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Inorganics
Volume 13
Issue 5
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Inorganics, Volume 13, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 45 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Novel metal complexes derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline Schiff bases were synthesized to explore their potential as anticancer agents. The study included three oxidovanadium(IV) complexes and two complexes with nickel(II) and iron(III). Structural analyses revealed a distorted square–pyramidal geometry for the V-complexes and an octahedral geometry for the Ni-complex. Cytotoxicity tests against melanoma and colon cancer cell lines showed that the V- and Ni-complexes had IC50 values below 10 μM, suggesting promising anticancer activity. Combination studies with 5-fluorouracil revealed an additive effect in A375 cells treated with the V-complex. These findings highlight the potential of these metal complexes, especially the vanadium-based ones, as candidates for further development in cancer therapy. View this paper
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13 pages, 3616 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence Properties of Zinc(II) Complex with a Spacer-Armed Tetradentate N2O2-Donor Schiff Base
by Alexey Gusev, Elena Braga, Kirill Mamontov, Mikhail Kiskin and Wolfgang Linert
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050173 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
A zinc complex bearing a pyrazolone-based azomethine ligand has been synthesized for blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The azomethine ligand H2L and the complex [ZnL·H2O] were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, XRD, and TGA/DSC techniques. According to a single-crystal [...] Read more.
A zinc complex bearing a pyrazolone-based azomethine ligand has been synthesized for blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The azomethine ligand H2L and the complex [ZnL·H2O] were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, XRD, and TGA/DSC techniques. According to a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the complex [ZnL·H2O] has a molecular structure. Its solid-state PL maxima appear to be at 416 nm and emit moderate blue emission with a quantum yield (QY) of 2%, with a dehydrated form of the complex showing greater efficiency with a QY of 55.5%. ZnL-based electroluminescent devices for OLED applications were fabricated. The devices exhibit blue emission with brightness up to 5300 Cd/A. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
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13 pages, 2343 KiB  
Article
Structural and Optical Properties of BaWO4 Obtained by Fast Mechanochemical Treatment
by Maria Gancheva, Reni Iordanova, Iovka Koseva, Iskra Piroeva and Petar Ivanov
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050172 - 18 May 2025
Abstract
This work investigated the optical characteristics of BaWO4 nanoparticles that were produced through direct mechanochemical synthesis at varying speeds and times. This research expands upon our previous study. We demonstrated that the mechanochemical activation of the precursor of BaCO3 and WO [...] Read more.
This work investigated the optical characteristics of BaWO4 nanoparticles that were produced through direct mechanochemical synthesis at varying speeds and times. This research expands upon our previous study. We demonstrated that the mechanochemical activation of the precursor of BaCO3 and WO3, at elevated milling speeds (850 rpm), facilitates the formation of tetragonal BaWO4 in a reduced reaction time. The final products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as Raman, infrared (IR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The crystallite sizes and particles shapes were determined by X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. Round particles with a size below 50 nm formed under different milling conditions. The Raman spectra of the synthesized samples confirmed the presence of a scheelite-type structure with the typical six distinct vibrational peaks. The symmetry of the structural WO4 groups was determined by IR spectroscopy. The absorption spectra of both samples exhibited intensive peaks at 210 nm, and the calculated optical band gaps of BaWO4 were 5.10 eV (3 h/500 rpm) and 5.24 eV (1 h/850 rpm). A strong (400 nm) and weak (465 nm) emission were observed for the BaWO4 that was obtained at a higher milling speed, while wider emission at 410 nm was visible for the BaWO4 that was prepared at a lower milling speed. The CIE coordinates of the mechanochemically synthesized BaWO4 were located within the blue area, exhibiting various positions. Full article
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21 pages, 3742 KiB  
Article
Mixed 3D-3D’-Metal Complexes: A Dicobalt(III)Iron(III) Coordination Cluster Based on Pyridine-2-Amidoxime
by Sotiris G. Skiadas, Christina D. Polyzou, Zoi G. Lada, Rodolphe Clérac, Yiannis Sanakis, Pierre Dechambenoit and Spyros P. Perlepes
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050171 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 167
Abstract
In the present work, we describe the use of the potentially tridentate ligand pyridine-2-amidoxime (NH2paoH) in Fe-Co chemistry. The 1:1:3 FeIII(NO3)3·9H2O/CoII(ClO4)2·6H2O/NH2paoH reaction mixture [...] Read more.
In the present work, we describe the use of the potentially tridentate ligand pyridine-2-amidoxime (NH2paoH) in Fe-Co chemistry. The 1:1:3 FeIII(NO3)3·9H2O/CoII(ClO4)2·6H2O/NH2paoH reaction mixture in MeOH gave complex [CoIII2FeIII(NH2pao)6](ClO4)2(NO3) (1) in ca. 55% yield, the cobalt(II) being oxidized to cobalt(III) under the aerobic conditions. The same complex was isolated using cobalt(II) and iron(II) sources, the oxidation now taking place at both metal sites. The structure of 1 contains two structurally similar, crystallographically independent cations [CoIII2FeIII(NH2pao)6]3+ which are strictly linear by symmetry. The central high-spin FeIII ion is connected to each of the terminal low-spin CoIII ions through the oximato groups of three 2.1110 (Harris notation) NH2pao− ligands, in such a way that the six O atoms are bonded to the octahedral FeIII center ({FeIIIO6} coordination sphere). Each terminal octahedral CoIII ions is bonded to six N atoms (three oximato, three 2-pyridyl) from three NH2pao− groups ({CoIIIN6} coordination sphere). The IR and Raman spectra of the complex are discussed in terms of the coordination mode of the organic ligand, and the non-coordinating nature of the inorganic ClO4− and NO3− counterions. The UV/VIS spectrum of the complex in EtOH shows the two spin-allowed d-d transitions of the low-spin 3d6 cobalt(III) and a charge-transfer NH2pao− → FeIII band. The δ and ΔΕQ 57Fe-Mössbauer parameter of 1 at 80 K show the presence of an isolated high-spin FeIII center. Variable-temperature (1.8 K–300 K) and variable-field (0–7 T) magnetic studies confirm the isolated character of FeIII. A critical discussion of the importance of NH2paoH and its anionic forms (NH2pao−, NHpao2−) in homo- and heterometallic chemistry is also attempted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Coordination and Organometallic Complexes)
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12 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
A Pt(II) Complex with a PNN Type Ligand Dppmaphen Exhibits Selective, Reversible Vapor-Chromic Photoluminescence
by Yuanyuan Hu, Jiangyue Wang, David James Young, Hong-Xi Li, Yuxin Lu and Zhi-Gang Ren
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050170 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 59
Abstract
The reaction of PtCl2 with a PNN type ligand dppmaphen (N-(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)-2-amino-1,10-phenanthroline) yielded a new Pt(II) complex [Pt(dppmaphen)Cl]Cl·H2O (1). Upon excitation at 370 nm, compound 1 emits yellow phosphorescence at 539 and 576 nm at room temperature. Exposure of [...] Read more.
