Nutrients

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

13 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Nutrients in 2015

by Nutrients Editorial Office

MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse 64, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010061 - 21 Jan 2016

Viewed by 5514

Abstract

The editors of Nutrients would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...] Full article

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

5 pages, 183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Severe Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome to Cow’s Milk in Infants

by Min Yang^1,†, Lanlan Geng^1,†, Zhaohui Xu¹, Peiyu Chen¹, Craig A. Friesen², Sitang Gong^1,* and Ding-You Li^2,*

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China

² Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010001 - 22 Dec 2015

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7702

Abstract

Cow’s milk is the most common cause of food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). The aim of this study was to examine the clinical features and treatment outcomes of infants with severe FPIES to cow’s milk. We reviewed all infants ≤12 months of age who [...] Read more.

Cow’s milk is the most common cause of food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). The aim of this study was to examine the clinical features and treatment outcomes of infants with severe FPIES to cow’s milk. We reviewed all infants ≤12 months of age who were hospitalized and diagnosed with severe FPIES to cow’s milk between 1 January 2011 and 31 August 2014 in a tertiary Children’s Medical Center in China. Patients’ clinical features, feeding patterns, laboratory tests, and treatment outcomes were reviewed. A total of 12 infants met the inclusion criteria. All infants presented with diarrhea, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. Other main clinical manifestations included regurgitation/vomiting, skin rashes, low-grade fever, bloody and/or mucous stools, abdominal distention, and failure to thrive. They had clinical remission with resolution of diarrhea and significant increase of serum albumin after elimination of cow’s milk protein (CMP) from the diet. The majority of infants developed tolerance to the CMP challenge test after 12 months of avoidance. In conclusion, we reported the clinical experience of 12 infants with severe FPIES to cow’s milk, which resulted in malnutrition, hypoproteinemia, and failure to thrive. Prompt treatment with CMP-free formula is effective and leads to clinical remission of FPIES in infants. Full article

11 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individuals with Metabolically Healthy Overweight/Obesity Have Higher Fat Utilization than Metabolically Unhealthy Individuals

by Arturo Pujia¹, Carmine Gazzaruso², Yvelise Ferro¹, Elisa Mazza¹

, Samantha Maurotti¹, Cristina Russo¹, Veronica Lazzaro³, Stefano Romeo^1,4 and Tiziana Montalcini^1,*

¹ Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro 88100, Italy

² Clinical Institute “Beato Matteo”, Vigevano 27029, Italy

³ Department of Health Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro 88100, Italy

⁴ Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010002 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8957

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying the change in phenotype from metabolically healthy to metabolically unhealthy obesity are still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a difference in fasting fat utilization exists between overweight/obese individuals with a favorable cardiovascular risk profile and [...] Read more.

The mechanisms underlying the change in phenotype from metabolically healthy to metabolically unhealthy obesity are still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a difference in fasting fat utilization exists between overweight/obese individuals with a favorable cardiovascular risk profile and those with Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, we sought to explore whether there is an association between fasting fat utilization and insulin resistance. In this cross-sectional study, 172 overweight/obese individuals underwent a nutritional assessment. Those with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or antidiabetic treatment were considered to be diabetics. If at least three of the NCEP criteria were present, they had Metabolic Syndrome, while those with less criteria were considered to be healthy overweight/obese. An indirect calorimetry was performed to estimate Respiratory Quotient, an index of nutrient utilization. A lower Respiratory Quotient (i.e., higher fat utilization) was found in healthy overweight/obese individuals than in those with Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes (0.85 ± 0.05; 0.87 ± 0.06; 0.88 ± 0.05 respectively, p = 0.04). The univariate and multivariable analysis showed a positive association between the Respiratory Quotient and HOMA-IR (slope in statistic (B) = 0.004; β = 0.42; p = 0.005; 95% Confidence interval = 0.001–0.006). In this study, we find, for the first time, that the fasting Respiratory Quotient is significantly lower (fat utilization is higher) in individuals who are metabolically healthy overweight/obese than in those with metabolically unhealthy obesity. In addition, we demonstrated the association between fat utilization and HOMA-IR, an insulin resistance index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolically Healthy Obesity)

17 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectional Associations between Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns and Indicators of Disease Risk among University Students

by Stacy A. Blondin^1,*

, Megan P. Mueller¹, Peter J. Bakun¹, Silvina F. Choumenkovitch¹, Katherine L. Tucker² and Christina D. Economos¹

¹ Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA

² Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, Center for Population Health & Health Disparities, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 4, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010003 - 24 Dec 2015

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9313

Abstract

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood [...] Read more.

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a unique period during which lifelong dietary habits are shaped. Dietary patterns (DPs) among young adults attending college have not been adequately described, and associations between DPs and indicators of disease risk are not well understood in this age group. Dietary data were collected from undergraduates participating in the Tufts Longitudinal Health Study (TLHS; 1998–2007) by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ; n = 1323). DPs were derived using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Scree plots; eigenvalues; factor loadings; and previous studies were used to determine and label the DPs retained. Cross-sectional relationships between DP scores and anthropometric measures (percent body fat (PBF) and (BMI) and lipid biomarkers (total; HDL and LDL cholesterol; and triglycerides) were assessed with multivariable regression models; adjusted for demographics; physical activity; smoking; intention to gain/lose weight; and total energy intake. Effect modification by sex was tested. Three DPs were identified: Prudent; Western; and Alcohol. Greater adherence to the Prudent DP was associated with favorable anthropometric outcomes. The Alcohol DP was associated with a favorable lipid profile. Associations between the Western DP and blood lipids differed by sex; with unfavorable impact observed only among males. Our findings add to the literature linking DPs in young adults with measurable adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes; suggesting that improving nutrition among college students could reduce chronic disease risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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13 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Free Amino Acid Responses to Intraduodenal Whey Protein, and Relationships with Insulin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Energy Intake in Lean Healthy Men

by Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh^1,2,*, Amy T. Hutchison¹

, Stijn Soenen¹, Robert E. Steinert¹, Peter M. Clifton^1,3

, Michael Horowitz¹ and Christine Feinle-Bisset¹

¹ NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia

² CSIRO Food and Nutrition, PO Box 10041 Adelaide BC, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia

³ School of Pharmacology and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010004 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6886

Abstract

This study determined the effects of increasing loads of intraduodenal (ID) dairy protein on plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, and their relationships with serum insulin, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and energy intake. Sixteen healthy men had concentrations of AAs, GLP-1 and insulin measured [...] Read more.

This study determined the effects of increasing loads of intraduodenal (ID) dairy protein on plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, and their relationships with serum insulin, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and energy intake. Sixteen healthy men had concentrations of AAs, GLP-1 and insulin measured in response to 60-min ID infusions of hydrolysed whey protein administered, in double-blinded and randomised order, at 2.1 (P2.1), 6.3 (P6.3) or 12.5 (P12.5) kJ/min (encompassing the range of nutrient emptying from the stomach), or saline control (C). Energy intake was quantified immediately afterwards. Compared with C, the concentrations of 19/20 AAs, the exception being cysteine, were increased, and this was dependent on the protein load. The relationship between AA concentrations in the infusions and the area under the curve from 0 to 60 min (AUC_{0–60 min}) of each AA profile was strong for essential AAs (R² range, 0.61–0.67), but more variable for non-essential (0.02–0.54) and conditional (0.006–0.64) AAs. The AUC_{0–60 min} for each AA was correlated directly with the AUC_{0–60 min} of insulin (R² range 0.3–0.6), GLP-1 (0.2–0.6) and energy intake (0.09–0.3) (p < 0.05, for all), with the strongest correlations being for branched-chain AAs, lysine, methionine and tyrosine. These findings indicate that ID whey protein infused at loads encompassing the normal range of gastric emptying increases plasma concentrations of 19/20 AAs in a load-dependent manner, and provide novel information on the close relationships between the essential AAs, leucine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, and the conditionally-essential AA, tyrosine, with energy intake, insulin and GLP-1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products and Human Health)

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15 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Nutrition and Glycaemic Index during Pregnancy Impacts on Offspring Adiposity at 6 Months of Age—Analysis from the ROLO Randomised Controlled Trial

by Mary K. Horan¹, Ciara A. McGowan¹, Eileen R. Gibney²

, Jacinta Byrne¹, Jean M. Donnelly¹ and Fionnuala M. McAuliffe^1,*

¹ UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland

² School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010007 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8239

Abstract

Childhood obesity is associated with increased risk of adult obesity and metabolic disease. Diet and lifestyle in pregnancy influence fetal programming; however the influence of specific dietary components, including low glycaemic index (GI), remains complex. We examined the effect of a maternal low [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity is associated with increased risk of adult obesity and metabolic disease. Diet and lifestyle in pregnancy influence fetal programming; however the influence of specific dietary components, including low glycaemic index (GI), remains complex. We examined the effect of a maternal low GI dietary intervention on offspring adiposity at 6 months and explored the association between diet and lifestyle factors in pregnancy and infant body composition at 6 months. 280 6-month old infant and mother pairs from the control (n = 142) and intervention group (n = 138), who received low GI dietary advice in pregnancy, in the ROLO study were analysed. Questionnaires (food diaries and lifestyle) were completed during pregnancy, followed by maternal lifestyle and infant feeding questionnaires at 6 months postpartum. Maternal anthropometry was measured throughout pregnancy and at 6 months post-delivery, along with infant anthropometry. No difference was found in 6 months infant adiposity between control and intervention groups. Maternal trimester three GI, trimester two saturated fats and trimester one and three sodium intake were positively associated with offspring adiposity, while trimester two and three vitamin C intake was negatively associated. In conclusion associations were observed between maternal dietary intake and GI during pregnancy and offspring adiposity at 6 months of age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Premenopausal Nutrition and Fertility)

15 pages, 389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Calorie Beverage Consumption Is Associated with Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality in British Adults

by Sigrid A. Gibson^1,*, Graham W. Horgan²

, Lucy E. Francis¹, Amelia A. Gibson¹ and Alison M. Stephen³

¹ Sig-Nurture, Guildford, Surrey GU1 2TF, UK

² Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland

³ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010009 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 13318

Abstract

It is unclear whether consumption of low-calorie beverages (LCB) leads to compensatory consumption of sweet foods, thus reducing benefits for weight control or diet quality. This analysis investigated associations between beverage consumption and energy intake and diet quality of adults in the UK [...] Read more.

It is unclear whether consumption of low-calorie beverages (LCB) leads to compensatory consumption of sweet foods, thus reducing benefits for weight control or diet quality. This analysis investigated associations between beverage consumption and energy intake and diet quality of adults in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008–2011; n = 1590), classified into: (a) non-consumers of soft drinks (NC); (b) LCB consumers; (c) sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumers; or (d) consumers of both beverages (BB), based on 4-day dietary records. Within-person data on beverage consumption on different days assessed the impact on energy intake. LCB consumers and NC consumed less energy and non-milk extrinsic sugars than other groups. Micronutrient intakes and food choices suggested higher dietary quality in NC/LCB consumers compared with SSB/BB consumers. Within individuals on different days, consumption of SSB, milk, juice, and alcohol were all associated with increased energy intake, while LCB and tea, coffee or water were associated with no change; or reduced energy intake when substituted for caloric beverages. Results indicate that NC and LCB consumers tend to have higher quality diets compared with SSB or BB consumers and do not compensate for sugar or energy deficits by consuming more sugary foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beverage Consumption and Human Health)

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7 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Altered Preconception Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Improved Pregnancy Rates in Overweight and Obese Women Undertaking in Vitro Fertilisation

by Lisa J. Moran^1,*, Victoria Tsagareli¹, Manny Noakes² and Robert Norman^1,3

¹ The Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, South Australia, Australia

² CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia

³ Fertility SA, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010010 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8859

Abstract

Maternal preconception diet is proposed to affect fertility. Prior research assessing the effect of altering the fatty acid profile on female fertility is conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of preconception maternal diet, specifically fatty acid profile, on [...] Read more.

