Nutrients

16 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fish Consumption, Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

by Yong-Seok Kim^1,2, Pengcheng Xun¹

and Ka He^1,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

² Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2085-2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042085 - 24 Mar 2015

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7363

Abstract

Fish and long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCω3PUFA) intake in relation to the risk of cardiovascular diseases have been well studied. However, studies that directly link fish consumption or LCω3PUFA intake to the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are sparse and the results [...] Read more.

Fish and long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCω3PUFA) intake in relation to the risk of cardiovascular diseases have been well studied. However, studies that directly link fish consumption or LCω3PUFA intake to the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are sparse and the results are inconsistent. We reviewed literature through December 2014 and used random-effects or fixed-effects models, as appropriate, to pool the associations of fish or LCω3PUFA intake with the risk of MetS. Nine independent cross-sectional samples (seven cross-sectional studies) and three independent prospective cohorts (two prospective cohort studies) were identified as eligible for this meta-analysis. By pooling data from the prospective cohorts (7860 participants and 1671 incident cases), a significant inverse association between fish consumption and incidence of MetS was found. The pooled RR (95% CI) was 0.71 (0.58, 0.87), comparing the highest to the lowest category of fish consumption, and 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) for one serving/week increment. Consistent results were found for LCω3PUFA intake. Non-significant inverse association of fish or LCω3PUFA intake with risk of MetS was found when pooling the cross-sectional studies. By quantitatively summarizing the literature, a modest inverse association between fish or LCω3PUFA intake and risk of MetS cannot be excluded. Full article

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8 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

L-Glutamine and Whole Protein Restore First-Phase Insulin Response and Increase Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

by Dorit Samocha-Bonet^1,2,*

, Don J. Chisholm¹, Jens J. Holst³

and Jerry R. Greenfield^1,2,4

¹ Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, NSW, Australia

² Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, High Street, Kensington 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia

³ NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Nørregade 10, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark

⁴ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, St. Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2101-2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042101 - 24 Mar 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 11788

Abstract

l-glutamine triggers glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release from L cells in vitro and when ingested pre-meal, decreases postprandial glycaemia and increases circulating insulin and GLP-1 in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of oral l-glutamine, compared with whole protein [...] Read more.

l-glutamine triggers glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release from L cells in vitro and when ingested pre-meal, decreases postprandial glycaemia and increases circulating insulin and GLP-1 in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of oral l-glutamine, compared with whole protein low in glutamine, on insulin response in well-controlled T2D patients. In a randomized study with a crossover design, T2D patients (n = 10, 6 men) aged 65.1 ± 5.8, with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.6% ± 0.7% (48 ± 8 mmol/mol), received oral l-glutamine (25 g), protein (25 g) or water, followed by an intravenous glucose bolus (0.3 g/kg) and hyperglycemic glucose clamp for 2 h. Blood was frequently collected for analyses of glucose, serum insulin and plasma total and active GLP-1 and area under the curve of glucose, insulin, total and active GLP-1 excursions calculated. Treatments were tested 1–2 weeks apart. Both l-glutamine and protein increased first-phase insulin response (p ≤ 0.02). Protein (p = 0.05), but not l-glutamine (p = 0.2), increased second-phase insulin response. Total GLP-1 was increased by both l-glutamine and protein (p ≤ 0.02). We conclude that oral l-glutamine and whole protein are similarly effective in restoring first-phase insulin response in T2D patients. Larger studies are required to further investigate the utility of similar approaches in improving insulin response in diabetes. Full article

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16 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection of Sialic Acid-Utilising Bacteria in a Caecal Community Batch Culture Using RNA-Based Stable Isotope Probing

by Wayne Young^1,*, Markus Egert², Shalome A. Bassett¹ and Rodrigo Bibiloni^1,3

¹ AgResearch Ltd, Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² Microbiology & Hygiene Group, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany

³ Arla Strategic Innovation Centre, Roerdrumvej 2, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2109-2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042109 - 25 Mar 2015

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9435

Abstract

Sialic acids are monosaccharides typically found on cell surfaces and attached to soluble proteins, or as essential components of ganglioside structures that play a critical role in brain development and neural transmission. Human milk also contains sialic acid conjugated to oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and [...] Read more.

Sialic acids are monosaccharides typically found on cell surfaces and attached to soluble proteins, or as essential components of ganglioside structures that play a critical role in brain development and neural transmission. Human milk also contains sialic acid conjugated to oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. These nutrients can reach the large bowel where they may be metabolised by the microbiota. However, little is known about the members of the microbiota involved in this function. To identify intestinal bacteria that utilise sialic acid within a complex intestinal community, we cultured the caecal microbiota from piglets in the presence of ¹³C-labelled sialic acid. Using RNA-based stable isotope probing, we identified bacteria that consumed ¹³C-sialic acid by fractionating total RNA in isopycnic buoyant density gradients followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Addition of sialic acid caused significant microbial community changes. A relative rise in Prevotella and Lactobacillus species was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the genera Escherichia/Shigella, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium. Inspection of isotopically labelled RNA sequences suggests that the labelled sialic acid was consumed by a wide range of bacteria. However, species affiliated with the genus Prevotella were clearly identified as the most prolific users, as solely their RNA showed significantly higher relative shares among the most labelled RNA species. Given the relevance of sialic acid in nutrition, this study contributes to a better understanding of their microbial transformation in the intestinal tract with potential implications for human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

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9 pages, 107 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enteral Nutrition Support to Treat Malnutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Roberta Altomare^1,†, Giuseppe Damiano^2,†, Alida Abruzzo¹, Vincenzo Davide Palumbo¹, Giovanni Tomasello^2,3, Salvatore Buscemi¹ and Attilio Ignazio Lo Monte^2,3,*

¹ School in Surgical Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, School of Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, Palermo 90127, Italy

² AUOP “P.Giaccone”, Universitary Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, Palermo 90127, Italy

³ GENURTO Department, School of Medicine and Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, Palermo 90127, Italy

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2125-2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042125 - 25 Mar 2015

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10175

Abstract

Malnutrition is a common consequence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diet has an important role in the management of IBD, as it prevents and corrects malnutrition. It is well known that diet may be implicated in the aetiology of IBD and that it [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a common consequence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diet has an important role in the management of IBD, as it prevents and corrects malnutrition. It is well known that diet may be implicated in the aetiology of IBD and that it plays a central role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal-tract disease. Often oral nutrition alone is not sufficient in the management of IBD patients, especially in children or the elderly, and must be combined with oral supplementation or replaced with tube enteral nutrition. In this review, we describe several different approaches to enteral nutrition—total parenteral, oral supplementation and enteral tube feeding—in terms of results, patients compliance, risks and and benefits. We also focus on the home entaral nutrition strategy as the future goal for treating IBD while focusing on patient wellness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

11 pages, 128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sourdough Fermentation of Wheat Flour does not Prevent the Interaction of Transglutaminase 2 with α₂-Gliadin or Gluten

by Niklas Engström^*, Ann-Sofie Sandberg

and Nathalie Scheers

Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2134-2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042134 - 25 Mar 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8975

Abstract

The enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a crucial role in the initiation of celiac disease by catalyzing the deamidation of gluten peptides. In susceptible individuals, the deamidated peptides initiate an immune response leading to celiac disease. Several studies have addressed lactic fermentation plus [...] Read more.

The enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a crucial role in the initiation of celiac disease by catalyzing the deamidation of gluten peptides. In susceptible individuals, the deamidated peptides initiate an immune response leading to celiac disease. Several studies have addressed lactic fermentation plus addition of enzymes as a means to degrade gluten in order to prevent adverse response in celiacs. Processing for complete gluten degradation is often harsh and is not likely to yield products that are of comparable characteristics as their gluten-containing counterparts. We are concerned that incomplete degradation of gluten may have adverse effects because it leads to more available TG2-binding sites on gluten peptides. Therefore, we have investigated how lactic acid fermentation affects the potential binding of TG2 to gluten protein in wheat flour by means of estimating TG2-mediated transamidation in addition to measuring the available TG2-binding motif QLP, in α₂-gliadin. We show that lactic fermentation of wheat flour, as slurry or as part of sourdough bread, did not decrease the TG2-mediated transamidation, in the presence of a primary amine, to an efficient level (73%–102% of unfermented flour). Nor did the lactic fermentation decrease the available TG2 binding motif QLP in α₂-gliadin to a sufficient extent in sourdough bread (73%–122% of unfermented control) to be useful for celiac safe food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten Related Disorders: People Shall not Live on Bread Alone)

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16 pages, 155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Cancer Malnutrition Impacts Weight and Quality of Life

by Nils-Claudius Gellrich¹, Jörg Handschel^2,*, Henrik Holtmann² and Gertrud Krüskemper³

¹ Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany

² Department for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

³ Department of Medical Psychology, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Building MA 0/145, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2145-2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042145 - 27 Mar 2015

Cited by 104 | Viewed by 12464

Abstract

Diet is important for both quality of life (QoL) and survival of patients with oral cancer. Their intake of food is impeded by functional restrictions in chewing and swallowing. In the DÖSAK REHAB STUDY 1652 patients from 38 hospitals within the German-language area [...] Read more.

Diet is important for both quality of life (QoL) and survival of patients with oral cancer. Their intake of food is impeded by functional restrictions in chewing and swallowing. In the DÖSAK REHAB STUDY 1652 patients from 38 hospitals within the German-language area of Germany; Austria and Switzerland were examined with regard to functional and psychological variables having an impact on diet. Chewing and swallowing are correlated with mobility of the tongue and the mandible as well as opening of the mouth. Thirty five percent of the patients lost weight; 41% maintained their weight and 24% gained weight. The QoL of patients who were able to maintain their weight and of those who gained weight was significantly better than that of patients who lost weight. A normal diet was important for maintaining weight. Mashed food; liquid food and loss of appetite were closely associated with loss of weight; although it was possible for nutritional counseling and dietary support to be implemented particularly favorably in this respect. Due to problems with eating patients’ strength deteriorated; thus restricting activity. Radiotherapy had a negative impact on diet and weight. It influenced sense of taste; dryness of the mouth; swelling and discomfort when ingesting food. Pain and scars in the region of the operation also cause patients to dislike hard; spicy and sour food. Support from a nutritional counselor in implementing a calorie-rich diet remedied this and such support needs to be integrated into patient management. The fact that a poor nutritional status is of such great importance is well-known; but what is often lacking is the systematic implementation of continued professional nutritional counseling over a long period of time; weight control and psycho-social support of the operated patients; particularly those who also have had radiotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Medicine)

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15 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Food Practices by Childcare Staff and the Association with Dietary Intake of Children at Childcare

by Jessica S. Gubbels^*, Sanne M.P.L. Gerards and Stef P.J. Kremers

Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2161-2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042161 - 27 Mar 2015

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 9285

Abstract

The study explored the associations between various childcare staff food practices and children’s dietary intake at childcare. A total of 398 one- to four-year-old children and 24 childcare staff members from 24 Dutch childcare centers participated in the study. Children’s dietary intake (fruit, [...] Read more.

The study explored the associations between various childcare staff food practices and children’s dietary intake at childcare. A total of 398 one- to four-year-old children and 24 childcare staff members from 24 Dutch childcare centers participated in the study. Children’s dietary intake (fruit, vegetable, sweet snack, savory snack, water, and sweet drink intake) at childcare was registered on two weekdays, using observations by dieticians and childcare staff. Thirteen childcare staff practices were assessed using questionnaires administered by dieticians. Data were analyzed using multilevel regression analyses. Children consumed relatively much fruit and many sweet snacks at childcare, and they mainly drank sweet drinks. Various staff practices were associated with children’s dietary intake. When staff explained what they were doing to the children during food preparation, children ate significantly more fruit. Children ate less sweet snacks when they were allowed to help prepare the meals. When staff encouraged children to continue eating, they ate more vegetables. In conclusion, the study showed the importance of childcare staff food practices for children’s food intake at childcare. More research is needed to examine the specific conditions under which food practices can have a positive impact on children’s dietary intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity)

17 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessReview

B Vitamins, Homocysteine and Bone Health

by Valentina Fratoni and Maria Luisa Brandi^*

Department of Surgery and Traslational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6-50139 Florence, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2176-2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042176 - 30 Mar 2015

Cited by 110 | Viewed by 17325

Abstract

Nutrition is one of the most important modifiable factors involved in the development and maintenance of good bone health. Calcium and Vitamin D have confirmed and established roles in the maintenance of proper bone health. However, other nutritional factors could also be implicated. [...] Read more.

