Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages, are known for their ability to present exogenous antigens to T cells. However, many other cell types, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and lymph node stro...
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells that are crucial for the induction of anti-tumor T cell responses. As a consequence, research has focused on the harnessing of DCs for therapeutic interventions. Although current strategi...
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebra...
Recent clinical successes of cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rapidly changing the landscape of cancer treatment. Regardless of initial impressive clinical results though, the therapeutic benefit of ICIs appears to b...
MR1 and HLA-E are highly conserved nonclassical antigen-presenting molecules. They can present antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a distinct subset of MR1-restricted or HLA-restricted CD8+ T cells. MR1 presents small microbial metabo...
Birinapant, an antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, upregulates MHCs in tumor cells and displays a better tumoricidal effect when used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, indicating that Birinapant may affect the antigen p...
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous methylated amino acid, has been implicated in tumor progression; however, its influence on tumor immunity, particularly dendritic cell (DC) function and antigen presentation, remains unclear. In this...
While immunotherapy in cancer is designed to stimulate effector T cell response, tumor-associated antigens have to be presented on malignant cells at a sufficient level for recognition of cancer by T cells. Recent studies suggest that radiotherapy en...
Murine models of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have revealed an immunological phenomenon known as “memory inflation” (MI). After a peak of a primary CD8+ T-cell response, the pool of epitope-specific cells contracts in parallel to the resolution of...
Inducing T lymphocyte (T-cell) activation and proliferation with specificity against a pathogen is crucial in vaccine formulation. Assessing vaccine candidates’ ability to induce T-cell proliferation helps optimize formulation for its safety, i...
The Bursa of Fabricius, an avian unique humoral immune organ, is instrumental to B cell development. Bursal-derived peptide BP9 fosters B-cell development and formation. Yet, the exact mechanism wherein BP9 impacts B cell differentiation and antigeni...
The P2X7 receptor, a member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, is a non-selective ion channel. Over the years, it has been associated with various biological functions, from modulating to regulating inflammation. However, its emerging role in ant...
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease, harboring a five-year overall survival rate of only 13%. Current treatment approaches thus require modulation, with attention shifting towards liberating the stalled efficacy of immunotherapies. Select chemother...
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for quickly adaptable technologies in vaccine manufacturing. This can be achieved through virus-like particles (VLPs) as presentation platforms for target antigens. In this study, we investigate...
High-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) are expressed on human blood eosinophils and may be upregulated on eosinophils at sites of allergic inflammation including atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. FcεRI engagement, however, fails to...
Brucellosis is a severe zoonotic disease caused by Brucella infection, which remains prevalent in several regions worldwide and poses a significant public health challenge. The host deploys complex immune mechanisms to combat the pathogen, including...
The majority of T-cell responses involve proteasome-dependent protein degradation and the downstream presentation of oligopeptide products complexed with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) molecules to peptide-restricted CD8+ T-ce...
Immune-mediated glomerular diseases are characterized by infiltration of T cells, which accumulate in the periglomerular space and tubulointerstitium in close contact to proximal and distal tubuli. Recent studies described proximal tubular epithelial...
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-mediated antigen presentation plays a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity by enabling CD8+ T cells to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. In melanoma, modulation of this pathway is critical for im...
Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has reached pandemic proportions. A number of effective vaccines have been produced, including mRNA vaccines and viral vecto...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1), its ligand (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have shown promising results against multiple cancers, where they reactivate exhausted T cells primed to eliminat...
STING is a transmembrane ER resident protein that was initially described as a regulator of innate immune response triggered by viral DNA and later found to be involved in a broader range of immune processes. Here, we assessed its role in the antigen...
The development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 remains a critical challenge amidst the ongoing global pandemic. This study introduces a novel approach to enhancing mRNA vaccine efficacy by leveraging the untranslated region (UTR) of TMSB10,...
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a recognized differentiating agent, has significant potential in the personalized/stratified treatment of breast cancer. The present study reports on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor activity of ATRA...
Neutrophils are innate leukocytes that mount a rapid response to invading pathogens and sites of inflammation. Although neutrophils were traditionally considered responders to bacterial infections, recent advances have demonstrated that they are inte...