Maternal preconception diet is proposed to affect fertility. Prior research assessing the effect of altering the fatty acid profile on female fertility is conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of preconception maternal diet, specifically fatty acid profile, on pregnancies and live births following in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Forty-six overweight and obese women undergoing IVF were randomised to a diet and physical activity intervention (intervention) or standard care (control). Outcome measures included pregnancy, live birth and pre-study dietary intake from food frequency questionnaire. Twenty pregnancies (n = 12/18 vs. n = 8/20, p = 0.12) and 12 live births (n = 7/18 vs. n = 5/20, p = 0.48) occurred following the intervention with no differences between the treatment groups. On analysis adjusted for BMI and smoking status, women who became pregnant had higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake (p = 0.03), specifically omega-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) (p = 0.045) with a trend for an elevated intake of omega-3 PUFA (p = 0.06). There were no dietary differences for women who did or did not have a live birth. Maternal preconception PUFA, and specifically omega-6 and LA intake, are associated with improved pregnancy rates in overweight and obese women undergoing IVF. This has implications for optimising fertility through preconception nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Premenopausal Nutrition and Fertility)

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17 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clustering of Dietary Patterns, Lifestyles, and Overweight among Spanish Children and Adolescents in the ANIBES Study

by Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo¹

, Ángel Gil²

, Marcela González-Gross³

, Rosa M. Ortega⁴

, Lluis Serra-Majem⁵

, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras^6,7 and Javier Aranceta-Bartrina^8,*

¹ FIDEC Foundation, University of the Basque Country, Gurtubay s/n, Bilbao 48010, Spain

² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Campus de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain

³ ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁴ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁵ Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, C/Doctor Pasteur s/n, Trasera del Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain

⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, Crta. Boadilla Km. 5.3, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28668, Spain

⁷ Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), C/General Álvarez de Castro 20. 1a pta, Madrid 28010, Spain

⁸ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona 31008, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010011 - 28 Dec 2015

Cited by 100 | Viewed by 15995

Abstract

Weight gain has been associated with behaviors related to diet, sedentary lifestyle, and physical activity. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep time in Spanish children and adolescents and whether the identified clusters could be [...] Read more.

Weight gain has been associated with behaviors related to diet, sedentary lifestyle, and physical activity. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep time in Spanish children and adolescents and whether the identified clusters could be associated with overweight. Analysis was based on a subsample (n = 415) of the cross-sectional ANIBES study in Spain. We performed exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis of dietary patterns, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep time. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the cluster solutions and overweight. Factor analysis identified four dietary patterns, one reflecting a profile closer to the traditional Mediterranean diet. Dietary patterns, physical activity behaviors, sedentary behaviors and sleep time on weekdays in Spanish children and adolescents clustered into two different groups. A low physical activity-poorer diet lifestyle pattern, which included a higher proportion of girls, and a high physical activity, low sedentary behavior, longer sleep duration, healthier diet lifestyle pattern. Although increased risk of being overweight was not significant, the Prevalence Ratios (PRs) for the low physical activity-poorer diet lifestyle pattern were >1 in children and in adolescents. The healthier lifestyle pattern included lower proportions of children and adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Theory-Based Education Program to Prevent Overweightness in Primary School Children

by Paul L. Kocken^1,2,*, Anne-Marie Scholten^1,3, Ellen Westhoff^1,4

, Brenda P. H. De Kok¹, Elisabeth M. Taal¹ and R. Alexandra Goldbohm⁵

¹ Netherlands organization for applied scientific research (TNO), Division of Child Health, P.O. Box 3005, 2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands

² Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands

³ The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, P.O. Box 13336, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands

⁴ Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

⁵ Netherlands organization for applied scientific research (TNO), Division of Life Style, P.O. Box 3005, 2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010012 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8449

Abstract

The effectiveness of the “Extra Fit!” (EF!) education program in promoting healthy diet and physical activity to prevent and reduce overweightness among primary school children aged 9 to 11 was evaluated. A randomized controlled design was carried out in 45 primary schools ( [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of the “Extra Fit!” (EF!) education program in promoting healthy diet and physical activity to prevent and reduce overweightness among primary school children aged 9 to 11 was evaluated. A randomized controlled design was carried out in 45 primary schools (n = 1112) in the Netherlands, 23 intervention and 22 control schools. The intervention schools received the education program for two successive school years in grades (U.S. system) 4, 5, and 6 (mean 7.6 h during 16 weeks per school per year). The control schools followed their usual curriculum. No positive effects of EF! were found with regard to behavior and anthropometric measures when follow-up measurements were compared to the baseline. However, from baseline to follow-up after one and two school years, the intervention group improved their knowledge score significantly compared to the control group. Moreover, an effect was observed for mean time spent inactively that increased more in the control group than in the intervention group. In conclusion, limited intervention effects were found for the intervention on knowledge and inactivity. To improve the effectiveness of education programs, we advise focusing on parental involvement, attractive lessons to enlarge the acceptability of the program, and multi-component environmental strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choice and Nutrition: A Social Psychological Perspective)

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14 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Blood Omega-3 Index and Cognition in Typically Developing Dutch Adolescents

by Inge S. M. Van der Wurff^1,*, Clemens Von Schacky²

, Kjetil Berge³, Maurice P. Zeegers^4,5, Paul A. Kirschner¹

and Renate H. M. De Groot^1,4

¹ Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching, and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen 6419 AT, The Netherlands

² Omegametrix, Martinsried 82 152, Germany

³ Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Lysaker NO-1327, Norway

⁴ NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands

⁵ CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010013 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 14877

Abstract

The impact of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on cognition is heavily debated. In the current study, the possible association between omega-3 LCPUFAs in blood and cognitive performance of 266 typically developing adolescents aged 13–15 years is investigated. Baseline data from Food2Learn, [...] Read more.

The impact of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on cognition is heavily debated. In the current study, the possible association between omega-3 LCPUFAs in blood and cognitive performance of 266 typically developing adolescents aged 13–15 years is investigated. Baseline data from Food2Learn, a double-blind and randomized placebo controlled krill oil supplementation trial in typically developing adolescents, were used for the current study. The Omega-3 Index was determined with blood from a finger prick. At baseline, participants finished a neuropsychological test battery consisting of the Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST), D2 test of attention, Digit Span Forward and Backward, Concept Shifting Test and Stroop test. Data were analyzed with multiple regression analyses with correction for covariates. The average Omega-3 Index was 3.83% (SD 0.60). Regression analyses between the Omega-3 Index and the outcome parameters revealed significant associations with scores on two of the nine parameters. The association between the Omega-3 Index and both scores on the LDST (β = 0.136 and p = 0.039), and the number of errors of omission on the D2 (β = −0.053 and p = 0.007). This is a possible indication for a higher information processing speed and less impulsivity in those with a higher Omega-3 Index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

17 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats

by Mahinda Y. Abeywardena^*, Michael Adams, Julie Dallimore and Soressa M. Kitessa

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food & Nutrition, Kintore Ave, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010014 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5836

Abstract

Stearidonic acid (SDA; C18:4n-3) has been suggested as an alternative to fish oil (FO) for delivering health benefits of C ≥ 20 long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA). Echium oil (EO) represents a non-genetically-modified source of SDA [...] Read more.

Stearidonic acid (SDA; C18:4n-3) has been suggested as an alternative to fish oil (FO) for delivering health benefits of C ≥ 20 long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA). Echium oil (EO) represents a non-genetically-modified source of SDA available commercially. This study compared EO and FO in relation to alterations in plasma and tissue fatty acids, and for their ability to afford protection against ischemia-induced cardiac arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Rats were fed (12 weeks) diets supplemented with either EO or FO at three dose levels (1, 3 and 5% w/w; n = 18 per group). EO failed to influence C22:6n-3 (DHA) but increased C22:5n-3 (DPA) in tissues dose-dependently, especially in heart tissue. Conversely, DHA in hearts of FO rats showed dose-related elevation; 14.8%–24.1% of total fatty acids. Kidney showed resistance for incorporation of LC n-3 PUFA. Overall, FO provided greater cardioprotection than EO. At the highest dose level, FO rats displayed lower (p < 0.05) episodes of VF% (29% vs. 73%) and duration (22.7 ± 12.0 vs. 75.8 ± 17.1 s) than the EO group but at 3% EO was comparable to FO. We conclude that there is no endogenous conversion of SDA to DHA, and that DPA may be associated with limited cardiac benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

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14 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Total Antioxidant Capacity from Diet and Supplements Is Associated with a Less Atherogenic Blood Profile in U.S. Adults

by Kijoon Kim, Terrence M. Vance and Ock K. Chun^*

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010015 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 14662

Abstract

Evidence from epidemiologic studies has shown that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the diet might be inversely associated with stroke, heart failure, and inflammatory biomarkers. However, studies on the association of TAC from both diet and supplements with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [...] Read more.

Evidence from epidemiologic studies has shown that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the diet might be inversely associated with stroke, heart failure, and inflammatory biomarkers. However, studies on the association of TAC from both diet and supplements with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the U.S. population are lacking. This cross-sectional population-based study aimed to investigate the association of TAC with both diet and supplements with CVD risk factors among 4039 U.S. adults in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012. TAC from both food sources and dietary supplements was estimated from two 24-h dietary recalls using the NHANES supplement ingredient database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) proanthocyanidin, flavonoid, and isoflavone databases. Top contributors to TAC were tea, antioxidant supplements, vegetable mixture, orange juice, berries, and wine. Antioxidant supplement users had 1.6 times higher TAC than non-users. Greater TAC was associated with reduced triglycerides (TG) (−1.39% change; 95% CI = −2.56 to −0.21), TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (−2.03% change; 95% CI = −3.45 to −0.60), HDL-C (0.65% change; 95% CI = 0.07 to 1.23), insulin (−1.37% change; 95% CI = −2.64 to −0.09), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (−1.57% change; 95% CI = −3.02 to −0.09) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (−0.83% change; 95% CI = −1.29 to −0.38) after adjusting for potential confounders. There was no significant association between TAC and waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and fasting glucose. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that an antioxidant-rich diet and intake of supplements are beneficial to reduce CVD risk. Full article

13 pages, 411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Economic Impact of Lower Protein Infant Formula for the Children of Overweight and Obese Mothers

by Kevin Marsh^1,*, Jörgen Möller¹, Hasan Basarir¹, Panagiotis Orfanos² and Patrick Detzel³

¹ Evidera, Metro Building, 1 Butterwick, London W6 8DL, UK

² Roche, Konzern-Hauptsitz, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland

³ Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne 26, Vaud, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010018 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6498

Abstract

The global prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding risk factors related to the condition. Childhood obesity, which has itself become increasingly prevalent, is an important predictor of adulthood obesity. Studies suggest that the protein content consumed in infanthood [...] Read more.