The reaction of PtCl2 with a PNN type ligand dppmaphen (N-(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)-2-amino-1,10-phenanthroline) yielded a new Pt(II) complex [Pt(dppmaphen)Cl]Cl·H2O (1). Upon excitation at 370 nm, compound 1 emits yellow phosphorescence at 539 and 576 nm at room temperature. Exposure of compound 1 to MeOH vapor induces a shift in its emission to 645 nm, which can be attributed to the substitution of MeOH molecules for H2O, resulting in the disruption and reorganization of weak interactions in 1. This response is selective for MeOH and, to a lesser extent, EtOH, the orange photoluminescence recovered in air. The emission change of 1 was reversible and visible to the naked eye. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Computational Studies of Dinuclear d0 Titanium(IV) Complex with P-P-Bonded Diphosphine Ligand
by Tomoyuki Toda, Yuya Toma, Miku Nishiguchi and Katsuhiko Takenaka
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050169 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 43
Abstract
Diphosphine compounds have been used as ligands for a variety of metals, and studies on their structures and reactivities are still of interest. We investigated the coordination chemistry of P–P-bonded diphosphine by conducting reactions of bis(1,1′-dibenzophospholyl) (Db)2P–P(Db)2 1 with [...] Read more.
Diphosphine compounds have been used as ligands for a variety of metals, and studies on their structures and reactivities are still of interest. We investigated the coordination chemistry of P–P-bonded diphosphine by conducting reactions of bis(1,1′-dibenzophospholyl) (Db)2P–P(Db)2 1 with d0-titanium(IV) reagents. The reaction of 1 with TiCl4 afforded the dinuclear titanium complex Cl3Ti{μ-(Db)2P–P(Db)2}(μ-Cl)2TiCl3 2. The final structure of titanium complex 2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. The molecular structure of the complex was found to be a dinuclear d0-titanium complex coordinated to diphosphine on the same side, and the central titanium atoms were bridged to each other by chlorides. To further elucidate this complex, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to analyze its structure. Full article
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28 pages, 14487 KiB  
Review
Research Status of Silver Nanoparticles for Dental Applications
by Yanyan Guo, Xiaomei Hou, Sanjun Fan and Chanyuan Jin
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050168 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising antimicrobial agent in dentistry due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics and broad-spectrum biocidal activity. For example, silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into oral hygiene products in preventive dentistry, composite resins in restorative treatment, irrigation solutions [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising antimicrobial agent in dentistry due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics and broad-spectrum biocidal activity. For example, silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into oral hygiene products in preventive dentistry, composite resins in restorative treatment, irrigation solutions in endodontic treatment, membranes for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal treatment, acrylic resins and porcelains in prosthodontic treatment, coatings in dental implant treatment, and brackets and wires in orthodontic treatment. This paper focuses on summarizing the current knowledge on the antimicrobial use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry, highlighting their antimicrobial mechanism and potential applications in clinical treatment. The literature indicates that silver nanoparticles are a promising antimicrobial agent in dentistry. However, there are still many issues including fundamental antibacterial mechanisms that need to be completely elucidated before clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Application)
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16 pages, 4695 KiB  
Article
Hematite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Route: Characterization, Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities
by Safa Ezzine, Hela Ferjani, Oluwasayo E. Ogunjinmi and Damian C. Onwudiwe
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050167 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 75
Abstract
Recently, attention has shifted towards the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts rich in phytochemicals like phenols and flavonoids, offering an alternative method that avoids harmful chemicals and enables large-scale, low-cost production. This study introduces a straightforward and eco-friendly approach to synthesizing [...] Read more.
Recently, attention has shifted towards the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts rich in phytochemicals like phenols and flavonoids, offering an alternative method that avoids harmful chemicals and enables large-scale, low-cost production. This study introduces a straightforward and eco-friendly approach to synthesizing hematite α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles utilizing an aqueous extract of Musa paradisiaca. The variation in the calcination temperature resulted in the formation of nanoparticles presented as Fe2O3 (1), Fe2O3 (2), and Fe2O3 (3), obtained at 650, 750, and 900 °C for 4 h, respectively. This variation allowed for an investigation into the impact of different reaction temperatures on the structural and optical properties of the nanoparticles. Structural analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to examine morphology. Optical properties were assessed via UV-vis spectroscopy, revealing a reduction in the energy band gap (from 2.5 to 1.87 eV), attributed to an increase in crystallite size resulting from longer calcination temperatures (650–900 °C). A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potentials of the nanoparticles. Both Fe2O3 (1) and Fe2O3 (2) with IC50 values of 46.84 and 46.14 µg/mL, respectively, showed similar antioxidant potentials, while peel extract exhibited the least activity with an IC50 of 79.26 µg/mL. The nanoparticles, peels, and 5-FU (used as standard) showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells compared to the HeLa cells. This implies that the HEK 293 cells might be more susceptible to the drug samples and a lower concentration might even be sufficient to achieve the inhibition of normal cell proliferation. These results indicate a better therapeutic window with a lesser inhibitory effect compared to standard drugs used as controls. Full article
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14 pages, 2784 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of Pink ZnS
by Shangjie Gao, Yongxin Lu, Teng Ma, Haixia Liu and Jie Zhang
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050166 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 62
Abstract
With the continuous growth of global energy demand and the increasingly severe environmental issues, the extensive utilization of traditional fossil fuels has led to serious energy crises and environmental pollution problems. In this study, a hydrothermal method was employed, and by adding ethanolamine [...] Read more.
