prepared, light-cured, and polished following the manufacturer’s guidelines. These samples were divided into six groups based on the applied surface treatments: group 1: fresh composite (the control group), group 2: old composite, group 3: bleached fresh composite, group 4: bleached old composite, group 5: old repolished composite, and group 6: old repolished bleached composite. Surface roughness was measured using profilometry and SEM. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed a moderately significant linear relationship (r = 0.548, p < 0.001) between the surface roughness measurements obtained using SEM and the profilometer, indicating that both methods provide comparable results. A comparison of most groups showed significant differences (p < 0.001), highlighting the increased surface roughness observed after bleaching both fresh and aged composites. Conclusions: Bleaching increased the surface roughness of nanohybrid composites. It might be better to use SEM and a profilometer together to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the surface characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)
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17 pages, 1133 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cement Kiln Dust on the Mechanical and Durability Performance of Asphalt Composites
by Anmar Dulaimi, Yasir N. Kadhim, Hussein Ahmed Issa, Raghad Ahmed Hashim, Ghazi Jalal Kashesh, Jorge Miguel de Almeida Andrade and Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060312 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
With increasing traffic loads and the continuous deterioration of asphalt pavements, it has become necessary to explore alternative materials that enhance both performance and sustainability. This study aims to investigate the effect of using cement kiln dust (CKD) as a filler substitute in [...] Read more.
With increasing traffic loads and the continuous deterioration of asphalt pavements, it has become necessary to explore alternative materials that enhance both performance and sustainability. This study aims to investigate the effect of using cement kiln dust (CKD) as a filler substitute in hot mix asphalt composites, focusing on the mechanical and durability properties of pavements. The results indicate that replacing conventional filler with CKD in different proportions (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6%) positively affects the properties of asphalt mixtures. Marshall stability values increased by 58.4% when using 100% CKD, indicating a significant improvement in the mixture’s ability to withstand traffic loads. Flow tests revealed that replacing CKD by up to 50% enhances the flexibility of the mixture, but exceeding this percentage makes the mixture stiffer, which may lead to premature cracking. In terms of moisture sensitivity, incorporating CKD by 25% improves the mixture’s resistance to water damage, while increasing it to 100% reduces this resistance, highlighting the need to improve the adhesion properties of asphalt. Indirect tensile strength tests have confirmed that CKD enhances the cohesion of the mixture, reducing the likelihood of cracking under pressure and contributing to longer pavement life. Based on these results, it is recommended that CKD be used for up to 50% to achieve a balanced combination of strength, flexibility, and moisture resistance, with further studies being needed to evaluate the long-term performance and potential improvements through additional material modifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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13 pages, 1877 KiB  
Article
Enhanced C3H6O and CO2 Sensory Properties of Nickel Oxide-Functionalized/Carbon Nanotube Composite: A Comprehensive Theoretical Study
by Evgeniy S. Dryuchkov, Sergey V. Boroznin, Irina V. Zaporotskova, Natalia P. Boroznina, Govindhasamy Murugadoss and Shaik Gouse Peera
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060311 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 340
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with metal oxides exhibit synergistic properties that enhance their performance across various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of CNT–metal oxide heterostructures, with a specific focus on their electrochemical properties, which are pivotal for applications [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with metal oxides exhibit synergistic properties that enhance their performance across various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of CNT–metal oxide heterostructures, with a specific focus on their electrochemical properties, which are pivotal for applications in sensors, supercapacitors, batteries, and catalytic systems. Among these, nickel oxide (NiO)-modified CNTs have garnered significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness, facile synthesis, and promising gas-sensing capabilities. This study employs quantum-chemical calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between CNTs and NiO. The results demonstrate that the adsorption process leads to the formation of stable CNT-NiO complexes, with detailed analysis of adsorption energies, equilibrium distances, and electronic structure modifications. The single-electron spectra and density of states (DOS) of the optimized complexes reveal significant alterations in the electronic properties, particularly the modulation of the energy gap induced by surface and edge functionalization. Furthermore, the interaction of CNT-NiO composites with acetone (C3H6O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is modeled, revealing a physisorption-dominated mechanism. The adsorption of these gases induces notable changes in the electronic properties and charge distribution within the system, underscoring the potential of CNT-NiO composites for gas-sensing applications. This investigation provides a foundational understanding of the role of metal oxide modifications in tailoring the sensory activity of CNTs toward trace amounts of diverse substances, including metal atoms, inorganic molecules, and organic compounds. The findings suggest that CNT-NiO systems can serve as highly sensitive and selective sensing elements, with potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, thereby advancing the development of next-generation sensor technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites: Fabrication, Properties and Applications)
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25 pages, 1363 KiB  
Review
Bentonite-Based Composites in Medicine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
by Sana K. Kabdrakhmanova, Aigul Z. Kerimkulova, Saule Z. Nauryzova, Kadiran Aryp, Esbol Shaimardan, Anastassiya D. Kukhareva, Nurgamit Kantay, Madiar M. Beisebekov and Sabu Thomas
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060310 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1203
Abstract
One of the most interesting and poorly studied carriers of medicinal substances is the polymer clay composite material (PCCM). Bentonite clays are used in pharmacy for the manufacturing of various dosage forms, as well as in the adsorption of drugs to slow their [...] Read more.
