Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Diet and Experimental Design
Fatty Acid | Echium Oil (EO) | Fish Oil (FO) | Control Diet |
---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | 7.1 | 22.3 | 10.4 |
C16:1 | - | 3.0 | 0.21 |
C18:0 | 3.6 | 6.0 | 2.9 |
C18:1n-9 | 15.5 | 17.9 | 39.6 |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 15.0 | 1.2 | 27.1 |
C18:3n-6 (GLA) | 11.4 | 0.4 | - |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 33.1 | 0.9 | 6.3 |
C18:4n-3 (SDA) | 14.2 | 1.6 | - |
C20:0 | - | 0.7 | - |
C20:1 | - | 2.1 | 0.6 |
C20:2 | - | 3.1 | - |
C20:4n-6 (ARA) | - | 1.3 | 0.2 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | - | 5.9 | 0.4 |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | - | 2.0 | 1.0 |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | - | 22.2 | - |
2.2. Surgical Induction of Arrhythmias
2.3. Assessment of Arrhythmias
2.4. Tissue Collection
2.5. Fatty Acid Composition
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Tissue Incorporations of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC n-3 PUFA)
Echium Oil | Fish Oil | Significant Effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | Control | EO-1 | EO-3 | EO-5 | FO-1 | FO-3 | FO-5 | Oil | Dose | Oil × Dose |
C16:0 | 19.4 ± 0.90 | 20.1 ± 0.91 | 18.77 ± 0.84 | 18.36 ± 0.66 | 19.12 ± 0.43 | 20.24 ± 0.38 | 20.37 ± 0.92 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:1n-9 | 1.9 ± 0.40 b | 1.1 ± 0.13 a | 1.2 ± 0.28 a | 1.0 ± 0.18 a | 1.4 ± 0.15 a | 1.7 ± 0.14 b | 1.90.13 b | 0.003 | ns | ns |
C18:0 | 14.8 ± 0.60 b | 12.5 ± 0.57 a | 12.1 ± 1.04 a | 13.3 ± 1.09 a | 14.9 ± 0.71 b | 14.6 ± 0.87 b | 15.1 ± 0.72 b | 0.012 | ns | ns |
C18:1n-9 | 17.2 ± 0.77 | 18.5 ± 0.29 | 18.0 ± 1.16 | 17.6 ± 0.56 | 18.6 ± 0.44 | 18.6 ± 0.57 | 16.9 ± 0.56 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:1n-7 | 5.6 ± 0.37 b | 4.2 ± 0.71 a | 3.2 ± 0.43 a | 3.3 ± 0.18 a | 5.3 ± 0.24 a,b | 5.1 ± 0.39 b | 4.7 ± 0.27 a,b | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 20.4 ± 0.71 a,b | 21.0 ± 0.14 a,b | 20.0 ± 0.62 a,b | 19.2 ± 1.09 a | 21.7 ± 0.54 b | 19.5 ± 0.48 a,b | 18.3 ± 0.42 a | ns | 0.018 | ns |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 1.3 ± 0.29 b | 2.6 ± 0.57 b,c | 3.1 ± 0.41 c | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:4n-3 (SDA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C20:0 | 2.5 ± 0.36 | 1.9 ± 0.82 | 2.1 ± 0.64 | 2.7 ± 0.57 | 1.9 ± 0.33 | 2.0 ± 0.40 | 2.5 ± 0.38 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:2n-6 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C20:3n-6 | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.7 ± 0.02 | 1.0 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.10 | 0.7 ± 0.08 | 0.8 ± 0.09 | 0.6 ± 0.07 