Nutrition is one of the most important modifiable factors involved in the development and maintenance of good bone health. Calcium and Vitamin D have confirmed and established roles in the maintenance of proper bone health. However, other nutritional factors could also be implicated. This review will explore the emerging evidence of the supporting role of certain B Vitamins as modifiable factors associated with bone health. Individuals with high levels of homocysteine (hcy) exhibit reduced bone mineral density (BMD), alteration in microarchitecture and increased bone fragility. The pathophysiology caused by high serum homocysteine is not completely clear regarding fractures, but it may involve factors, such as bone mineral density, bone turnover, bone blood flow and collagen cross-linking. It is uncertain whether supplementation with B Vitamins, such as folate, Vitamin B1, and Vitamin B6, could decrease hip fracture incidence, but the results of further clinical trials should be awaited before a conclusion is drawn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Bone Health)

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16 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity and Nutritional Status in Anorexia Nervosa: Effects of Weight Recovery

by María-Jesús Oliveras-López¹, Inmaculada Ruiz-Prieto², Patricia Bolaños-Ríos², Francisco De la Cerda³, Franz Martín^1,4 and Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera^1,*

¹ Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, University of Pablo de Olavide of Seville, Ctra Utrera km 1, Seville 41013, Spain

² Behavioral Sciences Institute, Seville 41011, Spain

³ DLCB Laboratory, Seville, 41010, Spain

⁴ CABIMER, Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pablo de Olavide of Seville, Avda Americo Vespucio s/n, Seville 41092, Spain

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2193-2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042193 - 30 Mar 2015

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7915

Abstract

Few studies are focused on the antioxidant status and its changes in anorexia nervosa (AN). Based on the hypothesis that renutrition improves that status, the aim was to determine the plasma antioxidant status and the antioxidant enzymes activity at the beginning of a [...] Read more.

Few studies are focused on the antioxidant status and its changes in anorexia nervosa (AN). Based on the hypothesis that renutrition improves that status, the aim was to determine the plasma antioxidant status and the antioxidant enzymes activity at the beginning of a personalized nutritional program (T₀) and after recovering normal body mass index (BMI) (T₁). The relationship between changes in BMI and biochemical parameters was determined. Nutritional intake, body composition, anthropometric, hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in 25 women with AN (19.20 ± 6.07 years). Plasma antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured. Mean time to recover normal weight was 4.1 ± 2.44 months. Energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake improved. Catalase activity was significantly modified after dietary intake improvement and weight recovery (T₀ = 25.04 ± 1.97 vs. T₁ = 35.54 ± 2.60μmol/min/mL; p < 0.01). Total antioxidant capacity increased significantly after gaining weight (T₀ = 1033.03 ± 34.38 vs. T₁ = 1504.61 ± 99.73 μmol/L; p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase activity decreased (p < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase did not change. Our results support an association between nutrition improvement and weight gain in patients with AN, followed by an enhancement of antioxidant capacity and catalase antioxidant system. Full article

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28 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomarkers of Selenium Status

by Gerald F. Combs, Jr.

Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2420 2nd Ave N Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2209-2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042209 - 31 Mar 2015

Cited by 310 | Viewed by 15810

Abstract

The essential trace element, selenium (Se), has multiple biological activities, which depend on the level of Se intake. Relatively low Se intakes determine the expression of selenoenzymes in which it serves as an essential constituent. Higher intakes have been shown to have anti-tumorigenic [...] Read more.

The essential trace element, selenium (Se), has multiple biological activities, which depend on the level of Se intake. Relatively low Se intakes determine the expression of selenoenzymes in which it serves as an essential constituent. Higher intakes have been shown to have anti-tumorigenic potential; and very high Se intakes can produce adverse effects. This hierarchy of biological activities calls for biomarkers informative at different levels of Se exposure. Some Se-biomarkers, such as the selenoproteins and particularly GPX3 and SEPP1, provide information about function directly and are of value in identifying nutritional Se deficiency and tracking responses of deficient individuals to Se-treatment. They are useful under conditions of Se intake within the range of regulated selenoprotein expression, e.g., for humans <55 μg/day and for animals <20 μg/kg diet. Other Se-biomarkers provide information indirectly through inferences based on Se levels of foods, tissues, urine or feces. They can indicate the likelihood of deficiency or adverse effects, but they do not provide direct evidence of either condition. Their value is in providing information about Se status over a wide range of Se intake, particularly from food forms. There is need for additional Se biomarkers particularly for assessing Se status in non-deficient individuals for whom the prospects of cancer risk reduction and adverse effects risk are the primary health considerations. This would include determining whether supranutritional intakes of Se may be required for maximal selenoprotein expression in immune surveillance cells. It would also include developing methods to determine low molecular weight Se-metabolites, i.e., selenoamino acids and methylated Se-metabolites, which to date have not been detectable in biological specimens. Recent analytical advances using tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry suggest prospects for detecting these metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Selenium and Human Health)

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24 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Infant Gut Microbiome: Evidence for Obesity Risk and Dietary Intervention

by Petya T. Koleva^1,†, Sarah L. Bridgman^1,† and Anita L. Kozyrskyj^1,2,3,*

¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada

² School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada

³ Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2237-2260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042237 - 31 Mar 2015

Cited by 129 | Viewed by 24606

Abstract

Increasing globally, particularly in children, obesity is a serious public health issue and risk factor for overweight and metabolic disease in later life. Both in experimental animal and human studies, advances in gene sequencing technologies have yielded intriguing possibilities for the role of [...] Read more.

Increasing globally, particularly in children, obesity is a serious public health issue and risk factor for overweight and metabolic disease in later life. Both in experimental animal and human studies, advances in gene sequencing technologies have yielded intriguing possibilities for the role of the gut microbiome in later development of overweight status. Before translating study findings into practice, we must first reconcile inconsistencies between animal experimentation, and human adult and infant studies. Recent evidence for associations with gut microbiota and infant weight gain or child weight status, implicate Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species. Dietary manipulation with human milk and pre/probiotic formulations holds promise for preventing obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

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13 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Acute Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Qiu Cheng Lei^1,2, Xin Ying Wang^1,2,3,*, Xian Feng Xia⁴, Hua Zhen Zheng⁵, Jing Cheng Bi³, Feng Tian³ and Ning Li³

¹ Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China

² Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical College of Southern Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China

³ Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China

⁴ Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

⁵ Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2261-2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042261 - 31 Mar 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 15218

Abstract

To determine whether treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) provides benefits to patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched. Data analysis was performed using Revman 5.2 software. A total [...] Read more.

To determine whether treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) provides benefits to patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched. Data analysis was performed using Revman 5.2 software. A total of eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Overall, ω-3 FA treatment resulted in a significantly reduced risk of mortality (RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.75, p < 0.05), infectious complications (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.85, p < 0.05) and length of hospital stay (MD –6.50; 95% CI −9.54 to −3.46, p < 0.05), but not length of ICU stay (MD −1.98; 95% CI −6.92 to 2.96, p > 0.05). In subgroup analysis, only patients who received ω-3 FA parenterally had some statistically significant benefits in terms of mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.86, p < 0.05), infectious complications (RR 0.5; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.9, p < 0.05) and length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD) −8.13; 95% CI −10.39 to −5.87, p < 0.001). The administration of ω-3 FA may be beneficial for decreasing mortality, infectious complications, and length of hospital stay in AP, especially when used parenterally. Large and rigorously designed RCTs are required to elucidate the efficacy of parenteral or enteral ω-3 FA treatment in AP. Full article

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23 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessReview

Duodenal Cytochrome b (DCYTB) in Iron Metabolism: An Update on Function and Regulation

by Darius J. R. Lane^*, Dong-Hun Bae, Angelica M. Merlot, Sumit Sahni and Des R. Richardson^*

Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2274-2296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042274 - 31 Mar 2015

Cited by 113 | Viewed by 20094

Abstract

Iron and ascorbate are vital cellular constituents in mammalian systems. The bulk-requirement for iron is during erythropoiesis leading to the generation of hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes. Additionally; both iron and ascorbate are required as co-factors in numerous metabolic reactions. Iron homeostasis is controlled at the [...] Read more.

Iron and ascorbate are vital cellular constituents in mammalian systems. The bulk-requirement for iron is during erythropoiesis leading to the generation of hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes. Additionally; both iron and ascorbate are required as co-factors in numerous metabolic reactions. Iron homeostasis is controlled at the level of uptake; rather than excretion. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that in addition to the known ability of dietary ascorbate to enhance non-heme iron absorption in the gut; ascorbate regulates iron homeostasis. The involvement of ascorbate in dietary iron absorption extends beyond the direct chemical reduction of non-heme iron by dietary ascorbate. Among other activities; intra-enterocyte ascorbate appears to be involved in the provision of electrons to a family of trans-membrane redox enzymes; namely those of the cytochrome b₅₆₁ class. These hemoproteins oxidize a pool of ascorbate on one side of the membrane in order to reduce an electron acceptor (e.g., non-heme iron) on the opposite side of the membrane. One member of this family; duodenal cytochrome b (DCYTB); may play an important role in ascorbate-dependent reduction of non-heme iron in the gut prior to uptake by ferrous-iron transporters. This review discusses the emerging relationship between cellular iron homeostasis; the emergent “IRP1-HIF2α axis”; DCYTB and ascorbate in relation to iron metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Deficiency: Development, Implications and Treatment)

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14 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Target Fortification of Breast Milk: How Often Should Milk Analysis Be Done?

by Niels Rochow¹

, Gerhard Fusch¹

, Bianca Zapanta¹, Anaam Ali¹, Sandip Barui² and Christoph Fusch^1,*

¹ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Room HSC-4 F5, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada

² Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, On L8S4K1, Canada

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2297-2310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042297 - 1 Apr 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7829

Abstract

Target fortification (TFO) reduces natural macronutrient variation in breast milk (BM). Daily BM analysis for TFO increases neonatal intensive care unit work load by 10–15 min/patient/day and may not be feasible in all nurseries. The variation of macronutrient intake when BM analysis is [...] Read more.

Target fortification (TFO) reduces natural macronutrient variation in breast milk (BM). Daily BM analysis for TFO increases neonatal intensive care unit work load by 10–15 min/patient/day and may not be feasible in all nurseries. The variation of macronutrient intake when BM analysis is done for various schedules was studied. In an observational study, we analyzed 21 subsequent samples of native 24-h BM batches, which had been prepared for 10 healthy infants (gestational age 26.1 ± 1.3 weeks, birth weight: 890 ± 210 g). Levels of protein and fat (validated near-infrared milk analyzer), as well as lactose (UPLC-MS/MS) generated the database for modelling TFO to meet recommendations of European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Intake of macronutrients and energy were calculated for different schedules of BM measurements for TFO (n = 1/week; n = 2/week; n = 3/week; n = 5/week; n = 7/week) and compared to native and fixed dose fortified BM. Day-to-day variation of macronutrients (protein 20%, carbohydrate 13%, fat 17%, energy 10%) decreased as the frequency of milk analysis increased and was almost zero for protein and carbohydrate with daily measurements. Measurements two/week led to mean macronutrient intake within a range of ±5% of targeted levels. A reduced schedule for macronutrient measurement may increase the practical use of TFO. To what extent the day-to-day variation affects growth while mean intake is stable needs to be studied. Full article

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13 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Moderate Amounts of Vitamin D3 in Supplements are Effective in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D from Low Baseline Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review

by Susan J Whiting^1,*

, Jean-Philippe Bonjour², Flore Dontot Payen³ and Brigitte Rousseau³

¹ College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2Z4 Canada.