With the continuous growth of global energy demand and the increasingly severe environmental issues, the extensive utilization of traditional fossil fuels has led to serious energy crises and environmental pollution problems. In this study, a hydrothermal method was employed, and by adding ethanolamine and controlling different temperatures, pink zinc sulfide with zinc vacancies was synthesized. UV-Vis DRS analysis indicated that the sample exhibited significant visible light absorption characteristics within the wavelength range of 500–550 nm. The presence of zinc vacancies was confirmed through XPS. Due to the existence of zinc vacancies, the sample demonstrated excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity without the need for co-catalysts, with the optimal sample achieving a hydrogen evolution rate of 7631.70 μmol h−1 g−1. Zinc vacancies can provide additional active sites, enhance catalytic efficiency, and promote the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. Furthermore, the introduction of vacancies effectively reduces the bandgap of the material, significantly broadening its visible light absorption range. This work provides a new approach for enhancing hydrogen evolution in pure ZnS and offers novel strategies for the further design of ZnS-related photocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 3786 KiB  
Article
AlF3-Modified Carbon Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis: Oxidation Resistance and Microstructural Evolution
by Guifang Xu, Yonggang Ding, Fan Bai, Youming Zhang, Jianhua Yin and Caifeng Chen
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050165 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 85
Abstract
The aluminum electrolysis industry faces significant challenges due to the high consumption and environmental impact of carbon anodes, which are prone to oxidation in high-temperature and strongly oxidizing environments. This study innovatively introduces aluminum fluoride (AlF3) as an additive to enhance [...] Read more.
The aluminum electrolysis industry faces significant challenges due to the high consumption and environmental impact of carbon anodes, which are prone to oxidation in high-temperature and strongly oxidizing environments. This study innovatively introduces aluminum fluoride (AlF3) as an additive to enhance the oxidation resistance of carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis. By systematically exploring microstructural evolution through SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and permeability analyses, it reveals that AlF3 inserts fluorine atoms into carbon interlayers, forming F-C bonds that reduce interlayer spacing while promoting graphitization. Simultaneously, AlF3-derived α-Al2O3 particles densify the anode and make it more compact, reaching the optimum when 7 wt.% AlF3 is doped. The bulk density of the carbon anode increased to 2.08 g/cm3, porosity decreased to 0.315, and air permeability reached a minimum of 2.3 nPm. In addition, the fluorine intercalation reduces the electrical resistance to 2.12 Ω via conductive F-C clusters. The demonstrated efficacy of AlF3 additives in enhancing the oxidation resistance and conductivity of carbon anodes suggests strong potential for industrial adoption, particularly in optimizing anode composition to reduce energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)
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21 pages, 12869 KiB  
Article
The Coumarin-Based Silver(I) Complex Showed Enhanced Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activity than Ligand Itself
by Jakub Kurjan, Zuzana Jendželovská, Viktória Dečmanová, Mária Vilková, Katarina Ćirković, Ivana Radojević, Miroslava Litecká, Rastislav Jendželovský and Ivan Potočňák
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050164 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 170
Abstract
In this study, a novel silver(I) complex [Ag(HL1)2]NO3 (AgHL1) with coumarin derivative (3E)-3-(1-{[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]amino}ethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzopyran-2,4-dione (HL1) was prepared. The compounds HL1 and AgHL1 were characterized by IR and [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel silver(I) complex [Ag(HL1)2]NO3 (AgHL1) with coumarin derivative (3E)-3-(1-{[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]amino}ethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzopyran-2,4-dione (HL1) was prepared. The compounds HL1 and AgHL1 were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Specifically, the single crystal X-ray analysis determined the structures of both compounds HL1 and AgHL1 in their solid state, while NMR spectroscopy was used for structural determination in a solution. The HL1 proved to be a monodentate ligand and is coordinated to the Ag(I) atom through a nitrogen atom from the 2-picolylamine fragment. In the complex AgHL1, two molecules of neutral HL1 are coordinated forming a nearly linear N-Ag-N arrangement. An uncoordinated nitrate anion balances the positive charge of the complex cation. NMR spectroscopy also confirmed the stability of AgHL1 in DMSO-d6 for 3 days. In vitro cytotoxicity of HL1 and AgHL1 was performed over two cancerous cell lines A549 and HT-29 and their selectivity was verified on a healthy CCD-18Co cell line. AgHL1 exhibited low anticancer nonselective activity while the ligand was inactive. Also, the complex shows better antimicrobial activity than the positive controls on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa standard and clinical strain as well as on the tested molds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Inorganic Biomaterials for Molecular Sensing and Biomedical Applications)
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5 pages, 156 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition
by Sake Wang, Minglei Sun and Nguyen Tuan Hung
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050163 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 142
Abstract
Building upon our previous edition [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
40 pages, 7391 KiB  
Review
Preparation Methods and Photocatalytic Performance of Kaolin-Based Ceramic Composites with Selected Metal Oxides (ZnO, CuO, MgO): A Comparative Review
by Dikra Bouras, Lotfi Khezami, Regis Barille, Neçar Merah, Billel Salhi, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Ahlem Guesmi and Mamoun Fellah
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050162 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
The current review examines various methods for preparing photocatalytic materials based on ceramic substrates, with a focus on incorporating metal oxides such as ZnO, CuO, and MgO. This study compares traditional mixing, co-precipitation, sol–gel, and autoclave methods for synthesizing these materials. Kaolin-based ceramics [...] Read more.
The current review examines various methods for preparing photocatalytic materials based on ceramic substrates, with a focus on incorporating metal oxides such as ZnO, CuO, and MgO. This study compares traditional mixing, co-precipitation, sol–gel, and autoclave methods for synthesizing these materials. Kaolin-based ceramics (DD3 and DD3 with 38% ZrO2) from Guelma, Algeria, were used as substrates. This review highlights the effects of different preparation methods on the structural, morphological, and compositional properties of the resulting photocatalysts. Additionally, the potential of these materials for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, specifically Orange II, was evaluated. Results indicated that ceramic/ZnO/CuO and ceramic/MgO powders prepared via traditional mixing and co-precipitation techniques exhibited significantly faster degradation rates under visible light than Cu layers deposited on ceramic substrates using solution gradient processes. This enhancement was attributed to the increased effective surface area and the size of the spherical nanoparticles obtained through these methods, which facilitated accelerated pollutant absorption. This study highlights the ease and cost-effectiveness of preparing robust layers on ceramic substrates, which are advantageous for photocatalytic applications due to their straightforward removal after filtration. Notably, DD3Z/MgO powders demonstrated superior catalytic activity, achieving complete degradation of the organic dye in just 10 min, whereas DD3Z/ZnO-CuO powders achieved 93.6% degradation after 15 min. Additionally, experiments using kaolin-based ceramics as substrates instead of powders yielded a maximum dye decomposition rate of 77.76% over 6 h using ZnO thin layers prepared via the autoclave method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 7737 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Efficiency of Pure and Palladium Co-Catalytic Modified Binary System
by Nina Kaneva and Albena Bachvarova-Nedelcheva
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050161 - 11 May 2025
Viewed by 203
Abstract
The present work examines pure and palladium photofixed TiO2 and binary (TiO2/ZnO) photocatalysts for breaking down tartrazine, a food coloring agent, in distilled water. Powders with the following compositions are obtained using the sol-gel process: 100TiO2, 10TiO2 [...] Read more.
