Egg Consumption and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of Australian Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults
Does Creatine Supplementation Enhance Performance in Active Females? A Systematic Review

Journal Description

Nutrients

Nutrients is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of human nutrition published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Asia Pacific Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics Organisation (APNNO), Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP), Nutrition Society of New Zealand (NSNZ), Ocular Wellness & Nutrition Society (OWNS) and others are affiliated with Nutrients and their members receive a discount on article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Nutrition and Dietetics) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Companion journal: Dietetics

Impact Factor: 4.8 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 5.8 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2072-6643

Latest Articles

17 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Daily Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Its Association with Undiagnosed Non-Communicable Diseases Among Malaysian Adults: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

by Shi-Hui Cheng, Sumarni Mohd-Ghazali, Chee-Cheong Kee and Lay-Kim Tan

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101740 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background/objective: We examined the prevalence of daily sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, identifying its sociodemographic determinants and exploring its potential association with undiagnosed non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Malaysian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 6596 Malaysian adults participating in the 2019 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS). Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between daily SSB intake and the risk of undiagnosed diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The prevalence of daily SSB intake was 53.6%, with higher intake observed among females, older adults, Indians, and unemployed individuals. After adjusting for confounders, daily SSB intake was not significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes (adjusted OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.80–1.29), undiagnosed hypertension (adjusted OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.81–1.22), undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia (adjusted OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.83–1.18), or obesity (adjusted OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.91–1.27). Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of daily SSB intake among Malaysian adults, driven by sociodemographic factors. While a lack of direct associations with undiagnosed NCDs was observed, the high prevalence of SSB intake raises concerns about long-term health impacts. Targeted public health interventions are essential to address the cultural and economic determinants of SSB intake, as well as future research adopting longitudinal designs to explore how sustained reductions in SSB intake influence the risk of developing NCDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association between Nutrition, Diet Quality, Dietary Patterns, and Human Health and Diseases—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Calorie, High-Protein Ketogenic Diet Versus Low-Calorie, Low-Sodium, and High-Potassium Mediterranean Diet in Overweight Patients and Patients with Obesity with High-Normal Blood Pressure or Grade I Hypertension: The Keto–Salt Pilot Study

by Matteo Landolfo, Lucia Stella, Alessandro Gezzi, Francesco Spannella, Paolo Turri, Lucia Sabbatini, Sofia Cecchi, Beatrice Lucchetti, Massimiliano Petrelli and Riccardo Sarzani

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101739 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background and Objective: Dietary interventions are the first-line treatment for overweight individuals (OW) and individuals with obesity (OB) with high-normal blood pressure (BP) or grade I hypertension, especially when at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk (CVR). However, current guidelines do not specify the most effective dietary approach for optimising cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in this population. This study aimed to compare the effects of a low-calorie, high-protein ketogenic diet (KD) vs. a low-calorie, low-sodium, and high-potassium Mediterranean diet (MD) on BP profiles assessed via ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), as well as on anthropometric measures, metabolic biomarkers, and body composition evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: This prospective observational bicentric pilot study included 26 non-diabetic adult outpatients with central OW status or OB status (body mass index, BMI > 27 kg/m²) and high-normal BP (≥130/85 mmHg) or grade I hypertension (140–160/90–100 mmHg), based on office BP measurements. All participants had low-to-moderate CVR according to the second version of the systemic coronary risk estimation (SCORE2) and were selected and categorized as either KD (n = 15) or MD (n = 11). Comprehensive blood analysis, BIA, and ABPM were conducted at baseline and after three months. Results: At baseline, no significant differences were observed between the groups. Following three months of dietary intervention, both groups exhibited substantial reductions in body weight (KD: 98.6 ± 13.0 to 87.3 ± 13.4 kg; MD: 93.8 ± 17.7 to 86.1 ± 19.3 kg, p < 0.001) and waist circumference. Mean 24 h systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) significantly declined in both groups (24 h mean SBP decreased from 125.0 ± 11.3 to 116.1 ± 8.5 mmHg (p = 0.003) and 24 h mean DBP decreased from 79.0 ± 8.4 to 73.7 ± 6.4 mmHg (p < 0.001)). Fat-free mass (FFM) increased, whereas fat mass (FM), blood lipid levels, and insulin concentrations decreased significantly. The ∆FM/∆FFM correlates with ABP improvements. However, no significant between-group differences were detected at follow-up. Conclusions: The KD and the MD mediated weight loss and body composition changes, effectively improving bio-anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters in individuals with OW status or OB status and high BP. Although more extensive studies are warranted to elucidate potential long-term differences, our findings suggest the manner in which these two different popular dietary approaches may equally confer metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, emphasising the importance of weight and FM loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Approaches for Managing Obesity-Associated Metabolic Diseases)