² Division of Bone Disease, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva 14, Switzerland

³ Yoplait France 92641 Boulogne Billancourt, France

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2311-2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042311 - 1 Apr 2015

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8298

Abstract

There is controversy surrounding the designation of vitamin D adequacy as defined by circulating levels of the metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Depending on the cutoff level chosen, dietary intakes of vitamin D may or may not provide sufficient impact upon vitamin D status [...] Read more.

There is controversy surrounding the designation of vitamin D adequacy as defined by circulating levels of the metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Depending on the cutoff level chosen, dietary intakes of vitamin D may or may not provide sufficient impact upon vitamin D status measured as improvement in serum levels of 25(OH)D. We sought to examine whether modest daily doses (5–20 μg) as found in fortified foods or multivitamin supplements had a measureable impact on vitamin D status, defined as moving from below to above 50 nmol/L, or from less than 30 nmol/L to above 30 nmol/L. Published literature was searched for relevant articles describing randomized controlled trials. Exclusion criteria were: studies not involving humans; review articles; studies lacking blood level data pre- and post-treatment; no control group; bolus treatments (weekly, monthly, yearly); vitamin D <5 μg or >20 μg; baseline 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L; subjects not defined as healthy; studies <8 weeks; and age <19 years. Of the 127 studies retrieved, 18 publications with 25 separate comparisons met criteria. The mean rate constant, defined as change in 25(OH)D in nmol/L per μg vitamin D administered, was calculated as 2.19 ± 0.97 nmol/L per μg. There was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.65, p = 0.0004) between rate constant and administered dose. To determine impact of the dose reflecting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 10 μg administered in nine studies (10 comparisons), in every case mean 25(OH)D status rose either from “insufficient” (30–50 nmol/L) to “sufficient” (>50 nmol/L) or from “deficient” (<30 nmol/L) to “insufficient” (>30 but <50 nmol/L). Our study shows that when baseline levels of groups were <75 nmol/L, for every microgram of vitamin D provided, 25(OH)D levels can be raised by 2 nmol/L; and further, when groups were deficient or insufficient in vitamin D, there was significant value in providing additional 10 μg per day of vitamin D. Full article

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21 pages, 430 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Iron Deficiency as an Emerging Risk Factor for Osteoporosis: A Hypothesis

by Laura Toxqui and M. Pilar Vaquero^*

Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2324-2344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042324 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 143 | Viewed by 24841

Abstract

Iron is essential in oxygen transport and participates in many enzymatic systems in the body, with important roles in collagen synthesis and vitamin D metabolism. The relationship between iron and bone health comes from clinical observations in iron overload patients who suffered bone [...] Read more.

Iron is essential in oxygen transport and participates in many enzymatic systems in the body, with important roles in collagen synthesis and vitamin D metabolism. The relationship between iron and bone health comes from clinical observations in iron overload patients who suffered bone loss. The opposite scenario—whether iron deficiency, with or without anemia, affects bone metabolism—has not been fully addressed. This is of great interest, as this nutrient deficiency is a worldwide public health problem and at the same time osteoporosis and bone alterations are highly prevalent. This review presents current knowledge on nutritional iron deficiency and bone remodeling, the biomarkers to evaluate iron status and bone formation and resorption, and the link between iron and bone metabolism. Finally, it is hypothesized that chronic iron deficiency induces bone resorption and risk of osteoporosis, thus complete recovery from anemia and its prevention should be promoted in order to improve quality of life including bone health. Several mechanisms are suggested; hence, further investigation on the possible impact of chronic iron deficiency on the development of osteoporosis is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Bone Health)

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14 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimated Daily Intake and Seasonal Food Sources of Quercetin in Japan

by Haruno Nishimuro^1,2, Hirofumi Ohnishi³, Midori Sato⁴, Mayumi Ohnishi-Kameyama¹, Izumi Matsunaga¹, Shigehiro Naito¹, Katsunari Ippoushi¹, Hideaki Oike¹, Tadahiro Nagata², Hiroshi Akasaka³, Shigeyuki Saitoh⁵, Kazuaki Shimamoto⁶ and Masuko Kobori^1,*

¹ National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan

² Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8555, Japan

³ School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan

⁴ Sobetsu-cho, Usugun, Hokkaido 052-0101 Japan

⁵ Sapporo Medical University School of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan

⁶ Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2345-2358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042345 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 145 | Viewed by 15159

Abstract

Quercetin is a promising food component, which can prevent lifestyle related diseases. To understand the dietary intake of quercetin in the subjects of a population-based cohort study and in the Japanese population, we first determined the quercetin content in foods available in the [...] Read more.

Quercetin is a promising food component, which can prevent lifestyle related diseases. To understand the dietary intake of quercetin in the subjects of a population-based cohort study and in the Japanese population, we first determined the quercetin content in foods available in the market during June and July in or near a town in Hokkaido, Japan. Red leaf lettuce, asparagus, and onions contained high amounts of quercetin derivatives. We then estimated the daily quercetin intake by 570 residents aged 20–92 years old in the town using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The average and median quercetin intakes were 16.2 and 15.5 mg day⁻¹, respectively. The quercetin intakes by men were lower than those by women; the quercetin intakes showed a low correlation with age in both men and women. The estimated quercetin intake was similar during summer and winter. Quercetin was mainly ingested from onions and green tea, both in summer and in winter. Vegetables, such as asparagus, green pepper, tomatoes, and red leaf lettuce, were good sources of quercetin in summer. Our results will help to elucidate the association between quercetin intake and risks of lifestyle-related diseases by further prospective cohort study and establish healthy dietary requirements with the consumption of more physiologically useful components from foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutrient Intakes)

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23 pages, 883 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unique Features of High-Density Lipoproteins in the Japanese: In Population and in Genetic Factors

by Shinji Yokoyama

Nutritional Health Science Research Centre and Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2359-2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042359 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7645

Abstract

Despite its gradual increase in the past several decades, the prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease is low in Japan. This is largely attributed to difference in lifestyle, especially food and dietary habits, and it may be reflected in certain clinical parameters. Plasma high-density [...] Read more.

Despite its gradual increase in the past several decades, the prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease is low in Japan. This is largely attributed to difference in lifestyle, especially food and dietary habits, and it may be reflected in certain clinical parameters. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a strong counter risk for atherosclerosis, are indeed high among the Japanese. Accordingly, lower HDL seems to contribute more to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) than an increase in non-HDL lipoproteins at a population level in Japan. Interestingly, average HDL levels in Japan have increased further in the past two decades, and are markedly higher than in Western populations. The reasons and consequences for public health of this increase are still unknown. Simulation for the efficacy of raising HDL cholesterol predicts a decrease in CHD of 70% in Japan, greater than the extent by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicted by simulation or achieved in a statin trial. On the other hand, a substantial portion of hyperalphalipoproteinemic population in Japan is accounted for by genetic deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which is also commonly unique in East Asian populations. It is still controversial whether CETP mutations are antiatherogenic. Hepatic Schistosomiasis is proposed as a potential screening factor for historic accumulation of CETP deficiency in East Asia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis)

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19 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy in Relation to Offspring Forearm Fractures: Prospective Study from the Danish National Birth Cohort

by Sesilje B. Petersen^1,*, Morten A. Rasmussen^2,3, Sjurdur F. Olsen^1,4, Peter Vestergaard^5,6, Christian Mølgaard⁷, Thorhallur I. Halldorsson^1,8 and Marin Strøm¹

¹ Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark

² Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark

³ Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark

⁴ Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁵ Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

⁶ Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

⁷ Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark

⁸ Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2382-2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042382 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7847

Abstract

Limited evidence exists for an association between maternal diet during pregnancy and offspring bone health. In a prospective study, we examined the association between dietary patterns in mid-pregnancy and offspring forearm fractures. In total, 101,042 pregnancies were recruited to the Danish National Birth [...] Read more.

Limited evidence exists for an association between maternal diet during pregnancy and offspring bone health. In a prospective study, we examined the association between dietary patterns in mid-pregnancy and offspring forearm fractures. In total, 101,042 pregnancies were recruited to the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) during 1996–2002. Maternal diet was collected by a food frequency questionnaire. Associations were analyzed between seven dietary patterns extracted by principal component analysis and offspring first occurrence of any forearm fracture diagnosis, extracted from the Danish National Patient Register, between time of birth and end of follow-up (<16 year) (n = 53,922). In multivariable Cox regression models, offspring of mothers in the fourth vs. first quintile of the Western pattern had a significant increased risk (Hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.01–1.23) of fractures, and there was a borderline significant positive trend (p = 0.06). The other dietary patterns showed no associations and neither did supplementary analyses of macro- and micronutrients or single food groups, except for the intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks, which was positively associated with offspring forearm fractures (p = 0.02). In the large prospective DNBC high mid-pregnancy consumption of Western diet and artificially sweetened soft drinks, respectively, indicated positive associations with offspring forearm fractures, which provides interesting hypotheses for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Bone Health)

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14 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Maternal Vitamin B12 Status Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood HDL Cholesterol in White Caucasians Living in the UK

by Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari¹, Manu Vatish², Alexander Lawson³, Catherine Wood⁴, Kavitha Sivakumar¹, Philip G. McTernan¹, Craig Webster³, Neil Anderson⁴, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik⁵, Gyanendra Tripathi^1,* and Ponnusamy Saravanan^1,4,6,*

¹ Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK

² Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK

³ Department of Pathology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK

⁴ Academic department of Diabetes and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton CV10 7DJ, UK

⁵ Diabetes Research Centre, KEM Hospital, Pune 411011, India

⁶ WISDEM Centre, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2401-2414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042401 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8528

Abstract

Background and Aims: Studies in South Asian population show that low maternal vitamin B12 associates with insulin resistance and small for gestational age in the offspring. Low vitamin B12 status is attributed to vegetarianism in these populations. It is not known whether low [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Studies in South Asian population show that low maternal vitamin B12 associates with insulin resistance and small for gestational age in the offspring. Low vitamin B12 status is attributed to vegetarianism in these populations. It is not known whether low B12 status is associated with metabolic risk of the offspring in whites, where the childhood metabolic disorders are increasing rapidly. Here, we studied whether maternal B12 levels associate with metabolic risk of the offspring at birth. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 91 mother-infant pairs (n = 182), of white Caucasian origin living in the UK. Blood samples were collected from white pregnant women at delivery and their newborns (cord blood). Serum vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine as well as the relevant metabolic risk factors were measured. Results: The prevalence of low serum vitamin B12 (<191 ng/L) and folate (<4.6 μg/L) were 40% and 11%, respectively. Maternal B12 was inversely associated with offspring’s Homeostasis Model Assessment 2-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, homocysteine and positively with HDL-cholesterol after adjusting for age and BMI. In regression analysis, after adjusting for likely confounders, maternal B12 is independently associated with neonatal HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine but not triglycerides or HOMA-IR. Conclusions: Our study shows that low B12 status is common in white women and is independently associated with adverse cord blood cholesterol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Pregnancy)

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25 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Dietary Protein and Thiamine Intakes on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older People: A Systematic Review

by Freda Koh, Karen Charlton^*,†

, Karen Walton^† and Anne-Therese McMahon^†

¹ School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2415-2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042415 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 10064