The global prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding risk factors related to the condition. Childhood obesity, which has itself become increasingly prevalent, is an important predictor of adulthood obesity. Studies suggest that the protein content consumed in infanthood is an important predictor of weight gain in childhood, which may contribute to higher body mass index (BMI). For instance, there is evidence that a lower protein infant formula (lpIF) for infants of overweight or obese mothers can offer advantages over currently-used infant formulas with regard to preventing excessive weight gain. The current study used health economic modelling to predict the long-term clinical and economic outcomes in Mexico associated with lpIF compared to a currently-used formula. A discrete event simulation was constructed to extrapolate the outcomes of trials on the use of formula in infanthood to changes in lifetime BMI, the health outcomes due to the changes in BMI and the healthcare system costs, productivity and quality of life impact associated with these outcomes. The model predicts that individuals who receive lpIF in infancy go on to have lower BMI levels throughout their lives, are less likely to be obese or develop obesity-related disease, live longer, incur fewer health system costs and have improved productivity. Simulation-based economic modelling suggests that the benefits seen in the short term, with the use of lpIF over a currently-used formula, could translate into considerable health and economic benefits in the long term. Modelling over such long timeframes is inevitably subject to uncertainty. Further research should be undertaken to improve the certainty of the model. Full article

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17 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Sugar Intake from Different Food Sources and Adiposity or Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Childhood and Adolescence: The Korean Child–Adolescent Cohort Study

by Yang-Im Hur¹

, Hyesook Park^2,*

, Jae-Heon Kang^1,*

, Hye-Ah Lee²

, Hong Ji Song³

, Hae-Jeung Lee⁴

and Ok-Hyun Kim⁵

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 100032, Korea

² Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea

³ Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea

⁴ Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Korea

⁵ Institute for Clinical Nutrition, Inje University, Seoul 100032, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010020 - 31 Dec 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9376

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a serious public health problem associated with co-morbidities in adulthood, as well as childhood. This study was conducted to identify associations between total sugar intake and sugar intake from different foods (fruit, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a serious public health problem associated with co-morbidities in adulthood, as well as childhood. This study was conducted to identify associations between total sugar intake and sugar intake from different foods (fruit, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)), and adiposity and continuous metabolic syndrome scores (cMetS) among Korean children and adolescents using cohort data. The study subjects were children (n = 770) who participated in the 4th year (2008) of the Korean Child–Adolescent Cohort Study (KoCAS). Dietary intake data were collected via three-day 24-h food records, and sugar intake was calculated for the total sugar content of foods using our database compiled from various sources. Anthropometric measurements, assessments of body composition, and blood sample analysis were performed at baseline and at follow-up four years later. The cMetS was calculated based on waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and mean arterial blood pressure. According to multiple linear regression analysis, there were no significant associations between total sugar intake and adiposity and cMetS. However, higher intake of fruit sugar at baseline was significantly associated with lower body mass index (BMI) z-scores and body fat percentages at baseline (β = −0.10, p = 0.02 and β = −0.78, p < 0.01, respectively). At follow-up, sugar intake from fruit at baseline was still negatively associated with the above outcomes, but only the relationship with BMI z-scores retained statistical significance (β = −0.08, p < 0.05). There was a significant positive relationship between consumption of sugar from SSBs and cMetS at baseline (β = 0.04, p = 0.02), but that relationship was not observed at follow-up (p = 0.83). Differences in consumption sugars from fruit and SSBs might play an important role in the risk of adiposity and metabolic disease in children and adolescents. Our results suggest that strategies for reducing sugar intake need to target particular food groups. Consequently, this information could be of value to obesity- and metabolic disease-prevention strategies. Full article

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13 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite, ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch, and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults

by R. Drew Sayer¹

, Akua F. Amankwaah¹

, Gregory G. Tamer², Ningning Chen³, Amy J. Wright¹, Jason R. Tregellas⁴, Marc-Andre Cornier⁵, David A. Kareken⁶, Thomas M. Talavage², Megan A. McCrory⁷ and Wayne W. Campbell^1,*

¹ Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

² Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

³ Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

⁵ Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

⁶ Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

⁷ Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010021 - 5 Jan 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7986

Abstract

Increasing either protein or fiber at mealtimes has relatively modest effects on ingestive behavior. Whether protein and fiber have additive or interactive effects on ingestive behavior is not known. Fifteen overweight adults (5 female, 10 male; BMI: 27.1 ± 0.2 kg/m²; [...] Read more.

Increasing either protein or fiber at mealtimes has relatively modest effects on ingestive behavior. Whether protein and fiber have additive or interactive effects on ingestive behavior is not known. Fifteen overweight adults (5 female, 10 male; BMI: 27.1 ± 0.2 kg/m²; aged 26 ± 1 year) consumed four breakfast meals in a randomized crossover manner (normal protein (12 g) + normal fiber (2 g), normal protein (12 g) + high fiber (8 g), high protein (25 g) + normal fiber (2 g), high protein (25 g) + high fiber (8 g)). The amount of protein and fiber consumed at breakfast did not influence postprandial appetite or ad libitum energy intake at lunch. In the fasting-state, visual food stimuli elicited significant responses in the bilateral insula and amygdala and left orbitofrontal cortex. Contrary to our hypotheses, postprandial right insula responses were lower after consuming normal protein vs. high protein breakfasts. Postprandial responses in other a priori brain regions were not significantly influenced by protein or fiber intake at breakfast. In conclusion, these data do not support increasing dietary protein and fiber at breakfast as effective strategies for modulating neural reward processing and acute ingestive behavior in overweight adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food and Appetite)

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16 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regular Fat and Reduced Fat Dairy Products Show Similar Associations with Markers of Adolescent Cardiometabolic Health

by Therese A. O’Sullivan^1,*, Alexandra P. Bremner², Trevor A. Mori³, Lawrence J. Beilin³, Charlotte Wilson¹, Katherine Hafekost⁴, Gina L. Ambrosini²

, Rae Chi Huang³ and Wendy H. Oddy⁴

¹ School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia

² School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia

³ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia

⁴ Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth WA 6008, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010022 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 13352

Abstract

Reduced fat dairy products are generally recommended for adults and children over the age of two years. However, emerging evidence suggests that dairy fat may not have detrimental health effects. We aimed to investigate prospective associations between consumption of regular versus reduced fat [...] Read more.

Reduced fat dairy products are generally recommended for adults and children over the age of two years. However, emerging evidence suggests that dairy fat may not have detrimental health effects. We aimed to investigate prospective associations between consumption of regular versus reduced fat dairy products and cardiometabolic risk factors from early to late adolescence. In the West Australian Raine Study, dairy intake was assessed using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in 860 adolescents at 14 and 17-year follow-ups; 582 of these also had blood biochemistry at both points. Using generalized estimating equations, we examined associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. Models incorporated reduced fat and regular fat dairy together (in serves/day) and were adjusted for a range of factors including overall dietary pattern. In boys, there was a mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure of 0.66 mmHg (95% CI 0.23–1.09) per serve of reduced fat dairy and an independent, additional reduction of 0.47 mmHg (95% CI 0.04–0.90) per serve of regular fat dairy. Each additional serve of reduced fat dairy was associated with a 2% reduction in HDL-cholesterol (95% CI 0.97–0.995) and a 2% increase in total: HDL-cholesterol ratio (95% CI 1.002–1.03); these associations were not observed with regular fat products. In girls, there were no significant independent associations observed in fully adjusted models. Although regular fat dairy was associated with a slightly better cholesterol profile in boys, overall, intakes of both regular fat and reduced fat dairy products were associated with similar cardiometabolic associations in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products and Human Health)

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15 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significant Beneficial Association of High Dietary Selenium Intake with Reduced Body Fat in the CODING Study

by Yongbo Wang¹, Xiang Gao^2,3

, Pardis Pedram², Mariam Shahidi⁴, Jianling Du¹, Yanqing Yi⁵, Wayne Gulliver², Hongwei Zhang² and Guang Sun^2,*

¹ Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China

² The Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada

³ College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China

⁴ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada

⁵ Division of Community Health & Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010024 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7755

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is a trace element which plays an important role in adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis. Some studies suggest that variations in serum Se may be associated with obesity. However, there are few studies examining the relationship between dietary Se and obesity, and [...] Read more.

Selenium (Se) is a trace element which plays an important role in adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis. Some studies suggest that variations in serum Se may be associated with obesity. However, there are few studies examining the relationship between dietary Se and obesity, and findings are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary Se intake and a panel of obesity measurements with systematic control of major confounding factors. A total of 3214 subjects participated in the study. Dietary Se intake was determined from the Willett food frequency questionnaire. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Obese men and women had the lowest dietary Se intake, being 24% to 31% lower than corresponding normal weight men and women, classified by both BMI and body fat percentage. Moreover, subjects with the highest dietary Se intake had the lowest BMI, waist circumference, and trunk, android, gynoid and total body fat percentages, with a clear dose-dependent inverse relationship observed in both gender groups. Furthermore, significant negative associations discovered between dietary Se intake and obesity measurements were independent of age, total dietary calorie intake, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, medication, and menopausal status. Dietary Se intake alone may account for 9%–27% of the observed variations in body fat percentage. The findings from this study strongly suggest that high dietary Se intake is associated with a beneficial body composition profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Selenium and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Fat Diet Administration during Specific Periods of Pregnancy Alters Maternal Fatty Acid Profiles in the Near-Term Rat

by Marlon E. Cerf^1,* and Emilio Herrera²

¹ Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa

² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Pablo-CEU, Ctra. Boadilla del Monte km 5.3, Madrid 28668, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010025 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6387

Abstract

Excessive fat intake is a global health concern as women of childbearing age increasingly ingest high fat diets (HFDs). We therefore determined the maternal fatty acid (FA) profiles in metabolic organs after HFD administration during specific periods of gestation. Rats were fed a [...] Read more.

Excessive fat intake is a global health concern as women of childbearing age increasingly ingest high fat diets (HFDs). We therefore determined the maternal fatty acid (FA) profiles in metabolic organs after HFD administration during specific periods of gestation. Rats were fed a HFD for the first (HF1), second (HF2), or third (HF3) week, or for all three weeks (HFG) of gestation. Total maternal plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were monitored throughout pregnancy. At day 20 of gestation, maternal plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and placenta FA profiles were determined. In HF3 mothers, plasma myristic and stearic acid concentrations were elevated, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in both HF3 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, hepatic stearic and oleic acid proportions were elevated; conversely, DHA and linoleic acid (LA) proportions were reduced. In adipose tissue, myristic acid was elevated, whereas DHA and LA proportions were reduced in all mothers. Further, adipose tissue stearic acid proportions were elevated in HF2, HF3, and HFG mothers; with oleic acid increased in HF1 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, placental neutral myristic acid proportions were elevated, whereas DHA was reduced. Further, placental phospholipid DHA proportions were reduced in HF3 and HFG mothers. Maintenance on a diet, high in saturated fat, but low in DHA and LA proportions, during late or throughout gestation, perpetuated reduced DHA across metabolic organs that adapt during pregnancy. Therefore a diet, with normal DHA proportions during gestation, may be important for balancing maternal FA status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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13 pages, 1571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation is Associated with Altered Plasma One-Carbon Metabolites and B-Vitamin Status in Rats

by Vegard Lysne^1,*

, Elin Strand¹, Gard F. T. Svingen^1,2, Bodil Bjørndal¹, Eva R. Pedersen^1,2, Øivind Midttun³, Thomas Olsen¹, Per M. Ueland^1,4, Rolf K. Berge^1,2 and Ottar Nygård^1,2,5

¹ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway

² Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway

³ Bevital AS, 5021 Bergen, Norway

⁴ Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway

⁵ KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010026 - 5 Jan 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7918

Abstract

Plasma concentrations of metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway have been linked to increased risk of major lifestyle diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of key enzymes along this pathway. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Plasma concentrations of metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway have been linked to increased risk of major lifestyle diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of key enzymes along this pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of PPAR activation on circulating and urinary one-carbon metabolites as well as markers of B-vitamin status. Male Wistar rats (n = 20) received for 50 weeks either a high-fat control diet or a high-fat diet with tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), a modified fatty acid and pan-PPAR agonist with high affinity towards PPARα. Hepatic gene expression of PPARα, PPARβ/δ and the enzymes involved in the choline oxidation pathway were analyzed and concentrations of metabolites were analyzed in plasma and urine. TTA treatment altered most biomarkers, and the largest effect sizes were observed for plasma concentrations of dimethylglycine, nicotinamide, methylnicotinamide, methylmalonic acid and pyridoxal, which were all higher in the TTA group (all p < 0.01). Hepatic Pparα mRNA was increased after TTA treatment, but genes of the choline oxidation pathway were not affected. Long-term TTA treatment was associated with pronounced alterations on the plasma and urinary concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats. Full article

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14 pages, 2770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quercetin Attenuates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Damage through Enhanced Mitophagy

by Xiao Yu^1,2,3, Yanyan Xu^1,2,3, Shanshan Zhang^1,2,3, Jian Sun^1,2,3, Peiyi Liu^1,2,3, Lin Xiao^1,2,3, Yuhan Tang^1,2,3,*