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20 pages, 1641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Protective Effects of Pectic Polysaccharides on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Drosophila melanogaster and Their Structure–Function Relationships

by Zhenou Sun, Tianyu Qi, Boyu Cheng, Yingxiao Guo, Dima Atehli, Steve W. Cui, Ji Kang and Qingbin Guo

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101738 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Pectic polysaccharides exhibit therapeutic potential against intestinal inflammation. However, the influence of structural variations on their efficacy remains largely unexplored. Methods: This study investigated the structural and anti-inflammatory relationships of okra pectin (OP), citrus pectin (CP), apple pectin (AP), and hawthorn pectin (HP). Based on FT-IR spectra, CP was identified as a high-methoxyl pectin, with a degree of methyl esterification (DM) of 72.07 ± 3.86%. OP, AP, and HP were low-methoxyl pectins with the following DM values: 19.34 ± 3.04%, 32.11 ± 1.71%, and 38.67 ± 2.75%, respectively. Results: Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that OP exhibited the highest abundance of RG-I regions among all the samples. Homogalacturonan (HG) was the predominant structural region in AP and HP, while CP contained both of the aforementioned structural regions. Our findings demonstrated that OP and CP significantly ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in the wild-type Drosophila melanogaster strain w¹¹¹⁸, as evidenced by improved intestinal morphology, reinforced intestinal barrier function, and enhanced locomotor and metabolic activity. These effects were mediated by the inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling and the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Notably, reducing the molecular weight of CP to 18.18 kDa significantly enhanced its therapeutic efficacy, whereas a reduction in OP molecular weight to 119.12 kDa extended its median lifespan. Conclusions: These findings first suggest that abundant RG-I structures and low molecular weight endowed pectins with significant anti-inflammatory activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Food Bioactive Ingredients)

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21 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessReview

Managing Food Allergies in Dining Establishments: Challenges and Innovative Solutions

by George N. Konstantinou, Ourania Pampoukidou, Daniel Sergelidis and Maria Fotoulaki

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101737 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Food allergies represent a growing public health concern, with accidental exposures in dining establishments posing significant risks. Although various guidelines and interventions have been proposed, practical implementation remains challenging. Objectives: This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on major hazards in allergen management within dining settings and to evaluate emerging solutions designed to protect allergic consumers. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles, surveillance reports, guidelines, and policy documents published in April 2025 was undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were selected based on relevance to allergen management in dining establishments. An inductive thematic synthesis was performed, and a basic quality appraisal was conducted to prioritize stronger evidence. Results: Three major hazard themes—hidden allergens, cross-contamination during food preparation, and poor communication between staff and allergic consumers—were identified from the reviewed literature. Emerging interventions included enhanced staff training, improved allergen labeling practices, and the application of digital technologies such as smartphone apps and rapid allergen detection devices. However, inconsistencies in implementation and a lack of systematic validation limit the effectiveness of these approaches. Conclusions: Mitigating food allergy risk in dining establishments requires an integrated approach that combines strict kitchen controls with continuous staff education, transparent labeling, clear communication, and supportive policies. While promising interventions exist, more research is required to validate their effectiveness and to encourage standardized, widespread implementation to ensure the safety of individuals with food allergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients: 15th Anniversary)

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22 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessReview

CONUT Score as a Predictor of Mortality Risk in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analytic Review

by Fărcaș Diana Andreea, Cerghizan Anda, Maior Raluca, Mîndrilă Andreea-Cornelia and Tarcea Monica

