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(1) Background: Humans and animals are exposed daily to numerous food-associated noxious molecules, including fungal toxins or mycotoxins. Effects of mycotoxins on the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are well characterized. However, their impact o...

While tropical regions have traditionally been the focus of studies on natural bioactive products, works published within the last decade demonstrate that cyanobacteria from the Baltic Sea also possess significant biotechnological and pharmaceutical...

Polygalae Radix, a traditional Chinese medicine for insomnia and memory disorders, is highly susceptible to fungal contamination and mycotoxin production (especially by Aspergillus flavus) during storage, compromising its safety and efficacy. Therefo...

Scorpion venom toxins are important peptides being studied for their clinical significance. These peptides act by binding to ion channels in the membrane of nerve cells, causing the symptoms associated with scorpion stings (scorpionism). They princip...

Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules that modulate hemostasis and, among these, anticoagulant snake venom phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) are found in a range of snake venoms. Crotoxin (CTX), from the Crotalus durissus rattlesnake, is a het...

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Animal venoms are valuable resources for drug discovery. They offer a wide variety of bioactive molecules with significant biotechnological potential. Venom composition shows extensive diversity not only between and within species, but also across th...

The increasing occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems poses important risks to aquatic organisms and human health due to the production of bioactive secondary metabolites such as cyanopeptides. While analytical methods f...

Toxins as channel probes, small guanidinium alkaloids, such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin, canonical pore occlusion in voltage-gated Na+ channels. Cystine-rich peptides from spiders, scorpions, cone snails, and sea anemones, which act as pore blocker...

Nephrotoxin-mediated kidney injury is an important clinical problem, as it can lead to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Both entities are associated with significant morbidity, increased hospitalisation, healthcare utilisation, and car...