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:4n-6 (ARA) | 16.2 ± 1.66 a,b | 16.0 ± 2.16 a,b | 17.6 ± 2.66 a,b | 17.3 ± 1.12 b | 13.1 ± 0.84 a,b | 11.1 ± 0.39 a | 11.8 ± 1.20 a,b | 0.027 | ns | ns |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.2 ± 0.13 a | 0.7 ± 0.06 a,b | 1.3 ± 0.06 b | 1.3 ± 0.07 b | 0.8 ± 0.03 b | 2.0 ± 0.23 c | 2.7 ± 0.08 d | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C24:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.5 ± 0.13 b | 0.9 ± 0.13 b | 0.8 ± 0.12 b | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 1.1 ± 0.09 a | 1.4 ± 0.28 a,b | 1.4 ± 0.11 a | 1.1 ± 0.15 a | 2.6 ± 0.28 b | 4.5 ± 0.26 c | 5.2 ± 0.53 c | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Total n-3 PUFA | 1.3 ± 0.10 a | 2.7 ± 0.60 a,b | 3.6 ± 0.22 b | 3.2 ± 0.30 b | 3.4 ± 0.29 b | 6.5 ± 0.48 c | 7.9 ± 0.52 c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total n-6 PUFA | 37.3 ± 2.02 c | 18.0 ± 1.92 a | 21.2 ± 2.20 a | 21.2 ± 0.95 a | 35.4 ± 0.52 b | 31.4 ± 1.50 b | 30.7 ± 1.36 b | <0.001 | ns | 0.012 |
EPA + DHA | 1.3 ± 0.10 a | 2.1 ± 0.33 a,b | 2.7 ± 0.09 b | 2.4 ± 0.21 b | 3.4 ± 0.29 b | 6.5 ± 0.48 c | 7.9 ± 0.52 d | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total SFA | 36.7 ± 0.64 b | 34.6 ± 1.22 a,b | 32.9 ± 1.25 a | 34.4 ± 1.38 a,b | 35.9 ± 0.60 b | 36.9 ± 1.23 b | 37.9 ± 1.98 b | 0.014 | ns | ns |
Total MUFA | 24.7 ± 1.48 b | 23.8 ± 1.00 a | 22.4 ± 1.62 a | 22.0 ± 0.78 a | 25.2 ± 0.71 b | 25.3 ± 0.80 b | 23.5 ± 0.27 a,b | 0.027 | ns | ns |
Total PUFA | 38.7 ± 2.00 a,b | 41.6 ± 2.21 a,b | 44.7 ± 1.91 b | 43.7 ± 1.25 a,b | 38.8 ± 0.58 a,b | 37.9 ± 0.97 a | 38.6 ± 1.86 a,b | 0.001 | ns | ns |
Echium Oil | Fish Oil | Significant Effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | Control | EO-1 | EO-3 | EO-5 | FO-1 | FO-3 | FO-5 | Oil | Dose | Oil × Dose |
C16:0 | 13.9 ± 0.18 b | 13.4 ± 0.56 a,b | 13.2 ± 0.31 a,b | 12.3 ± 0.37 a | 15.7 ± 0.57 c | 15.5 ± 0.46 c | 15.2 ± 0.47 c | <.0001 | ns | ns |
C16:1n-9 | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.02 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.3 ± 0.04 b | 0.3 ± 0.01 b | 0.5 ± 0.09 b | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:0 | 23.2 ± 0.23 a,b | 22.7 ± 0.44 a | 24.0 ± 0.47 b,c | 25.6 ± 0.23 c | 23.1 ± 0.26 a,b | 24.3 ± 0.35 c | 24.2 ± 0.36 c | ns | <0.001 | ns |
C18:1n-9 | 6.2 ± 0.14 b | 5.2 ± 0.36 a | 4.9 ± 0.11 a | 4.8 ± 0.39 a | 5.7 ± 0.16 b | 4.7 ± 0.20 a | 4.5 ± 0.13 a | ns | 0.008 | ns |