Abstract

The effectiveness of nutritional interventions to prevent and maintain cognitive functioning in older adults has been gaining interest due to global population ageing. A systematic literature review was conducted to obtain and appraise relevant studies on the effects of dietary protein or thiamine [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of nutritional interventions to prevent and maintain cognitive functioning in older adults has been gaining interest due to global population ageing. A systematic literature review was conducted to obtain and appraise relevant studies on the effects of dietary protein or thiamine on cognitive function in healthy older adults. Studies that reported on the use of nutritional supplementations and/or populations with significant cognitive impairment were excluded. Seventeen eligible studies were included. Evidence supporting an association between higher protein and/or thiamine intakes and better cognitive function is weak. There was no evidence to support the role of specific protein food sources, such as types of meat, on cognitive function. Some cross-sectional and case-control studies reported better cognition in those with higher dietary thiamine intakes, but the data remains inconclusive. Adequate protein and thiamine intake is more likely associated with achieving a good overall nutritional status which affects cognitive function rather than single nutrients. A lack of experimental studies in this area prevents the translation of these dietary messages for optimal cognitive functioning and delaying the decline in cognition with advancing age. Full article

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16 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatoprotective Effect of Herb Formula KIOM2012H against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Hwayong Park, Youn-Hwan Hwang, Dong-Gun Kim, Jongwook Jeon and Jin Yeul Ma^*

KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2440-2455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042440 - 2 Apr 2015

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7936

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic ailment with a rapidly increasing incidence due to dietary hypernutrition and subsequent obesity. Fatty liver disease can lead to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancer, which is associated with various complications. Discovering effective natural materials [...] Read more.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic ailment with a rapidly increasing incidence due to dietary hypernutrition and subsequent obesity. Fatty liver disease can lead to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancer, which is associated with various complications. Discovering effective natural materials and herbs can provide alternative and complementary medical treatments to current chemical pharmaceuticals. To develop an effective natural agent for NAFLD, we formulated a combination of four herb mixtures (KIOM2012H) and observed lipid-lowering efficacy. The inhibitory effects of KIOM2012H on free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation, triglyceride contents, and gene expressions were analyzed in HepG2 cells. Using high fat diet-fed mice, body weight changes, gross liver appearances, hepatic triglyceride contents, and gene expressions were evaluated. KIOM2012H dose-dependently inhibited lipid accumulation and gene expressions involved in lipogenesis and related regulators. Experimental animals also showed a decrease in body weight changes and lipid-associated physiological parameters. This study shows that KIOM2012H has an alleviating effect on fatty acid and lipid accumulation, and therefore can be applied for development of new therapeutic pharmaceuticals for treatment of NAFLD using natural products and herbs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Medicine)

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13 pages, 122 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enteral Nutrition in Dementia: A Systematic Review

by Joanne Brooke^1,* and Omorogieva Ojo²

¹ Kent Community Health NHS Trust, The Oast, Unit D, Maidstone Kent ME16 9NT, UK

² School of Health and Social Care, Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Campus, London SE9 2UG, UK

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2456-2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042456 - 3 Apr 2015

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 21000

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the role of enteral nutrition in dementia. The prevalence of dementia is predicted to rise worldwide partly due to an aging population. People with dementia may experience both cognitive and physical complications that impact [...] Read more.

The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the role of enteral nutrition in dementia. The prevalence of dementia is predicted to rise worldwide partly due to an aging population. People with dementia may experience both cognitive and physical complications that impact on their nutritional intake. Malnutrition and weight loss in dementia correlates with cognitive decline and the progress of the disease. An intervention for long term eating difficulties is the provision of enteral nutrition through a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy tube to improve both nutritional parameters and quality of life. Enteral nutrition in dementia has traditionally been discouraged, although further understanding of physical, nutritional and quality of life outcomes are required. The following electronic databases were searched: EBSCO Host, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Google Scholar for publications from 1st January 2008 and up to and including 1st January 2014. Inclusion criteria included the following outcomes: mortality, aspiration pneumonia, pressure sores, nutritional parameters and quality of life. Each study included separate analysis for patients with a diagnosis of dementia and/or neurological disease. Retrospective and prospective observational studies were included. No differences in mortality were found for patients with dementia, without dementia or other neurological disorders. Risk factors for poor survival included decreased or decreasing serum albumin levels, increasing age or over 80 years and male gender. Evidence regarding pneumonia was limited, although did not impact on mortality. No studies explored pressure sores or quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

16 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applications of Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium Longum with Eleutherine Americana in Fresh Milk Tofu and Pineapple Juice

by Atchara N. Phoem¹, Suphitchaya Chanthachum² and Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai^3,*

¹ Department of Biology and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Muang, Songkhla 90000, Thailand

² Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand

³ Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2469-2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042469 - 3 Apr 2015

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7312

Abstract

Bifidobacterium longum was microencapsulated by extrusion technique and added in fresh milk tofu and pineapple juice. Microencapsulation of B. longum with Eleutherine americana extract, oligosaccharides extract, and commercial fructo-oligosaccharides was assessed for the bacterial survival after sequential exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal [...] Read more.

Bifidobacterium longum was microencapsulated by extrusion technique and added in fresh milk tofu and pineapple juice. Microencapsulation of B. longum with Eleutherine americana extract, oligosaccharides extract, and commercial fructo-oligosaccharides was assessed for the bacterial survival after sequential exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal juices, and refrigeration storage. Microencapsulated B. longum with the extract and oligosaccharides extract in the food products showed better survival than free cells under adverse conditions. Sensory analysis demonstrated that the products containing co-encapsulated bacterial cells were more acceptable by consumers than free cells. Pineapple juice prepared with co-encapsulated cells had lower values for over acidification, compared with the juice with free cells added. This work suggested that microencapsulated B. longum with E. americana could enhance functional properties of fresh milk tofu and pineapple juice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Human Health)

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14 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessReview

Meta-Analysis of the Association between Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

by Jiying Wang, Shishi Lv, Guo Chen, Chenlin Gao, Jianhua He, Haihua Zhong and Yong Xu^*

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2485-2498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042485 - 3 Apr 2015

Cited by 171 | Viewed by 18665

Abstract

Although emerging evidence suggests that low levels of vitamin D may contribute to the development of autoimmune disease, the relationship between vitamin D reduction and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which includes Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), is still controversial. The aim [...] Read more.

Although emerging evidence suggests that low levels of vitamin D may contribute to the development of autoimmune disease, the relationship between vitamin D reduction and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which includes Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), is still controversial. The aim was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and AITD through systematic literature review. We identified all studies that assessed the association between vitamin D and AITD from PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. We included studies that compared vitamin D levels between AITD cases and controls as well as those that measured the odds of vitamin D deficiency by AITD status. We combined the standardized mean differences (SMD) or the odds ratios (OR) in a random effects model. Twenty case-control studies provided data for a quantitative meta-analysis. Compared to controls, AITD patients had lower levels of 25(OH)D (SMD: −0.99, 95% CI: −1.31, −0.66) and were more likely to be deficient in 25(OH)D (OR 2.99, 95% CI: 1.88, 4.74). Furthermore, subgroup analyses result showed that GD and HT patients also had lower 25(OH)D levels and were more likely to have a 25(OH)D deficiency, suggesting that low levels of serum 25(OH)D was related to AITD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Regulation by Vitamin D)

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19 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Intake of Selected Vegetables, Herbs and Fruit may Reduce Bone Turnover in Post-Menopausal Women

by Caroline Ann Gunn^1,2,*, Janet Louise Weber¹, Anne-Thea McGill³ and Marlena Cathorina Kruger¹

¹ School of Food and Nutrition, Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

³ School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2499-2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042499 - 8 Apr 2015

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 13785

Abstract

Increased consumption of vegetables/herbs/fruit may reduce bone turnover and urinary calcium loss in post-menopausal women because of increased intake of polyphenols and potassium, but comparative human studies are lacking. The main aim was to compare bone turnover markers and urinary calcium excretion in [...] Read more.

Increased consumption of vegetables/herbs/fruit may reduce bone turnover and urinary calcium loss in post-menopausal women because of increased intake of polyphenols and potassium, but comparative human studies are lacking. The main aim was to compare bone turnover markers and urinary calcium excretion in two randomised groups (n = 50) of healthy post-menopausal women consuming ≥9 servings of different vegetables/herbs/fruit combinations (three months). Group A emphasised a generic range of vegetables/herbs/fruit, whereas Group B emphasised specific vegetables/herbs/fruit with bone resorption-inhibiting properties (Scarborough Fair Diet), with both diets controlled for potential renal acid load (PRAL). Group C consumed their usual diet. Plasma bone markers, urinary electrolytes (24 h) and estimated dietary PRAL were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Procollagen type I N propeptide (PINP) decreased (−3.2 μg/L, p < 0.01) in the B group only, as did C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) (−0.065 μg/L, p < 0.01) in women with osteopenia compared to those with normal bone mineral density (BMD) within this group. Intervention Groups A and B had decreased PRAL, increased urine pH and significantly decreased urinary calcium loss. Urinary potassium increased in all groups, reflecting a dietary change. In conclusion, Group B demonstrated positive changes in both turnover markers and calcium conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Bone Health)

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6 pages, 57 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

The Key Role of Government in Addressing the Pandemic of Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions in Southeast Asia

by Theodore H. Tulchinsky^1,2

¹ Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Karem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel

² School of Health Professions, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78108, Israel

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2518-2523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042518 - 8 Apr 2015

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7455

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiency conditions are a major global public health problem. While the private sector has an important role in addressing this problem, the main responsibility lies with national governments, in cooperation with international agencies and donors. Mandatory fortification of basic foods provides a [...] Read more.

Micronutrient deficiency conditions are a major global public health problem. While the private sector has an important role in addressing this problem, the main responsibility lies with national governments, in cooperation with international agencies and donors. Mandatory fortification of basic foods provides a basic necessary intake for the majority and needs to be supported by provision of essential vitamin and mineral supplements for mothers and children and other high risk groups. Fortification by government mandate and regulation is essential with cooperation by private sector food manufacturers, and in the context of broader policies for poverty reduction, education and agricultural reform. Iron, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, folic acid, zinc, vitamin D and vitamin B12 are prime examples of international fortification experience achieved by proactive governmental nutrition policies. These are essential to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and their follow-up sustainable global health targets. National governmental policies for nutritional security and initiatives are essential to implement both food fortification and targeted supplementation policies to reduce the huge burden of micronutrient deficiency conditions in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Full article

15 pages, 104 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Challenges of Home Enteral Tube Feeding: A Global Perspective

by Omorogieva Ojo

Faculty of Education and Health,University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Campus, Avery Hill Road, London SE9 2UG, UK

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2524-2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042524 - 8 Apr 2015

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 11767

Abstract

The aim of this review is to provide a global perspective of Home Enteral Tube Feeding (HETF) and to outline some of the challenges of home enteral nutrition (HEN) provisions. It is well established that the number of patients on HETF is on [...] Read more.

The aim of this review is to provide a global perspective of Home Enteral Tube Feeding (HETF) and to outline some of the challenges of home enteral nutrition (HEN) provisions. It is well established that the number of patients on HETF is on the increase worldwide due to advances in technology, development of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, and the shift in care provisions from acute to community settings. While the significance of home enteral nutrition in meeting the nutritional requirements of patients with poor swallowing reflexes and those with poor nutritional status is not in doubt, differences exist in terms of funding, standards, management approaches and the level of infrastructural development across the world. Strategies for alleviating some of the challenges militating against the effective delivery of HETF including the development of national and international standards, guidelines and policies for HETF, increased awareness and funding by government at all levels were discussed. Others, including development of HEN services, which should create the enabling environment for multidisciplinary team work, clinical audit and research, recruitment and retention of specialist staff, and improvement in patient outcomes have been outlined. However, more research is required to fully establish the cost effectiveness of the HEN service especially in developing countries and to compare the organization of HEN service between developing and developed countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

23 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Fat Diet Containing Lard Accelerates Prostate Cancer Progression and Reduces Survival Rate in Mice: Possible Contribution of Adipose Tissue-Derived Cytokines

by Han Jin Cho^1,†, Gyoo Taik Kwon^2,†, Heesook Park², Hyerim Song², Ki Won Lee^1,3,*, Jung-In Kim⁴ and Jung Han Yoon Park^2,3,*

¹ WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea

² Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea

³ Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea

⁴ Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2539-2561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042539 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10092

Abstract

To examine the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) containing lard on prostate cancer development and progression and its underlying mechanisms, transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) and TRAMP-C2 allograft models, as well as in vitro culture models, were employed. In TRAMP mice, HFD feeding [...] Read more.