The present work examines pure and palladium photofixed TiO2 and binary (TiO2/ZnO) photocatalysts for breaking down tartrazine, a food coloring agent, in distilled water. Powders with the following compositions are obtained using the sol-gel process: 100TiO2, 10TiO2/90ZnO, 50TiO2/50ZnO, and 90TiO2/10ZnO. The composite materials are analyzed using SEM-EDS, UV-Vis, DTA-TG, and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized gels are then photo-fixed with UV light to incorporate palladium ions and are also examined for tartrazine (E102) degradation. The photocatalytic tests were carried out in a cylindrical glass reactor illuminated by ultraviolet light. Compared to mixed binary catalysts, the prepared pure TiO2 catalyst demonstrated greater activity in the photodegradation of tartrazine (E102). The further of a specific quantity of zinc oxide reduced the catalytic properties of TiO2. The recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs in ZnO may account for this. In comparison to the pure samples, the co-catalytic palladium-modified gels exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency. Heterojunction and palladium modification of the composites partially captured and transferred the electrons. Consequently, the longer lifetime of the photogenerated charges improved the catalytic activity of the palladium titanium dioxide and binary gels. Additionally, under UV light, pure and palladium photofixed TiO2 and binary sol-gel samples displayed excellent stability for tartrazine photodegradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Catalyst Discovery, Design and Synthesis)
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12 pages, 2833 KiB  
Article
Glass Transition Temperature and Mean Bond Energy of Chalcogenide Glasses in the As2Se3-GeTe-CdTe System
by Ina Karadashka, Petya Romanova and Veronika Karadjova
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050160 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
Chalcogenide samples from the As2Se3-GeTe-CdTe system were synthesized by the melt-quench technique. The surface topography of some of the samples was performed with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Various physical parameters of the chalcogenide glasses were calculated: the [...] Read more.
Chalcogenide samples from the As2Se3-GeTe-CdTe system were synthesized by the melt-quench technique. The surface topography of some of the samples was performed with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Various physical parameters of the chalcogenide glasses were calculated: the degree of cross-linking atom, the average heteropolar bond energy of the glasses, the content of chalcogen in the glass, the mean coordination number, and the average energy of the chemical bonds between the atoms of the metals in the glass. With their help, the components of the overall bond energy were calculated: the mean bond energy of the average cross-linking per atom and the average bond energy per atom of the “remaining matrix”. A linear dependence has been established between the glass transition temperature and the overall mean bond energy and between the glass transition temperature and the mean coordination number. The correlation between microhardness and glass transition temperature of chalcogenide glasses was investigated. The dependance between the composition and physical parameters of the As2Se3-GeTe-CdTe glasses was established and discussed. Full article
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25 pages, 4788 KiB  
Article
Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO2–CeO2 Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis
by Jelena N. Stevanović, Ana G. Silva, Nenad Bundaleski, Dana Vasiljević-Radović, Milija Sarajlić, Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro and Srđan P. Petrović
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050159 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
This study explored the oxygen-sensing mechanism of CeO2 modified with TiO2 via high-energy ball milling at different speeds. Different characterization techniques were employed to investigate the obtained materials. Quantitative surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted to elucidate their sensitivity [...] Read more.
This study explored the oxygen-sensing mechanism of CeO2 modified with TiO2 via high-energy ball milling at different speeds. Different characterization techniques were employed to investigate the obtained materials. Quantitative surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted to elucidate their sensitivity mechanisms and assess the impact of the introduction of TiO2. A comparable concentration of oxygen vacancies was found in the samples milled at 350 and 450 rpm. Electrical measurements conducted at temperatures lower than required for semiconductor gas sensors revealed the higher sensitivity of these two samples in comparison to pure CeO2 at an oxygen concentration above 10%. In contrast, the samples derived from precursors milled at the highest speed exhibited the lowest sensitivity. This may be linked to a slight decrease in the vacancy concentration and the presence of a differentially charged carbon-containing phase. Eventually, the C 1s line provided significant insight into the surface characteristics of the materials. The uniform and non-uniform charging found for pure TiO2 and CeO2, respectively, along with the high charging of CeO2, suggest that TiO2 promotes the contact between the sensing layer and the overlayer. Sensor testing showed the significantly lower resistance of mixed oxides in comparison to CeO2, which increases the utility of metal oxide-based sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 6312 KiB  
Article
Nanocrystalline–Amorphous Transition in ZrN Nanofilms Induced by Helium Accumulation at Grain Boundaries
by Xin Xiao, Sen Sun, Wei Jiang, Xiaoling Qin, Qinxin Liu and Yuanxia Lao
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050158 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Helium (He) accumulation, a byproduct of nuclear transmutation, poses a significant reliability challenge for the materials used in nuclear reactors. Nanomaterials, with their high density of interfaces, offer superior He tolerance by absorbing He atoms and suppressing bubble growth. However, the long-term stability [...] Read more.
Helium (He) accumulation, a byproduct of nuclear transmutation, poses a significant reliability challenge for the materials used in nuclear reactors. Nanomaterials, with their high density of interfaces, offer superior He tolerance by absorbing He atoms and suppressing bubble growth. However, the long-term stability of these materials under continuous He accumulation remains a concern. This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical property responses of ZrN nanofilms to excessive He accumulation. Different doses of He atoms were introduced via magnetron sputtering. The results indicate that increasing the He dose induced a nanocrystalline-to-amorphous transition and instability in the mechanical properties. The structural and mechanical instability, characterized by surface blistering, softening, abnormal lattice shrinkage, and amorphization, was primarily triggered by the degradation of the grain boundaries with He accumulation, and an amorphization model of nanomaterials is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research and Application of Amorphous Materials)
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17 pages, 5659 KiB  
Article
Supramolecular Organization of Diaryliodonium Dicyanoargentates(I) Provided by Iodine(III)–Cyanide Halogen Bonding
by Irina S. Aliyarova, Anastasiia V. Koziakova, Daniil M. Ivanov, Natalia S. Soldatova and Pavel S. Postnikov
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050157 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
Three diaryliodonium dicyanoargentates(I), [MesIAr][Ag(CN)2] (Ar = Ph 1, Mes 2, 4-MeC6H4 3; Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), were prepared by anion metathesis. The X-ray structural analyses for these crystals revealed [...] Read more.
