Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen...
Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leav...
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic or obstetric events occurring in individuals who have persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and pot...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong o...
IgG antibodies, particularly those of the IgG4 subclass, have generated significant debate regarding their role in immune tolerance versus food intolerance. This article comprehensively reviews the literature on the subject, exploring evidence from h...
DENV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and possesses a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. DENV infection manifests in mild subclinical forms or severe forms that may be dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Des...
Pandemics in the last two centuries have been initiated by causal pathogens that include Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza (e.g., the H1N1 pandemic of 2009). The latter is considered to have initiated two prior pandemics in 1918 a...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complicated inflammatory gut pathological disorder and is categorized into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Although the cause of IBD is unclear, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is...
Honey and other bee products, including propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen, are widely recognized for their medicinal properties. Among their numerous biological activities, their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have gained signific...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that causes chronic pain and disability. Different innate immune components, including macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils, participate in OA pathophysiology. Neutrophils are the mos...
Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) affect millions worldwide, presenting significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Traditional immunosuppressive therapies, while effective, often lack precision...
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine protein acknowledged as a vital mediator in cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Additionally, TNF-α is a crucial component of the host’s defense by m...
The persistent production of inflammatory cytokines causes anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Playing a central role in the pathophysiology of ACD is hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism. The regulation of hepcidin expression is a complex proce...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has troubled humankind for many years. The rate of new HIV cases is decreasing steadily, mostly because of safer sexual practices and scientific advances in medicine. However, the number of HIV-related trials has si...
The immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate transformed cells is a critical factor in suppressing cancer development. However, immune surveillance in tumors is often disrupted by various immune escape mechanisms, many of which remain po...
Around 285 million people worldwide currently have type 2 diabetes and it is projected that this number will be surpassed by 2030. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to enhance our comprehension of the disease’s development. The regulati...
Liver fibrosis is a complex, dynamic process associated with a broad spectrum of chronic liver diseases and acute liver failure, characterised by the dysregulated intrahepatic production of extracellular matrix proteins replacing functional liver cel...
Since the momentous discovery of X-rays, high-dose radiotherapy (H-XRT) has been a cornerstone for combating cancer. The high-energy electromagnetic waves induce direct damage to tumor-cells’ DNA, thereby halting cell growth and proliferation,...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, debilitating condition that affects the lungs and airways. It is characterized by persistent bronchitis, a condition exemplified by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the hypersecretion...
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the available treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy and molecular targeted the...
Mastic oil (MO) is extracted from the resin of the bark of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia, a tree abundantly grown in the Greek island of Chios. Various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant, have been associated with...
The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological...
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating cutaneous disease characterized by a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction that stems from disruption of the skin microbiome and abnormal activation of both the innate and adaptiv...
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifaceted inflammatory disorder characterized by distinct immunopathogenic entities, including type 2 inflammation mediated by cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. These cy...
This review aims to explore the role of immunotherapeutic strategies—primarily intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and selected immunomodulatory agents—in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders with...
Modulation of the immune system has been demonstrated as a powerful approach to treating cancer. Immunotherapies are generally classified as active or passive according to their ability to trigger the immune system. During the last decades, informati...
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a frequently lost tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer, leading to aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcomes. PTEN loss results in aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting onc...
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one of the most intricate immune therapies used for patients with hematological diseases or immune disorders. In addition to the inherent immunosuppression from their primary condition, many of these patient...
The impact of pre-existing common cold coronavirus (CCCoV) antibodies (Abs) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune responses and pathogenesis remains poorly defined. We evaluated these associations in a cohort of hospi...
Recent advances in organoid technology have revolutionized cancer biology and therapeutic interventions, offering personalized immunotherapy treatment. Organoids, three-dimensional cell cultures derived from patient tumors, accurately replicate the t...
The kinetic responses of leukocyte subsets to exercise and their recovery may serve as indicators of immunological resilience. These time-dependent responses were investigated in healthy young men using a bicycle ergometer test. Fifteen recreationall...
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, characterized by ocular and oral dryness. Beyond exocrine dysfunction, SS may also involve multiple organs and systems, contribut...
Inflammation is considered a natural reaction of the immune system that can be caused by several factors such as pathogens, chemical substances, and damaged cells. Since the classical era, therapeutic substances have been made from medicinal plants....
Immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 (ILT4) is an immunosuppressive molecule predominantly expressed on myeloid cells. Recent studies combining ILT4 suppression with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade have show...
Advancements in sequencing and screening technology have made monoclonal antibodies more accessible, cost-effective, and precise. These drugs effectively target pathogens and cancer cells and even regulate metabolic pathways by focusing on specific i...
Olive oil, a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, is increasingly recognized not only for its cardiovascular benefits but also for its potential role in cancer prevention and therapy. Among its bioactive constituents, several phenolic compounds&mda...
Inducible forms of chronic urticaria are characterized by an early age of onset and a long duration of disease. In addition, cold and cholinergic urticaria have a risk of developing systemic, sometimes life-threatening, reactions. Determining the pat...
COVID-19 is a viral disease that has caused millions of deaths around the world since 2020. Many strategies have been developed to manage patients in critical conditions; however, comprehension of the immune system is a key factor in viral clearance,...
Chemotherapy-refractive multiple myeloma (MM) is serious and life-threatening, and better treatments are urgently needed. BCMA is a prominent marker on the cell surface of MM cells, rendering it an accepted target for antibody therapy. Considering th...
The 19th century saw the development of vaccines, which were biological preparations designed to enhance immunity against specific diseases. Edible vaccines function by stimulating both systemic and mucosal immune responses against foreign pathogens,...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has had a global impact and resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The course of the Janus kinase signaling transducers and activators (JAK-STAT) pathway is an important molecu...
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a thrombo-inflammatory disease propelled by circulating autoantibodies that recognize cell surface phospholipids and phospholipid-binding proteins. APS is an autoimmune disorder associated with recurrent thrombosis...
The production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation in the 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line and the human monocytic cell line THP-1 were measured to determine the anti-...
Macrophages are myeloid phagocytic leukocytes whose functions are to protect against infections, mediate T-cell responses, and maintain tissue homeostasis. IL-12p40 monomer is a cytokine that is largely produced by macrophages, and it has, for the lo...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive dysmetabolic condition related to several complications, including cardiovascular disease, whose incidence is increasing worldwide. Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)...
A severe consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifests as systemic inflammation and multi-organ involvement is called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). This review examines the possible relationship between gut barrier integ...
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic ignited global efforts to rapidly develop testing, therapeutics, and vaccines. However, the rewards of these efforts were slow to reach many low- to middle-income countries (LMIC) across the African continent and globally. The...
Nutrition is essential in developing and maintaining a robust immune system and is vital for immune homeostasis. The pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to dietary changes, as their growth and development require a high energy intake. Mal...
Background and Aim: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a viral disease mainly found in central and western Africa, with symptoms similar to variola virus (smallpox) but distinguished by the early lymph node swelling specific to Mpox. This review summarizes the neur...
Vaccination is credited as a significant medical achievement contributing to the decline in morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. Traditional vaccines composed of inactivated and live-attenuated whole pathogens confer the induction of poten...
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