, Liegang Liu^1,2,3

and Ping Yao^1,2,3,*

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

² Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

³ Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010027 - 5 Jan 2016

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 9111

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggested mitophagy activation mitigates ethanol-induced liver injury. However, the effect of ethanol on mitophagy is inconsistent. Importantly, the understanding of mitophagy status after chronic ethanol consumption is limited. This study evaluated the effect of quercetin, a naturally-occurring flavonoid, on chronic ethanol-induced [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence suggested mitophagy activation mitigates ethanol-induced liver injury. However, the effect of ethanol on mitophagy is inconsistent. Importantly, the understanding of mitophagy status after chronic ethanol consumption is limited. This study evaluated the effect of quercetin, a naturally-occurring flavonoid, on chronic ethanol-induced mitochondrial damage focused on mitophagy. An ethanol regime to mice for 15 weeks (accounting for 30% of total calories) led to significant mitochondrial damage as evidenced by changes of the mitochondrial ultrastructure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and remodeling of membrane lipid composition, which was greatly attenuated by quercetin (100 mg/kg.bw). Moreover, quercetin blocked chronic ethanol-induced mitophagy suppression as denoted by mitophagosomes-lysosome fusion and mitophagy-related regulator elements, including LC3II, Parkin, p62 and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), paralleling with increased FoxO3a nuclear translocation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), instead of AKT and Sirtuin 1, were involved in quercetin-mediated mitophagy activation. Quercetin alleviated ethanol-elicited mitochondrial damage through enhancing mitophagy, highlighting a promising preventive strategy for alcoholic liver disease. Full article

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22 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ageing Is Associated with Decreases in Appetite and Energy Intake—A Meta-Analysis in Healthy Adults

by Caroline Giezenaar¹

, Ian Chapman¹, Natalie Luscombe-Marsh^1,2, Christine Feinle-Bisset¹, Michael Horowitz¹ and Stijn Soenen^1,*

¹ Discipline of Medicine, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, the University of Adelaide, 5000 Adelaide, Australia

² Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Food and Nutrition, 5000 Adelaide, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010028 - 7 Jan 2016

Cited by 151 | Viewed by 12993

Abstract

It is not well recognized that in the elderly weight loss is more common than weight gain. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effect of ageing on appetite (hunger/fullness) and energy intake, after overnight fasting and in a postprandial state, [...] Read more.

It is not well recognized that in the elderly weight loss is more common than weight gain. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effect of ageing on appetite (hunger/fullness) and energy intake, after overnight fasting and in a postprandial state, by meta-analyses of trials that included at least two age groups (>18 years). We hypothesized that appetite and energy intake would be less in healthy older compared with younger adults. Following a PubMed-database systematic search up to 30 June 2015, 59 studies were included in the random-effects-model meta-analyses. Energy intake was 16%–20% lower in older (n = 3574/~70 years/~71 kg/~25 kg/m²) than younger (n = 4111/~26 years/~69 kg/~23 kg/m²) adults (standardized mean difference: −0.77 (95% confidence interval −0.90 to −0.64)). Hunger was 25% (after overnight fasting; weighted mean difference (WMD): −17 (−22 to −13) mm) to 39% (in a postprandial state; WMD: −14 (−19 to −9) mm) lower, and fullness 37% (after overnight fasting; WMD: 6 mm (95% CI: 1 to 11 mm)) greater in older than younger adults. In conclusion, appetite and energy intake are less in healthy older than younger adults, suggesting that ageing per se affects food intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Older People)

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15 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Multi-Micronutrient Fortified Rice on Hemoglobin, Iron and Vitamin A Status of Cambodian Schoolchildren: a Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

by Marlène Perignon^1,*, Marion Fiorentino¹, Khov Kuong^2,3, Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen³, Kurt Burja⁴, Megan Parker⁵, Chhoun Chamnan², Jacques Berger¹ and Frank T. Wieringa¹

¹ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier 34394, France

² Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia

³ Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark

⁴ United Nations World Food Programme, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia

⁵ PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health), Seattle, WA 98121, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010029 - 7 Jan 2016

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12197

Abstract

In Cambodia, micronutrient deficiencies remain a critical public health problem. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of multi-micronutrient fortified rice (MMFR) formulations, distributed through a World Food Program school-meals program (WFP-SMP), on the hemoglobin concentrations and iron and vitamin A (VA) status [...] Read more.

In Cambodia, micronutrient deficiencies remain a critical public health problem. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of multi-micronutrient fortified rice (MMFR) formulations, distributed through a World Food Program school-meals program (WFP-SMP), on the hemoglobin concentrations and iron and vitamin A (VA) status of Cambodian schoolchildren. The FORISCA-UltraRice+NutriRice study was a double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Sixteen schools participating in WFP-SMP were randomly assigned to receive extrusion-fortified rice (UltraRice Original, UltraRice New (URN), or NutriRice) or unfortified rice (placebo) six days a week for six months. Four additional schools not participating in WFP-SMP were randomly selected as controls. A total of 2440 schoolchildren (6–16 years old) participated in the biochemical study. Hemoglobin, iron status, estimated using inflammation-adjusted ferritin and transferrin receptors concentrations, and VA status, assessed using inflammation-adjusted retinol-binding protein concentration, were measured at the baseline, as well as at three and six months. Baseline prevalence of anemia, depleted iron stores, tissue iron deficiency, marginal VA status and VA deficiency were 15.6%, 1.4%, 51.0%, 7.9%, and 0.7%, respectively. The strongest risk factors for anemia were hemoglobinopathy, VA deficiency, and depleted iron stores (all p < 0.01). After six months, children receiving NutriRice and URN had 4 and 5 times less risk of low VA status, respectively, in comparison to the placebo group. Hemoglobin significantly increased (+0.8 g/L) after three months for the URN group in comparison to the placebo group; however, this difference was no longer significant after six months, except for children without inflammation. MMFR containing VA effectively improved the VA status of schoolchildren. The impact on hemoglobin and iron status was limited, partly by sub-clinical inflammation. MMFR combined with non-nutritional approaches addressing anemia and inflammation should be further investigated. Full article

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13 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Expression of Genes Regulating Airway Inflammation Following a High-Fat Mixed Meal in Asthmatics

by Qian Li¹

, Katherine J. Baines¹, Peter G. Gibson^1,2 and Lisa G. Wood^1,*

¹ Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia

² Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010030 - 7 Jan 2016

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7597

Abstract

Consumption of a high fat meal can increase neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma subjects. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms driving airway neutrophilia following a high fat meal in asthmatics. Subjects with asthma (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = [...] Read more.

Consumption of a high fat meal can increase neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma subjects. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms driving airway neutrophilia following a high fat meal in asthmatics. Subjects with asthma (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 8) consumed a high-fat/energy meal, containing total energy (TE) of 3846 kJ and 48 g of total fat (20.5 g saturated). Sputum was induced at 0 and 4 h, and gene expression was examined by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Following the high fat dietary challenge, 168 entities were significantly differentially expressed greater than >1.5 fold in subjects with asthma, whereas, in healthy controls, only 14 entities were differentially expressed. Of the 168 genes that were changed in asthma, several biological processes were overrepresented, with 25 genes involved in “immune system processes”. qPCR confirmed that S100P, S100A16, MAL and MUC1 were significantly increased in the asthma group post-meal. We also observed a strong correlation and a moderate correlation between the change in NLRP12 and S100A16 gene expression at 4 h compared to baseline, and the change in total and saturated non-esterified plasma fatty acid levels at 2 h compared to baseline. In summary, our data identifies differences in inflammatory gene expression that may contribute to increased airway neutrophilia following a high fat meal in subjects with asthma and may provide useful therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. This may be particularly relevant to obese asthmatics, who are habitually consuming diets with a high fat content. Full article

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11 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Sugars and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake with Obesity in Korean Children and Adolescents

by Kyungho Ha¹

, Sangwon Chung¹, Haeng-Shin Lee², Cho-il Kim³, Hyojee Joung¹

, Hee-Young Paik⁴ and YoonJu Song^5,*

¹ Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

² Nutrition Policy and Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju 28159, Korea

³ Bureau of Health Industry Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju 28159, Korea

⁴ Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea

⁵ Major of Food and Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010031 - 8 Jan 2016

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 10762

Abstract

Few studies have examined the association between dietary sugar intake and obesity in Asian children and adolescents. We evaluated the association of dietary sugar intake and its food source with obesity in Korean children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined the association between dietary sugar intake and obesity in Asian children and adolescents. We evaluated the association of dietary sugar intake and its food source with obesity in Korean children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from five studies conducted between 2002 and 2011. The study included 2599 children and adolescents who had completed more than three days of dietary records and had anthropometric data. Total sugar intake was higher in girls than in boys (54.3 g for girls and 46.6 g for boys, p < 0.0001). Sugar intake from milk and fruits was inversely associated with overweight or obesity in girls only (OR for overweight, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32–0.84; p for trend = 0.0246 and OR for obesity, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23–0.79; p for trend = 0.0113). Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption was not associated with obesity in girls, while boys had lower odds ratios for obesity (OR for obesity, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.26–1.05; p for trend = 0.0310). These results suggest that total sugars and SSB intake in Asian children and adolescents remains relatively low and sugar intake from milk and fruits is associated with a decreased risk of overweight or obesity, especially in girls. Full article

13 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GLP-2 Prevents Intestinal Mucosal Atrophy and Improves Tissue Antioxidant Capacity in a Mouse Model of Total Parenteral Nutrition

by Qiucheng Lei^1,†, Jingcheng Bi^2,†, Xinying Wang^1,*, Tingting Jiang², Chao Wu², Feng Tian², Xuejin Gao¹, Xiao Wan² and Huijun Zheng²

¹ Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China

² Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010033 - 9 Jan 2016

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6770

Abstract

We investigated the effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on mucosal atrophy and intestinal antioxidant capacity in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Male mice (6–8 weeks old) were divided into three groups (n = 8 for each group): a [...] Read more.

We investigated the effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on mucosal atrophy and intestinal antioxidant capacity in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Male mice (6–8 weeks old) were divided into three groups (n = 8 for each group): a control group fed a standard laboratory chow diet, and experimental TPN (received standard TPN solution) and TPN + GLP-2 groups (received TPN supplemented with 60 µg/day of GLP-2 for 5 days). Mice in the TPN group had lower body weight and reduced intestinal length, villus height, and crypt depth compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). GLP-2 supplementation increased all parameters compared to TPN only (all p < 0.05). Intestinal total superoxide dismutase activity and reduced-glutathione level in the TPN + GLP-2 group were also higher relative to the TPN group (all p < 0.05). GLP-2 administration significantly upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and increased glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) abundance. Compared with the control and TPN + GLP-2 groups, intestinal cleaved caspase-3 was increased in the TPN group (all p < 0.05). This study shows GLP-2 reduces TPN-associated intestinal atrophy and improves tissue antioxidant capacity. This effect may be dependent on enhanced epithelial cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and upregulated GRP78 expression. Full article

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16 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Folic Acid, Betaine, Vitamin B₆, and Vitamin B₁₂ on Homocysteine and Dimethylglycine Levels in Middle-Aged Men Drinking White Wine

by Daniel Rajdl^1,†, Jaroslav Racek^1,2, Ladislav Trefil¹, Pavel Stehlik¹, Jana Dobra³ and Vaclav Babuska^3,*,†

¹ Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medical School and Faculty of Teaching Hospital, Charles University, 30460 Pilsen, Czech Republic

² Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic

³ Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 30166 Pilsen, Czech Republic

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010034 - 12 Jan 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 13017

Abstract

Moderate regular consumption of alcoholic beverages is believed to protect against atherosclerosis but can also increase homocysteine or dimethylglycine, which are putative risk factors for atherosclerosis. We aimed (1) to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on vitamins and several metabolites involved in [...] Read more.