One of the most interesting and poorly studied carriers of medicinal substances is the polymer clay composite material (PCCM). Bentonite clays are used in pharmacy for the manufacturing of various dosage forms, as well as in the adsorption of drugs to slow their release. Polymer–clay nanocomposites have demonstrated significantly improved properties compared to pure polymers. A review of recent scientific advances has shown promising results regarding the application of polymer–clay materials in medicine and bioengineering, particularly in the development of carrier sorbents with prolonged action for controlled drug release. As a result, interest in polymer–clay systems is steadily growing and gaining momentum. This paper focuses on the structure and properties of bentonite clays, including their sorption, ion exchange, binding, and rheological properties. The methods for preparing intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites, such as radical intercalative polymerization in situ on clay surfaces, are reviewed. Furthermore, the improved efficacy and exposure times of PCCMs, combined with their enhanced bactericidal properties, are analyzed for the creation of universal and multifunctional preparations for medical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)
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17 pages, 1637 KiB  
Article
Influence of Laminated Expanded Clay Proportion on Mortar Properties
by Vanessa Gentil de Oliveira Almeida, Karolaine Rodrigues Farias, Veluza Anchieta Souza, Fernanda Martins Cavalcante de Melo, Herbet Alves de Oliveira, Alexandre Santos Pimenta, Sabir Khan and Rafael Rodolfo de Melo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060309 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 572
Abstract
Mortar is widely used in civil construction. The inclusion of expanded clay as a lightweight aggregate reduces the density of mortar, enabling lighter structural elements and potentially lowering material and energy requirements during construction. This research aims to produce lightweight mortars by partially [...] Read more.
Mortar is widely used in civil construction. The inclusion of expanded clay as a lightweight aggregate reduces the density of mortar, enabling lighter structural elements and potentially lowering material and energy requirements during construction. This research aims to produce lightweight mortars by partially replacing fine aggregate with proportions of expanded clay. Six mortar formulations were prepared with varying proportions of expanded clay. The constituent materials of the mixtures and the mortars were characterized according to regulatory prescriptions. The results indicated that the increase in the replacement of fine aggregate with expanded clay reduced the consistency and density of the mass in the fresh state. No significant differences were observed in water absorption by immersion among the mortars in the hardened state. Regarding mechanical tests, most mortars’ tensile strength in bending remained stable. On the other hand, compressive strength decreased. The tensile adhesion was also reduced with the incorporation of expanded clay. After exposure to sodium sulfate solution, all tensile strength results in bending improved. The coefficient of the constructive quality indicated that the ideal replacement formulation is 20% expanded clay. These mortars represent a viable technical alternative, complying with current standards and contributing more efficiently and sustainably to civil construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Composite Construction Materials, Volume II)
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21 pages, 3727 KiB  
Article
Replacing Glass with Basalt in the Vacuum Infusion Process of Vinyl Ester Composite Laminates: Effect on the Mechanical Performance and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
by Danilo D’Andrea, Fabio Salmeri, Guido Di Bella, Martina Totaro and Giacomo Risitano
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060308 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 703
Abstract
The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials has driven researchers and industries to explore alternatives that combine performance with reduced environmental impact. In this framework, the possibility of replacing glass-fibre-reinforced composites (GFRCs) with basalt-fibre-reinforced composites (BFRCs) is attracting increasing attention. In this study, [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials has driven researchers and industries to explore alternatives that combine performance with reduced environmental impact. In this framework, the possibility of replacing glass-fibre-reinforced composites (GFRCs) with basalt-fibre-reinforced composites (BFRCs) is attracting increasing attention. In this study, basalt–vinyl ester specimens and glass–vinyl ester specimens were mechanically characterized using both the Risitano Thermographic and Static Thermographic Methods. The results indicate that energy methods are effective for the mechanical characterization of complex materials like basalt and glass fibre composites. The average ultimate tensile strength was 374 ± 20.2 MPa for BFRCs and 295 ± 4.7 MPa for GFRCs, showing a 26.7% improvement with basalt. The fatigue limit was 96.5 ± 0.2 MPa for BFRCs and 104.8 ± 0.8 MPa for GFRCs, while the static stress limit estimated via thermography was 99.9 ± 6.45 MPa and 101.7 ± 5.24 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the failure mechanisms of both BFRC and GFRC specimens were investigated. Additionally, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of basalt and glass fibre composites. The results showed that BFRCs have lower environmental impacts, including 0.67 kg CO2-eq with respect to climate change versus 0.81 kg CO2-eq for GFRCs. This work highlights how the two materials are comparable in terms of their mechanical performance but different in terms of their sustainability and environmental impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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17 pages, 4816 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Fiber Concentration, Orientation, and Aspect Ratio on the Frontal Polymerization of Short Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composites: A Numerical Study
by Aurpon Tahsin Shams, Easir Arafat Papon and Anwarul Haque
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060307 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 725
Abstract
The cure kinetics in frontal polymerization (FP) of short carbon-fiber-reinforced composites are investigated numerically, focusing on the influence of fiber aspect ratio, volume fraction, and orientation. A classical heat conduction equation is used in FP, where the enthalpic reaction generates heat. The heat [...] Read more.
The cure kinetics in frontal polymerization (FP) of short carbon-fiber-reinforced composites are investigated numerically, focusing on the influence of fiber aspect ratio, volume fraction, and orientation. A classical heat conduction equation is used in FP, where the enthalpic reaction generates heat. The heat generation term is expressed in terms of the rate of degree of cure (dα/dt) in thermoset resin. A rate equation of the degree of cure for epoxy is established in terms of a pre-exponential factor, activation energy, Avogadro’s gas constant, and temperature. The cure kinetics parameters for epoxy resin used in this study are determined using the Ozawa method. The numerical model was validated with experimental data. The results reveal that the aspect ratio of fibers has a minimal effect on the polymerization time. The volume percentage of fibers significantly influences the curing time and temperature distribution, with higher fiber volume fractions leading to faster curing due to enhanced heat transfer. Additionally, fiber orientation plays a critical role in cure kinetics, with specific angles facilitating more effective heat transfer, thereby influencing the curing rate and frontal velocity. The results offer valuable insights into optimizing the design and manufacturing processes for high-performance epoxy-based composites through FP, where precise control over curing is critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Fibre Composite Materials)
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61 pages, 3950 KiB  
Review
Comprehensive Overview on the Computational, Experimental, Numerical, and Theoretical Assessments of Silica Aerogel Composites
by Aditya Abhijit Kunte, Sarthak Khandelwal and Sandeep P. Patil
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060306 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 679
Abstract
Silica aerogel (SiA) composites have gained importance due to their ability to overcome the challenges of pure SiA while retaining its superior properties. Their growing significance calls for a closer examination of its assessment methods and performance optimization strategies. Deeper understanding of various [...] Read more.