To examine the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) containing lard on prostate cancer development and progression and its underlying mechanisms, transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) and TRAMP-C2 allograft models, as well as in vitro culture models, were employed. In TRAMP mice, HFD feeding increased the incidence of poorly differentiated carcinoma and decreased that of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate, which was accompanied by increased expression of proteins associated with proliferation and angiogenesis. HFD feeding also led to increased metastasis and decreased survival rate in TRAMP mice. In the allograft model, HFD increased solid tumor growth, the expression of proteins related to proliferation/angiogenesis, the number of lipid vacuoles in tumor tissues, and levels of several cytokines in serum and adipose tissue. In vitro results revealed that adipose tissue-conditioned media from HFD-fed mice stimulated the proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells and angiogenesis compared to those from control-diet-fed mice. These results indicate that the increase of adipose tissue-derived soluble factors by HFD feeding plays a role in the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer via endocrine and paracrine mechanisms. These results provide evidence that a HFD containing lard increases prostate cancer development and progression, thereby reducing the survival rate. Full article

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12 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Phosphorus Levels in Premature Infants Receiving a Donor Human Milk Derived Fortifier

by Katherine E. Chetta^*, Amy B. Hair, Keli M. Hawthorne and Steven A. Abrams

USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2562-2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042562 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7666

Abstract

An elevated serum phosphorus (P) has been anecdotally described in premature infants receiving human milk fortified with donor human milk-derived fortifier (HMDF). No studies have prospectively investigated serum P in premature infants receiving this fortification strategy. In this single center prospective observational cohort [...] Read more.

An elevated serum phosphorus (P) has been anecdotally described in premature infants receiving human milk fortified with donor human milk-derived fortifier (HMDF). No studies have prospectively investigated serum P in premature infants receiving this fortification strategy. In this single center prospective observational cohort study, extremely premature infants ≤1250 grams (g) birth weight (BW) were fed an exclusive human milk-based diet receiving HMDF and serum P levels were obtained. We evaluated 93 infants with a mean gestational age of 27.5 ± 2.0 weeks (Mean ± SD) and BW of 904 ± 178 g. Seventeen infants (18.3%) had at least one high serum P level with a mean serum P of 9.2 ± 1.1 mg/dL occurring at 19 ± 11 days of life. For all infants, the highest serum P was inversely correlated to the day of life of the infant (p < 0.001, R² = 0.175) and positively correlated with energy density of HMDF (p = 0.035). Serum P was not significantly related to gender, BW, gestational age, or days to full feeds. We conclude that the incidence of hyperphosphatemia was mild and transient in this population. The risk decreased with infant age and was unrelated to gender, BW, or ethnicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

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15 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Human Neutrophil Vitamin C Status, Chemotaxis and Oxidant Generation Following Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin C-Rich SunGold Kiwifruit

by Stephanie M. Bozonet^*, Anitra C. Carr

, Juliet M. Pullar and Margreet C. M. Vissers

Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2574-2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042574 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 11871

Abstract

Neutrophils are the body’s primary defenders against invading pathogens. These cells migrate to loci of infection where they engulf micro-organisms and subject them to an array of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial proteins to effect killing. Spent neutrophils subsequently undergo apoptosis and are [...] Read more.

Neutrophils are the body’s primary defenders against invading pathogens. These cells migrate to loci of infection where they engulf micro-organisms and subject them to an array of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial proteins to effect killing. Spent neutrophils subsequently undergo apoptosis and are cleared by macrophages, thereby resolving the inflammatory episode. Neutrophils contain high concentrations of vitamin C (ascorbate) and this is thought to be essential for their function. This may be one mechanism whereby vitamin C enhances immune function. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin C-rich SunGold kiwifruit on four important functions of neutrophils: chemotaxis, oxidant generation, extracellular trap formation, and apoptosis. Fourteen young men (aged 18–30 years) with suboptimal plasma vitamin C status (<50 μmol/L) were supplemented for four weeks with two SunGold kiwifruit/day. Plasma vitamin C status was monitored weekly and neutrophil vitamin C levels were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Neutrophil function assays were carried out on cells isolated at baseline and post-intervention. Plasma vitamin C levels increased to >70 μmol/L (p < 0.001) within one week of supplementation and there was a significant increase in neutrophil vitamin C status following four weeks’ intervention (p = 0.016). We observed a significant 20% increase in neutrophil chemotaxis post-intervention (p = 0.041) and also a comparable increase in oxidant generation (p = 0.031). Supplementation did not affect neutrophil extracellular trap formation or spontaneous apoptosis. Our data indicate that supplementation with vitamin C-rich kiwifruit is associated with improvement of important neutrophil functions, which would be expected to translate into enhanced immunity. Full article

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33 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inflammaging and Cancer: A Challenge for the Mediterranean Diet

by Rita Ostan¹

, Catia Lanzarini^1,2, Elisa Pini¹, Maria Scurti¹, Dario Vianello¹, Claudia Bertarelli¹, Cristina Fabbri¹, Massimo Izzi², Giustina Palmas², Fiammetta Biondi², Morena Martucci¹, Elena Bellavista^1,2, Stefano Salvioli^1,2, Miriam Capri^1,2, Claudio Franceschi^1,3,4 and Aurelia Santoro^1,*

¹ Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy

² Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy

³ IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy

⁴ National Research Council of Italy, CNR, Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2589-2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042589 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 159 | Viewed by 20824

Abstract

Aging is considered the major risk factor for cancer, one of the most important mortality causes in the western world. Inflammaging, a state of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, is a pervasive feature of human aging. Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk and affects all [...] Read more.

Aging is considered the major risk factor for cancer, one of the most important mortality causes in the western world. Inflammaging, a state of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, is a pervasive feature of human aging. Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk and affects all cancer stages, triggering the initial genetic mutation or epigenetic mechanism, promoting cancer initiation, progression and metastatic diffusion. Thus, inflammaging is a strong candidate to connect age and cancer. A corollary of this hypothesis is that interventions aiming to decrease inflammaging should protect against cancer, as well as most/all age-related diseases. Epidemiological data are concordant in suggesting that the Mediterranean Diet (MD) decreases the risk of a variety of cancers but the underpinning mechanism(s) is (are) still unclear. Here we review data indicating that the MD (as a whole diet or single bioactive nutrients typical of the MD) modulates multiple interconnected processes involved in carcinogenesis and inflammatory response such as free radical production, NF-κB activation and expression of inflammatory mediators, and the eicosanoids pathway. Particular attention is devoted to the capability of MD to affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammaging as well as to emerging topics such as maintenance of gut microbiota (GM) homeostasis and epigenetic modulation of oncogenesis through specific microRNAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Cancer)

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26 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dried Pomegranate Potentiates Anti-Osteoporotic and Anti-Obesity Activities of Red Clover Dry Extracts in Ovariectomized Rats

by Su Jin Kang^1,2,†, Beom Rak Choi^3,†, Seung Hee Kim³, Hae Yeon Yi³, Hye Rim Park³, Dong Chul Kim⁴, Seong Hun Choi⁵, Chang Hyun Han⁶, Soo Jin Park^1,5, Chang Hyun Song^1,5, Sae Kwang Ku^1,5,* and Young Joon Lee^1,2,*

¹ The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea

² Department of Preventive medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea

³ Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, 431-060, Korea

⁴ Department of Korean Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, 704-123, Korea

⁵ Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea

⁶ Department of Medical History & Literature Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2622-2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042622 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8869

Abstract

Red clover (RC) shows potential activity against menopausal symptoms and pomegranates have antioxidative and beneficial effects on postmenopausal symptoms; thus, we investigated whether the anti-climacteric activity of RC could be enhanced by the addition of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) extracts in ovariectomized [...] Read more.

Red clover (RC) shows potential activity against menopausal symptoms and pomegranates have antioxidative and beneficial effects on postmenopausal symptoms; thus, we investigated whether the anti-climacteric activity of RC could be enhanced by the addition of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) extracts in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Regarding the anti-osteoporotic effects, bone mineral density increased significantly in OVX induced rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg of an RC:PCP 2:1 mixture, respectively, compared with OVX control rats. Additionally, femoral, tibia, and L4 bone resorption was decreased in OVX induced control rats treated with the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (60 and 120 mg/kg), respectively, compared with OVX control rats. Regarding anti-obesity effects, the OVX induced rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg of the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture showed a decrease in total fat pad thickness, the mean diameters of adipocytes and the body weights gain compared with OVX induced control rats. The estradiol and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased in OVX induced rats treated with the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (120 mg/kg) compared with OVX induced control rats, also, the uterine atrophy was significantly inhibited in 60 and 120 mg/kg of the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture treatment compared with OVX control rats. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCP enhanced the anti-climacteric effects of RC in OVX rats. The RC:PCP 2:1 mixture used in this study may be a promising new potent and protective agent for relieving climacteric symptoms. Full article

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15 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Health Impact of Nighttime Eating: Old and New Perspectives

by Amber W. Kinsey¹ and Michael J. Ormsbee^1,2,*

¹ Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

² Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2648-2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042648 - 9 Apr 2015

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 49527

Abstract

Nighttime eating, particularly before bed, has received considerable attention. Limiting and/or avoiding food before nighttime sleep has been proposed as both a weight loss strategy and approach to improve health and body composition. Indeed, negative outcomes have been demonstrated in response to large [...] Read more.

Nighttime eating, particularly before bed, has received considerable attention. Limiting and/or avoiding food before nighttime sleep has been proposed as both a weight loss strategy and approach to improve health and body composition. Indeed, negative outcomes have been demonstrated in response to large mixed meals in populations that consume a majority of their daily food intake during the night. However, data is beginning to mount to suggest that negative outcomes may not be consistent when the food choice is small, nutrient-dense, low energy foods and/or single macronutrients rather than large mixed-meals. From this perspective, it appears that a bedtime supply of nutrients can promote positive physiological changes in healthy populations. In addition, when nighttime feeding is combined with exercise training, any adverse effects appear to be eliminated in obese populations. Lastly, in Type I diabetics and those with glycogen storage disease, eating before bed is essential for survival. Nevertheless, nighttime consumption of small (~150 kcals) single nutrients or mixed-meals does not appear to be harmful and may be beneficial for muscle protein synthesis and cardiometabolic health. Future research is warranted to elucidate potential applications of nighttime feeding alone and in combination with exercise in various populations of health and disease. Full article

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24 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Association between Natural Food Folate Intake and Blood Folate Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Trials and Observational Studies

by Claire M. Marchetta¹, Owen J. Devine², Krista S. Crider³, Becky L. Tsang¹, Amy M. Cordero³, Yan Ping Qi¹, Jing Guo⁴, Robert J. Berry³

, Jorge Rosenthal³, Joseph Mulinare², Patricia Mersereau⁵ and Heather C. Hamner^6,*

¹ Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

² Carter Consulting, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30345, USA

³ Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (DBDDD), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

⁴ Acentia, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA

⁵ SciMetrika, LLC, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

⁶ Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity (DNPAO), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2663-2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042663 - 10 Apr 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 11419

Abstract

Folate is found naturally in foods or as synthetic folic acid in dietary supplements and fortified foods. Adequate periconceptional folic acid intake can prevent neural tube defects. Folate intake impacts blood folate concentration; however, the dose-response between natural food folate and blood folate [...] Read more.