Moderate regular consumption of alcoholic beverages is believed to protect against atherosclerosis but can also increase homocysteine or dimethylglycine, which are putative risk factors for atherosclerosis. We aimed (1) to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on vitamins and several metabolites involved in one-carbon metabolism; and (2) to find the most effective way of decreasing homocysteine during moderate alcohol consumption. Methods: Male volunteers (n = 117) were randomly divided into five groups: the wine-only group (control, 375 mL of white wine daily for one month) and four groups combining wine consumption with one of the supplemented substances (folic acid, betaine, and vitamins B₁₂ or B₆). Significant lowering of homocysteine concentration after the drinking period was found in subjects with concurrent folate and betaine supplementation. Vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin B₆ supplementation did not lead to a statistically significant change in homocysteine. According to a multiple linear regression model, the homocysteine change in the wine-only group was mainly determined by the interaction between the higher baseline homocysteine concentration and the change in dimethylglycine levels. Folate and betaine can attenuate possible adverse effects of moderate alcohol consumption. Dimethylglycine should be interpreted together with data on alcohol consumption and homocysteine concentration. Full article

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8 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Research Priorities for Fertility and Conception Research as Identified by Multidisciplinary Health Care Practitioners and Researchers

by Lisa J. Moran^1,2, Laura Spencer¹, Darryl L. Russell¹, Mary Louise Hull¹, Sarah A. Robertson¹, Tamara J. Varcoe¹, Michael J. Davies¹, Hannah M. Brown¹, Raymond J. Rodgers^1,* and Robinson Research Institute Consortium of Fertility and Conception Practitioners³

¹ The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia

² Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia

³ The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010035 - 13 Jan 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7033

Abstract

The Robinson Research Institute of the University of Adelaide convened a multidisciplinary group of n = 33 clinicians, researchers and representatives of government organisations on the 2 October 2014 for a workshop entitled “Promoting fertility and healthy conception. How do we generate [...] Read more.

The Robinson Research Institute of the University of Adelaide convened a multidisciplinary group of n = 33 clinicians, researchers and representatives of government organisations on the 2 October 2014 for a workshop entitled “Promoting fertility and healthy conception. How do we generate greater reproductive health awareness?” The key aim of the workshop was to assess the body of knowledge that informs clinical practice and government policy, and to identify questions and additional information needed by health practitioners and government representatives working in the field of reproductive health and to frame future research and policy. The workshop identified topics that fell mostly into three categories: lifestyle-related, societal and biological factors. The lifestyle topics included nutrition and diet, exercise, obesity, shift work and other factors deemed to be modifiable at the level of the individual. The societal topics included discussions of matters that are structural, and resistant to change by individuals, including specific ethical issues, social disadvantage, government and educational policies. The biological factors are intrinsic physical states of the individual, and included many factors where there is a dense body of scientific knowledge which may not be readily accessible in less academic language. This workshop thus provided an opportunity to identify further actions that could be undertaken to meet the needs of diverse organisations and groups of professionals with an interest in human fertility. Since so many factors in our social and biological environment can impact fertility and preconception health, it is imperative to involve many disciplines or levels of government or societal organisations that have not traditionally been involved in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Premenopausal Nutrition and Fertility)

15 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Dietary Intake Questionnaire Validation Conducted among Young Polish Women

by Dominika Głąbska^1,*

, Dominika Guzek²

, Patrycja Sidor¹ and Dariusz Włodarek¹

¹ Chair of Dietetics, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS—SGGW, Warsaw, Poland—159c Nowoursynowska Str, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

² Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS—SGGW, Warsaw, Poland—159c Nowoursynowska Str, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010036 - 5 Jan 2016

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 9946

Abstract

Due to inadequate intake of Vitamin D, identification of individuals characterised by the highest risk of deficiencies is one of the more crucial tasks for public health. The aim of the presented study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of the designed [...] Read more.

Due to inadequate intake of Vitamin D, identification of individuals characterised by the highest risk of deficiencies is one of the more crucial tasks for public health. The aim of the presented study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of the designed Vitamin D dietary intake questionnaire based on food frequency assessment—VIDEO-FFQ (VItamin D Estimation Only—Food Frequency Questionnaire) in a group of Polish women aged 20–30 years. Seventy-five participants kept a three-day dietary record and filled out the VIDEO-FFQ twice (immediately after the three-day dietary record and after six weeks). The assessment of validity and reproducibility was conducted by verifying standard errors of estimation, median differences, and percentages of individuals classified into tertiles, correlations and Bland-Altman plots. The Vitamin D intake for the majority of the surveyed women was inadequate as over 85% of them were characterised by values of intake lower than 5.0 μg per day. The results allowed concluding that a high accuracy of the VIDEO-FFQ was achieved. The required Bland-Altman index values lower than 5.0% were obtained, confirming satisfactory validity and reproducibility. The VIDEO-FFQ may be deemed a convenient practical tool for the estimation of Vitamin D intake in young women. Full article

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13 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Whole-Grain Bread and Risk of Colorectal Cancer among Norwegian Women (the NOWAC Study)

by Toril Bakken^1,*, Tonje Braaten¹, Anja Olsen²

, Cecilie Kyrø², Eiliv Lund¹ and Guri Skeie¹

¹ Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

² Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010040 - 13 Jan 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7742

Abstract

There is evidence that consumption of foods containing dietary fiber decreases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Whole grains contain dietary fiber, as well as a range of micronutrients and bioactive compounds, but the association between the consumption of whole grains and the [...] Read more.

There is evidence that consumption of foods containing dietary fiber decreases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Whole grains contain dietary fiber, as well as a range of micronutrients and bioactive compounds, but the association between the consumption of whole grains and the risk of CRC remains less studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between whole-grain bread consumption and CRC incidence among Norwegian women, using data from a prospective cohort study (the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study). Dietary intake was estimated from the food-frequency questionnaires of 78,254 women in the cohort (median age: 55 years), and these women were then followed up for CRC incidence. During the 9 years of median follow-up, 795 women were diagnosed with CRC (316 proximal, 193 distal, 218 rectal). Associations between whole-grain bread consumption and the risk of CRC (including colorectal subsites) were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. When compared to the low consumption group, the hazard ratio for CRC was 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72–1.09) for the high consumption group and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.72–1.02) for the medium consumption group in a multivariable model. Overall, no association between whole-grain bread consumption and CRC was found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Grains for Human Health)

13 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protection against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury in Cortical Neurons by Combining Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Acid with Lyciumbarbarum Polysaccharide

by Zhe Shi^1,†, Di Wu^1,†, Jian-Ping Yao², Xiaoli Yao³, Zhijian Huang¹, Peng Li¹, Jian-Bo Wan¹, Chengwei He^1,* and Huanxing Su^1,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China

² Department of Cardiac Surgery II, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China

³ Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010041 - 13 Jan 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7419

Abstract

Ischemic stroke, characterized by the disturbance of the blood supply to the brain, is a severe worldwide health threat with high mortality and morbidity. However, there is no effective pharmacotherapy for ischemic injury. Currently, combined treatment is highly recommended for this devastating injury. [...] Read more.

Ischemic stroke, characterized by the disturbance of the blood supply to the brain, is a severe worldwide health threat with high mortality and morbidity. However, there is no effective pharmacotherapy for ischemic injury. Currently, combined treatment is highly recommended for this devastating injury. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective effects of the combination of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and Lyciumbarbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on cortical neurons using an in vitro ischemic model. Our study demonstrated that treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major component of the ω-3 PUFAs family, significantly inhibited the increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ in cultured wild type (WT) cortical neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and promoted their survival compared with the vehicle-treated control. The protective effects were further confirmed in cultured neurons with high endogenous ω-3 PUFAs that were isolated from fat-1 mice, in that a higher survival rate was found in fat-1 neurons compared with wild-type neurons after OGD/R injury. Our study also found that treatment with LBP (50 mg/L) activated Trk-B signaling in cortical neurons and significantly attenuated OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis compared with the control. Notably, both combining LBP treatment with ω-3 PUFAs administration to WT neurons and adding LBP to fat-1 neurons showed enhanced effects on protecting cortical neurons against OGD/R injury via concurrently regulating the intracellular calcium overload and neurotrophic pathway. The results of the study suggest that ω-3 PUFAs and LBP are promising candidates for combined pharmacotherapy for ischemic stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

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9 pages, 413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Acids from a Commercial Aleurone-Enriched Bread Compared to a Whole Grain Bread

by Margherita Dall’Asta¹, Letizia Bresciani¹, Luca Calani², Marta Cossu², Daniela Martini¹, Camilla Melegari³, Daniele Del Rio^1,4

, Nicoletta Pellegrini²

, Furio Brighenti² and Francesca Scazzina^2,*

¹ LS9 Interlab Group, The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, Medical School, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy

² Department of Food Science, Medical School, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy

³ Barilla G. e R. F.lli, Via Mantova, 166, 43122 Parma, Italy

⁴ The Need for Nutrition Education/Innovation Programme (NNEdPro), University of Cambridge, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory 120 Fulbourn Road, Peterhouse Technology Park, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010042 - 13 Jan 2016

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6568

Abstract

Wheat aleurone, due to its potentially higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability of micronutrients and phenolic acids, could represent a useful ingredient in the production of commonly consumed cereal-based food. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolic [...] Read more.

Wheat aleurone, due to its potentially higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability of micronutrients and phenolic acids, could represent a useful ingredient in the production of commonly consumed cereal-based food. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolic acids both from an aleurone-enriched bread and from a whole grain bread. The two bread samples were firstly characterized for the phenolic acid content. An in vitro digestion was then performed in order to evaluate the release of phenolic acids. The results obtained suggest that the bioaccessibility of the phenolic acids in the aleurone-enriched bread is higher than in the whole grain bread. These in vitro results suggest the potential use of aleurone in the production of foods, and this may represent an attractive possibility to vehicle nutritionally interesting components to consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Grains for Human Health)

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17 pages, 1544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Diet Composition in Adult Offspring is Dependent on Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation in Rats

by Megan C. Hallam¹ and Raylene A. Reimer^1,2,*

¹ Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

² Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010046 - 14 Jan 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7249

Abstract

The Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis proposes that the fetus takes cues from the maternal environment to predict its postnatal environment. A mismatch between the predicted and actual environments precipitates an increased risk of chronic disease. Our objective was to determine if, following a high [...] Read more.

The Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis proposes that the fetus takes cues from the maternal environment to predict its postnatal environment. A mismatch between the predicted and actual environments precipitates an increased risk of chronic disease. Our objective was to determine if, following a high fat, high sucrose (HFS) diet challenge in adulthood, re-matching offspring to their maternal gestational diet would improve metabolic health more so than if there was no previous exposure to that diet. Animals re-matched to a high prebiotic fiber diet (HF) had lower body weight and adiposity than animals re-matched to a high protein (HP) or control (C) diet and also had increased levels of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and PYY (p < 0.05). Control animals, whether maintained throughout the study on AIN-93M, or continued on HFS rather than reverting back to AIN-93M, did not differ from each other in body weight or adiposity. Overall, the HF diet was associated with the most beneficial metabolic phenotype (body fat, glucose control, satiety hormones). The HP diet, as per our previous work, had detrimental effects on body weight and adiposity. Findings in control rats suggest that the obesogenic potential of the powdered AIN-93 diet warrants investigation. Full article

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16 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aging Reduces the Activation of the mTORC1 Pathway after Resistance Exercise and Protein Intake in Human Skeletal Muscle: Potential Role of REDD1 and Impaired Anabolic Sensitivity

by Marc Francaux^*

, Bénédicte Demeulder, Damien Naslain, Raphael Fortin, Olivier Lutz, Gilles Caty and Louise Deldicque

Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010047 - 15 Jan 2016

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 10056

Abstract

This study was designed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the anabolic resistance observed in elderly people. Nine young (22 ± 0.1 years) and 10 older (69 ± 1.7 years) volunteers performed a one-leg extension exercise consisting of 10 × 10 [...] Read more.