Three diaryliodonium dicyanoargentates(I), [MesIAr][Ag(CN)2] (Ar = Ph 1, Mes 2, 4-MeC6H4 3; Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), were prepared by anion metathesis. The X-ray structural analyses for these crystals revealed C–IIII∙∙∙N≡C halogen bonds (abbreviated as XB) between I atoms of diaryliodonium cations and N atoms of cyano groups, which provide different supramolecular organization. The noncovalent nature of these interactions was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and topological analysis of the electron density distribution in the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) at the PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH level of theory both in gas phase and crystal models. The philicities of partners in these contacts were confirmed by electron localization function (ELF) projections, electron density/electrostatic potential (ED/ESP) profiles, and Hirshfeld surfaces analysis. An analysis of the available crystallographic data from the literature allows us to find other examples of σ-hole interactions including the dicyanoargentate(I) anion, and the C–X∙∙∙N≡C (X = Br, I, Te) bonding were also confirmed theoretically. Full article
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35 pages, 4708 KiB  
Review
Homo- and Hetero-Multinuclear Iridium(III) Complexes with Cytotoxic Activity
by Irena Kostova
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050156 - 8 May 2025
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Abstract
Towards the efforts to expand the bioactivity and to reduce toxic and adverse properties of known metal-based drugs, various multinuclear complexes have recently been studied. They have shown enhancement of target specificity and selectivity. Different from small organic compounds and traditional metal-based complexes [...] Read more.
Towards the efforts to expand the bioactivity and to reduce toxic and adverse properties of known metal-based drugs, various multinuclear complexes have recently been studied. They have shown enhancement of target specificity and selectivity. Different from small organic compounds and traditional metal-based complexes with anticancer activity, iridium(III) multinuclear or heteronuclear metallodrugs have confirmed potential advantages due to their unique biological and chemical diversities, better activity and different anticancer mechanisms. Ir(III) coordination compounds, similar to most Pt group compounds, are of excessive interest because of their potential cytotoxic activity, effective cellular uptake and tolerance by healthy cells. Although mononuclear Ir(III) complex compounds have been extensively studied as promising candidates for antitumor application, the research on the antineoplastic potential of homo- or hetero-multinuclear iridium(III) complexes is not as abundant; nevertheless, intensive investigations have been conducted in the recent years towards developing complexes that are anticipated to have improved therapeutic potential and biotarget selectivity. Multimetallic iridium(III) frameworks have offered interesting possibilities for designing new antitumor agents by exploiting the action of different metal cations at the same time. This method was very successful in the design of homo- and hetero-multinuclear cyclometalated and half-sandwich organometallic Ir(III) compounds. In the described background, many homonuclear and heteronuclear Ir(III) complexes have been estimated and have exposed promising advantages in cancer therapy. This review intends to summarize newly reported innovative and promising multinuclear Ir(III)-based complexes and to afford a wide-ranging overview of current development and perspectives for the practical impact of these complexes in the tumor therapy field. It is anticipated that this analysis will provide significant direction for the further progress of active homonuclear and heteronuclear iridium-based anticancer agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformations, and Bioactivity)
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14 pages, 5213 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of M-Doped MoSe2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) via Chemical Vapor Deposition for an Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
by Xinya Chen, Xingchen Zhang, Jinying Zhang and Zhiyong Wang
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050155 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
Given the high cost and limited availability of noble-metal-based catalysts in acidic media water electrolysis, developing cost-effective and high-performance non-noble metal catalysts is crucial for realizing large-scale hydrogen production. In this study, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-doped MoSe2 nanomaterials were synthesized via chemical [...] Read more.
Given the high cost and limited availability of noble-metal-based catalysts in acidic media water electrolysis, developing cost-effective and high-performance non-noble metal catalysts is crucial for realizing large-scale hydrogen production. In this study, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-doped MoSe2 nanomaterials were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition, and their electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was systematically evaluated. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to confirm the incorporation of doping elements and investigate their effects on the crystal structure and morphology of MoSe2. Electrochemical tests, including linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, revealed that the doping of Fe, Co, and Ni significantly enhanced the HER catalytic activity of MoSe2, with the Co-doped sample exhibiting the best performance, showing an overpotential of 0.293 V at 100 mA/cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 47 mV/dec. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were employed to analyze the adsorption energy of hydrogen atoms on the catalysts, providing deeper insights into the role of doping in tuning the catalytic activity of MoSe2. This study offers new theoretical support and experimental evidence for the application of transition metal-doped MoSe2 in electrocatalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysis Materials Design: Innovations and Applications)
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15 pages, 12174 KiB  
Article
Lanthanide Heterometallic MOFs with 5-Iodosophthalate Linkers: Tuning of Luminescent Properties by Varying of Metal Composition
by Mikhail A. Bondarenko, Roman V. Redkin, Elizaveta A. Pilyukova, Nikita A. Korobeynikov, Alexander S. Zaguzin, Marianna I. Rakhmanova, Tatiana Ya. Guselnikova, Evgeny A. Maksimovsky, Vladimir P. Fedin and Sergey A. Adonin
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050154 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 157
Abstract
Coordination polymers [Gd2(5-iip)3(DMF)4]·0.4DMF (1) and [Dy2(5-iip)3DMF2]·0.33DMF (2) (5-iip2−—5-iodoisophthalate) feature two different structural types, as follows from X-ray diffractometry data. We prepared and characterized an extended [...] Read more.
Coordination polymers [Gd2(5-iip)3(DMF)4]·0.4DMF (1) and [Dy2(5-iip)3DMF2]·0.33DMF (2) (5-iip2−—5-iodoisophthalate) feature two different structural types, as follows from X-ray diffractometry data. We prepared and characterized an extended series of corresponding heterometallic complexes of the composition [GdxDy2−x(5-iip)3DMF2]·0.33DMF and [EuxDy2−x(5-iip)3DMF2]·0.33DMF, where x = 0.2, 0.4…1.8, and examined the changes of their luminescent properties induced by variations of metal composition, finding the promising white emission sources with high light purity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
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13 pages, 6485 KiB  
Article
Investigations on the NIR Fluorescence Band Modulation of Bi-Doped Silica-Based Glasses and Fibers
by Qianhong Zheng, Genying Zeng, Chenxing Liao, Huoming Huang, Weixiong You, Xinyu Ye and Liaolin Zhang
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050153 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 138
Abstract
Bi-doped glasses and fibers have been widely applied in solid-state and fiber lasers. However, the mechanism underlying near-infrared (NIR) luminescence remains unclear, and Bi-related luminescence centers (BLCs) are prone to alteration during fiber fabrication, making it challenging to achieve high-performance Bi-doped glass fibers. [...] Read more.