Folate is found naturally in foods or as synthetic folic acid in dietary supplements and fortified foods. Adequate periconceptional folic acid intake can prevent neural tube defects. Folate intake impacts blood folate concentration; however, the dose-response between natural food folate and blood folate concentrations has not been well described. We estimated this association among healthy females. A systematic literature review identified studies (1 1992–3 2014) with both natural food folate intake alone and blood folate concentration among females aged 12–49 years. Bayesian methods were used to estimate regression model parameters describing the association between natural food folate intake and subsequent blood folate concentration. Seven controlled trials and 29 observational studies met the inclusion criteria. For the six studies using microbiologic assay (MA) included in the meta-analysis, we estimate that a 6% (95% Credible Interval (CrI): 4%, 9%) increase in red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration and a 7% (95% CrI: 1%, 12%) increase in serum/plasma folate concentration can occur for every 10% increase in natural food folate intake. Using modeled results, we estimate that a natural food folate intake of ≥450 μg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/day could achieve the lower bound of an RBC folate concentration (~1050 nmol/L) associated with the lowest risk of a neural tube defect. Natural food folate intake affects blood folate concentration and adequate intakes could help women achieve a RBC folate concentration associated with a risk of 6 neural tube defects/10,000 live births. Full article

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20 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Acute Effects of Selenomethionine and Sodium Selenite on the Severity of Colitis

by Franziska Hiller, Lisa Oldorff, Karolin Besselt and Anna Patricia Kipp^*

German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2687-2706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042687 - 10 Apr 2015

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8801

Abstract

The European population is only suboptimally supplied with the essential trace element selenium. Such a selenium status is supposed to worsen colitis while colitis-suppressive effects were observed with adequate or supplemented amounts of both organic selenomethionine (SeMet) and inorganic sodium selenite. In order [...] Read more.

The European population is only suboptimally supplied with the essential trace element selenium. Such a selenium status is supposed to worsen colitis while colitis-suppressive effects were observed with adequate or supplemented amounts of both organic selenomethionine (SeMet) and inorganic sodium selenite. In order to better understand the effect of these selenocompounds on colitis development we examined colonic phenotypes of mice fed supplemented diets before the onset of colitis or during the acute phase. Colitis was induced by treating mice with 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for seven days. The selenium-enriched diets were either provided directly after weaning (long-term) or were given to mice with a suboptimal selenium status after DSS withdrawal (short-term). While long-term selenium supplementation had no effect on colitis development, short-term selenite supplementation, however, resulted in a more severe colitis. Colonic selenoprotein expression was maximized in all selenium-supplemented groups independent of the selenocompound or intervention time. This indicates that the short-term selenite effect appears to be independent from colonic selenoprotein expression. In conclusion, a selenite supplementation during acute colitis has no health benefits but may even aggravate the course of disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Selenium and Human Health)

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12 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxic Activity of Piper cubeba Extract in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

by Potchanapond Graidist^1,2,*, Mananya Martla¹ and Yaowapa Sukpondma³

¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

² The Cancer Molecular Biology Excellence Research Laboratory, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2707-2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042707 - 10 Apr 2015

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 10224

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a crude extract of Piper cubeba against normal and breast cancer cell lines. To prepare the extract, P. cubeba seeds were ground, soaked in methanol and dichloromethane and isolated by column chromatography. Fractions were tested [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a crude extract of Piper cubeba against normal and breast cancer cell lines. To prepare the extract, P. cubeba seeds were ground, soaked in methanol and dichloromethane and isolated by column chromatography. Fractions were tested for cytotoxicity effects on normal fibroblast (L929), normal breast (MCF-12A) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231). The most effective fraction was selected for DNA fragmentation assay to detect apoptotic activity. The results showed that the methanolic crude extract had a higher cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 than a dichloromethane crude extract. Then, the methanolic crude extract was separated into six fractions, designated A to F. Fraction C was highly active against breast cancer cell lines with an IC₅₀ value less than 4 μg/mL. Therefore, Fraction C was further separated into seven fractions, CA to CG. The ¹H-NMR profile showed that Fraction CE was long chain hydrocarbons. Moreover, Fraction CE demonstrated the highest activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 2.69 ± 0.09 μg/mL and lower cytotoxicity against normal fibroblast L929 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 4.17 ± 0.77 μg/mL. Finally, DNA fragmentation with a ladder pattern characteristic of apoptosis was observed in MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231 and L929 cells, but not in MCF-12A cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Human Health)

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12 pages, 112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption and Sources of Dietary Salt in Family Members in Beijing

by Fang Zhao¹, Puhong Zhang^1,2,*, Lu Zhang³, Wenyi Niu⁴, Jianmei Gao⁵, Lixin Lu⁶, Caixia Liu⁵ and Xian Gao⁶

¹ The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Level 18, Tower B, Horizon Tower, 6, Zhichun Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China

² Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China

³ Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 3, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China

⁴ Department of Social Medicine and Health education, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China

⁵ Huairou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23, Fule North Street, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China

⁶ Xicheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 38, Deshengmenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100011, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2719-2730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042719 - 10 Apr 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9551

Abstract

In China, few people are aware of the amount and source of their salt intake. We conducted a survey to investigate the consumption and sources of dietary salt using the “one-week salt estimation method” by weighing cooking salt and major salt-containing food, and [...] Read more.

In China, few people are aware of the amount and source of their salt intake. We conducted a survey to investigate the consumption and sources of dietary salt using the “one-week salt estimation method” by weighing cooking salt and major salt-containing food, and estimating salt intake during dining out based on established evidence. Nine hundred and three families (1981 adults and 971 children) with students in eight primary or junior high schools in urban and suburban Beijing were recruited. On average, the daily dietary salt intake of family members in Beijing was 11.0 (standard deviation: 6.2) g for children and adolescents (under 18 years old), 15.2 (9.1) g for adults (18 to 59 years old), and 10.2 (4.8) g for senior citizens (60 years old and over), respectively. Overall, 60.5% of dietary salt was consumed at home, and 39.5% consumed outside the home. Approximately 90% of the salt intake came from cooking (household cooking and cafeteria or restaurant cooking), while less than 10% came from processed food. In conclusion, the dietary salt intake in Beijing families far surpassed the recommended amounts by World Health Organization, with both household cooking and dining-out as main sources of salt consumption. More targeted interventions, especially education about major sources of salt and corresponding methods for salt reduction should be taken to reduce the risks associated with a high salt diet. Full article

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17 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessReview

Egg Phospholipids and Cardiovascular Health

by Christopher N. Blesso

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2731-2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042731 - 13 Apr 2015

Cited by 126 | Viewed by 23768

Abstract

Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical [...] Read more.

Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appear to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More research is warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses with chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Egg Consumption and Human Health)

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23 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessReview

Considering Maternal Dietary Modulators for Epigenetic Regulation and Programming of the Fetal Epigenome

by Abalo Chango^1,* and Igor P. Pogribny²

¹ Polytechnic Institute LaSalle Beauvais, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, EGEAL UP:2012.10.101, F-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France

² Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2748-2770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042748 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 14044

Abstract

Fetal life is characterized by a tremendous plasticity and ability to respond to various environmental and lifestyle factors, including maternal nutrition. Identification of the role of dietary factors that can modulate and reshape the cellular epigenome during development, including methyl group donors (e.g., [...] Read more.

Fetal life is characterized by a tremendous plasticity and ability to respond to various environmental and lifestyle factors, including maternal nutrition. Identification of the role of dietary factors that can modulate and reshape the cellular epigenome during development, including methyl group donors (e.g., folate, choline) and bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols) is of great importance; however, there is insufficient knowledge of a particular effect of each type of modulator and/or their combination on fetal life. To enhance the quality and safety of food products for proper fetal health and disease prevention in later life, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dietary epigenetic modulators during the critical prenatal period is necessary. This review focuses on the influence of maternal dietary components on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs, and summarizes current knowledge of the effect and importance of dietary components on epigenetic mechanisms that control the proper expression of genetic information. Evidence reveals that some components in the maternal diet can directly or indirectly affect epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how early-life nutritional environment affects the epigenome during development is of great importance for the successful prevention of adult chronic diseases through optimal maternal nutrition. Full article

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17 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Green Algae Mixture of Scenedesmus and Schroederiella Attenuates Obesity-Linked Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

by Senthil Arun Kumar^1,*, Marie Magnusson², Leigh C. Ward³

, Nicholas A. Paul² and Lindsay Brown^4,*

¹ Centre for Systems Biology, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia

² MACRO—the Centre for Macroalgal Resources & Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia

³ School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia

⁴ School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2771-2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042771 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9856

Abstract

This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as [...] Read more.

This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as a dietary intervention in a high carbohydrate, high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome model in four groups of male Wistar rats. Two groups were fed with a corn starch diet containing 68% carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other two groups were fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25% fructose in drinking water, total 68%) and fats (saturated and trans fats from beef tallow, total 24%). High carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats showed visceral obesity with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SC supplementation (5% of food) lowered total body and abdominal fat mass, increased lean mass, and attenuated hypertension, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells into heart and liver, fibrosis, increased cardiac stiffness, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. This study suggests that the insoluble fibre or protein in SC helps reverse diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Full article

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13 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrolysis of the Rutinose-Conjugates Flavonoids Rutin and Hesperidin by the Gut Microbiota and Bifidobacteria

by Alberto Amaretti, Stefano Raimondi, Alan Leonardi, Andrea Quartieri and Maddalena Rossi^*

Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2788-2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042788 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 12707

Abstract

Flavonols and flavanones are polyphenols exerting many healthy biological activities. They are often glycosylated by rutinose, which hampers absorption in the small intestine. Therefore they require the gut microbiota to release the aglycone and enable colonic absorption. The role of the gut microbiota [...] Read more.

Flavonols and flavanones are polyphenols exerting many healthy biological activities. They are often glycosylated by rutinose, which hampers absorption in the small intestine. Therefore they require the gut microbiota to release the aglycone and enable colonic absorption. The role of the gut microbiota and bifidobacteria in the release of the aglycones from two major rutinosides, hesperidin and rutin, was investigated. In bioconversion experiments, the microbiota removed rutinose from both rutin and hesperidin, even though complete hydrolysis was not obtained. To investigate whether bifidobacteria can participate to the hydrolysis of rutinosides, 33 strains were screened. Rutin was resistant to hydrolysis by all the strains. Among six tested species, mostly Bifidobacterium catenulatum and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenultum were able to hydrolyze hesperidin, by means of a cell-associated activity. This result is in agreement with the presence of a putative α-l-rhamnosidase in the genome of B. pseudocatenulatum, while most of the available genome sequences of bifidobacteria aside from this species do not bear this sequence. Even though B. pseudocatenulatum may contribute to the release of the aglycone from certain rutinose-conjugated polyphenols, such as hesperidin, it remains to be clarified whether this species may exert a role in affecting the bioavailability of the rutinoside in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

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22 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease

by Tom Clifford¹, Glyn Howatson^1,2

, Daniel J. West¹ and Emma J. Stevenson^1,*

¹ Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumberland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK

² Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2801-2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042801 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 413 | Viewed by 82528

Abstract

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the biological activity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) and its potential utility as a health promoting and disease preventing functional food. As a source of nitrate, beetroot ingestion provides a [...] Read more.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the biological activity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) and its potential utility as a health promoting and disease preventing functional food. As a source of nitrate, beetroot ingestion provides a natural means of increasing in vivo nitric oxide (NO) availability and has emerged as a potential strategy to prevent and manage pathologies associated with diminished NO bioavailability, notably hypertension and endothelial function. Beetroot is also being considered as a promising therapeutic treatment in a range of clinical pathologies associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Its constituents, most notably the betalain pigments, display potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive activity in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this review is to discuss beetroot’s biological activity and to evaluate evidence from studies that specifically investigated the effect of beetroot supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, cognition and endothelial function. Full article

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16 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Nutritional Awareness and Diet Quality: Evidence from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg (ORISCAV-LUX) Study

by Ala'a Alkerwi^1,*, Nicolas Sauvageot¹, Leoné Malan^2,3, Nitin Shivappa⁴ and James R. Hébert^4,5

¹ Luxembourg Institute of Health L.I.H. (formerly Centre de Recherche Public Santé), Centre d'Etudes en Santé, 1A Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg

² Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

³ Medical Research Council: Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University

⁴ Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2823-2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042823 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 10579

Abstract

This study examined the association between nutritional awareness and diet quality, as indicated by energy density, dietary diversity and adequacy to achieve dietary recommendations, while considering the potentially important role of socioeconomic status (SES). Data were derived from 1351 subjects, aged 18–69 years [...] Read more.