This study was designed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the anabolic resistance observed in elderly people. Nine young (22 ± 0.1 years) and 10 older (69 ± 1.7 years) volunteers performed a one-leg extension exercise consisting of 10 × 10 repetitions at 70% of their 3-RM, immediately after which they ingested 30 g of whey protein. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest in the fasted state and 30 min after protein ingestion in the non-exercised (Pro) and exercised (Pro+ex) legs. Plasma insulin levels were determined at the same time points. No age difference was measured in fasting insulin levels but the older subjects had a 50% higher concentration than the young subjects in the fed state (p < 0.05). While no difference was observed in the fasted state, in response to exercise and protein ingestion, the phosphorylation state of PKB (p < 0.05 in Pro and Pro+ex) and S6K1 (p = 0.059 in Pro; p = 0.066 in Pro+ex) was lower in the older subjects compared with the young subjects. After Pro+ex, REDD1 expression tended to be higher (p = 0.087) in the older group while AMPK phosphorylation was not modified by any condition. In conclusion, we show that the activation of the mTORC1 pathway is reduced in skeletal muscle of older subjects after resistance exercise and protein ingestion compared with young subjects, which could be partially due to an increased expression of REDD1 and an impaired anabolic sensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein, Exercise and Muscle Health in an Ageing Population)

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16 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cancer Prevention and Health Benefices of Traditionally Consumed Borago officinalis Plants

by María-Dolores Lozano-Baena^1,*,†, Inmaculada Tasset^2,†, Andrés Muñoz-Serrano³, Ángeles Alonso-Moraga³

and Antonio De Haro-Bailón¹

¹ Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba E-14004, Spain

² Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA

³ Department of Genetics, Gregor Mendel Building, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Córdoba 14014, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010048 - 18 Jan 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9122 | Correction

Abstract

Nowadays, healthy eating is increasing the demand of functional foods by societies as sources of bioactive products with healthy qualities. For this reason, we tested the safety of the consumption of Borago officinalis L. and its main phenolic components as well as the [...] Read more.

Nowadays, healthy eating is increasing the demand of functional foods by societies as sources of bioactive products with healthy qualities. For this reason, we tested the safety of the consumption of Borago officinalis L. and its main phenolic components as well as the possibility of its use as a nutraceutical plant to help in cancer prevention. The in vivo Drosophila Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) and in vitro HL-60 human cell systems were performed, as well-recognized methods for testing genotoxicity/cytotoxicity of bioactive compounds and plant products. B. officinalis and the tested compounds possess antigenotoxic activity. Moreover, B. officinalis wild type cultivar exerts the most antigenotoxic values. Cytotoxic effect was probed for both cultivars with IC₅₀ values of 0.49 and 0.28 mg·mL⁻¹ for wild type and cultivated plants respectively, as well as their constituent rosmarinic acid and the assayed phenolic mixture (IC₅₀ = 0.07 and 0.04 mM respectively). B. officinalis exerts DNA protection and anticarcinogenic effects as do its component rosmarinic acid and the mixture of the main phenolics presented in the plant. In conclusion, the results showed that B. officinalis may represent a high value plant for pleiotropic uses and support its consumption as a nutraceutical plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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11 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mobile Phone Based Method to Assess Energy and Food Intake in Young Children: A Validation Study against the Doubly Labelled Water Method and 24 h Dietary Recalls

by Christine Delisle Nyström¹

, Elisabet Forsum², Hanna Henriksson², Ylva Trolle-Lagerros³

, Christel Larsson⁴, Ralph Maddison⁵, Toomas Timpka⁶

and Marie Löf^1,2,*

¹ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden

² Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of the Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden

³ Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden

⁴ Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 300, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

⁵ National Institute for Health Innovation, The University of Auckland, P.O. Box 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

⁶ Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of the Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010050 - 15 Jan 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9704

Abstract

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) [...] Read more.

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare energy intake (EI) using TECH with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured via doubly labelled water (DLW); and (b) to compare intakes of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, sweetened beverages, candy, ice cream, and bakery products using TECH with intakes acquired by 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were 39 healthy, Swedish children (5.5 ± 0.5 years) within the ongoing Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers (MINISTOP) obesity prevention trial. Energy and food intakes were assessed during four days using TECH and 24 h telephone dietary recalls. Mean EI (TECH) was not statistically different from TEE (DLW) (5820 ± 820 kJ/24 h and 6040 ± 680kJ/24 h, respectively). No significant differences in the average food intakes using TECH and 24 h dietary recalls were found. All food intakes were correlated between TECH and the 24 h dietary recalls (ρ = 0.665–0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TECH accurately estimated the average intakes of energy and selected foods and thus has the potential to be a useful tool for dietary studies in pre-school children, for example obesity prevention trials. Full article

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9 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Vitamin A, Iron and Zinc in Fortified Rice during Storage and Its Impact on Future National Standards and Programs—Case Study in Cambodia

by Khov Kuong^1,†, Arnaud Laillou^2,*,†, Chantum Chea³, Chhoun Chamnan¹, Jacques Berger⁴ and Frank T. Wieringa^4,†

¹ DFPTQ, Fisheries Administration, MAFF, 186 Preah Norodom Boulevard, 12000 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

² UNICEF, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition section, No. 11 street 75, 12202 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

³ National Sub-Committee of Food Fortification, Ministry of Planning, 386 Monivong Blvd, 12000 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

⁴ Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR Nutripass IRD-UM2-UM1, 3400 Montpellier, France

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010051 - 16 Jan 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9301

Abstract

Fortified rice holds great potential for bringing essential micronutrients to a large part of the world population. The present study quantified the losses of three different micronutrients (vitamin A, iron, zinc) in fortified rice that were produced using three different techniques (hot extrusion, [...] Read more.

Fortified rice holds great potential for bringing essential micronutrients to a large part of the world population. The present study quantified the losses of three different micronutrients (vitamin A, iron, zinc) in fortified rice that were produced using three different techniques (hot extrusion, cold extrusion, and coating) and stored at two different environments (25 ± 5 °C at a humidity of 60% and 40 ± 5 °C at a humidity of 75%) for up to one year. Fortified rice premix from the different techniques was mixed with normal rice in a 1:100 ratio. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. The study confirmed the high stability of iron and zinc during storage while the retention of vitamin A was significantly affected by storage and the type of techniques used to make rice premix. Losses for iron and zinc were typically <10% for any type of rice premix. After 12 months at mild conditions (25 °C and humidity of 60%), losses for vitamin A ranged from 20% for cold extrusion, 30% for hot extruded rice 77% for coated rice premix. At higher temperatures and humidity, losses of vitamin A were 40%–50% for extruded premix and 93% for coated premix after 6 months. We conclude that storage does lead to a major loss of vitamin A and question whether rice is a suitable food vehicle to fortify with vitamin A. For Cambodia, fortification of rice with iron and zinc could be an effective strategy to improve the micronutrient status of the population if no other food vehicles are available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and National Strategies to Impact Health)

18 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini^1,*, Marla Simone Jovenasso Manzoni¹, Raquel Bedani², Mariana Nougalli Roselino¹

, Larissa Sbaglia Celiberto¹, Regina Célia Vendramini³, Graciela Font De Valdez⁴, Dulcinéia Saes Parra Abdalla⁵, Roseli Aparecida Pinto¹, Daniella Rosetto⁶, Sandro Roberto Valentini⁶ and Elizeu Antonio Rossi¹

¹ Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara–SP 14801-902, Brasil

² Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508900, Brazil

³ Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara–SP 14801-902, Brasil

⁴ Reference Center for Lactobacilli, CERELA, S.M. Tucuman T4000ILC, Argentina

⁵ Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508900, Brazil

⁶ Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP -Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara–SP 14801-902, Brasil

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010052 - 19 Jan 2016

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 9923

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host’s metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host’s metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isoflavone-supplemented soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Design: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial Setting: São Paulo State University in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Participants: 49 male healthy men with total cholesterol (TC) >5.17 mmol/L and <6.21 mmol/L Intervention: The volunteers have consumed 200 mL of the probiotic soy product (group SP-10¹⁰ CFU/day), isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product (group ISP–probiotic plus 50 mg of total isoflavones/100 g) or unfermented soy product (group USP-placebo) for 42 days in a randomized, double-blind study. Main outcome measures: Lipid profile and additional cardiovascular biomarkers were analyzed on days 0, 30 and 42. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and at the end of the experiment so as to determine the isoflavones profile. Results: After 42 days, the ISP consumption led to improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C (LDL + IDL + VLDL cholesterol fractions) and electronegative LDL concentrations (reduction of 13.8%, 14.7% and 24.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). The ISP and SP have prevented the reduction of HDL-C level after 42 days. The C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were not improved. The equol production by the ISP group subjects was inversely correlated with electronegative LDL concentration. Conclusions: The results suggest that a regular consumption of this probiotic soy product, supplemented with isoflavones, could contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, through the an improvement in lipid profile and antioxidant properties. Full article

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19 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Anti-Stress, Behavioural and Magnetoencephalography Effects of an l-Theanine-Based Nutrient Drink: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

by David J. White¹, Suzanne De Klerk², William Woods³, Shakuntla Gondalia¹, Chris Noonan⁴ and Andrew B. Scholey^1,*

¹ Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia

² Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands

³ Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia

⁴ HealthGuidance, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90403-5104, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010053 - 19 Jan 2016

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 47440

Abstract

l-theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is an amino acid found primarily in the green tea plant. This study explored the effects of an l-theanine-based nutrient drink on mood responses to a cognitive stressor. Additional measures included an assessment of cognitive performance and resting state [...] Read more.

l-theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is an amino acid found primarily in the green tea plant. This study explored the effects of an l-theanine-based nutrient drink on mood responses to a cognitive stressor. Additional measures included an assessment of cognitive performance and resting state alpha oscillatory activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Thirty-four healthy adults aged 18–40 participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study. The primary outcome measure, subjective stress response to a multitasking cognitive stressor, was significantly reduced one hour after administration of the l-theanine drink when compared to placebo. The salivary cortisol response to the stressor was reduced three hours post-dose following active treatment. No treatment-related cognitive performance changes were observed. Resting state alpha oscillatory activity was significantly greater in posterior MEG sensors after active treatment compared to placebo two hours post-dose; however, this effect was only apparent for those higher in trait anxiety. This change in resting state alpha oscillatory activity was not correlated with the change in subjective stress response or the cortisol response, suggesting further research is required to assess the functional relevance of these treatment-related changes in resting alpha activity. These findings further support the anti-stress effects of l-theanine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Cognitive Function)

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12 pages, 2858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Docosahexaenoic Acid Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Hepatic Steatosis Involving ER Stress Response in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes

by Jinying Zheng¹, Chuan Peng², Yanbiao Ai¹, Heng Wang², Xiaoqiu Xiao^2,* and Jibin Li^1,*

¹ School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing 400016, China

² Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010055 - 20 Jan 2016

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7806

Abstract

The increase in fructose consumption is considered to be a risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on hepatic lipid metabolism in fructose-treated primary mouse hepatocytes, and the changes of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [...] Read more.

The increase in fructose consumption is considered to be a risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on hepatic lipid metabolism in fructose-treated primary mouse hepatocytes, and the changes of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in response to DHA treatment. The hepatocytes were treated with fructose, DHA, fructose plus DHA, tunicamycin (TM) or fructose plus 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) for 24 h. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation was assessed by Oil Red O staining. The mRNA expression levels and protein levels related to lipid metabolism and ER stress response were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. Fructose treatment led to obvious TG accumulation in primary hepatocytes through increasing expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), two key enzymes in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. DHA ameliorates fructose-induced TG accumulation by upregulating the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1α) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1). DHA treatment or pretreatment with the ER stress inhibitor PBA significantly decreased TG accumulation and reduced the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), total inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE1α) and p-IRE1α. The present results suggest that DHA protects against high fructose-induced hepatocellular lipid accumulation. The current findings also suggest that alleviating the ER stress response seems to play a role in the prevention of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis by DHA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

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12 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fish, Long-Chain n-3 PUFA and Incidence of Elevated Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

by Bo Yang¹, Mei-Qi Shi², Zi-Hao Li¹, Jian-Jun Yang² and Duo Li^1,*

¹ Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

² School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010058 - 21 Jan 2016

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 11099

Abstract

Results from prospective cohort studies on fish or long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and elevated blood pressure (EBP) are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the summary effects. Pertinent studies were identified from PubMed and EMBASE database through October 2015. [...] Read more.