Silica aerogel (SiA) composites have gained importance due to their ability to overcome the challenges of pure SiA while retaining its superior properties. Their growing significance calls for a closer examination of its assessment methods and performance optimization strategies. Deeper understanding of various assessment methods is essential as it assists in the accurate prediction of the operational stability and environmental resilience of these composites. Addressing performance optimization also remains crucial for the mitigation of structural limitations in SiA composites. This review highlights the advancements and explores the strategies for evaluating the mechanical, thermal, flammability, and radiative properties of SiA composites. It offers an in-depth discussion, revealing not only their thermomechanical behavior, but also their remarkable resistance to fire and radiation. Additionally, this review also examines the development and refinement of theoretical and numerical models. Further, a systematic comparison of continuum mechanics-based simulations with nanoscale (molecular dynamics) simulations reveals critical insights into their accuracies, limitations, and applicability in modeling SiA composites. Exciting insights on the assessments and properties of SiA composites are explored across several experimental, theoretical, numerical, and computational studies. This review also provides an in-depth discussion of performance optimization strategies, limitations, and future prospects while briefly highlighting applications relevant to each assessment. Finally, it presents a distinctive comparative analysis of decade-long studies for each assessment, offering key insights to guide future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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21 pages, 1735 KiB  
Review
Immunomodulatory Potential and Biocompatibility of Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering
by Davide Frumento and Ștefan Țălu
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060305 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 505
Abstract
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS-HAp) biocomposites, combining the biocompatibility and bioactivity of chitosan with the osteoconductive properties of hydroxyapatite, are emerging as promising candidates for tissue engineering applications. These materials consistently exhibit excellent cytocompatibility, with cell viability rates greater than 95% in MTT and Neutral Red [...] Read more.
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS-HAp) biocomposites, combining the biocompatibility and bioactivity of chitosan with the osteoconductive properties of hydroxyapatite, are emerging as promising candidates for tissue engineering applications. These materials consistently exhibit excellent cytocompatibility, with cell viability rates greater than 95% in MTT and Neutral Red Uptake assays, and minimal cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by low levels of cell death in DAPI and Trypan blue staining. More importantly, CS-HAp biocomposites modulate the immune environment by enhancing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β, while avoiding significant increases in TNF-α, IL-6, or NF-κB expression in fibroblast cells exposed to HAC and HACF scaffolds. In an in vivo dermatitis model, these biocomposites reduced mast cell counts and plasma histamine levels and significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), JAK1/3, VEGF, and AnxA1 levels. Structurally, HACF scaffolds demonstrated larger average pore sizes (95 µm) compared to HAC scaffolds (74 µm), with porosities of 77.37 ± 2.4% and 65.26 ± 3.1%, respectively. These materials exhibited high swelling ability, equilibrium water content, and controlled degradation over a week in culture media. In addition to their immunomodulatory effects, CS-HAp composites promote essential cellular activities, such as attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, thereby supporting tissue integration and healing. Despite these promising findings, significant gaps remain in understanding the underlying mechanisms of immune modulation by CS-HAp biocomposites, and formulation-dependent variability raises concerns about reproducibility and clinical application. Therefore, a comprehensive review is essential to consolidate existing data, identify key knowledge gaps, and standardize the design of CS/HAp composites for broader clinical use, particularly in immunomodulatory and regenerative medicine contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 3820 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of 1-3 Stacked Piezoelectric Transducers for Energy Harvesting
by Bryan Gamboa, Carlos Acosta, Wasim Hafiz Dipon, Amar S. Bhalla and Ruyan Guo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060304 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Piezoelectric energy harvesting in roadways can power distributed sensors and electronics by capturing underutilized mechanical energy from traffic. In this research, 1-3 stacked piezocomposites were developed and evaluated to determine optimal designs for multiple applications. The design of these transducers aimed at operating [...] Read more.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting in roadways can power distributed sensors and electronics by capturing underutilized mechanical energy from traffic. In this research, 1-3 stacked piezocomposites were developed and evaluated to determine optimal designs for multiple applications. The design of these transducers aimed at operating in a multitude of scenarios, under compressive loads (1–10 kN) at low-frequency (10 Hz) applications, intended to simulate vehicular forces. Power comparison was utilized between numerous transducers to determine the most efficient configuration for electromechanical energy conversion. Design guidelines were based on mechanical integrity, output power, active piezoelectric volume percentage, aspect ratio, and geometric factors. The forces applied in this study were reliant on the average vehicle weight. An intermediate PZT volume fraction and moderate pillar aspect ratios were found to yield the highest power output, with the stacked 1-3 composite significantly outperforming a monolithic PZT of a similar size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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22 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Bond Performance of Geopolymer Concrete with Steel and FRP Reinforcements
by Vincenzo Romanazzi, Marianovella Leone and Maria Antonietta Aiello
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060303 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1006
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven the exploration of alternatives to traditional cement-based concrete. In this context, this study investigates a cement-less material, specifically an alkali-activated or geopolymer concrete (GPC), which presents potential environmental benefits. The material has been characterized [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven the exploration of alternatives to traditional cement-based concrete. In this context, this study investigates a cement-less material, specifically an alkali-activated or geopolymer concrete (GPC), which presents potential environmental benefits. The material has been characterized with respect to both its fresh and hardened properties, providing groundwork for future structural applications. A key focus of the research is the bond behavior between GPC and reinforcing bars, including both steel and non-metallic fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. The use of non-metallic bars is particularly relevant as they offer the potential to enhance the durability of structures by mitigating issues such as corrosion. Current research lacks comprehensive studies on factors affecting stress transfer at the GPC-reinforcing bar interface, such as bar diameter, bond length, and surface finish. This study aims to expand knowledge on the bond between GPC and steel/FRP rebars through experimental and analytical approaches. The tests, which included different bar types and bond lengths, showed that GPC exhibited similar bond behavior with steel and ribbed glass FRP bars in terms of bond strength and stress-slip curves. The results indicate that GPC exhibits comparable bond strength and stress-slip behavior when reinforced with either steel or ribbed glass FRP bars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cement and Concrete Materials)
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15 pages, 2804 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Flexibility and β-Phase Crystallization in PVDF/BaTiO3 Composites via Ionic Liquid Integration for Multifunctional Applications
by Ayda Bouhamed, Ahmed Attaoui, Fatma Mabrouki, Christoph Tegenkamp and Olfa Kanoun
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060302 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 760
Abstract
Piezoelectric polymer composites, particularly polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blended with barium titanate (BT), show promise for wearable technologies as both energy harvesters and haptic actuators. However, these composites typically exhibit limited electromechanical coupling and insufficient β-phase formation. This study presents a novel approach using [...] Read more.