C18:1n-7 | 5.6 ± 0.16 c | 4.8 ± 0.22 b | 4.4 ± 0.35 b | 3.7 ± 0.29 a,b | 5.4 ± 0.16 c | 4.4 ± 0.19 b | 2.9 ± 0.54 a | ns | <0.001 | ns |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 21.4 ± 0.45 d | 19.8 ± 1.05 cd | 18.9 ± 0.48 c | 15.7 ± 0.46 b | 18.0 ± 0.91 c | 14.4 ± 0.64 a,b | 13.2 ± 0.40 a | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C18:4n-3 (SDA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C20:2n-6 | 0.2 ± 0.02 b | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.2 ± 0.01 b | 0.1 ± 0.04 b | 0.1 ± 0.01 b | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C20:3n-6 | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 0.3 ± 0.03 a | 0.5 ± 0.04 b | 0.7 ± 0.04 c | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 0.3 ± 0.03 a | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C20:4n-6 (ARA) | 18.1 ± 0.31 c | 19.0 ± 0.53 c | 19.5 ± 0.41 c | 21.2 ± 0.23 d | 14.9 ± 0.19 b | 13.4 ± 0.38 a | 13.4 ± 0.19 a | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.1 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.2 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.2 ± 0.06 b | 0.2 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.6 ± 0.04 c | 0.5 ± 0.02 c | ns | 0.003 | ns |
C24:0 | 0.6 ± 0.02 b | 0.7 ± 0.03 b | 0.4 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.6 ± 0.16 b | 0.4 ± 0.04 a | 0.3 ± 0.04 a | 0.2 ± 0.03 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 1.6 ± 0.01 b | 3.0 ± 0.15 c | 4.1 ± 0.35 d | 5.1 ± 0.15 e | 1.1 ± 0.07 a,b | 1.1 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.02 a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 8.6 ± 0.43 a | 11.2 ± 1.22 a | 9.8 ± 0.55 a | 10.0 ± 0.78 a | 14.9 ± 0.74 b | 20.8 ± 0.67 c | 24.1 ± 0.85 d | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total n-3 PUFA | 10.2 ± 0.51 a | 14.2 ± 1.33 b | 14.0 ± 0.68 b | 15.3 ± 0.96 b | 16.2 ± 0.77 b | 22.4 ± 0.70 c | 25.6 ± 0.86 c | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Total n-6 PUFA | 39.8 ± 0.58 c | 39.2 ± 1.07 c | 39.0 ± 0.77 c | 37.7 ± 0.39 c | 33.2 ± 0.89 b | 28.1 ± 0.61 a | 26.8 ± 0.58 a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
EPA + DHA | 8.7 ± 0.45 a | 11.2 ± 1.22 b | 10.0 ± 0.53 a,b | 10.2 ± 0.82 a,b | 15.1 ± 0.75 c | 21.2 ± 0.69 d | 24.6 ± 0.86e | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total SFA | 37.7 ± 0.37 a,b | 36.7 ± 0.28 a | 37.7 ± 0.21 a,b | 38.5 ± 0.49 b,c | 39.2 ± 0.61 c | 40.1 ± 0.41 c | 39.7 ± 0.42 c | <0.001 | 0.024 | ns |
Total MUFA | 12.1 ± 0.26 c | 9.9 ± 0.52 b | 9.3 ± 0.45 b | 8.5 ± 0.67 a,b | 11.4 ± 0.25 c | 9.4 ± 0.35 b | 7.3 ± 0.64 a | ns | 0.001 | ns |
Total PUFA | 50.2 ± 0.51 a | 53.4 ± 0.35 b | 53.0 ± 0.33 b | 53.0 ± 1.16 b | 49.5 ± 0.48 a | 50.6 ± 0.74 a | 52.5 ± 0.42 b | 0.001 | ns | ns |
Echium Oil | Fish Oil | Significant Effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | Control | EO-1 | EO-3 | EO-5 | FO-1 | FO-3 | FO-5 | Oil | Dose | Oil × Dose |