Human dendritic cell (DC) dexosomes were evaluated for their function and preclinical validation for vaccines. Dexosomes are small DC-secreted vesicles that contain absorbing immune signals. Vaccine manufacturing requires a significant number of mono...
Avian viral diseases including avian influenza, Marek’s disease and Newcastle disease are detrimental to economies around the world that depend on the poultry trade. A significant zoonotic threat is also posed by avian influenza viruses. Vaccin...
Psoriasis is classically considered a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, however the identification of autoantigens in its pathogenesis established it as a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. As such professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are...
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules (abbreviated as MHC-I and MHC-II, respectively) are specialized in antigen presentation. Unlike the T cell receptors (TCRs), which have great variability, the MHC-I and MHC-II...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is common neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting mostly young adults. Despite decades of studies, its etiology and pathogenesis are not fully unraveled and treatment is still insufficient. The vast...
Type 2 diabetes is an established risk factor for tuberculosis, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We established an in vitro model to analyze the effect of high glucose concentrations in antigen processing and presentation in antigen...
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a refractory cancer; a majority of CCAs represents a non-inflamed tumor phenotype that should be resistant to treatment, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular ch...
Buffy Coats, generated from a blood donor’s whole blood bag unit, are commonly used in biomedical research as a source of leukocytes due to the high number of cells that can be recovered from each Buffy Coat. Buffy Coats are leukocyte-enriched...
The functional avidity of T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells towards their cognate epitope plays a crucial role in successfully targeting and killing tumor cells expressing the tumor-associated antigen (TAA). When evaluating in vitro functional...
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response that maintains the fidelity of the cellular proteome in conditions that subvert the folding capacity of the cell, such as those noticed in infection and inflammatory contexts. In immunity, t...
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are immune cells that recognize, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes. APCs are among the earliest immune responders against an antigen. Thus, in patients with COVID-19, a disease caused by the newly reported SA...
The immune system is a complex network of multiple cells, tissues, and organs that protects the body against foreign pathogenic invaders. However, the immune system may mistakenly attack healthy cells and tissues due to the cross-reactivity of anti-p...
Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) represents a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells, particularly for patients lacking a matching donor. UCB provides practical advantages, including a lower risk of graft-versus-host-disease and permissive human...
Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) that stably express particular HLA and co-stimulatory molecules by gene transfer have been developed to effectively stimulate T cells. To investigate whether cytochalsin-B-induced membrane vesicles derived...
Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mounting an immune response to contain and clear invading pathogens is well-described. However, most encounters between...
Nucleated teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are known to express molecules from the major histocompatibility complex and peptide-generating processes such as autophagy and proteasomes, but the role of RBCs in antigen presentation of viruses have not bee...
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The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is complex and involves various immune and inflammatory responses. Antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) were recently reported to have diverse functions in AKI depending...
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) is associated with antigen presenting cells (APCs). During inflam...
Research and development of personalized cancer vaccines as precision medicine are ongoing. We predicted human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-compatible cancer antigen candidate peptides based on patient-specific cancer genomic profiles and performed a Phas...
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides an effective method for managing HIV-1 infection and preventing the onset of AIDS; however, it is ineffective against the reservoir of latent HIV-1 that persists predominantly in resting CD4+ T cells. Understandi...
Virus-like nanoparticles (VNP) are regarded as efficient vaccination platforms and have proven to be useful for the non-anaphylactogenic delivery of allergen-specific immunotherapy in preclinical models previously. Herein, we sought to determine the...
Antigen presentation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IFN-γ and a cytokine mix (5MIX: IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-22, OsM, and TNF-α) on the antigen-present...
This study investigated the relationship between clinical severity and percentage of conjunctival antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)-associated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). KCS clinical severity was based on sy...
Microbial recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) not only activates myelopoiesis but also programs the function of the monocytes and macrophages they produce. For instance, cha...
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous brain tumor. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) play a central role in tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence. Although immune cells are known to shape the GBM microenvironment...
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