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101736 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a major global health burden and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional status has emerged as an essential factor influencing outcomes in HF, with the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score gaining attention as a simple, objective marker derived from serum albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocyte count. This meta-analysis evaluated the prognostic value of the CONUT score in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with acute and chronic heart failure. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for the past ten years, using combinations of keywords such as “heart failure”, “CONUT score”, “malnutrition”, and “mortality”. Studies were included if they reported hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality in relation to CONUT score categories in adult HF populations. Eight eligible studies comprising 15,761 patients were included. Pooled analysis showed that higher CONUT scores were significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (pooled HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.30–1.66). Despite substantial heterogeneity (I² = 80%), the direction of effect was consistent across studies. The CONUT score is a useful prognostic marker in acute and chronic heart failure patients. Further research should explore the effects of targeted nutritional interventions in high-risk HF patients identified by elevated CONUT scores and efforts to standardize malnutrition cut-offs in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)

14 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Preliminary Validation of the PC-FCQ: The Parent and Carer Food Choice Questionnaire

by Alex McKenna, Rachael L. Thurecht, Libby Swanepoel, Georgia Blair and Fiona E. Pelly

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101735 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Poor nutrition in childhood can have irreversible impacts on development and health, potentially resulting in cognitive impairments and an increased risk of chronic disease later in life. Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate the Parent Carer-Food Choice Questionnaire (PC-FCQ) to determine the key factors influencing the parental food choices of children aged between two and five years. Methods: A sample of 737 Australian parents and carers completed the questionnaire consisting of 98 items on a 10-point frequency of influence anchored at 1 never to 10 always. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the key factors and refine the questionnaire. Results: The PCA extracted 65 items organized into 12 factors explaining 62.8% of the total variance. The factors were named ethical concerns, nutritional attributes, child preferences, child mood, awareness, parent sensory, convenience, situation, culture, professional advice, accessibility and weight control. The final Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure was 0.93, and the Bartlett test of sphericity was statistically significant X2(4753) = 39,643.87, p < 0.001. Moderate intercorrelations were detected between seven factors. Conclusions: This research resulted in a PC-FCQ that includes factors specifically relevant to parental food choice. The PC-FCQ will enable researchers and clinicians to more effectively provide nutrition education and dietary interventions to suit the parent and child. The next phase of this research will be to test the accuracy and reliability of the PC-FCQ in an independent sample via confirmatory factor analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

20 pages, 3688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rutin–Whey Protein Nanoparticles Inhibit D-Galactose-Induced Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways

by Yijing Ren, Lianyan Wang, Danyang Wang, Jian Huang, Ou Wang and Gangqiang Ding

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101734 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Rutin (R) is a bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its low bioavailability limits its application. To address this problem, R was encapsulated with whey protein (W) as nanoparticles, and the potential effect and mechanism of rutin–whey protein nanoparticles (RW) on skeletal muscle dysfunction was investigated in D-galactose induced mice. Methods: R was encapsulated with W to form RW, and its characteristics like particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioaccessibility were evaluated. In the in vivo study, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with R, W or RW, respectively. The muscle function, hepatic antioxidant capacity, serum inflammatory levels, gut microbiota, and metabolomic profiles of mice were evaluated. Results: RW showed a uniform particle size, with an encapsulation efficiency of 68.7%. In the RW, the bioaccessibility of rutin was approximately 3.3 times that of free rutin. This in vivo study indicated that in comparison with D-galactose induced mice (model group), R, W and RW treatments could enhance hepatic antioxidative capacity and regulate inflammation levels, while W and RW could also increase muscle strength. Among these, RW treatment significantly elevated the hepatic GSH-PX activity and decreased the serum MSTN, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, which were all markedly better than those of the individual effect of R or W. Such effects of R, W, and RW may be achieved through the modulation of gut microbiota that produced short-chain fatty acids or involved in anti-inflammatory function and the regulation of metabolic profiles associated with amino acid metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, etc. Conclusions: RW was found to enhance the bioaccessibility of rutin, and exhibited positive effects on skeletal muscle dysfunction via the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic pathways. The results of this study may provide new scientific strategy for the utilization of rutin to achieve its health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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21 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sweet Drinks, Sour Consequences: The Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Sperm Health, a Narrative Review