C16:0 | 17.5 ± 0.71 | 18.5 ± 0.73 | 18.6 ± 0.61 | 18.5 ± 0.84 | 18.1 ± 0.20 | 19.0 ± 0.69 | 19.0 ± 0.55 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:1n-9 | 0.9 ± 0.14 b | 0.5 ± 0.09 a | 0.4 ± 0.06 a | 0.4 ± 0.06 a | 0.7 ± 0.09 b | 0.6 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.7 ± 0.03 a,b | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:0 | 20.9 ± 1.42 a | 22.3 ± 0.40 a,b | 23.4 ± 0.99 b | 22.4 ± 0.42 a,b | 20.6 ± 0.75 a | 21.0 ± 0.69 a | 20.5 ± 0.42 a | 0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:1n-9 | 4.7 ± 0.27 a,b | 4.4 ± 0.14 a | 4.7 ± 0.14 a,b | 4.5 ± 0.30 a,b | 5.0 ± 0.38 a,b | 5.3 ± 0.26 a,b | 5.4 ± 0.22 b | 0.002 | ns | ns |
C18:1n-7 | 5.2 ± 0.32 c | 4.2 ± 0.11 b | 3.9 ± 0.23 a,b | 3.7 ± 0.13 a,b | 4.1 ± 0.11 a,b | 3.7 ± 0.17 a,b | 3.4 ± 0.11 a | ns | 0.002 | ns |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 15.0 ± 0.91 b | 14.5 ± 0.32 a,b | 13.2 ± 0.44 a,b | 11.9 ± 0.51 a | 16.6 ± 0.95 b | 16.1 ± 0.75 b | 16.2 ± 0.68 b | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||
C18:4n-3 (SDA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||
C20:2n-6 | 0.6 ± 0.06 b,c | 0.7 ± 0.04 c | 0.7 ± 0.02 c | 0.6 ± 0.04 b,c | 0.5 ± 0.05 a,b | 0.4 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.4 ± 0.02 a | <0.001 | 0.006 | ns |
C20:3n-6 | 1.7 ± 0.15 a | 1.4 ± 0.09 a | 1.9 ± 0.08 a,b | 2.3 ± 0.16 b | 1.8 ± 0.09 a | 1.8 ± 0.06 a | 1.6 ± 0.08 a | 0.033 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
C20:4n-6 (ARA) | 26.9 ± 0.47 c | 26.9 ± 1.19 c | 27.7 ± 0.56 d | 30.0 ± 0.81 d | 22.6 ± 0.45 b | 18.9 ± 0.28 a | 18.5 ± 0.34 a | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.6 ± 0.08 a | 0.8 ± 0.16 a | 1.1 ± 0.10 a | 1.0 ± 0.14 a | 1.3 ± 0.13 a | 2.5 ± 0.36 b | 2.8 ± 0.35 b | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.028 |
C24:0 | 0.4 ± 0.02 c | 0.5 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.4 ± 0.01 b | 0.3 ± 0.09 a,b | 0.4 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.3 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.2 ± 0.06 a | 0.021 | 0.004 | ns |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 0.7 ± 0.04 a | 1.2 ± 0.07 b,c | 1.2 ± 0.12 b,c | 1.4 ± 0.10 c | 0.68 ± 0.05 a | 1.0 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.8 ± 0.07 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 5.0 ± 0.46 a | 4.1 ± 0.23 a | 3.0 ± 0.22 a | 3.1 ± 0.29 a | 7.8 ± 0.91 b | 9.5 ± 0.21 b | 10.6 ± 0.90 b | <0.001 | ns | 0.011 |
Total n-3 PUFA | 6.3 ± 0.57 a | 6.1 ± 0.30 a | 5.3 ± 0.41 a | 5.5 ± 0.35 a | 9.7 ± 0.94 b | 13.0 ± 0.39 c | 14.2 ± 0.79 c | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Total n-6 PUFA | 43.5 ± 0.74 c | 42.8 ± 1.28 c | 42.8 ± 0.73 b,c | 44.3 ± 1.43 c | 40.9 ± 1.24 b,c | 36.7 ± 0.91 a,b | 36.3 ± 0.91 a | <0.001 | ns | 0.031 |