Piezoelectric polymer composites, particularly polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blended with barium titanate (BT), show promise for wearable technologies as both energy harvesters and haptic actuators. However, these composites typically exhibit limited electromechanical coupling and insufficient β-phase formation. This study presents a novel approach using ionic liquids (ILs) to enhance PVDF-based piezoelectric composite performance. Through solution-casting methods, we examined the effect of IL concentration on the structural, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of PVDF/BT composites. Results demonstrate that the use of IL significantly improves β-phase crystallization in PVDF while enhancing electrical properties and mechanical flexibility, which are key requirements for effective energy harvesting and haptic feedback applications. The optimized composites show a 25% increase in β-phase content, enhanced flexibility, and a 100% improvement in piezoelectric voltage output compared to other more conventional PVDF/BT systems. The IL-modified composite exhibits superior piezoelectric response, generating an output voltage of 9 V and an output power of 40.1 µW under mechanical excitation and a displacement of 138 nm when subjected to 13 V peak-to-peak voltage, making it particularly suitable for haptic interfaces. These findings establish a pathway toward high-performance, flexible piezoelectric materials for multifunctional wearable applications in human–machine interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Structures and Metamaterials in Acoustic and Electromechanical Applications)
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20 pages, 4078 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Properties of Composite Cement-Based Mortar Containing High Volumes of GGBS and CCR
by Zahraa Jwaida, Awad Jadooe, Anmar Dulaimi, Raid R. A. Almuhanna, Hayder Al Hawesah, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo and Jorge Miguel de Almeida Andrade
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060301 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 367
Abstract
This study explores the potential of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as an alternative activator for ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to reduce reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in mortar production. A series of OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders were prepared and evaluated for their [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as an alternative activator for ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to reduce reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in mortar production. A series of OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders were prepared and evaluated for their fresh and mechanical properties over various curing periods. The findings showed that mortars’ fresh and mechanical characteristics were significantly improved with longer curing times, suggesting CCR’s potential to efficiently activate GGBS, thereby benefiting the environment and economy. Significant enhancements in compressive strengths were observed after 7 days of curing, with increases of 44%, and 69–144% for OPC and OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively, while the utilization of activated binders led to flexural strength growth compared to three days of curing, with improvements of 70–173% for OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively. Microstructural analyses confirmed accelerated hydration and increased product formation due to CCR’s calcium content. An optimal mix ratio of OPC:GGBS:CCR = 1:1:0.5 demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to OPC mortars after 28 days, highlighting CCR’s potential for sustainable cementitious materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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13 pages, 3132 KiB  
Article
Development of Structural Type Mortars Reinforced with Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Fiber: Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Behavior
by Mónica-Johanna Monsalve-Arias, Oscar-Fabián Higuera-Cobos and Cristian-Antonio Pedraza-Yepes
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060300 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
In this research, the effect of the addition of coconut fibers coated with hydrophobic substances as reinforcement material in mortars was evaluated. Fibers of different sizes (1, 2, and 5 cm) were pretreated with linseed oil and paraffin wax, in order to obtain [...] Read more.
In this research, the effect of the addition of coconut fibers coated with hydrophobic substances as reinforcement material in mortars was evaluated. Fibers of different sizes (1, 2, and 5 cm) were pretreated with linseed oil and paraffin wax, in order to obtain a mortar/fiber ratio of 0.5% and 1% by weight. The chemical resistance of the fibers were evaluated before and after being exposed to a concentrated solution of Ca(OH)2 in order to simulate the alkaline environment of the cement. The physicochemical characterization of the fibers was conducted by DTG (derivative thermogravimetry), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry). The mechanical strength of the fiber-reinforced mortars was evaluated by compression and flexural tests. The effect of fiber degradation on mechanical behavior was evaluated between 28 days of processing. The results showed that the highest compressive and flexural strength were obtained with the composites reinforced with coconut fiber of 0.5% by weight, length of 1 cm, and paraffin wax as the impregnation substance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Cement-Based Composites: Innovations in Performance, Durability, and Environmental Impact)
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23 pages, 2177 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Rheological Dynamics and Process Parameters in 3D Concrete Printing
by Wen Si, Mehran Khan and Ciaran McNally
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060299 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 699
Abstract
Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) represents a paradigm shift in construction technology, enabling the automated, formwork-free fabrication of intricate geometries. Despite its rapid growth, successful implementation remains dependent on the precise control of material rheology and printing parameters. This review critically analyzes the foundational [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) represents a paradigm shift in construction technology, enabling the automated, formwork-free fabrication of intricate geometries. Despite its rapid growth, successful implementation remains dependent on the precise control of material rheology and printing parameters. This review critically analyzes the foundational rheological properties of static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy and their influence on three core printability attributes, i.e., pumpability, extrudability, and buildability. Furthermore, it explores the role of critical process parameters, such as print speed, nozzle dimensions, layer deposition intervals, and standoff distance, in shaping interlayer bonding and structural integrity. Special emphasis is given to modeling frameworks by Suiker, Roussel, and Kruger, which provide robust tools for evaluating structural stability under plastic yield and elastic buckling conditions. The integration of these rheological and process-based insights offers a comprehensive roadmap for optimizing the performance, quality, and scalability of 3DCP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Composite Materials in Additive Manufacturing)
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29 pages, 5717 KiB  
Review
Alkali-Activated Materials Reinforced via Fibrous Biochar: Modification Mechanisms, Environmental Benefits, and Challenges
by Yukai Wang, Kai Zheng, Lilin Yang, Han Li, Yang Liu, Ning Xie and Guoxiang Zhou
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060298 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 632
Abstract
Alkali-activated materials, as a low-carbon cementitious material, are widely known for their excellent durability and mechanical properties. In recent years, the modification of alkali-activated materials using biochar has gradually attracted attention. Fibrous biochar has a highly porous structure and large specific surface area, [...] Read more.
