Scientia Pharmaceutica

Currently, there are various approaches to the treatment of diabetes. Regarding type 2 diabetes (T2D), treatment focuses on blood glucose control. When changes in lifestyle do not achieve this glycemic control, the option is to start therapy with antidiabetic drugs such as metformin. However, long-term metformin use causes disturbances that may affect treatment approaches. This review examines recent advances in nanotechnology that have developed new forms of drug administration that can improve the efficacy of the treatment, where nanomaterials, nanostructures, and nanoparticle design are involved, so that they provide controlled and gradual release. The use of biopolymers (as drug delivery systems) has ensured biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. There are several methods for obtaining a drug delivery system, including electrospinning, electrospraying, nanoprecipitation, etc. These systems improve drug delivery and can be used orally, transdermally, or intravenously, among means of administration. This review describes the new forms of the administration of metformin in the treatment of T2D, based on the encapsulation of metformin in polymeric matrices such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, among others.

Rosuvastatin calcium is a promising lipid-lowering agent and the drug of choice in hyperlipidemia. Conventional solid oral delivery of rosuvastatin is limited by its poor solubility and ultimately poor bioavailability. An attempt was made to fabricate the cocrystals of RSC for enhancing solubility and bioavailability. Cocrystals were prepared by a microwave synthesiser-assisted solvent evaporation technique with multiple cocrystal formers. Rosuvastatin-Ascorbic acid (RSC-AA) cocrystals showed the highest solubility (~5-fold increased) amongst all twenty drug-coformer combination (DCC). RSC-AA cocrystals (1:1 ratio) were further characterized by various analytical techniques like FTIR, DSC and XRD to confirm the formation of cocrystals. RSC-AA cocrystals also showed improved flow properties and compressibility in comparison with pure drug, and it was demonstrated using the SeDeM diagram. RSC-AA cocrystals were further formulated into an immediate-release tablet by implementing experimental optimization. Comparative dissolution study of the cocrystal and pure drug tablet revealed improved dissolution after cocrystallization. RSC-AA cocrystal tablet showed the % drug release of 95.61 ± 3.94 while RSC pure drug showed the drug release of 67.83 ± 3.29. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis showed significant improvement in systemic availability and cumulative absorption of the drug. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) for RSC pure drug was 13.924 ± 0.477 μg/mL, while RSC-AA cocrystals showed a peak plasma concentration of 22.464 ± 0.484 μg/mL. Area Under Curve (AUC) of RSC-AA cocrystal was also significantly greater compared to the pure drug. In the stability study analysis, the shelf life was calculated from a graphical method and was found to be around 34.58 months for RSC-AA cocrystal tablets and 19.87 months for RSC pure drug tablets, which indicates improved stability with cocrystallization. Overall, the cocrystallization resulted in significant improvement in dissolution and solubility of RSC.

Injectable biostimulatory agents such as poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) have emerged as key tools in regenerative aesthetics due to their ability to stimulate adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolic activity, enhance collagen production, and improve dermal quality. This review aimed to provide an updated synthesis of the role of these agents in adipocyte stimulation, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and therapeutic applications. A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Ovid databases was conducted for studies published from 2018 onward, including in vitro and in vivo experiments, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies, which were evaluated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine hierarchy. The findings demonstrated that PCL promotes adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling, while PLLA exhibits dual effects on collagen synthesis and adipocyte stimulation, with clinical trials such as the SPLASH study confirming significant improvements in dermal thickness and adipogenesis. CaHA provided immediate volumizing benefits with long-term tissue regeneration, and innovative approaches including combination therapies and novel injection protocols expanded clinical applications. Overall, PLLA, PCL, and CaHA represent effective and versatile biostimulatory agents that support natural and durable outcomes in aesthetic practice. Nevertheless, the absence of large-scale trials and standardized protocols highlights the need for further research to optimize safety, efficacy, and long-term treatment strategies.