Bi-doped glasses and fibers have been widely applied in solid-state and fiber lasers. However, the mechanism underlying near-infrared (NIR) luminescence remains unclear, and Bi-related luminescence centers (BLCs) are prone to alteration during fiber fabrication, making it challenging to achieve high-performance Bi-doped glass fibers. In this work, Bi-, Bi-Al-, and Bi-Ge-doped silica glasses were investigated to elucidate the origin of NIR luminescence. Two broad NIR fluorescence bands were observed in silica glasses, originating from distinct BLCs. The longer-wavelength fluorescence band at 1423 nm, demonstrating sensitivity to Bi doping concentration and homogeneity, is attributed to Bi clusters (aggregates of Bi+ ions), whereas the shorter-wavelength emission, independent of Bi concentration, originates from isolated Bi+ ions. A vacuum-assisted melting-in-tube method with a single-step heating process was employed to fabricate Bi-doped silica-based glasses and fibers. The fluorescence bands of the fibers remained consistent with those of the precursor glasses, indicating no new BLCs were formed during fiber fabrication. The modulation of fluorescence bands was primarily governed by Bi cluster formation. Suppressing Bi clustering through co-doping with Al/Ge or optimizing fabrication conditions offers an effective route to tailor the fluorescence properties of Bi-doped glasses and fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials, 2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 7173 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in the Use of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Water Decontamination
by Víctor Cepa-López, Miguel Sánchez-Fuente, Alicia Moya and Rubén Mas-Ballesté
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050152 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Water pollution by persistent organic and inorganic contaminants constitutes a significant problem for ecosystems and public health. Organic substances such as dyes, pharmaceutical residues, pesticides, and phenolic compounds are increasingly detected in water due to industrial and agricultural activities. Alongside these, toxic heavy [...] Read more.
Water pollution by persistent organic and inorganic contaminants constitutes a significant problem for ecosystems and public health. Organic substances such as dyes, pharmaceutical residues, pesticides, and phenolic compounds are increasingly detected in water due to industrial and agricultural activities. Alongside these, toxic heavy metals contribute to the complexity of water treatment challenges. Conventional remediation methods often fall short due to high operational costs or limited efficiency. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach for pollutant degradation in water under light irradiation. In this sense, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of porous, crystalline materials formed by the covalent linkage of organic units, offer great advantages as photocatalysts. Their tunable electronic properties, structural diversity, and high stability under aqueous conditions make them ideal for visible light-driven processes. This review explores the structural features that govern the photocatalytic activity of COFs, including conjugation, bandgap modulation, and donor–acceptor structures. Mechanistic insights into photocatalytic degradation are also discussed. Finally, examples of pre-designed COFs are presented with their application in the photodegradation of water pollutants, and their main reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the photodegradation mechanism. Overall, this review aims to provide a foundation for the rational design of COFs in advanced water treatment technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystalline Porous Materials for Environment and Sensing)
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27 pages, 19227 KiB  
Article
Copper(II) Complex with a 3,3′-Dicarboxy-2,2′-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane-Based Carboxylic Ligand: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Optical, Density Functional Theory, Cytotoxic, and Molecular Docking Approaches for a Potential Anti-Colon Cancer Control
by Ayman H. Ahmed, Ibrahim O. Althobaiti, Kamal A. Soliman, Yazeed M. Asiri, Ebtsam K. Alenezy, Saad Alrashdi and Ehab S. Gad
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050151 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 279
Abstract
The chemical interaction of salicylic acid, formaldehyde, and sulfuric acid produced a disalicylic ligand (3,3′-dicarboxy-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane, DCM), which was then allowed to coordinate with copper (II) ions. The solid compounds’ chemical structures were determined using elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR, MS, 1H-NMR, PXRD, SEM, [...] Read more.
The chemical interaction of salicylic acid, formaldehyde, and sulfuric acid produced a disalicylic ligand (3,3′-dicarboxy-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane, DCM), which was then allowed to coordinate with copper (II) ions. The solid compounds’ chemical structures were determined using elemental analysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR, MS, 1H-NMR, PXRD, SEM, TEM, magnetic studies, as well as molecular modeling based on DFT (density functional theory) calculations. It was proposed that the ligand coordinates in a tetradentate fashion with the copper ion to give a square-planar binuclear complex. A significant difference in the diffraction patterns between Cu(II)–DCM (amorphous) and DCM (crystalline) was displayed using an X-ray diffraction analysis. Spherical granules were identified throughout through morphology analysis using SEM and TEM. UV-Vis spectra were used to quantify the optical characteristics such as the energy gap, optical conductivity, refractive index, and penetration depth. The band gap values that lie within the semiconductor region suggested that the compounds could be used for electronic applications. The optimized structure of the synthesized Cu(II)–DCM complex was investigated using DFT and TD-DFT (time-dependent density functional theory) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) level, with the LANL2DZ basis set for Cu in an ethanol solvent and the gas environment modeled by CPCM. The experimental data suggest a square-planar geometry of the Cu(II) binuclear complex. The theoretical calculations support the proposed structure of the compound. The cytotoxicity of the DCM against HCT–116 (human colon cancer) cells was tested, and the outcome exhibited good inhibitions of growth. A molecular docking (MD) examination was carried out to illustrate the binding mode/affinity of the prepared compounds (DCM and Cu(II)–DCM) in the active site of the receptor protein [CDK2 enzyme, PDB ID: 6GUE]. The compounds formed hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues of the protein, increasing the binding affinity from −7.2 to −9.3 kcal/mol through the coordination process. The information from this current study, particularly the copper complex, is beneficial for exploring new compounds that have anticancer potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Future Trends for Novel Copper Complexes)
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31 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Novel 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Derived V(IV)O, Ni(II), and Fe(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Against Tumor Cells
by Joana Lopes, Leonor Côrte-Real, Íris Neto, Alice Alborghetti, Maël Dejoux, Nora V. May, Xavier Fontrodona, Isabel Romero, Alexandra M. M. Antunes, Catarina Pinto Reis, Maria Manuela Gaspar and Isabel Correia
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050150 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of five novel metal complexes. Three of them are vanadium complexes with the general formula [VO(Ln)2], where Ln are Schiff bases derived from the condensation of 2-carbaldehyde-8-hydroxyquinoline with either 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (L [...] Read more.