by Winnie Khine Yi Win, Maverick Wenhao Wong, Paula Benny and Zhongwei Huang

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101733 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The rising global consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has paralleled a concerning decline in sperm quality, raising concern about potential dietary impacts on male fertility. Sperm health parameters, including count, motility, and morphology, are critical indicators of reproductive potential and may be adversely affected by excessive sugar intake. This narrative review consolidates the current evidence on the association between SSB consumption and sperm health, highlighting potential biological mechanisms. Methods: A targeted literature search across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted, utilising keywords “sugar-sweetened beverages”, “sperm health”, and related terms. A total of 11 eligible observational and cohort studies were selected. Studies focusing solely on animal models or unrelated dietary factors were excluded. Results: The primary research consistently reports a negative association between high SSB consumption and sperm parameters, including reduced count and motility, and increased DNA fragmentation. Potential mechanisms include oxidative stress, hormonal dysregulation, and metabolic dysfunction linked to obesity and insulin resistance. However, variability in study design, exposure assessment, and population demographics limits generalisability of the results. Conclusions: The current evidence suggests that regular SSB consumption adversely affects male reproductive health through oxidative damage and hormonal imbalances. These findings underscore the importance of public health strategies to reduce SSB intake, especially among young men of reproductive age. Further longitudinal studies with standardised methodologies, particularly in underrepresented populations such as Asian cohorts, are necessary to establish causal relationships and guide clinical recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle on Reproductive Health)

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11 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Activities of Daily Living Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Shu-Min Lai, Ling Kuang, Xu-Lian Tang, Cheng-Shen Qiu, Hong-Xuan Huang, Dan-Qing Liao, Hong-Min Li, Li-Ying Du, Zhi-Yuan Xiong, Bing-Yun Zhang, Hao-Jie Chen and Zhi-Hao Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101732 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and activities of daily living (ADL) disability remains unclear. Our study aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between hsCRP concentrations and the risk of ADL disability, while also identifying potential modifiers of this association in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: We conducted a prospective study involving 16,342 participants aged 50 years and older (mean age: 64 ± 10 years) from the Health and Retirement Study. To investigate the longitudinal association between hsCRP and the risk of ADL disability, we employed Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusting for a wide range of potential confounders. Subgroups analyses were further conducted to examine interactions across factors such as gender, age, body mass index, smoking status, and drinking status. Results: This study involved a follow-up of 125,858 person-years (median of 8 years; interquartile range: 4–12 years), revealing a total of 4579 incidents of ADL disability. The highest hsCRP concentration was significantly associated with ADL disability after adjustment for covariates (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–1.36). The associations between hsCRP and the risk of ADL disability seemed to be somewhat stronger among individuals aged < 65 years and with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (both p for interaction < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicated that elevated hsCRP concentrations are associated with an increased risk of ADL disability in middle-aged and older adults. HsCRP appears to serve as a biomarker for ADL disability, particularly among individuals with obesity and middle-aged adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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19 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Foods in the Food Supply: Prevalence, Nutritional Composition and Use of Voluntary Labelling Schemes