This study examined the association between nutritional awareness and diet quality, as indicated by energy density, dietary diversity and adequacy to achieve dietary recommendations, while considering the potentially important role of socioeconomic status (SES). Data were derived from 1351 subjects, aged 18–69 years and enrolled in the ORISCAV-LUX study. Energy density score (EDS), dietary diversity score (DDS) and Recommendation Compliance Index (RCI) were calculated based on data derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Nutritional awareness was defined as self-perception of the importance assigned to eating balanced meals, and classified as high, moderate, or of little importance. Initially, a General Linear Model was fit that adjusted for age, sex, country of birth, and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, simultaneous contributions to diet quality of individual-level socioeconomic factors, education, and household income were examined across levels of nutritional awareness. Attributing high importance was associated inversely with energy density (p = 0.02), positively with both dietary diversity (p < 0.0001), and adequacy to dietary recommendations (p < 0.0001), independent of demographic factors, weight status and SES. Further adjustment for household income in the EDS-related multivariable model, reduced the β coefficient by 47% for the “moderate importance” category and 36% for the “high importance” category. Likewise, the β coefficient decreased by 13.6% and 10.7% in the DDS-related model, and by 12.5%, and 7.1% in the RCI-related model, respectively, across awareness categories. Nutritional awareness has a direct effect on diet quality, with a minor component of variance explained by improved income. The impact of nutritional awareness on diet quality seems to be a promising area for both health promotion and health policy research. Full article

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11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Gut Microbial Metabolites, Short-chain Fatty Acids, and Host Metabolic Regulation

by Mayu Kasubuchi¹, Sae Hasegawa¹, Takero Hiramatsu², Atsuhiko Ichimura³ and Ikuo Kimura^1,3,*

¹ Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan

² Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

³ Department of Pharmacogenomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2839-2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042839 - 14 Apr 2015

Cited by 734 | Viewed by 37636

Abstract

During feeding, the gut microbiota contributes to the host energy acquisition and metabolic regulation thereby influencing the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are produced by gut microbial fermentation [...] Read more.

During feeding, the gut microbiota contributes to the host energy acquisition and metabolic regulation thereby influencing the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are produced by gut microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, are recognized as essential host energy sources and act as signal transduction molecules via G-protein coupled receptors (FFAR2, FFAR3, OLFR78, GPR109A) and as epigenetic regulators of gene expression by the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Recent evidence suggests that dietary fiber and the gut microbial-derived SCFAs exert multiple beneficial effects on the host energy metabolism not only by improving the intestinal environment, but also by directly affecting various host peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the roles of gut microbial SCFAs in the host energy regulation and present an overview of the current understanding of its physiological functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

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16 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resveratrol Protects against Methylglyoxal-Induced Hyperglycemia and Pancreatic Damage In Vivo

by An-Sheng Cheng¹, Yu-Hsiang Cheng², Chi-Ying Lee¹, Chin-Yuan Chung¹ and Wen-Chang Chang^1,*

¹ Department of Medicinal Plant Development, Yupintang Traditional Chinese Medicine Foundation, 2F., No. 398, Zengzi Rd., Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan

² Department of Science, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2850-2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042850 - 15 Apr 2015

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8818

Abstract

Methylglyoxal (MG) has been found to cause inflammation and insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo in recent studies. Resveratrol has been proposed as an effective treatment that helps lower the risk of developing complications of diabetes. To study the significance of glycosylation-related [...] Read more.

Methylglyoxal (MG) has been found to cause inflammation and insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo in recent studies. Resveratrol has been proposed as an effective treatment that helps lower the risk of developing complications of diabetes. To study the significance of glycosylation-related stress on the pathology of diabetes, the effects of resveratrol were examined in a mouse model of diabetes induced by MG. Resveratrol was given via oral gavage in MG-treated mice, and diabetes-related tests and markers were assessed using biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Treatment with resveratrol markedly improved blood glucose level from the oral glucose tolerance test and promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation (p < 0.05) in the pancreas of MG-treated mice. However, these effects were abolished by retinoic acid, Nrf2 inhibitor, in resveratrol and retinoic acid-treated and MG-induced mice. These findings support that resveratrol may be useful in the treatment of type-2 diabetes by protecting against pancreatic cell dysfunction. Full article

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13 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total, Added, and Free Sugars: Are Restrictive Guidelines Science-Based or Achievable?

by Jennifer Erickson^† and Joanne Slavin^*,†

¹ University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2866-2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042866 - 15 Apr 2015

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 16549

Abstract

Sugar consumption, especially added sugars, is under attack. Various government and health authorities have suggested new sugar recommendations and guidelines as low as 5% of total calories from free sugars. Definitions for total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars are not standardized, nor [...] Read more.

Sugar consumption, especially added sugars, is under attack. Various government and health authorities have suggested new sugar recommendations and guidelines as low as 5% of total calories from free sugars. Definitions for total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars are not standardized, nor are there accepted nutrient databases for this information. Our objective was to measure total sugars and added sugars in sample meal plans created by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). Utilizing the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) nutritional database, results found that plans created by the USDA and AND averaged 5.1% and 3.1% calories from added sugar, 8.7% and 3.1% from free sugar, and 23.3% and 21.1% as total sugars respectively. Compliance with proposed added sugar recommendations would require strict dietary compliance and may not be sustainable for many Americans. Without an accepted definition and equation for calculating added sugar, added sugar recommendations are arbitrary and may reduce intakes of nutrient-rich, recommended foods, such as yogurt, whole grains, and tart fruits including cranberries, cherries, and grapefruit. Added sugars are one part of excess calorie intake; however, compliance with low added sugar recommendations may not be achievable for the general public. Full article

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18 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ventilatory Function in Young Adults and Dietary Antioxidant Intake

by Vanessa Garcia-Larsen^1,2,*, Hugo Amigo³, Patricia Bustos³, Ioannis Bakolis⁴ and Roberto J. Rona⁵

¹ Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health Group, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LR, UK

² Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK

³ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile

⁴ MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK

⁵ Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, King's College, London, SE5 9RJ, UK

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2879-2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042879 - 15 Apr 2015

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7607

Abstract

Dietary antioxidants may protect against poor ventilatory function. We assessed the relation between ventilatory function and antioxidant components of diet in young Chileans. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio FEV₁/FVC were [...] Read more.

Dietary antioxidants may protect against poor ventilatory function. We assessed the relation between ventilatory function and antioxidant components of diet in young Chileans. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio FEV₁/FVC were measured in 1232 adults aged 22–28 years, using a Vitalograph device. Dietary intake was ascertained with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed for this study, from which nutrient and flavonoid intakes were estimated. Dietary patterns were derived with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). After controlling for potential confounders, dietary intake of total catechins was positively associated with FVC (Regression coefficient (RC) of highest vs. lowest quintile of intake 0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.15; p per trend 0.006). Total fruit intake was related to FVC (RC of highest vs. lowest quintile 0.08; 95% CI 0.003 to 0.15; p per trend 0.02). Intake of omega 3 fatty acids was associated with a higher FEV₁ (RC for highest vs. lowest quintile 0.08; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.15 L; p per trend 0.02) and with FVC 0.08 (RC in highest vs. lowest quintile of intake 0.08, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.16; p per trend 0.04). Our results show that fresh fruits, flavonoids, and omega 3 fatty acids may contribute to maintain ventilatory function. Full article

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33 pages, 1280 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Queuine Micronutrient: Charting a Course from Microbe to Man

by Claire Fergus, Dominic Barnes, Mashael A. Alqasem and Vincent P. Kelly^*

School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2897-2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042897 - 15 Apr 2015

Cited by 127 | Viewed by 16097

Abstract

Micronutrients from the diet and gut microbiota are essential to human health and wellbeing. Arguably, among the most intriguing and enigmatic of these micronutrients is queuine, an elaborate 7-deazaguanine derivative made exclusively by eubacteria and salvaged by animal, plant and fungal species. In [...] Read more.

Micronutrients from the diet and gut microbiota are essential to human health and wellbeing. Arguably, among the most intriguing and enigmatic of these micronutrients is queuine, an elaborate 7-deazaguanine derivative made exclusively by eubacteria and salvaged by animal, plant and fungal species. In eubacteria and eukaryotes, queuine is found as the sugar nucleotide queuosine within the anticodon loop of transfer RNA isoacceptors for the amino acids tyrosine, asparagine, aspartic acid and histidine. The physiological requirement for the ancient queuine molecule and queuosine modified transfer RNA has been the subject of varied scientific interrogations for over four decades, establishing relationships to development, proliferation, metabolism, cancer, and tyrosine biosynthesis in eukaryotes and to invasion and proliferation in pathogenic bacteria, in addition to ribosomal frameshifting in viruses. These varied effects may be rationalized by an important, if ill-defined, contribution to protein translation or may manifest from other presently unidentified mechanisms. This article will examine the current understanding of queuine uptake, tRNA incorporation and salvage by eukaryotic organisms and consider some of the physiological consequence arising from deficiency in this elusive and lesser-recognized micronutrient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

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17 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Microbial Amino Acid Metabolism in Host Metabolism

by Evelien P. J. G. Neis^*, Cornelis H. C. Dejong and Sander S. Rensen

Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2930-2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042930 - 16 Apr 2015

Cited by 708 | Viewed by 29807

Abstract

Disruptions in gut microbiota composition and function are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The functional output of the gut microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, are thought to be important modulators underlying [...] Read more.

Disruptions in gut microbiota composition and function are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The functional output of the gut microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids and amino acids, are thought to be important modulators underlying the development of these disorders. Gut bacteria can alter the bioavailability of amino acids by utilization of several amino acids originating from both alimentary and endogenous proteins. In turn, gut bacteria also provide amino acids to the host. This could have significant implications in the context of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, conditions associated with elevated systemic concentrations of certain amino acids, in particular the aromatic and branched-chain amino acids. Moreover, several amino acids released by gut bacteria can serve as precursors for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, which also play a role in the development of obesity. In this review, we aim to compile the available evidence on the contribution of microbial amino acids to host amino acid homeostasis, and to assess the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid perturbations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Human Health)

14 pages, 135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concomitant Use of Dietary Supplements and Medicines in Patients due to Miscommunication with Physicians in Japan

by Tsuyoshi Chiba^*, Yoko Sato, Sachina Suzuki and Keizo Umegaki

Information Center, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2947-2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042947 - 16 Apr 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8032

Abstract

We previously reported that some patients used dietary supplements with their medication without consulting with physicians. Dietary supplements and medicines may interact with each other when used concomitantly, resulting in health problems. An Internet survey was conducted on 2109 people who concomitantly took [...] Read more.