We report the synthesis and characterization of five novel metal complexes. Three of them are vanadium complexes with the general formula [VO(Ln)2], where Ln are Schiff bases derived from the condensation of 2-carbaldehyde-8-hydroxyquinoline with either 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (L1), 3-morpholinopropylamine (L2) or 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine (L3). The two other metal complexes are [Ni(L1)2] and [Fe(L1)2]Cl. They were characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, UV-visible absorption), and mass spectrometric techniques as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for all [VO(Ln)2] complexes and [Ni(L1)2]). While, in the crystal structure, the V(IV)O complexes show distorted square–pyramidal geometry with the ligands bound as bidentate through quinolate NO donors, the Ni(II) complex shows octahedral geometry with two ligand molecules coordinated through NNO donors. Stability studies in aqueous media revealed that the vanadium complexes are not stable, undergoing oxidation to VO2(L), which was corroborated by 51V NMR and MS. This behavior is also observed in organic media, though at a significantly slower rate. The Ni complex exhibited small spectral changes over time in aqueous media. Nonetheless, all compounds show enhanced stability in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorescence studies carried out for the Ni(II) and Fe(III) complexes indicate reversible binding to albumin. The cytotoxicity of the L1 metal complexes was assessed on melanoma (B16F10 and A375) and colon cancer (CT-26 and HCT-116) cell lines, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a reference drug. The V- and Ni complexes showed the lowest IC50 values (<10 μM) in either A375 or HCT-116 cells after 48 h of incubation, while the Fe(III) complex presented minimal antiproliferative effects. The complexes were generally more cytotoxic to human than murine cancer cells. Synergistic in vitro studies with 5-FU revealed antagonism in most cases, except in A375 cells, where an additive effect was observed for the combination with the V-complex. Overall, these compounds show promising potential for cancer treatment, mostly for melanoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Vanadium Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 4801 KiB  
Article
Annealing Time Effect on the Microstructure, Phase Evolution, and Magnetic Properties of Self-Foaming AlCuFe Alloy
by Rodolfo López, José Manuel Hernández, Carlos Damián, Ismeli Alfonso Lopez, Gonzalo Gonzalez and Ignacio Alejandro Figueroa
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050149 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
The self-foaming method offers a promising approach for producing AlCuFe metallic foams without the need for external foaming agents. Although it is well established that both alloy composition and heat treatment play a fundamental role in pore formation, the specific influence of annealing [...] Read more.
The self-foaming method offers a promising approach for producing AlCuFe metallic foams without the need for external foaming agents. Although it is well established that both alloy composition and heat treatment play a fundamental role in pore formation, the specific influence of annealing time on the resulting microstructure and physical properties remains insufficiently explored. In the present study, the effects of annealing time on the microstructure, phase evolution, and magnetic properties of self-foaming Al58Cu27Fe15 alloys are investigated. Metallic foams were synthesized using the self-foaming method, heat-treating the samples at 850 °C for 6, 9, 15, and 24 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal that prolonged annealing increases porosity, reaching 64% and 61% after 15 and 24 h, respectively. The porosity formation mechanism was attributed to a peritectic reaction involving the liquid metastable τ phase and the solid λ and β phases. Magnetic measurements indicated complex behavior consistent with the Curie–Weiss law, influenced by phase composition and interactions between Coulomb forces, Hund’s rule exchange, and Fe 3d–Al s, p orbital hybridization. Full article
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10 pages, 10113 KiB  
Article
Simplified Preparation of N-Doped Carbon Nanosheets Using EDTA Route
by Denghu Wei, Zongfu Sun and Leilei Xu
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050148 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 168
Abstract
Amorphous carbon and its heteroatom-doped derivatives often exhibit wrinkled, defective, porous structures, and find wide applications in the fields of energy storage and catalysis. To date, although many methods for preparing doped carbon materials have been reported, the preparation process is relatively complex, [...] Read more.
Amorphous carbon and its heteroatom-doped derivatives often exhibit wrinkled, defective, porous structures, and find wide applications in the fields of energy storage and catalysis. To date, although many methods for preparing doped carbon materials have been reported, the preparation process is relatively complex, and there are still few simple methods available. Therefore, it is necessary to further develop simple and feasible preparation methods. In this study, we employed commercially available manganese disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Na2Mn, serving as both carbon and nitrogen sources) as the precursor. Through thermal decomposition under a nitrogen atmosphere, a nitrogen-doped carbon composite embedded with manganese monoxide (MnO) was initially obtained. Subsequently, hydrochloric acid etching was applied to remove the MnO phases, yielding the final product: nitrogen-doped carbon, denoted as C-N-Mn. Notably, the carbonization and nitrogen-doping processes were simultaneously accomplished during pyrolysis, thereby streamlining the synthesis route for nitrogen-doped carbons. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, we extended the methodology to two additional metal–organic salts (EDTA-Na2Zn and EDTA-NaFe), successfully synthesizing nitrogen-doped carbon materials (C-N-Zn and C-M-Fe) in both cases. The phase composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area, and pore volume of the products were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. These nitrogen-doped carbons exhibit high specific surface areas and tunable pore volumes, suggesting their potential applicability in energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Electrode Materials in High-Performance Energy Storage Devices)
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17 pages, 4566 KiB  
Article
Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Yb3+-Doped 3D Nanosheet Arrays BiOI Anchored on High-Chloride Fly Ash Composites
by Shuxian Qiu, Danhua Zhao, Runtong Luo, Xiaohong Liu, Jianping Yang, Lijun Xie, Xingyuan Gao and Liaochuan Jiang
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050147 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
A Yb3+-doped BiOI 3D nanosheet array composite was successfully fabricated through a solvothermal deposition strategy on flexible carbon cloth (CC). This composite was subsequently integrated with high-chlorine fly ash (FA) blocks to form the Yb-BiOI/CC/FA hybrid material. Comprehensive characterization was performed [...] Read more.