Results from prospective cohort studies on fish or long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and elevated blood pressure (EBP) are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the summary effects. Pertinent studies were identified from PubMed and EMBASE database through October 2015. Multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for incidence of EBP in the highest verses the bottom category of baseline intake of fish or LC n-3 PUFA were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Over the follow-up ranging from 3 to 20 years, 20,497 EBP events occurred among 56,204 adults from eight prospective cohort studies. The summary RR (SRR) was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.14; I² = 44.70%) for fish in four studies, and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.89; I² = 75.00%) for LC n-3 PUFA in six studies (three studies for biomarker vs. three studies for diet). Circulating LC n-3 PUFA as biomarker was inversely associated with incidence of EBP (SRR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.83), especially docosahexaenoic acid (SRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.88), whereas no significant association was found for dietary intake (SRR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10). The present finding suggests that increased intake of docosahexaenoic acid to improve its circulating levels may benefit primary prevention of EBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

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15 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Korean Pine Nut Oil Attenuated Hepatic Triacylglycerol Accumulation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Soyoung Park¹, Sunhye Shin¹, Yeseo Lim¹, Jae Hoon Shin², Je Kyung Seong^2,3,4 and Sung Nim Han^1,5,*

¹ Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

² College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

³ Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

⁴ Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

⁵ Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010059 - 21 Jan 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8397

Abstract

Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to influence weight gain and lipid metabolism. We examined whether PNO replacement in a high-fat diet (HFD) can ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Five-week-old male C57BL mice were fed control diets containing 10% of the energy [...] Read more.

Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to influence weight gain and lipid metabolism. We examined whether PNO replacement in a high-fat diet (HFD) can ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Five-week-old male C57BL mice were fed control diets containing 10% of the energy from fat from PNO or soybean oil (SBO) (PC, SC) or HFDs with 45% of the energy from fat, with 10% from PNO or SBO and 35% from lard (PHFD, SHFD), for 12 weeks. Body weight gain and amount of white adipose tissue were lower in PHFD (10% and 18% lower, respectively) compared with SHFD. Hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) level was significantly lower in PHFD than the SHFD (26% lower). PNO consumption upregulated hepatic ACADL mRNA levels. The hepatic PPARG mRNA level was lower in the PC than in the SC. Expression of the sirtuin (SIRT) 3 protein in white adipose tissue was down-regulated in the SHFD and restored in the PHFD to the level in the lean control mice. SIRT 3 was reported to be upregulated under conditions of caloric restriction (CR) and plays a role in regulating mitochondrial function. PNO consumption resulted in lower body fat and hepatic TG accumulation in HFD-induced obesity, which seemed to be associated with the CR-mimetic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes)

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13 pages, 2671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata and Kaempferol in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation and Hepatic Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells

by Ok-Kyung Kim¹

, Woojin Jun² and Jeongmin Lee^1,*

¹ Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea

² Division of Food and Nutritional Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010060 - 21 Jan 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7920

Abstract

In this study, we quantitated kaempferol in water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) and investigated its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. The concentration of kaempferol in the CTL was 5.07 ± 0.08 mg/g. The [...] Read more.

In this study, we quantitated kaempferol in water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) and investigated its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. The concentration of kaempferol in the CTL was 5.07 ± 0.08 mg/g. The HepG2 cells were treated with 300 µg/mL of CTL, 500 µg/mL of CTL, 1.5 µg/mL of kaempferol or 2.5 µg/mL of kaempferol, followed immediately by stimulation with 100 nM of thapsigargin for ER stress induction for 24 h. There was a marked increase in the activation of the ER stress and inflammation response in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group. The CTL treatment interrupted the ER stress response and ER stress-induced inflammation. Kaempferol partially inhibited the ER stress response and inflammation. There was a significant increase in serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the expression of C/EBPα and gluconeogenic genes in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group compared to the normal control. Both CTL and kaempferol suppressed serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and the treatments did not interrupt the C/EBPα/gluconeogenic gene pathway. These results suggest that kaempferol might be the active compound of CTL and that it might protect against ER stress-induced inflammation and hyperglycemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavonoids, Inflammation and Immune System)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

7 pages, 887 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium Levels in Drinking Water and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analysis

by Lei Jiang^1,†, Pengcheng He^1,†, Jiyan Chen¹, Yong Liu¹, Dehui Liu¹, Genggeng Qin² and Ning Tan^1,*

¹ Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China

² Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010005 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 8741

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated inconsistent associations between drinking water magnesium levels and risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD); thus, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between them. Relevant studies were searched by the databases of Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed and [...] Read more.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated inconsistent associations between drinking water magnesium levels and risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD); thus, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between them. Relevant studies were searched by the databases of Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Knowledge. Pooled relative risks (RR) with their 95% CI were calculated to assess this association using a random-effects model. Finally, nine articles with 10 studies involving 77,821 CHD cases were used in this study. Our results revealed an inverse association between drinking water magnesium level and CHD mortality (RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99, I² = 70.6). Nine of the 10 studies came from Europe, and the association was significant between drinking water magnesium level and the risk of CHD mortality (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–0.98). In conclusion, drinking water magnesium level was significantly inversely associated with CHD mortality. Full article

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17 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessReview

DHA Effects in Brain Development and Function

by Lotte Lauritzen^1,*

, Paolo Brambilla^2,3, Alessandra Mazzocchi⁴, Laurine B. S. Harsløf¹, Valentina Ciappolino² and Carlo Agostoni⁴

¹ Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark

² Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy

³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, 2800 South Macgregor Way, Houston, TX 77021, USA

⁴ Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010006 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 411 | Viewed by 37289

Abstract

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates up to the end of the second [...] Read more.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates up to the end of the second year of life. Since the endogenous formation of DHA seems to be relatively low, DHA intake may contribute to optimal conditions for brain development. We performed a narrative review on research on the associations between DHA levels and brain development and function throughout the lifespan. Data from cell and animal studies justify the indication of DHA in relation to brain function for neuronal cell growth and differentiation as well as in relation to neuronal signaling. Most data from human studies concern the contribution of DHA to optimal visual acuity development. Accumulating data indicate that DHA may have effects on the brain in infancy, and recent studies indicate that the effect of DHA may depend on gender and genotype of genes involved in the endogenous synthesis of DHA. While DHA levels may affect early development, potential effects are also increasingly recognized during childhood and adult life, suggesting a role of DHA in cognitive decline and in relation to major psychiatric disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DHA for Optimal Health)

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25 pages, 2994 KiB

Open AccessReview

Concepts and Controversies in Evaluating Vitamin K Status in Population-Based Studies

by M. Kyla Shea and Sarah L. Booth^*

USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010008 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 128 | Viewed by 14198

Abstract

A better understanding of vitamin K’s role in health and disease requires the assessment of vitamin K nutritional status in population and clinical studies. This is primarily accomplished using dietary questionnaires and/or biomarkers. Because food composition databases in the US are most complete [...] Read more.

A better understanding of vitamin K’s role in health and disease requires the assessment of vitamin K nutritional status in population and clinical studies. This is primarily accomplished using dietary questionnaires and/or biomarkers. Because food composition databases in the US are most complete for phylloquinone (vitamin K1, the primary form in Western diets), emphasis has been on phylloquinone intakes and associations with chronic diseases. There is growing interest in menaquinone (vitamin K2) intakes for which the food composition databases need to be expanded. Phylloquinone is commonly measured in circulation, has robust quality control schemes and changes in response to phylloquinone intake. Conversely, menaquinones are generally not detected in circulation unless large quantities are consumed. The undercarboxylated fractions of three vitamin K-dependent proteins are measurable in circulation, change in response to vitamin K supplementation and are modestly correlated. Since different vitamin K dependent proteins are implicated in different diseases the appropriate vitamin K-dependent protein biomarker depends on the outcome under study. In contrast to other nutrients, there is no single biomarker that is considered a gold-standard measure of vitamin K status. Most studies have limited volume of specimens. Strategic decisions, guided by the research question, need to be made when deciding on choice of biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin K and Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Relation to Human Health)

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20 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Chlorogenic Acids in Controlling Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Conditions

by Ningjian Liang and David D. Kitts^*

Departments of Food, Nutrition and Health, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010016 - 25 Dec 2015

Cited by 642 | Viewed by 21298

Abstract

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are esters formed between caffeic and quinic acids, and represent an abundant group of plant polyphenols present in the human diet. CGAs have different subgroups that include caffeoylquinic, p-coumaroylquinic, and feruloyquinic acids. Results of epidemiological studies suggest that the [...] Read more.

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are esters formed between caffeic and quinic acids, and represent an abundant group of plant polyphenols present in the human diet. CGAs have different subgroups that include caffeoylquinic, p-coumaroylquinic, and feruloyquinic acids. Results of epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of beverages such as coffee, tea, wine, different herbal infusions, and also some fruit juices is linked to reduced risks of developing different chronic diseases. These beverages contain CGAs present in different concentrations and isomeric mixtures. The underlying mechanism(s) for specific health benefits attributed to CGAs involves mitigating oxidative stress, and hence the related adverse effects associated with an unbalanced intracellular redox state. There is also evidence to show that CGAs exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by modulating a number of important metabolic pathways. This review will focus on three specific aspects of the relevance of CGAs in coffee beverages; namely: (1) the relative composition of different CGA isomers present in coffee beverages; (2) analysis of in vitro and in vivo evidence that CGAs and individual isomers can mitigate oxidative and inflammatory stresses; and (3) description of the molecular mechanisms that have a key role in the cell signaling activity that underlines important functions. Full article

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27 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Polyphenols and Glycemic Control

by Yoona Kim, Jennifer B. Keogh and Peter M. Clifton^*

School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5000, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010017 - 5 Jan 2016

Cited by 438 | Viewed by 29890

Abstract

Growing evidence from animal studies supports the anti-diabetic properties of some dietary polyphenols, suggesting that dietary polyphenols could be one dietary therapy for the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes. This review aims to address the potential mechanisms of action of dietary [...] Read more.

Growing evidence from animal studies supports the anti-diabetic properties of some dietary polyphenols, suggesting that dietary polyphenols could be one dietary therapy for the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes. This review aims to address the potential mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity based on in vitro and in vivo studies, and to provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-diabetic effects of commonly consumed dietary polyphenols including polyphenol-rich mixed diets, tea and coffee, chocolate and cocoa, cinnamon, grape, pomegranate, red wine, berries and olive oil, with a focus on human clinical trials. Dietary polyphenols may inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, inhibit glucose absorption in the intestine by sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), stimulate insulin secretion and reduce hepatic glucose output. Polyphenols may also enhance insulin-dependent glucose uptake, activate 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), modify the microbiome and have anti-inflammatory effects. However, human epidemiological and intervention studies have shown inconsistent results. Further intervention studies are essential to clarify the conflicting findings and confirm or refute the anti-diabetic effects of dietary polyphenols. Full article

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30 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessReview

Negative, Null and Beneficial Effects of Drinking Water on Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation and Weight Change in Randomized Trials: A Qualitative Review

by Jodi J. D. Stookey

Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010019 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 18964

Abstract

Drinking water has heterogeneous effects on energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), fat oxidation (FO) and weight change in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults and/or children. The aim of this qualitative review of RCTs was to identify conditions associated with negative, null [...] Read more.

