You are currently viewing a new version of our website. To view the old version click .

691 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access

AI in Parkinson’s Disease: A Short Review of Machine Learning Approaches for Diagnosis

  • Arjita Sharma,
  • Abhishek Agarwal,
  • Michel Kalenga Wa Kalenga,
  • Vishal Gupta and
  • Vishal Srivastava

6 January 2026

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive impairment in patients worldwide, featuring manifestations of both motor dysfunction and various/list-specific non-motor symptoms. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment t...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
64 Citations
15,688 Views
50 Pages

A Comprehensive Review on AI-Enabled Models for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

  • Shriniket Dixit,
  • Khitij Bohre,
  • Yashbir Singh,
  • Yassine Himeur,
  • Wathiq Mansoor,
  • Shadi Atalla and
  • Kathiravan Srinivasan

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating neurological disease that cannot be identified with traditional plasma experiments, necessitating the development of a faster, less expensive diagnostic instrument. Due to the difficulty of quantifying...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,624 Views
20 Pages

This paper draws on stories of receiving the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, which emerged from a broader narrative study exploring beliefs about exercise and challenges facing people with Parkinson’s disease. Background/Objectives: By...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,437 Views
13 Pages

Subnormal GM1 in PBMCs: Promise for Early Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease?

  • Samar K. Alselehdar,
  • Monami Chakraborty,
  • Suman Chowdhury,
  • Roy N. Alcalay,
  • Matthew Surface and
  • Robert Ledeen

26 October 2021

The fact that Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathologies are well advanced in most PD patients by the time of clinical elucidation attests to the importance of early diagnosis. Our attempt to achieve this has capitalized on our previous finding that GM1 ga...

  • Article
  • Open Access
88 Citations
9,933 Views
11 Pages

3 October 2018

Machine learning techniques are tailored to build intelligent systems to support clinicians at the point of care. In particular, they can complement standard clinical evaluations for the assessment of early signs and manifestations of Parkinson&rsquo...

  • Review
  • Open Access
64 Citations
16,644 Views
49 Pages

The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Angelica Varesi,
  • Lucrezia Irene Maria Campagnoli,
  • Foroogh Fahmideh,
  • Elisa Pierella,
  • Marcello Romeo,
  • Giovanni Ricevuti,
  • Marchesi Nicoletta,
  • Salvatore Chirumbolo and
  • Alessia Pascale

14 October 2022

The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases....

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,761 Views
21 Pages

Investigation of Phase Shifts Using AUC Diagrams: Application to Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor

  • Olga S. Sushkova,
  • Alexei A. Morozov,
  • Ivan A. Kershner,
  • Margarita N. Khokhlova,
  • Alexandra V. Gabova,
  • Alexei V. Karabanov,
  • Larisa A. Chigaleichick and
  • Sergei N. Illarioshkin

30 January 2023

This study was motivated by the well-known problem of the differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor using the phase shift between the tremor signals in the antagonist muscles of patients. Different phase shifts are typi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
199 Citations
30,160 Views
22 Pages

Gait Analysis in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview of the Most Accurate Markers for Diagnosis and Symptoms Monitoring

  • Lazzaro di Biase,
  • Alessandro Di Santo,
  • Maria Letizia Caminiti,
  • Alfredo De Liso,
  • Syed Ahmar Shah,
  • Lorenzo Ricci and
  • Vincenzo Di Lazzaro

22 June 2020

The aim of this review is to summarize that most relevant technologies used to evaluate gait features and the associated algorithms that have shown promise to aid diagnosis and symptom monitoring in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We searche...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,728 Views
32 Pages

5 November 2022

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain that causes motor symptoms including slower movement, rigidity, tremor, and imbalance in addition to other problems like Alzh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,952 Views
11 Pages

26 September 2023

(1) Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Early diagnosis and reliable clinical assessments are essential for appropriate therapy and improving patients’ quality of life. Keystroke biome...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
5,111 Views
27 Pages

5 May 2020

Objective assessment of the motor evaluation test for Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis is an open issue both for clinical and technical experts since it could improve current clinical practice with benefits both for patients and healthcare systems....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,649 Views
15 Pages

Survey on Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Impact: Patients, Caregivers and Health Care Professionals’ Perspectives

  • Stela Dodaj,
  • Margherita Fabbri,
  • Anne Doe de Maindreville,
  • Alexandra Foubert-Samier,
  • Marie-Claire Toussaint,
  • Nicolas Carriere,
  • Jeanne Lopez,
  • Marine Giroud,
  • Virginie Sattler and
  • Angélique Gerdelat
  • + 9 authors

14 July 2024

Background: The announcement of Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis may provoke negative feelings that impact the ability to cope with the disease and all life changes related to this new condition. There are scarce data on how to improve commun...