EPA + DHA | 6.3 ± 0.53 a | 6.1 ± 0.25 a | 5.3 ± 0.30 a | 5.5 ± 0.34 a | 9.7 ± 0.91 b | 13.0 ± 0.34 c | 14.2 ± 0.73 c | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Total SFA | 38.8 ± 0.76 a | 41.3 ± 1.12 b | 42.3 ± 1.08 a,b | 41.1 ± 1.26 a,b | 39.0 ± 0.75 a | 40.3 ± 1.22 a | 39.7 ± 0.47 a | 0.029 | ns | ns |
Total MUFA | 10.8 ± 0.53 b | 9.8 ± 0.17 a | 9.0 ± 0.38 a | 8.5 ± 0.25 a | 9.8 ± 0.40 a,b | 9.6 ± 0.22 a,b | 9.5 ± 0.21 a,b | 0.004 | ns | ns |
Total PUFA | 50.4 ± 0.56 | 49.6 ± 1.18 | 48.7 ± 0.92 | 50.4 ± 1.14 | 51.8 ± 0.42 | 50.1 ± 1.00 | 50.8 ± 0.30 | ns | ns | ns |
Echium Oil | Fish Oil | Significant Effect | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | Control | EO-1 | EO-3 | EO-5 | FO-1 | FO-3 | FO-5 | Oil | Dose | Oil × Dose |
C16:0 | 23.4 ± 0.17 b | 21.2 ± 0.42 a | 21.1 ± 0.32 a | 20.4 ± 0.36 a | 22.3 ± 0.68 a,b | 23.4 ± 0.22 b | 23.8 ± 0.37 b | <0.001 | ns | 0.049 |
C16:1n-9 | 0.6 ± 0.08 | 0.5 ± 0.08 | 0.6 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.5 ± 0.10 | 0.6 ± 0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:0 | 21.5 ± 0.24 a,b | 22.8 ± 0.50 b | 22.7 ± 0.34 b | 22.8 ± 0.41 b | 21.3 ± 0.34 a,b | 21.4 ± 0.37 a | 21.2 ± 0.24 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C18:1n-9 | 8.3 ± 0.21 | 8.7 ± 0.38 | 8.2 ± 0.67 | 8.6 ± 0.29 | 8.5 ± 0.13 | 8.5 ± 0.28 | 8.7 ± 0.16 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:1n-7 | 3.3 ± 0.21 b | 3.0 ± 0.21 a,b | 2.6 ± 0.28 a,b | 2.2 ± 0.23 a | 2.5 ± 0.34 a,b | 2.5 ± 0.21 a,b | 2.7 ± 0.17 a,b | ns | ns | ns |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 11.1 ± 0.34 b | 11.7 ± 0.26 b | 10.2 ± 0.21 a | 10.0 ± 0.24 a | 14.6 ± 0.28 d | 14.0 ± 0.21 cd | 13.4 ± 0.45 b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C18:4n-3 (SDA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C20:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
C20:2n-6 | 3.0 ± 0.41 b | 3.6 ± 0.12 b | 3.7 ± 0.19 b | 4.0 ± 0.15 b | 2.0 ± 0.12 a | 2.6 ± 0.46 a | 2.3 ± 0.09 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C20:3n-6 | 1.1 ± 0.07 a,b | 1.2 ± 0.05 b | 1.5 ± 0.05 c | 1.8 ± 0.07 d | 1.2 ± 0.12 b | 1.0 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.04 a | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 |
C20:4n-6 (ARA) | 24.7 ± 0.42 b | 23.8 ± 0.95 b | 25.6 ± 0.71 c | 26.1 ± 0.66 c | 22.3 ± 0.41 b | 19.9 ± 0.83 a,b | 19.6 ± 0.40 a | <0.001 | ns | 0.003 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.5 ± 0.04 a | 0.6 ± 0.05 b | 0.7 ± 0.05 b | 1.0 ± 0.11 b | 2.1 ± 0.26 c | 2.5 ± 0.16 c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