We previously reported that some patients used dietary supplements with their medication without consulting with physicians. Dietary supplements and medicines may interact with each other when used concomitantly, resulting in health problems. An Internet survey was conducted on 2109 people who concomitantly took dietary supplements and medicines in order to address dietary supplement usage in people who regularly take medicines in Japan. A total of 1508 patients (two admitted patients and 1506 ambulatory patients) and 601 non-patients, who were not consulting with physicians, participated in this study. Purpose for dietary supplement use was different among ages. Dietary supplements were used to treat diseases in 4.0% of non-patients and 11.9% of patients, while 10.8% of patients used dietary supplements to treat the same diseases as their medication. However, 70.3% of patients did not declare dietary supplement use to their physicians or pharmacists because they considered the concomitant use of dietary supplements and medicines to be safe. A total of 8.4% of all subjects realized the potential for adverse effects associated with dietary supplements. The incidence of adverse events was higher in patients who used dietary supplements to treat their disease. Communication between patients and physicians is important for avoiding the adverse effects associated with the concomitant use of dietary supplements and medicines. Full article

22 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Western Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Poor Academic Performance in Australian Adolescents

by Anett Nyaradi^1,2,*, Jianghong Li^2,3,4, Siobhan Hickling¹, Jonathan K. Foster^2,5,6,7, Angela Jacques¹, Gina L. Ambrosini^1,2

and Wendy H. Oddy²

¹ School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia

² Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia

³ WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin, Germany

⁴ Centre for Population Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia

⁵ School of Psychology & Speech Pathology, Curtin University; Perth 6102, Australia

⁶ Neurosciences Unit, Health Department of Western Australia; Perth 6102, Australia

⁷ School of Paediatrics & Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2961-2982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042961 - 17 Apr 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 12103

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between dietary patterns and academic performance among 14-year-old adolescents. Study participants were from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A food frequency questionnaire was administered when the adolescents were 14 years old, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between dietary patterns and academic performance among 14-year-old adolescents. Study participants were from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A food frequency questionnaire was administered when the adolescents were 14 years old, and from the dietary data, a ‘Healthy’ and a ‘Western’ dietary pattern were identified by factor analysis. The Western Australian Literacy and Numeracy Assessment (WALNA) results from grade nine (age 14) were linked to the Raine Study data by The Western Australian Data Linkage Branch. Associations between the dietary patterns and the WALNA (mathematics, reading and writing scores) were assessed using multivariate linear regression models adjusting for family and socioeconomic characteristics. Complete data on dietary patterns, academic performance and covariates were available for individuals across the different analyses as follows: n = 779 for mathematics, n = 741 for reading and n = 470 for writing. Following adjustment, significant negative associations between the ‘Western’ dietary pattern and test scores for mathematics (β = −13.14; 95% CI: −24.57; −1.76); p = 0.024) and reading (β = −19.16; 95% CI: −29.85; −8.47; p ≤ 0.001) were observed. A similar trend was found with respect to writing (β = −17.28; 95% CI: −35.74; 1.18; p = 0.066). ANOVA showed significant trends in estimated means of academic scores across quartiles for both the Western and Healthy patterns. Higher scores for the ‘Western’ dietary pattern are associated with poorer academic performance in adolescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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17 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Dietary Iron and Zinc Intakes, and between Biochemical Iron and Zinc Status in Women

by Karen Lim¹

, Alison Booth¹, Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay¹, Rosalind S. Gibson², Karl B. Bailey², David Irving^3,4, Caryl Nowson¹

and Lynn Riddell^1,*

¹ Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia

² Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

³ Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 17 O'Riordan Street, Alexandria, New South Wales 2015, Australia

⁴ University of Technology, Sydney 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 2983-2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042983 - 20 Apr 2015

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8843

Abstract

Iron and zinc are found in similar foods and absorption of both may be affected by food compounds, thus biochemical iron and zinc status may be related. This cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) describe dietary intakes and biochemical status of iron and zinc; [...] Read more.

Iron and zinc are found in similar foods and absorption of both may be affected by food compounds, thus biochemical iron and zinc status may be related. This cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) describe dietary intakes and biochemical status of iron and zinc; (2) investigate associations between dietary iron and zinc intakes; and (3) investigate associations between biochemical iron and zinc status in a sample of premenopausal women aged 18–50 years who were recruited in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a 154-item food frequency questionnaire (n = 379). Iron status was assessed using serum ferritin and hemoglobin, zinc status using serum zinc (standardized to 08:00 collection), and presence of infection/inflammation using C-reactive protein (n = 326). Associations were explored using multiple regression and logistic regression. Mean (SD) iron and zinc intakes were 10.5 (3.5) mg/day and 9.3 (3.8) mg/day, respectively. Median (interquartile range) serum ferritin was 22 (12–38) μg/L and mean serum zinc concentrations (SD) were 12.6 (1.7) μmol/L in fasting samples and 11.8 (2.0) μmol/L in nonfasting samples. For each 1 mg/day increase in dietary iron intake, zinc intake increased by 0.4 mg/day. Each 1 μmol/L increase in serum zinc corresponded to a 6% increase in serum ferritin, however women with low serum zinc concentration (AM fasting < 10.7 μmol/L; AM nonfasting < 10.1 μmol/L) were not at increased risk of depleted iron stores (serum ferritin <15 μg/L; p = 0.340). Positive associations were observed between dietary iron and zinc intakes, and between iron and zinc status, however interpreting serum ferritin concentrations was not a useful proxy for estimating the likelihood of low serum zinc concentrations and women with depleted iron stores were not at increased risk of impaired zinc status in this cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Zinc and Human Health)

11 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Height, Zinc and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren: A Study in Cuba and Cambodia

by Brechje De Gier^1,*,†, Liliane Mpabanzi^2,†, Kim Vereecken², Suzanne D. Van der Werff¹, Patrick C. D'Haese³, Marion Fiorentino⁴, Kuong Khov⁵, Marlene Perignon⁴, Chhoun Chamnan⁵, Jacques Berger⁴, Megan E. Parker⁶, Raquel Junco Díaz⁷, Fidel Angel Núñez⁸, Lázara Rojas Rivero⁸, Mariano Bonet Gorbea⁷, Colleen M. Doak¹, Maiza Campos Ponce¹, Frank T. Wieringa⁴ and Katja Polman^1,2

¹ Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands

² Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium

³ Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium

⁴ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-204 NutriPass IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier 34394, France

⁵ Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fisheries Administration, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia

⁶ PATH, Seattle WA 98109, USA

⁷ National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana 10300, Cuba

⁸ Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine, Havana 11400, Cuba

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 3000-3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043000 - 20 Apr 2015

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8828

Abstract

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and zinc deficiency are often found in low- and middle-income countries and are both known to affect child growth. However, studies combining data on zinc and STH are lacking. In two studies in schoolchildren in Cuba and Cambodia, we [...] Read more.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and zinc deficiency are often found in low- and middle-income countries and are both known to affect child growth. However, studies combining data on zinc and STH are lacking. In two studies in schoolchildren in Cuba and Cambodia, we collected data on height, STH infection and zinc concentration in either plasma (Cambodia) or hair (Cuba). We analyzed whether STH and/or zinc were associated with height for age z-scores and whether STH and zinc were associated. In Cuba, STH prevalence was 8.4%; these were mainly Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections. In Cambodia, STH prevalence was 16.8%, mostly caused by hookworm. In Cuban children, STH infection had a strong association with height for age (aB-0.438, p = 0.001), while hair zinc was significantly associated with height for age only in STH uninfected children. In Cambodian children, plasma zinc was associated with height for age (aB-0.033, p = 0.029), but STH infection was not. Only in Cambodia, STH infection showed an association with zinc concentration (aB-0.233, p = 0.051). Factors influencing child growth differ between populations and may depend on prevalences of STH species and zinc deficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate these relationships and their underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Zinc and Human Health)

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11 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)₂D Regulation of T cells

by Margherita T. Cantorna^1,2,*, Lindsay Snyder¹, Yang-Ding Lin¹ and Linlin Yang¹

¹ Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

² Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 3011-3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043011 - 22 Apr 2015

Cited by 444 | Viewed by 24470

Abstract

Vitamin D is a direct and indirect regulator of T cells. The mechanisms by which vitamin D directly regulates T cells are reviewed and new primary data on the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D) on human invariant natural killer (iNK)T [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is a direct and indirect regulator of T cells. The mechanisms by which vitamin D directly regulates T cells are reviewed and new primary data on the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)₂D) on human invariant natural killer (iNK)T cells is presented. The in vivo effects of vitamin D on murine T cells include inhibition of T cell proliferation, inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-17 and induction of IL-4. Experiments in mice demonstrate that the effectiveness of 1,25(OH)₂D requires NKT cells, IL-10, the IL-10R and IL-4. Comparisons of mouse and human T cells show that 1,25(OH)₂D inhibits IL-17 and IFN-γ, and induces T regulatory cells and IL-4. IL-4 was induced by 1,25(OH)₂D in mouse and human iNKT cells. Activation for 72h was required for optimal expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in human and mouse T and iNKT cells. In addition, T cells are potential autocrine sources of 1,25(OH)₂D but again only 48–72h after activation. Together the data support the late effects of vitamin D on diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis where reducing IL-17 and IFN-γ, while inducing IL-4 and IL-10, would be beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Regulation by Vitamin D)

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16 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soy Protein-Based Infant Formulas with Supplemental Fructooligosaccharides: Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Hydration Status in Newborn Infants

by John Lasekan^*, Geraldine Baggs, Sonja Acosta and Amy Mackey

Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 3022-3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043022 - 22 Apr 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8528

Abstract

Unlike milk-based infant formulas, soy-based infant formulas containing supplemental fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have not been clinically evaluated. A randomized, double-blind, 28 day parallel feeding trial compared gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance and hydration in healthy term newborn infants fed either a commercialized soy formula (with history [...] Read more.

Unlike milk-based infant formulas, soy-based infant formulas containing supplemental fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have not been clinically evaluated. A randomized, double-blind, 28 day parallel feeding trial compared gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance and hydration in healthy term newborn infants fed either a commercialized soy formula (with history of safe use) containing sucrose as 20% of total carbohydrate, no supplemental short-chain FOS (scFOS) and no mixed carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, beta-carotene) as a control (CF, n = 62 infants) or one of two experimental soy-based formulas, EF1 (n = 64) and EF2 (n = 62) containing scFOS (2.5 g/L) and mixed carotenoids. EF1 differed from EF2 by containing sucrose. Results indicated no significant study group differences (p > 0.05) in study completion rates (CF = 81, EF1 = 86, & EF2 = 87%), growth, mean rank stool consistency, stool frequency, formula intake, spit-up/vomit, and safety measures (urine specific gravity, USG; hydration status and adverse events). Mean USGs for study groups were normal (<1.03). The EF1 > CF group in percent yellow stools (p < 0.01 at age 14 days). In conclusion, the study suggested that term infants fed soy-based formulas supplemented with scFOS and mixed carotenoids, with or without sucrose in the 1st 35 days of infancy demonstrated good tolerance and hydration comparable to the control soy-based formula with history of safe use. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Ginseng Berry Extract Supplementation Improves Age-Related Decline of Insulin Signaling in Mice

by Eunhui Seo^1,2, Sunmi Kim³, Sang Jun Lee³, Byung-Chul Oh^2,4 and Hee-Sook Jun^1,2,4,*

¹ College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea

² Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea

³ Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea

⁴ Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 405-760, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(4), 3038-3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043038 - 22 Apr 2015

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8001

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng berry extract on insulin sensitivity and associated molecular mechanisms in aged mice. C57BL/6 mice (15 months old) were maintained on a regular diet (CON) or a regular diet supplemented with 0.05% [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng berry extract on insulin sensitivity and associated molecular mechanisms in aged mice. C57BL/6 mice (15 months old) were maintained on a regular diet (CON) or a regular diet supplemented with 0.05% ginseng berry extract (GBD) for 24 or 32 weeks. GBD-fed mice showed significantly lower serum insulin levels (p = 0.016) and insulin resistance scores (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.012), suggesting that GBD improved insulin sensitivity. Pancreatic islet hypertrophy was also ameliorated in GBD-fed mice (p = 0.007). Protein levels of tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 (p = 0.047), and protein kinase B (AKT) (p = 0.037), were up-regulated in the muscle of insulin-injected GBD-fed mice compared with CON-fed mice. The expressions of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) (p = 0.036) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p = 0.032), which are known as aging- and insulin resistance-related genes, were also increased in the muscle of GBD-fed mice. We conclude that ginseng berry extract consumption might increase activation of IRS-1 and AKT, contributing to the improvement of insulin sensitivity in aged mice. Full article

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Nutrients, Volume 7, Issue 4 (April 2015) – 58 articles , Pages 2085-3066

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