  • Discussion
  • Open Access
10 Citations
9,062 Views
7 Pages

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, in which a small naturally unfolded protein α-synuclein plays an essential role. α-Synuclein belongs to a synuclein family comprising three members: α, β, and γ-synucl...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,145 Views
41 Pages

15 October 2025

Background. Clinical assessment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is limited by high subjectivity and inter-rater variability. Markerless video analysis, namely Computer Vision (CV), offers objective and scalable characterization of motor signs. We s...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,897 Views
32 Pages

Writing the Future: Artificial Intelligence, Handwriting, and Early Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring

  • Giuseppe Marano,
  • Sara Rossi,
  • Ester Maria Marzo,
  • Alice Ronsisvalle,
  • Laura Artuso,
  • Gianandrea Traversi,
  • Antonio Pallotti,
  • Francesco Bove,
  • Carla Piano and
  • Anna Rita Bentivoglio
  • + 2 authors

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs motor function, including the fine motor control required for handwriting. Traditional diagnostic methods often lack sensitivity and objectivity in the early stag...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
9,269 Views
25 Pages

Diagnosis and Treatment of Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease Using Mechanical Devices

  • Joji Fujikawa,
  • Ryoma Morigaki,
  • Nobuaki Yamamoto,
  • Hiroshi Nakanishi,
  • Teruo Oda,
  • Yuishin Izumi and
  • Yasushi Takagi

27 December 2022

Background: Parkinsonian tremors are sometimes confused with essential tremors or other conditions. Recently, researchers conducted several studies on tremor evaluation using wearable sensors and devices, which may support accurate diagnosis. Mechani...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,547 Views
15 Pages

Parkinson’s Disease Wearable Gait Analysis: Kinematic and Dynamic Markers for Diagnosis

  • Lazzaro di Biase,
  • Luigi Raiano,
  • Maria Letizia Caminiti,
  • Pasquale Maria Pecoraro and
  • Vincenzo Di Lazzaro

13 November 2022

Introduction: Gait features differ between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy subjects (HS). Kinematic alterations of gait include reduced gait speed, swing time, and stride length between PD patients and HS. Stride time and swing time variab...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,955 Views
20 Pages

Entropy-Based Machine Learning Model for Fast Diagnosis and Monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease

  • Maksim Belyaev,
  • Murugappan Murugappan,
  • Andrei Velichko and
  • Dmitry Korzun

20 October 2023

This study presents the concept of a computationally efficient machine learning (ML) model for diagnosing and monitoring Parkinson’s disease (PD) using rest-state EEG signals (rs-EEG) from 20 PD subjects and 20 normal control (NC) subjects at a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
10,064 Views
25 Pages

Parkinson’s Disease: Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Disease Progression

  • Rakesh Arya,
  • A. K. M. Ariful Haque,
  • Hemlata Shakya,
  • Md. Masum Billah,
  • Anzana Parvin,
  • Md-Mafizur Rahman,
  • Khan Mohammad Sakib,
  • Hossain Md. Faruquee,
  • Vijay Kumar and
  • Jong-Joo Kim

18 November 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disease that causes both motor and nonmotor symptoms. While our understanding of putative mechanisms has advanced significantly, it remains challenging to verify biomarkers with sufficient...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,458 Views
7 Pages

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

  • Tarek Elshourbagy,
  • James Robert Brašić and
  • Alveena Batool Syed

Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder afflicting 10 million people worldwide and the fourteenth leading cause of death in the United States, is caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons that regulate move...

  • Review
  • Open Access
39 Citations
10,864 Views
19 Pages

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a serious movement disorder that may eventually progress to mild cognitive dysfunction (MCI) and dementia. According to the Parkinson’s foundation, one million Americans were diagnosed with PD and almost 10 mil...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,571 Views
13 Pages

A Study on the Possible Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease on the Basis of Facial Image Analysis

  • Jacek Jakubowski,
  • Anna Potulska-Chromik,
  • Kamila Białek,
  • Monika Nojszewska and
  • Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk

18 November 2021

One of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is the occurrence of problems with the expression of emotions on the face, called facial masking, facial bradykinesia or hypomimia. Recent medical studies show that this symptom can be used in the diagnosis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,114 Views
20 Pages