Alkali-activated materials, as a low-carbon cementitious material, are widely known for their excellent durability and mechanical properties. In recent years, the modification of alkali-activated materials using biochar has gradually attracted attention. Fibrous biochar has a highly porous structure and large specific surface area, which can effectively adsorb alkaline ions in alkali-activated materials, thereby improving their pore structure and density. Additionally, the surface of the biochar contains abundant functional groups and chemically reactive sites. These can interact with the active components in alkali-activated materials, forming stable composite phases. This interaction further enhances the material’s mechanical strength and durability. Moreover, the incorporation of biochar endows alkali-activated materials with special adsorption capabilities and environmental remediation functions. For instance, they can adsorb heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from water, offering significant environmental benefits. However, research on biochar-modified alkali-activated materials is still in the exploratory phase. There are several challenges, such as the unclear mechanisms of how biochar preparation conditions and performance parameters affect the modification outcomes, and the need for further investigation into the compatibility and long-term stability of biochar with alkali-activated materials. Future research should focus on these issues to promote the widespread application of biochar-modified alkali-activated materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing of Fibrous Composites for Engineering Applications, Volume II)
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23 pages, 15965 KiB  
Article
Parametric Optimization of Dry Sliding Wear Attributes for AlMg1SiCu Hybrid MMCs: A Comparative Study of GRA and Entropy-VIKOR Methods
by Krishna Prafulla Badi, Srinivasa Rao Putti, Maheswara Rao Chapa and Muralimohan Cheepu
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060297 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 455
Abstract
In recent days, aluminum-based hybrid composites have garnered more interest than monolithic alloys owing to their remarkable properties, encompassing a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and impressive wear durability. The present study attempts to optimize the multiple wear attribute characteristics of Al6061/SiC/Al [...] Read more.
In recent days, aluminum-based hybrid composites have garnered more interest than monolithic alloys owing to their remarkable properties, encompassing a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and impressive wear durability. The present study attempts to optimize the multiple wear attribute characteristics of Al6061/SiC/Al2O3 hybrid composites using grey and entropy-based VIKOR techniques. The composites were produced by adding equal proportions of SiC/Al2O3 (0–12 wt.%) ceramics through the stir-casting process, using an ultrasonication setup. Dry sliding wear experiments were executed with tribometer variants, namely reinforcement content (wt.%), load (N), sliding velocity (v), and sliding distance (SD), following L27 OA. The optimal combination of process variables for achieving high GRG values from grey analysis was found to be A3-B3-C3-D3. The S/N ratios and ANOVA results for GRG indicated that RF content (wt.%) is the predominant component determining multiple outcomes, followed by sliding distance, load, and sliding velocity. The multi-order regression model formulated for the VIKOR index (Qi) displayed high significance and more accuracy, with a variance of 0.0216 and a coefficient of determination (R2), and adjusted R2 values of 99.60% and 99.14%. Subsequent morphological studies indicated that plowing, abrasion, and adhesion mechanisms are the dominant modes of wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)
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24 pages, 10292 KiB  
Review
Improving Surface Roughness of FDM-Printed Parts Through CNC Machining: A Brief Review
by Mauro Carta, Gabriela Loi, Mohamad El Mehtedi, Pasquale Buonadonna and Francesco Aymerich
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060296 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has evolved from a rapid prototyping technique to an established manufacturing process for various industrial applications, including aerospace, robotics, biomedical engineering, and food production. Despite its versatility, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM-printed parts remain significant challenges, [...] Read more.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has evolved from a rapid prototyping technique to an established manufacturing process for various industrial applications, including aerospace, robotics, biomedical engineering, and food production. Despite its versatility, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM-printed parts remain significant challenges, limiting their applicability in high-performance and precision-driven industries. Some of the primary limitations of FDM are volumetric error, shape deviation, and surface roughness, which directly affect the mechanical properties and functional performance of printed components. Post-processing techniques are available to mitigate these problems. Among the available post-processing techniques, CNC machining has emerged as a viable solution for improving the surface finish and dimensional precision of FDM parts. The integration of subtractive CNC machining with additive FDM printing enables the development of hybrid manufacturing strategies, leveraging the design freedom of 3D printing while ensuring superior surface quality. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent studies on CNC post-processing of FDM-printed parts, analyzing its impact on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and material properties. Additionally, key process parameters influencing the effectiveness of CNC machining are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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19 pages, 9059 KiB  
Article
Machine Vision Framework for Real-Time Surface Yarn Alignment Defect Detection in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Preforms
by Lun Li, Shixuan Yao, Shenglei Xiao and Zhuoran Wang
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060295 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 658
Abstract
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) preforms are vital for high-performance composite structures, yet the real-time detection of surface yarn alignment defects is hindered by complex textures. This study introduces a novel machine vision framework to enable the precise, real-time identification of such defects in CFRP [...] Read more.