A Yb3+-doped BiOI 3D nanosheet array composite was successfully fabricated through a solvothermal deposition strategy on flexible carbon cloth (CC). This composite was subsequently integrated with high-chlorine fly ash (FA) blocks to form the Yb-BiOI/CC/FA hybrid material. Comprehensive characterization was performed using multiple analytical techniques for crystalline phase identification, morphological analysis, valence state, band structure evaluation, and charge carrier separation assessment. Electrochemical measurements were conducted to evaluate the material’s electronic properties. Experimental results demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation, with the Yb-BiOI/CC/FA composite achieving 52.87% methylene blue degradation efficiency. The reaction rate constant of this modified nanomaterial was approximately 2.1 times higher than that of pristine BiOI/CC/FA. Radical trapping experiments revealed that superoxide radicals (·O2−) served as the predominant oxidative species. This study presents a dual-benefit strategy for environmental remediation by simultaneously achieving sustainable waste valorization of industrial byproducts (FA) and developing high-efficiency photocatalytic materials. The successful integration of rare-earth metal modification with substrate engineering provides valuable insights for designing advanced photocatalytic systems for pollutant degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)
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15 pages, 2856 KiB  
Article
Insights into Pd-Nb@In2Se3 Electrocatalyst for High-Performance and Selective CO2 Reduction Reaction from DFT
by Lin Ju, Xiao Tang, Yixin Zhang, Mengya Chen, Shuli Liu and Chen Long
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050146 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), driven by renewable energy, represents a promising strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO2 levels while generating valuable fuels and chemicals. Its practical implementation hinges on the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts. In this study, [...] Read more.
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), driven by renewable energy, represents a promising strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO2 levels while generating valuable fuels and chemicals. Its practical implementation hinges on the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts. In this study, a novel dual-metal atomic catalyst (DAC), composed of niobium and palladium single atoms anchored on a ferroelectric α-In2Se3 monolayer (Nb-Pd@In2Se3), is proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The investigation encompassed analyses of structural and electronic characteristics, CO2 adsorption configurations, transition-state energetics, and Gibbs free energy changes during the eCO2RR process, elucidating a synergistic catalytic mechanism. The Nb-Pd@In2Se3 DAC system demonstrates enhanced CO2 activation compared to single-atom counterparts, which is attributed to the complementary roles of Nb and Pd sites. Specifically, Nb atoms primarily drive carbon reduction, while neighboring Pd atoms facilitate oxygen species removal through proton-coupled electron transfer. This dual-site interaction lowers the overall reaction barrier, promoting efficient CO2 conversion. Notably, the polarization switching of the In2Se3 substrate dynamically modulates energy barriers and reaction pathways, thereby influencing product selectivity. Our work provides theoretical guidance for designing ferroelectric-supported DACs for the eCO2RR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysis Materials Design: Innovations and Applications)
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10 pages, 1490 KiB  
Article
Cadmium Complexes—A Novel Family in the Coordination Chemistry of 1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthenes
by Egor V. Chekhov, Ivan V. Bakaev, Alisa K. Gukova, Nikolay O. Shaposhnikov, Veronika I. Komlyagina, Saltanat Appazova, Banu Diyarova, Klara Darmagambet, Nurbol Appazov, Nikolai F. Romashev and Artem L. Gushchin
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050145 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis routes for the first representatives of cadmium complexes based on 1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthene (Ar-bian). The reaction of CdCl2 with bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)acenaphthene (tmp-bian) in a 1-to-1 molar ratio led to a dimeric complex [Cd2(tmp-bian)2Cl2(µ-Cl)2 [...] Read more.
This work presents the synthesis routes for the first representatives of cadmium complexes based on 1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthene (Ar-bian). The reaction of CdCl2 with bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)acenaphthene (tmp-bian) in a 1-to-1 molar ratio led to a dimeric complex [Cd2(tmp-bian)2Cl2(µ-Cl)2] (1). Further treatment of complex 1 with silver triflate as a chloride-eliminating agent, followed by the addition of one equivalent of tmp-bian, resulted in the formation of a mixture consisting of [Cd2(tmp-bian)2(H2O)4(µ-Cl)2](OTf)2 (2) and [Cd(tmp-bian)2(OTf)2] (3). To obtain complex 3 in its individual form, a reaction of Cd(OTf)2 with two equivalents of tmp-bian was carried out. The characterization of the complexes was conducted through a range of analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, as well as IR and 1H NMR-spectroscopies. Redox properties of 1 and 3 were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammograms revealed irreversible reduction processes centered on the tmp-bian ligand, which were confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)
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31 pages, 8352 KiB  
Article
Novel Trimethoprim-Based Metal Complexes and Nanoparticle Functionalization: Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Anticancer Properties
by Abbas M. Abbas, Hossam H. Nasrallah, A. Aboelmagd, W. Christopher Boyd, Haitham Kalil and Adel S. Orabi
Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050144 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized a novel trimethoprim derivative, 4-(((2-amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,3-diol (HD), by the reaction of trimethoprim with 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. We then prepared metal complexes of this derivative with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Zn(II) and functionalized them with ZnO and Au nanoparticles. Their [...] Read more.
In this study, we synthesized a novel trimethoprim derivative, 4-(((2-amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine-4-yl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,3-diol (HD), by the reaction of trimethoprim with 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. We then prepared metal complexes of this derivative with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Zn(II) and functionalized them with ZnO and Au nanoparticles. Their structures were confirmed through 1H NMR, mass spectrometry, FTIR, conductivity, thermal analysis, magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and TEM, revealing octahedral geometries for all complexes. Surface features were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters and target enzymes for HD and its complexes were computed using the SwissADME web tool, with the BOILED-Egg model indicating that HD and its Cu complex should be passively permeable via the blood-brain barrier and highly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), unlike the Ni, Co, Ag, and Zn complexes, which are predicted to show low GIT absorption. Molecular docking studies with the Caspase-3 enzyme (PDB code: 3GJQ) using the AutoDock 4.2 software demonstrated binding energies of −7.66, −8.36, −9.05, −8.62, −6.90, and −7.81 kcal/mol for HD and the Cu, Co, Ni, Ag, and Zn complexes, respectively, compared to −6.54 and −4.63 kcal/mol for TMP and 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), indicating a potential superior anticancer potential of the novel compounds. The anticancer activities of these complexes were evaluated using the MTT assay. The IC50 values for 5-FU, TMP, HD, Cu-HD, HD@ZnONPs, Cu-HD@ZnONPs, HD@AuNPs, and Cu-HD@AuNPs were found to be 32.53, 80.76, 114.7, 61.66, 77, 53.13, 55.06, and 50.81 µg/mL, respectively. Notably, all derivatives exhibited higher activity against the HepG-2 cancer cell line than TMP, except for HD, which showed similar effectiveness to TMP. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the Au-HD@AuNPs and Cu-HD@AuNPs significantly increased caspase-3 inhibition by 4.35- and 4.5-fold and P53 expression by 3.05- and 3.41-fold, respectively, indicating enhanced pro-apoptotic gene expression and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrate that these novel derivatives possess significant anticancer properties, with some complexes showing superior activity compared to standard drugs such as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Trimethoprim (TMP). This study highlights the potential of these nanocomposites as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Metal Ions in Health and Diseases: Current Progress and Future Challenges)
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