22 August 2023

Background and aim: Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neuro-degenerative disorder, is often detected by the onset of its motor symptoms such as rest tremor. Unfortunately, motor symptoms appear only when approximately 40–60% of the dopaminergic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,059 Views
16 Pages

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been the subject of medical robotics research. Currently, a hot research topic is how to accurately assess the severity of Parkinson’s disease patients and enable medical robots to be...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
7,067 Views
22 Pages

22 February 2021

Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,906 Views
15 Pages

Wearable Sensors and Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  • Yacine Benyoucef,
  • Islem Melliti,
  • Jouhayna Harmouch,
  • Borhan Asadi,
  • Antonio Del Mastro,
  • Diego Lapuente-Hernández and
  • Pablo Herrero

13 June 2025

Background/Objectives: This study explores the integration of wearable sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The objective was to develop a...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,730 Views
9 Pages

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Radiomics for Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  • Jingwen Li,
  • Xiaoming Liu,
  • Xinyi Wang,
  • Hanshu Liu,
  • Zhicheng Lin and
  • Nian Xiong

Background: Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) based on clinical symptoms and scale scores is mostly objective, and the accuracy of neuroimaging for PD diagnosis remains controversial. This study aims to introduce a radiomic tool to improve...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,145 Views
23 Pages

14 November 2024

This comprehensive review explores the advancements in machine learning algorithms in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) utilizing different biomarkers. It addresses the challenges in the assessment of PD for accurate diagnosis, treatmen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
96 Citations
7,611 Views
27 Pages

Data-Driven Based Approach to Aid Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

  • Nicolas Khoury,
  • Ferhat Attal,
  • Yacine Amirat,
  • Latifa Oukhellou and
  • Samer Mohammed

10 January 2019

This article presents a machine learning methodology for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on the use of vertical Ground Reaction Forces (vGRFs) data collected from the gait cycle. A classification engine assigns subjects to healthy or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,840 Views
14 Pages

Applications of Machine Learning to Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  • Hong Lai,
  • Xu-Ying Li,
  • Fanxi Xu,
  • Junge Zhu,
  • Xian Li,
  • Yang Song,
  • Xianlin Wang,
  • Zhanjun Wang and
  • Chaodong Wang

3 November 2023

Background: Accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is challenging due to its diverse manifestations. Machine learning (ML) algorithms can improve diagnostic precision, but their generalizability across medical centers in China is undere...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
10,110 Views
16 Pages

Magnetic Resonance Planimetry in the Differential Diagnosis between Parkinson’s Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

  • Andrea Quattrone,
  • Maurizio Morelli,
  • Maria G. Bianco,
  • Jolanda Buonocore,
  • Alessia Sarica,
  • Maria Eugenia Caligiuri,
  • Federica Aracri,
  • Camilla Calomino,
  • Marida De Maria and
  • Maria Grazia Vaccaro
  • + 4 authors

The clinical differential diagnosis between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is often challenging. The description of milder PSP phenotypes strongly resembling PD, such as PSP-Parkinsonism, further increased the...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,272 Views
17 Pages

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the leading neurodegenerative disorders. It is considered a movement disorder, although it is accepted that many nonmotor symptoms accompany the classic motor symptoms. PD exhibits heterogeneous and overlaying...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,853 Views
16 Pages

29 May 2025

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease. With more than 20,000 new diagnosed cases each year, PD affects millions of individuals worldwide and is most prevalent in the elderly population. The current clinica...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1,051 Views
33 Pages

19 August 2025

This umbrella review aimed to identify, analyze, and synthesize the results of existing literature reviews related to patient-oriented smart applications to support healthcare provision for patients with Parkinson’s. An electronic search was co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
8,058 Views
15 Pages

Potential Tear Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease—A Pilot Study

  • Arantxa Acera,
  • Juan Carlos Gómez-Esteban,
  • Ane Murueta-Goyena,
  • Marta Galdos,
  • Mikel Azkargorta,
  • Felix Elortza,
  • Noelia Ruzafa,
  • Oliver Ibarrondo,
  • Xandra Pereiro and
  • Elena Vecino

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, the tear proteome profile of patients with idiopathic PD (iPD, n = 24), carriers of the E46K-SNCA mutation (n = 3) and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,021 Views
21 Pages

14 August 2025

Background/Objectives: Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is essential for initiating interventions that may slow its progression and enhance patient quality of life. Gait analysis provides a non-invasive means of capturing subtle moto...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,704 Views
17 Pages