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) preforms are vital for high-performance composite structures, yet the real-time detection of surface yarn alignment defects is hindered by complex textures. This study introduces a novel machine vision framework to enable the precise, real-time identification of such defects in CFRP preforms. We proposed obtaining the frequency spectrum by removing the zero-frequency component from the projection curve of images of carbon fiber fabric, aiding in the identification of the cycle number for warp and weft yarns. A texture structure recognition method based on the artistic conception drawing (ACD) revert is applied to distinguishing the complex and diverse surface texture of the woven carbon fabric prepreg from potential surface defects. Based on the linear discriminant analysis for defect area threshold extraction, a defect boundary tracking algorithm rule was developed to achieve defect localization. Using over 1500 images captured from actual production lines to validate and compare the performance, the proposed method significantly outperforms the other inspection approaches, achieving a 97.02% recognition rate with a 0.38 s per image processing time. This research contributes new scientific insights into the correlation between yarn alignment anomalies and a machine-vision-based texture analysis in CFRP preforms, potentially advancing our fundamental understanding of the defect mechanisms in composite materials and enabling data-driven quality control in advanced manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)
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16 pages, 1075 KiB  
Article
Computational Study of Ultra-Small Gold Nanoparticles with Amphiphilic Polymer Coating
by Paulo Siani, Edoardo Donadoni, Giulia Frigerio, Marialaura D’Alessio and Cristiana Di Valentin
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060294 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 486
Abstract
Nanomedicine is rapidly evolving, with tailored nanoparticles enabling precise cellular-level interventions. Despite significant advances, challenges, such as rapid clearance and off-target effects, hinder the clinical translation of many nanosystems. Among the available nanoplatforms, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out due to their unique surface [...] Read more.
Nanomedicine is rapidly evolving, with tailored nanoparticles enabling precise cellular-level interventions. Despite significant advances, challenges, such as rapid clearance and off-target effects, hinder the clinical translation of many nanosystems. Among the available nanoplatforms, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out due to their unique surface chemistry, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. In this work, we present a multi-level computational investigation of ultra-small AuNPs coated with non-conventional amphiphilic polymer chains via atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics. Through high-level-resolution atomistic simulations, we investigate how variations in grafting density impact the collective behaviors of these amphiphilic polymer chains within the coating by quantifying relevant conformational, structural, and energetic descriptors, such as the radius of gyration, terminal group presentation, polymer coating thickness, brush height, and solvation energy. Our results reveal a conformational shift of polymer chains from coiled to stretched as grafting density increases, with a direct effect on the polymer conformational regime, terminal group presentation, and coating thickness. In parallel, we further benchmark low-level coarse-grained models using the atomistic data as a reference, demonstrating their ability to correctly reproduce the atomistic trends. This computational investigation reveals how key descriptors vary with grafting density and provides the tools for conducting similar studies on broader time and length scales, thereby advancing the rational design of nanosystems for nanomedicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)
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23 pages, 11273 KiB  
Article
The In-Plane Compression Response of Thermoplastic Composites: Effects of High Strain Rate and Type of Thermoplastic Matrix
by Svetlana Risteska, Marco Peroni, Sara Srebrenkoska, Vineta Srebrenkoska, Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina and Andreas Hornig
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060293 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Designing thermoplastic composites for particular uses requires understanding their dynamic mechanical behaviour, which affects how well they operate in practical settings. The Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test allows for evaluating these materials’ responses to high strain rates. In this study, an in-situ [...] Read more.
Designing thermoplastic composites for particular uses requires understanding their dynamic mechanical behaviour, which affects how well they operate in practical settings. The Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test allows for evaluating these materials’ responses to high strain rates. In this study, an in-situ laser-assisted fibre placement (LAFP) machine has been utilised to produce laminate composites with varied designs, i.e., different angles of layers [0/45/–45/90]4s, using three types of thermoplastic tapes (UD-CF/PPS, UD-CF/PEEK, and UD-CF/PEKK). Using a servo-hydraulic testing machine and SHPB apparatus, we have examined the dynamic compressive behaviour of thermoplastic laminate composites with various matrices (PPS, PEEK, and PEKK) in in-plane directions and at strain rates of approx. 0.001, 0.1, 10, 800, 1800/s. Experimental results indicate that the type of thermoplastic matrix and strain rate significantly affect how the laminate composites behave. The in-plane compressive strength and modulus increase approximately linearly with the strain rate. According to the fracture of morphological pictures, the main failure mechanism of all three types of specimens is shear failure under in-plane compression loads, which is followed by delamination and burst. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites, 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 4956 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancements in Polypropylene Fibre-Reinforced 3D-Printed Concrete: Insights into Mix Ratios, Testing Procedures, and Material Behaviour
by Ben Hopkins, Wen Si, Mehran Khan and Ciaran McNally
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060292 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 843
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive analysis of polypropylene (PP) fibre incorporation in three-dimensional printed concrete (3DPC), focusing on the material behaviour in both fresh and hardened states. PP fibres play a critical role in improving rheological properties such as buildability, flowability, and extrudability. [...] Read more.