C24:0 | 1.9 ± 0.05 c | 1.7 ± 0.01 a,b,c | 1.7 ± 0.09 a,b | 1.6 ± 0.05 a | 1.9 ± 0.03 b | 1.9 ± 0.04 b | 1.8 ± 0.05 a,b,c | 0.001 | ns | ns |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.3 ± 0.01 b | 0.5 ± 0.03 c | 0.4 ± 0.11 c | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | 0.0 ± 0.00 a | <0.001 | ns | ns |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 1.2 ± 0.12 a | 1.2 ± 0.06 a | 1.2 ± 0.10 a | 1.0 ± 0.09 a | 1.9 ± 0.13 b | 2.3 ± 0.18 b,c | 2.5 ± 0.20 c | <0.001 | ns | 0.015 |
Total n-3 PUFA | 1.2 ± 0.12 a | 2.0 ± 0.10 a | 2.3 ± 0.16 b | 2.1 ± 0.14 b | 2.9 ± 0.20 b | 4.4 ± 0.34 c | 5.0 ± 0.32 d | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Total n-6 PUFA | 36.8 ± 0.75 b | 36.7 ± 0.72 b | 37.3 ± 0.70 b | 37.8 ± 0.42 b | 38.1 ± 0.70 b | 34.9 ± 0.84 a | 33.9 ± 0.32 a | 0.005 | 0.045 | 0.001 |
EPA + DHA | 1.2 ± 0.12 a | 1.7 ± 0.09 a | 1.8 ± 0.14 a | 1.7 ± 0.08 a | 2.9 ± 0.20 b | 4.4 ± 0.34 c | 5.0 ± 0.32 c | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total SFA | 46.8 ± 0.21 b | 45.7 ± 0.59 a,b | 45.5 ± 0.38 a,b | 44.8 ± 0.30 a | 45.5 ± 0.45 a,b | 46.7 ± 0.62 b | 46.8 ± 0.25 b | 0.012 | ns | ns |
Total MUFA | 12.2 ± 0.35 | 12.2 ± 0.25 | 11.3 ± 0.82 | 11.2 ± 0.45 | 11.5 ± 0.55 | 11.5 ± 0.40 | 12.1 ± 0.34 | ns | ns | ns |
Total PUFA | 41.0 ± 0.46 a | 42.2 ± 0.81 a,b | 43.2 ± 0.69 a,b | 44.0 ± 0.46 b | 43.0 ± 0.76 a,b | 41.8 ± 0.66 a,b | 41.0 ± 0.35 a | 0.044 | ns | 0.028 |
3.2. Arrhythmia Risk
Dietary Groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | EO-1 | EO-3 | EO-5 | FO-1 | FO-3 | FO-5 | |
VEB (Total, n) | 821 ± 161 | 596 ± 197 | 679 ± 156 | 556 ± 191 | 723 ± 210 | 490 ± 137 | 365 ± 114 |
VT duration (s) | 45.1 ± 10 b | 30.4 ± 12.9 b | 37.5 ± 12.6 b | 33.2 ± 13.7 b | 35.6 ± 13.2 b | 29.0 ± 12.0 b | 18.2 ± 9.0 a |
VF duration (s) | 94.4 ± 15.5 c | 69.8 ± 18.7 b | 24.2 ± 12.1 a | 75.8 ± 17.1 b | 51.5 ± 20.2 b | 33.9 ± 12.3 a,b | 22.7 ± 12.0 a |
Total mortality (%) | 69 (9/15) | 37.5 (6/16) | 14.3 (2/14) | 40 (6/15) | 20 (3/15) | 12.5 (2/16) | 17.6 (3/17) |
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abeywardena, M.Y.; Adams, M.; Dallimore, J.; Kitessa, S.M. Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2016, 8, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010014
Abeywardena MY, Adams M, Dallimore J, Kitessa SM. Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients. 2016; 8(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbeywardena, Mahinda Y., Michael Adams, Julie Dallimore, and Soressa M. Kitessa. 2016. "Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats" Nutrients 8, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010014
APA StyleAbeywardena, M. Y., Adams, M., Dallimore, J., & Kitessa, S. M. (2016). Rise in DPA Following SDA-Rich Dietary Echium Oil Less Effective in Affording Anti-Arrhythmic Actions Compared to High DHA Levels Achieved with Fish Oil in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients, 8(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010014