Drinking water has heterogeneous effects on energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), fat oxidation (FO) and weight change in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults and/or children. The aim of this qualitative review of RCTs was to identify conditions associated with negative, null and beneficial effects of drinking water on EI, EE, FO and weight, to generate hypotheses about ways to optimize drinking water interventions for weight management. RCT conditions that are associated with negative or null effects of drinking water on EI, EE and/or FO in the short term are associated with negative or null effects on weight over the longer term. RCT conditions that are associated with lower EI, increased EE and/or increased FO in the short term are associated with less weight gain or greater weight loss over time. Drinking water instead of caloric beverages decreases EI when food intake is ad libitum. Drinking water increases EE in metabolically-inflexible, obese individuals. Drinking water increases FO when blood carbohydrate and/or insulin concentrations are not elevated and when it is consumed instead of caloric beverages or in volumes that alter hydration status. Further research is needed to confirm the observed associations and to determine if/what specific conditions optimize drinking water interventions for weight management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beverage Consumption and Human Health)

13 pages, 455 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances

by Je Min Lee^1,†

, Hyungjae Lee^2,†

, SeokBeom Kang³

and Woo Jung Park^4,*

¹ Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea

² Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea

³ Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea

⁴ Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010023 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 308 | Viewed by 27151

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, [...] Read more.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism. Full article

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13 pages, 476 KiB

Open AccessReview

Systematic Review of Anthocyanins and Markers of Cardiovascular Disease

by Taylor C. Wallace^1,*, Margaret Slavin¹ and Cara L. Frankenfeld²

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

² Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010032 - 9 Jan 2016

Cited by 166 | Viewed by 15239

Abstract

Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids commonly consumed in the diet, which have been suggested to have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development among epidemiological studies. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts on [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids commonly consumed in the diet, which have been suggested to have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development among epidemiological studies. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts on markers of CVD (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure) in both healthy and diseased populations. Eligible studies included RCTs of adults published in English. We searched PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and BIOSIS Previews for relevant articles from inception until 1 July 2014. Twelve RCTs representing 10 studies were included in this review. Supplementation with anthocyanins significantly improved LDL cholesterol among diseased individuals or those with elevated biomarkers. Supplementation did not significantly affect other markers of CVD in either healthy individuals or those with elevated markers. No adverse effects of anthocyanins were reported across studies at levels up to 640 mg/day. Limitations of trials in the qualitative analyses include short trial duration and large variability in the dose administered within the trials. Longer-duration trials assessing dose response are needed to adequately determine whether an effect of supplementation exists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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14 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Glycemic Index of Breakfast on Energy Intake at Subsequent Meal among Healthy People: A Meta-Analysis

by Feng-Hua Sun¹

, Chunxiao Li^1,†, Yan-Jie Zhang^2,†, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong³ and Lin Wang^4,*

¹ Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China

² School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 2001, China

³ Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

⁴ Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Science of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010037 - 4 Jan 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 14894

Abstract

Meals with low glycemic index (GI) may suppress short-term appetite and reduce subsequent food intake compared with high-GI meals. However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to synthesize the evidence. This meta-analytic study was conducted to assess the effect of high- and low-GI breakfast [...] Read more.

Meals with low glycemic index (GI) may suppress short-term appetite and reduce subsequent food intake compared with high-GI meals. However, no meta-analysis has been conducted to synthesize the evidence. This meta-analytic study was conducted to assess the effect of high- and low-GI breakfast on subsequent short-term food intake. Trials were identified through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, and manual searches of bibliographies until May 2015. Randomized controlled and cross-over trials comparing the effect of low- with high-GI breakfast on subsequent energy intake among healthy people were included. Nine studies consisting of 11 trials met the inclusion criteria. Only one trial was classified with high methodological quality. A total of 183 participants were involved in the trials. The meta-analytic results revealed no difference in breakfast GI (high-GI vs. low-GI) on subsequent short-term energy intake. In conclusion, it seems that breakfast GI has no effect on short-term energy intake among healthy people. However, high quality studies are still warranted to provide more concrete evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food and Appetite)

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10 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Oat β-Glucan Intake on Glycaemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity of Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Xiao Li Shen^1,†

, Tao Zhao^1,†, Yuanzhong Zhou¹, Xiuquan Shi¹, Yan Zou¹ and Guohua Zhao^2,3,*

¹ School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China

² College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

³ Chongqing Engineering Research Centre of Regional Foods, Chongqing 400716, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010039 - 13 Jan 2016

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 16844

Abstract

Many individual studies on oat β-glucan (OBG) confirmed its functionality in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but disagreements were identified among those results. To derive a pooled estimate of these results, relevant articles, published before 5 September 2015, were collected from four [...] Read more.

Many individual studies on oat β-glucan (OBG) confirmed its functionality in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but disagreements were identified among those results. To derive a pooled estimate of these results, relevant articles, published before 5 September 2015, were collected from four electronic databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) and subjected to meta-analysis in the present work. In total, four articles, dealing with 350 T2DM patients combined, met the inclusion criteria. Compared to control, T2DM patients administrated OBG from 2.5 to 3.5 g/day for 3 to 8 weeks presented significantly lowered concentrations in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by −0.52 (95% CI: −0.94, −0.10) mmol/L (p = 0.01) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) by −0.21% (95% CI: −0.40, −0.02) (p = 0.03). However, OBG intake did not significantly lower the fasting plasma insulin (FPI) concentration. In conclusion, mediate-term OBG intake (3–8 weeks) favored the glycaemic control of T2DM patients but did not improve their insulin sensitivity. Regrettably, data upon the effects of long-term OBG intake on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity were scarce, which is of much importance and should be addressed in future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Grains for Human Health)

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11 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation of Intestinal Glucose Absorption by Ion Channels and Transporters

by Lihong Chen¹, Biguang Tuo^1,* and Hui Dong^1,2,*

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, and Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563003, China

² Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010043 - 14 Jan 2016

Cited by 127 | Viewed by 22291

Abstract

The absorption of glucose is electrogenic in the small intestinal epithelium. The major route for the transport of dietary glucose from intestinal lumen into enterocytes is the Na⁺/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), although glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) may also play a role. [...] Read more.

The absorption of glucose is electrogenic in the small intestinal epithelium. The major route for the transport of dietary glucose from intestinal lumen into enterocytes is the Na⁺/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), although glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) may also play a role. The membrane potential of small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is important to regulate the activity of SGLT1. The maintenance of membrane potential mainly depends on the activities of cation channels and transporters. While the importance of SGLT1 in glucose absorption has been systemically studied in detail, little is currently known about the regulation of SGLT1 activity by cation channels and transporters. A growing line of evidence suggests that cytosolic calcium ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) can regulate the absorption of glucose by adjusting GLUT2 and SGLT1. Moreover, the absorption of glucose and homeostasis of Ca²⁺ in IEC are regulated by cation channels and transporters, such as Ca²⁺ channels, K⁺ channels, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers, and Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers. In this review, we consider the involvement of these cation channels and transporters in the regulation of glucose uptake in the small intestine. Modulation of them may be a potential strategy for the management of obesity and diabetes. Full article

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15 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Potential to Modify the Mucus Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Jing Sun^†, Xiao Shen^†, Yi Li, Zhen Guo, Weiming Zhu^*, Lugen Zuo, Jie Zhao, Lili Gu, Jianfeng Gong and Jieshou Li

¹ Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010044 - 14 Jan 2016

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 17476

Abstract

Recently, numerous studies have shown that disruption of the mucus barrier plays an important role in the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in ulcerative colitis. Alterations in the mucus barrier are well supported by published data and are widely accepted. The use [...] Read more.

Recently, numerous studies have shown that disruption of the mucus barrier plays an important role in the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in ulcerative colitis. Alterations in the mucus barrier are well supported by published data and are widely accepted. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization and Carnoy’s fixation has revealed the importance of the mucus barrier in maintaining a mutualistic relationship between host and bacteria. Studies have raised the possibility that modulation of the mucus barrier may provide therapies for the disease, using agents such as short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics and probiotics. This review describes changes in the mucus barrier of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in animal models of the disease. We also review the involvement of the mucus barrier in the exacerbation of the disease and explore the therapeutic potential of modifying the mucus barrier with short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, fatty acid synthase, H₂S, neutrophil elastase inhibitor and phophatidyl choline. Full article

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19 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Polydextrose on Subjective Feelings of Appetite during the Satiation and Satiety Periods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alvin Ibarra^1,*, Nerys M. Astbury², Kaisa Olli¹, Esa Alhoniemi³ and Kirsti Tiihonen¹

¹ Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland

² Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK

³ Avoltus Oy, Joukahaisenkatu 1 C, Turku 20520, Finland

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010045 - 14 Jan 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9279

Abstract

Introduction: Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results [...] Read more.

Introduction: Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results amongst independent studies testing the same product. This review proposes a methodology to analyze VAS during both the Satiation and Satiety periods, allowing us to compare results in a meta-analysis. Methods: A methodology to express VAS results as incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for both the Satiation and Satiety periods is proposed using polydextrose as a case study. Further, a systematic review and meta-analysis on subjective feelings of appetite was conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD). Results: Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were important differences in the methods used to analyze appetite ratings amongst these studies. The separate subjective feelings of appetite reported were Hunger, Satisfaction, Fullness, Prospective Food Consumption, and the Desire to Eat. The method proposed here allowed the results of the different studies to be homogenized. The meta-analysis showed that Desire to Eat during the Satiation period favors polydextrose for the reduction of this subjective feeling of appetite (SMD = 0.24, I² < 0.01, p = 0.018); this effect was also significant in the sub-analysis by sex for the male population (SMD = 0.35, I² < 0.01, p = 0.015). There were no other significant results. Conclusion: It is possible to compare VAS results from separate studies. The assessment of iAUC for both the Satiation and Satiety periods generates results of homogeneous magnitudes. This case study demonstrates, for the first time, that polydextrose reduces the Desire to Eat during the Satiation period. This may explain, at least in part, the observed effects of polydextrose on the reduction of levels of energy intake at subsequent meals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food and Appetite)

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15 pages, 450 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis

by Trisha A. Jenkins^1,*, Jason C. D. Nguyen¹, Kate E. Polglaze¹ and Paul P. Bertrand^1,2

¹ School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia

² School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010056 - 20 Jan 2016

Cited by 659 | Viewed by 89629

Abstract

The serotonergic system forms a diffuse network within the central nervous system and plays a significant role in the regulation of mood and cognition. Manipulation of tryptophan levels, acutely or chronically, by depletion or supplementation, is an experimental procedure for modifying peripheral and [...] Read more.

The serotonergic system forms a diffuse network within the central nervous system and plays a significant role in the regulation of mood and cognition. Manipulation of tryptophan levels, acutely or chronically, by depletion or supplementation, is an experimental procedure for modifying peripheral and central serotonin levels. These studies have allowed us to establish the role of serotonin in higher order brain function in both preclinical and clinical situations and have precipitated the finding that low brain serotonin levels are associated with poor memory and depressed mood. The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional system between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, linking emotional and cognitive centres of the brain with peripheral functioning of the digestive tract. An influence of gut microbiota on behaviour is becoming increasingly evident, as is the extension to tryptophan and serotonin, producing a possibility that alterations in the gut may be important in the pathophysiology of human central nervous system disorders. In this review we will discuss the effect of manipulating tryptophan on mood and cognition, and discuss a possible influence of the gut-brain axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Cognitive Function)

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23 pages, 3232 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chicken Essence for Cognitive Function Improvement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Siew Li Teoh¹, Suthinee Sudfangsai², Pisake Lumbiganon³, Malinee Laopaiboon⁴, Nai Ming Lai⁵ and Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk^1,6,7,8,*

¹ School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 47500, Malaysia

² Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

⁴ Department of Biostatistics and Demography, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand

⁵ School of Medicine, Taylor’s University Malaysia, Selangor 47500, Malaysia

⁶ Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research (CPOR), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

⁷ School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA

⁸ School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston QLD 4006, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010057 - 20 Jan 2016

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 16469

Abstract

Chicken essence (CE) is a popular traditional remedy in Asia, which is believed to improve cognitive functions. CE company claimed that the health benefits were proven with research studies. A systematic review was conducted to determine the cognitive-enhancing effects of CE. We systematically [...] Read more.

Chicken essence (CE) is a popular traditional remedy in Asia, which is believed to improve cognitive functions. CE company claimed that the health benefits were proven with research studies. A systematic review was conducted to determine the cognitive-enhancing effects of CE. We systematically searched a number of databases for randomized controlled trials with human subjects consuming CE and cognitive tests involved. Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (ROB) tool was used to assess the quality of trials and meta-analysis was performed. Seven trials were included, where six healthy subjects and one subject with poorer cognitive functions were recruited. One trial had unclear ROB while the rest had high ROB. For executive function tests, there was a significant difference favoring CE (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of −0.55 (−1.04, −0.06)) and another with no significant difference (pooled SMD of 0.70 (−0.001, 1.40)). For short-term memory tests, no significant difference was found (pooled SMD of 0.63 (−0.16, 1.42)). Currently, there is a lack of convincing evidence to show a cognitive enhancing effect of CE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Cognitive Function)

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