This review presents a comprehensive analysis of polypropylene (PP) fibre incorporation in three-dimensional printed concrete (3DPC), focusing on the material behaviour in both fresh and hardened states. PP fibres play a critical role in improving rheological properties such as buildability, flowability, and extrudability. While increased fibre content enhances interlayer bonding and shape retention through the fibre bridging mechanism, it also raises yield stress and viscosity, which may compromise extrudability. In the hardened state, PP fibres contribute to improvements in compressive and flexural strength up to an optimal dosage, beyond which performance may decline due to fibre clustering and reduced packing density. When aligned with the printing direction, fibres are particularly effective in mitigating shrinkage-induced cracking by redistributing internal tensile stress. However, their inclusion can lead to a slight increase in porosity and promote mechanical anisotropy. This review also discusses mix design parameters, fibre characteristics, and experimental protocols, while identifying key research gaps including the lack of standardized testing methods, limited understanding of fibre orientation effects, and insufficient exploration of hybrid fibre systems. Based on the synthesis of reported studies, optimal print quality and structural consistency have been associated with the use of 6 mm long fibres, nozzle diameters of 4 to 6 mm, and printing speeds ranging from 40 to 60 mm/s. Overall, PP fibre reinforcement shows strong potential for enhancing the structural integrity and dimensional stability of 3D-printed concrete, while emphasizing the need for further studies to optimize its use in practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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14 pages, 6282 KiB  
Article
Influence of Jointing Methods on the Mechanical Properties of CFRTP Structure Under Bending Load
by Yi Wan, Linshu Meng, Hirokuni Wataki and Jun Takahashi
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060291 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Jointing is inevitable for CFRTP (carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic) component applications in the automotive industry. In this study, commonly used jointing methods were applied to fasten CFRTP components. Three types of jointing methods. Ultrasonic welding, bolted joints, and adhesive joining, and three types [...] Read more.
Jointing is inevitable for CFRTP (carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic) component applications in the automotive industry. In this study, commonly used jointing methods were applied to fasten CFRTP components. Three types of jointing methods. Ultrasonic welding, bolted joints, and adhesive joining, and three types of CFRTP materials, conventional cross-ply, ultra-thin prepreg cross-ply, and sheet molding compounds, were selected. The influence of the jointing methods on mechanical properties and damage patterns under bending load has been investigated. The finite element models were developed to predict the hazardous area and structural stiffness of jointed structures; the simulation results showed good agreement with experimental ones. The results indicate that the ultrasonic welding could reach similar bending stiffness compared to adhesive joining, whereas the stiffness of bolt jointed structures is relatively lower due to the contact separation induced by the bending deformation. Overall, the finite element model results correlated well with the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials and Joints)
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30 pages, 6120 KiB  
Review
Review of Experimental Testing and Fire Performance of Mass Timber Structures
by Sumita Maharjan, Tharaka Gunawardena and Priyan Mendis
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060290 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 581
Abstract
Mass timber construction is gaining popularity in mid-rise and tall buildings due to its sustainability, aesthetics, versatile prefabrication, light weight, and faster construction time compared to conventional building materials such as concrete and steel. One of the challenges with timber construction is a [...] Read more.
Mass timber construction is gaining popularity in mid-rise and tall buildings due to its sustainability, aesthetics, versatile prefabrication, light weight, and faster construction time compared to conventional building materials such as concrete and steel. One of the challenges with timber construction is a potential fire hazard, and the risk is even aggravated in taller buildings due to the increased evacuation period. Several researchers have identified and reported important parameters that will have direct influence over mass timber fire performance behaviour. However, the current findings from the literature do not provide a correlation between the key parameters and the fire performance behaviour. This paper presents a review of experimental fire testing of mass timber structures and analyses the fire performance results output obtained from the experimental testing. This paper attempts to identify several key parameters that influence the fire performance behaviour of mass timber structures, such as peak temperature, charring rate and decay behaviour. The correlation between the key parameters and the fire performance behaviour of mass timber structures will enhance in developing a rational model to determine the time to reach the fire growth, peak temperature, charring behaviour, structural integrity (strength and stiffness reduction) and decay behaviour of the exposed timber. Full article
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21 pages, 3347 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Building Materials: Optimization and Performance Analysis of Plaster/Wood Shavings Composites for Thermal Insulation
by Rachidi Mohammed Badr, Ennawaoui Amine, Bouyahia Fatima, Remaidi Mohammed, Derraz Meryiem, Mastouri Hicham, El Khoudri Mouad, Chhiti Younes and Ennawaoui Chouaib
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060289 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 478
Abstract
The development of sustainable insulation materials plays a crucial role in creating energy-efficient and environmentally responsible buildings. This study investigates eco-friendly composite materials based on plaster and wood shavings for insulation purposes. Incorporating wood shavings into plaster improves thermal insulation and mechanical behavior [...] Read more.
The development of sustainable insulation materials plays a crucial role in creating energy-efficient and environmentally responsible buildings. This study investigates eco-friendly composite materials based on plaster and wood shavings for insulation purposes. Incorporating wood shavings into plaster improves thermal insulation and mechanical behavior by enhancing porosity, reducing density, and improving bonding. As the wood shaving content increases from 5% to 15%, the thermal conductivity decreases from 0.252 W/mK to 0.099 W/mK, reflecting superior insulating performance. Concurrently, thermal resistance rises, showcasing enhanced insulation. The material also demonstrates increased flexibility, with the Young’s modulus decreasing at higher wood shaving proportions. Numerical simulations confirm these observations, indicating a 12 K temperature drop for composites with 15% wood shavings compared to a 6 K drop for pure plaster. This study suggests that an insulation thickness of 6–7 cm for the 15% composite strikes the optimal balance between performance and cost-efficiency. The findings underscore the potential of wood shavings to significantly enhance the thermal efficiency and mechanical adaptability of plaster composites, promoting sustainable and effective building insulation solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cement and Concrete Materials)
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28 pages, 5048 KiB  
Article
Voxel-Based Finite Element Investigation of Micromechanics Models for Stiffness Prediction of Cross-Ply Laminates
by Darya Forooghi and Yunhua Luo
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060288 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 389
Abstract
Laminate plate and shell structures with symmetric cross-ply configurations are widely used due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, conventional lamination theories rely on simplifying assumptions that may introduce inaccuracies. This study evaluates the predictive capability of such theories by integrating multiple micromechanics [...] Read more.