Improved Deep Learning for Parkinson’s Diagnosis Based on Wearable Sensors

  • Jintao Yu,
  • Ke Meng,
  • Tingwei Liang,
  • He Liu and
  • Xiaowen Wang

25 November 2024

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that seriously affects the quality of life of patients. In this study, we propose a new Parkinson’s diagnosis method using deep learning techniques. The method takes multi-channel sensor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,519 Views
18 Pages

20 February 2023

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is associated with genetic and environmental factors. However, the genes causing this degeneration have not been determined, and no reported cure exists for this disease. Recently, studies...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,276 Views
16 Pages

19 April 2025

The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) primarily relies on clinician-administered observational assessment tools, such as the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). However, these approaches are significantly influe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,278 Views
12 Pages

There is an increasing need to diagnose Parkinson’s disease (PD) in an early stage. Existing solutions mainly focused on traditional ways such as MRI, thus suffering from the ease-of-use issue. This work presents a new approach using video and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,849 Views
23 Pages

24 November 2022

Neurodegenerative diseases manifest as progressive loss of neuronal structures and their myelin sheaths and lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly. Despite extensive research, there are few effective treatment options...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,147 Views
15 Pages

Validation and Discussion of Severity Evaluation and Disease Classification Using Tremor Video

  • Takafumi Hayashida,
  • Takashi Sugiyama,
  • Katsuya Sakai,
  • Nobuyuki Ishii,
  • Hitoshi Mochizuki and
  • Thi Thi Zin

A tremor is a significant symptom of Parkinson’s disease, but it can also be a characteristic of essential tremor, thereby hampering even specialists’ ability to differentiate between the two. This study proposes a system that leverages a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,756 Views
18 Pages

FCN-PD: An Advanced Deep Learning Framework for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Using MRI Data

  • Manal Alrawis,
  • Farah Mohammad,
  • Saad Al-Ahmadi and
  • Jalal Al-Muhtadi

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and a diminished quality of life. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,243 Views
31 Pages

29 April 2025

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, imposes substantial economic burdens, including both direct and indirect costs. The medical community current...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,389 Views
12 Pages

GATA3 as a Blood-Based RNA Biomarker for Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

  • Shubhra Acharya,
  • Andrew I. Lumley,
  • Lu Zhang,
  • Mélanie Vausort,
  • Yvan Devaux and
  • on behalf of the NCER-PD Consortium

Finding novel biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is crucial for early disease diagnosis, severity assessment and identifying novel disease-modifying drug targets. Our study aimed at investigating the GATA3 mRNA levels in whole blood sample...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,096 Views
13 Pages

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease by A Metabolomics-Based Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT)

  • Petr G. Lokhov,
  • Oxana P. Trifonova,
  • Dmitry L. Maslov,
  • Steven Lichtenberg and
  • Elena E. Balashova

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is designed, manufactured and used in the same laboratory (i.e., an in-house test). In this study, a metabolomics-based LDT was developed. This test involves a blood plasma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,225 Views
20 Pages

Applying Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning to the Diagnostic Challenge of Distinguishing Parkinson’s Disease from Other Forms of Parkinsonism

  • Rana M. Khalil,
  • Lisa M. Shulman,
  • Ann L. Gruber-Baldini,
  • Stephen G. Reich,
  • Joseph M. Savitt,
  • Jeffrey M. Hausdorff,
  • Rainer von Coelln and
  • Michael P. Cummings

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and other forms of parkinsonism share motor symptoms, including tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. The overlap in their clinical presentation creates a diagnostic challenge, as conventional metho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,689 Views
17 Pages

Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Using Laplacian Score, Gaussian Process Regression and Self-Organizing Maps

  • Mehrbakhsh Nilashi,
  • Rabab Ali Abumalloh,
  • Sultan Alyami,
  • Abdullah Alghamdi and
  • Mesfer Alrizq

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex degenerative brain disease that affects nerve cells in the brain responsible for body movement. Machine learning is widely used to track the progression of PD in its early stages by predicting unified Parki...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,323 Views
9 Pages

3 June 2025

The development of PET tracers for the detection of pathological alpha-synuclein (a-synuclein) has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic interventions of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,594 Views
29 Pages

Voice-Based Early Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease Using Spectrogram Features and AI Models

  • Danish Quamar,
  • V. D. Ambeth Kumar,
  • Muhammad Rizwan,
  • Ovidiu Bagdasar and
  • Manuella Kadar

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that significantly affects motor functions, including speech production. Voice analysis offers a less invasive, faster and more cost-effective approach for diagnosing and moni...

of 14