Toxins, Volume 18, Issue 8

Biomonitoring is a valuable tool for assessing exposure to toxicants and understanding their potential impact on human and animal health [...]

Post-stroke spasticity may interfere with function and rehabilitation and contribute to pain, contracture, care burden, and disability. Botulinum toxin type A is an established focal treatment for post-stroke spasticity, but it is often introduced in...

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and patulin (PAT) are common mycotoxins in cereals and fruits, posing health risks for animals and human beings. In order to study their liver toxicity, 24 mice were randomly assigned to four groups, with six replicates in each g...

Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a mesh like polymer that builds and protects the bacterial cell wall. Across and even within species, PGN varies considerably in structure and composition, and this structural diversity shapes how released fragments are detecte...

Mycotoxin contamination remains a persistent threat to food and feed safety owing to the chemical stability of many mycotoxins, frequent co-occurrence, and matrix-dependent risks. Enzymatic detoxification enables structure-targeted transformation of...

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic mycotoxin which can be carried over into animal products and cause deterioration of livestock productivity when fed to livestock and wildlife. This review proposes a biomarker-guided framework for improving the e...

Hymenopteran venoms contain diverse proteins and peptides that shape envenomation, defense, predation, and allergic responses. Honeybee venom from Apis mellifera is well characterized, while molecular resources for the Asian giant hornet Vespa mandar...

Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PR-AKI) increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the postpartum period, yet mechanisms driving this transition remain unclear. Uremic toxins, including indoxyl sulfate (IS), are implicated in AKI-to...

The interaction between modified forms of deoxynivalenol (DON), such as DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and feed enzymes is underestimated. We assessed the interaction between DON and non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (NSPases) on growth performance, and e...

Phytochemicals with antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) are considered potential in-feed anti-mycotoxigenic agents that may complement conventional post-harvest control strategies. Therefore, we screened fourteen phytoch...

Mycotoxins contaminate a wide range of foods and may contribute to both acute toxicity and chronic dietary exposure. Because online video increasingly shapes public interpretation of food-safety hazards, we evaluated the quality of English-language Y...

Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin with well-established nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. Despite decades of research, the structure, thematic evolution, and emerging directions of the scientific literature...

A previously overlooked isomer of okadaic acid (OA), which is structurally related to dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), was identified in bivalves and water columns from the Northwest Iberian Peninsula. This isomer elutes chromatographically after DTX2 and b...

Aflatoxin 1. (AFB1) threatens animal health and dairy safety, but mammary-protective interventions remain poorly defined. We evaluated whether S-methylmethionine (SMM; commonly known as vitamin U) attenuates AFB1-associated injury using MAC-T bovine...

Aspergillus flavus is a major fungal species that contaminates a wide range of crops and produces aflatoxins under favorable environmental conditions. Several approaches have been developed for aflatoxigenic A. flavus identification and aflatoxins de...

Background: A substantial proportion of patients with chronic migraine (CM) with previous failures among oral standard-of-care migraine medications do not respond to monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonine gene related peptide pathway (CGRP-m...

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a Fusarium mycotoxin frequently detected in poultry feeds, impairs broiler health by damaging gut integrity, altering immune response, and compromising growth performance. Insect-derived proteins, such as those from yellow mealw...

VERO cells, derived from the kidney epithelium of the African green monkey, are widely used in virology, but their ability to metabolize xenobiotics is not fully understood. Since cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes participate in xenobiotic metabolism, we...

The gut microbiota and its metabolic functions are critical for intestinal homeostasis, but their integrated responses to diarrhea remain poorly understood in non-model mammals, such as the complex-toothed flying squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes). Her...

Lys49 phospholipase A2 (Lys49-PLA₂) homologues are catalytically inactive snake venom toxins with diverse biological activities, but their functional characterization requires recombinant production strategies to overcome the limitations inherent to...

Excessive cyanobacterial proliferation and toxin production increasingly threaten freshwater ecosystems, drinking water systems, and public health. Among cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the most prevalent variants and is recognized for...

Nodularin is a cyanobacterial toxin predominantly produced by Nodularia spumigena Mertens. This cyanobacterium has been associated with fish, bird, and animal deaths, and the toxin can contaminate fish and shellfish intended for human consumption. Wi...

Decentralized agricultural systems (DAS) are essential to food security for millions of people in low-resource settings, yet most existing contaminant monitoring frameworks have been designed for centralized supply chains. This paper proposes a struc...

Chronic kidney disease is associated with neurovascular complications including cognitive impairment, potentially involving blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. The protein-bound uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) promotes endothelial injury, b...

Cyanotoxin events are among the most serious consequences of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms. Microcystins (MCs), among the most prevalent cyanotoxins, are known to adversely affect human health. Recently, respiratory exposure has emerged as an i...

Background: Treatment of the lower face with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is particularly challenging because of the important functional roles of the involved muscles, which increases the risk of adverse events and complications. Methods: To addr...

This study assesses the impact of sublethal levels of four marine toxins ciguatoxin (CTX-1), maitotoxin-2 (MTX-2), saxitoxin (STX) and brevetoxin-2 (BTX-2) on murine hepatic detoxification enzymes expressed in mouse liver. CTX-1, BTX-2, and STX alter...

Post-stroke spasticity involves both neural and non-neural mechanisms, including structural alterations of muscles and surrounding fascia. Although botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is widely used to treat focal spasticity, its effects on fascial tissu...

Hemodiafiltration (HDF) combines diffusion and convection to enhance solute removal compared with hemodialysis (HD). While widely adopted in Europe and parts of Asia, uptake elsewhere remains limited due to regulatory, reimbursement, and infrastructu...

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) injection for lateral canthal rhytids is among the most frequently performed nonsurgical aesthetic procedures; however, procedure-related hematoma and ecchymosis remain frequent local adverse events associated wit...

Cerebral palsy is a leading cause of childhood motor disability, and ambulatory children with spastic hemiplegia commonly present with dynamic equinus, calf muscle overactivity, and gait impairment. Evidence on focal vibration after botulinum toxin t...

Toad poison (ChanSu), a traditional animal-derived medicine, has long been used in East Asian medical systems for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and tumor-related disorders. While bufadienolides have been extensively investigated as its maj...

Mycotoxin contamination of cereal-based pig feeds is a persistent threat to swine health and global pork safety. Pigs are uniquely susceptible to mycotoxicosis, and the principal toxins—aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN),...

In this study, a previously uncharacterized zearalenone lactone hydrolase, ZHD30L, from Knufia peltigerae was identified and characterized, and semi-rational design was employed to enhance its thermostability. The results indicate that the optimal re...

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), represents a major global health challenge by limiting the current therapeutic options. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMP...

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major disease of wheat and barley worldwide. Besides causing yield loss, F. graminearum also contaminates infected grains with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and it...

Schwann cells (SC) myelinate peripheral axons and orchestrate nerve regeneration after injury by switching between myelinating, proliferative and repair states. Evidence suggests that Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) influences SC biology, potent...

Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid for infant growth and development, commonly added to infant formula and supplementary foods as ARA oil or ARA powder. Since December 2025, infant formula products have been...

Staphylococcus aureus frequently colonizes the skin and upper airways and produces a broad repertoire of immunomodulatory molecules. In asthma, the most consistent evidence concerns staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), which can act both as superantige...