Laminate plate and shell structures with symmetric cross-ply configurations are widely used due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, conventional lamination theories rely on simplifying assumptions that may introduce inaccuracies. This study evaluates the predictive capability of such theories by integrating multiple micromechanics models with First-Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT), and comparing the results against voxel-based finite element modeling (VB-FEM), which serves as a high-fidelity numerical reference. A range of models—including Voigt–Reuss, Chamis, Halpin–Tsai, Bridging, and two iterative isotropized formulations—are assessed for unidirectional laminae with fiber volume fractions from 40% to 73%. Quantitative comparison reveals that while all models predict the longitudinal modulus accurately, significant deviations arise in predicting transverse and shear properties. The Bridging Model consistently yields the closest agreement with VB-FEM across all five elastic constants, maintaining accuracy even at high volume fractions where the modified Halpin–Tsai model begins to fail. Discrepancies in micromechanics-based lamina properties propagate to laminate-level stiffness predictions, highlighting the critical role of model selection. These findings establish VB-FEM as a valuable tool for validating analytical models and guide improved modeling strategies for laminated composite design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modeling of Composites, 4th Edition)
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18 pages, 9085 KiB  
Article
Optimizing the Tribological Performance of Copper-Reinforced A356 Aluminum Alloy: Influence of Heat Treatment and Composition Variation
by G. Divya Deepak, Nithesh Kashimat, Karthik Birur Manjunathaiah, Vignesha Nayak, Gajanan Anne and Sathyashankara Sharma
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060287 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Recent progress in metal matrix composites (MMCs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at refining reinforcement methods and processing techniques and enhancing material properties. Incorporating reinforcements has notably improved both mechanical strength and tribological performance while addressing issues such as porosity and [...] Read more.
Recent progress in metal matrix composites (MMCs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at refining reinforcement methods and processing techniques and enhancing material properties. Incorporating reinforcements has notably improved both mechanical strength and tribological performance while addressing issues such as porosity and particle agglomeration. This study investigates the impact of copper reinforcement (1–4 wt.%) on the tribological characteristics of A356 alloy under both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The process of heat treatment involved age hardening, where the composites were solution heat treated (SHT) at 535 °C for 2 h, followed by rapid quenching and aging at 100 °C and 200 °C. The results demonstrate that increasing the copper content enhances the composite’s mechanical properties. Specifically, heat treatment promoted the redistribution of the Al2Cu intermetallic phase during peak aging, leading to improved hardness and wear resistance. Wear testing demonstrated that heat-treated composites exhibited significantly better wear resistance than their as-cast counterparts, with improvements of 50–60% under lower loads and 80–90% under higher loads. Among the tested samples, A356 alloy reinforced with 4 wt.% copper showed the lowest wear rate across all the applied loads, along with a reduced coefficient of friction and enhanced load-bearing capacity, minimizing material deformation. Additionally, aging at 100 °C resulted in the greatest hardness and the lowest wear rate in comparison to untreated A356 alloy. These findings underscore the viability of copper-reinforced A356 composites for applications demanding enhanced mechanical characteristics and wear resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials and Joints)
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18 pages, 5174 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Hole Offset on Stress Concentrations Due to a Square Hole in a Quasi-Isotropic Composite Laminate
by Matthew K. Pirkle and Pankaj K. Mallick
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060286 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 553
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hole offset of a square hole with rounded corners on stress concentration in a finite-width [03/(±45)3/903]S quasi-isotropic composite laminate using finite element analysis (FEA). The [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hole offset of a square hole with rounded corners on stress concentration in a finite-width [03/(±45)3/903]S quasi-isotropic composite laminate using finite element analysis (FEA). The corner radius of the square hole and its offset location were varied. For comparison, a circular hole, with its diameter equal to the sides of the square hole, was also considered. It is observed that the maximum stress concentration factor occurs in the 0° laminas, and it increases with decreasing hole edge-to-laminate edge distance. For the offset holes, both lamina and laminate stress concentration factors increase with decreasing hole edge-to-laminate edge distance, i.e., with increasing offset. The laminate stress concentration factor for the square holes decreases with increasing corner radius, and after reaching a minimum value, it starts to increase and approaches that of a circular hole. A square hole has a lower stress concentration at its corners than do the edges of a circular hole, if the corner radius is higher than a minimum value, which is dependent on the offset distance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials)
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20 pages, 7135 KiB  
Article
Effects of Nanofiber Interleaving on the Strength and Failure Behavior of Co-Cured Composite Joints with Fiber Orientation Mismatch
by Abdul Bari Abdul Raheman, Kaan Bilge and Melih Papila
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060285 - 2 Jun 2025
Viewed by 592
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of nanofiber interleaving on the mechanical performance of co-cured composite lap joints with effective fiber orientation mismatch at the joint interface. Joint configurations were defined by dominant yarn orientations at the bond line—denoted as (lower-substrate|upper-substrate)—and tested in (0|0), [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of nanofiber interleaving on the mechanical performance of co-cured composite lap joints with effective fiber orientation mismatch at the joint interface. Joint configurations were defined by dominant yarn orientations at the bond line—denoted as (lower-substrate|upper-substrate)—and tested in (0|0), (90|90), and mismatched (0|90) setups using an 8-harness satin (8HS) fabric architecture, with and without nanofiber interlayers. Mechanical testing revealed an over ~25% reduction in lap shear strength for the (0|90) configuration relative to the matched (0|0) and (90|90) joints. Nanofiber interleaving effectively restored this loss, achieving strength levels comparable to the matched cases. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA and ANOM confirmed that both fiber orientation and nanofiber interleaving significantly influence joint strength, with a notable interaction effect (p < 0.001). Fractographic analysis further showed that nanofibers enhanced delamination resistance by stabilizing crack paths and suppressing crack jumps at crimping sites, especially in (0|90) joints where 0/90 yarn intersections are prone to early failure. These findings underscore the role of nanofiber interleaving in mitigating mismatch-induced failure mechanisms and improving the structural integrity of composite bonded interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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