Immuno, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2025) – 1 article

Inducible forms of chronic urticaria are characterized by an early age of onset and a long duration of disease. In addition, cold and cholinergic urticaria have a risk of developing systemic, sometimes life-threatening, reactions. Determining the pathogenetic mechanisms and laboratory and clinical predictors of their development is an open question in the understanding of these diseases. This literature review demonstrates the current known facts that allow the identification of patients with cold and cholinergic urticaria in high-risk groups of anaphylaxis development and, therefore, the possibility to prevent emergency situations and to manage them in time. For cold and cholinergic urticaria, observations of Kounis syndrome–acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction or unstable angina) have been described. A series of trials, including the large international multicenter COLD-CE study of anaphylaxis in cold urticaria, have identified early age of urticaria onset, severe clinical symptoms, shortening of the critical temperature threshold, comorbid bronchial asthma, concomitant angioedema, and pruritus of the earlobes as warning signs. No such large-scale studies have been conducted for cholinergic urticaria. Among the few high-risk factors for systemic reactions in cholinergic urticaria described in the literature is the occurrence of angioedema. Thus, it is possible to identify some patients in the high-risk group already at the stage of initial anamnesis collection, and additional data can be collected during the examination. Laboratory biomarkers, clinical predictors, understanding the mechanisms of anaphylaxis by physical triggers or their consequences, and optimal options for pathogenetic therapy are still unresolved issues that require further research. The aim of this review is to provide a content analysis of current knowledge about chronic inducible urticarias in order to increase clinicians’ awareness and, consequently, reduce the risk of urgent conditions associated with them. Full article