by Edvina Hafner, Maša Hribar and Igor Pravst

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101731 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) represent a substantial part of modern diets, with a growing prevalence in food environments worldwide. Their unfavourable nutritional composition and adverse health effects present growing public health concerns. Methods: This study examines the prevalence of UPFs in the Slovenian food supply, their nutritional quality and the use of different food symbols and labelling schemes on food packaging. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the representative Slovenian branded foods database. A total of 23,173 prepacked foods and beverages were categorised into levels of processing according to the NOVA classification system. The nutritional composition of UPFs was compared to less processed products within 16 narrow subcategories. Additionally, the prevalence in the use of front-of-package nutrition labelling (FOPNL) and subjectively nutrition-related elements (SNREs) (such as EU Organic, Vegan labels etc.) were assessed across different food categories and processing levels. Results: Results show that UPFs represent 54.5% of the available products in the Slovenian food supply, with the highest prevalence in Confectionery (93%), Bread and bakery products (83%), Meat, meat products and alternatives (77%) and Convenience foods (74%). Comparison of nutritional composition indicated that UPFs had significantly poorer nutritional composition compared to less processed counterparts, including higher levels of sugar, salt and saturated fats, and a lower protein content. Breakfast cereals, Snack foods, Meat alternatives and Pre-prepared salads and sandwiches showed the most significant differences between UPFs and less processed counterparts. Analysis of the prevalence of symbols and labelling schemes revealed that 33.8% of products carried at least one FOPNL (15.0%) or SNRE (19.1%), with SNREs being more prevalent on less processed products and FOPNL predominantly used on UPFs (p < 0.05). The most prevalent SNRE was the EU Organic logo (12.7%), followed by the Vegan (4.7%) and Non-GMO (3.1%) logos, whereas the most frequent FOPNL was Reference Intakes (RI), presenting only energy value RI-Energy (12.5%), followed by nutrient-specific RI (1.6%), while other FOPNL were scarce and limited to certain categories. An additional comparison of visual presentation highlighted the potentially selective use of voluntary FOPNL to improve product framing. This raises concerns about their role in guiding consumer choices versus serving as marketing tools, especially when it comes to UPFs. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for monitoring UPFs in the food supply together with harmonised, mandatory labelling regulations to ensure transparency and empower consumers to make healthier choices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Dietary Quality and Human Health)

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24 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Maternal and Fetal Consequences of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Thora Y. Chai, Jacob George, Dharmintra Pasupathy, Ngai Wah Cheung and Victoria L. Rudland

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101730 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Both metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy are emerging as an adverse synergistic relationship of growing concern. This narrative review focuses on the maternal and fetal consequences associated with women who have MAFLD and/or GDM during pregnancy, including an exploration of long-term cardiometabolic risks for postpartum maternal and childhood health. We conclude that implementation of a life course approach to management of these high-risk women remains paramount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health)

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16 pages, 3614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weizmannia Coagulans BC99 Prevents Loperamide-Induced Functional Constipation in Mice Through Increased Intestinal Peristalsis and Modulation of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

by Cheng Li, Ying Wu, Hua Liang, Yao Dong, Shuguang Fang, Pan-Young Jeong, Hye-Rim Kim and Shaobin Gu

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101729 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Constipation is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated that probiotics may alleviate constipation by restoring gut microbiota balance. Methods: This study investigated the effects of Weizmannia coagulans BC99 (formerly Bacillus coagulans BC99) on gut microbiota and intestinal function in a loperamide-induced mouse model of functional constipation. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, model, phenolphthalein, BC99-L (2 × 10⁷ CFU/day), BC99-M (2 × 10⁸ CFU/day), and BC99-H (2 × 10⁹ CFU/day). After 14 days of supplementation, constipation was induced in mice via loperamide administration. Results: BC99 significantly increased fecal water content, gastrointestinal transit rate, microbial metabolic activity, and butyric acid production, while decreasing the abundance of inflammation-related metabolic pathways. Moreover, BC99 improved levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, including motilin and somatostatin. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was elevated in the BC99-M and the BC99-H group compared to the model group, indicating that BC99 effectively modulated gut microbiota composition and host biosynthetic pathways. Conclusions: Weizmannia coagulans BC99 alleviated and prevented loperamide-induced functional constipation in mice by enhancing intestinal peristalsis and restoring gut microbial homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health (2nd Edition))

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3 pages, 150 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Shu et al. Relationship between Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults: A Large Nationwide Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1480

by Mi Shu, Yue Xi, Jie Wu, Lai-Bao Zhuo, Yan Yan, Yi-Duo Yang, Yue-Yue Feng, Hua-Qiao Tan, Hui-Fang Yang and Yu-Ming Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101728 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

The following two errors were identified in the main text [1]: In the Results section (3 [...] Full article

5 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Diet and Muscle Metabolism

by Domenico Azzolino, Vincenzo Gianturco and Riccardo Calvani

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101727 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Advancing age is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength/function, termed sarcopenia, which leads to a wide spectrum of adverse outcomes including falls, institutionalization, loss of independence, and mortality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Muscle Metabolism)

19 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Prevalence of Preterm Postnatal Growth Faltering Using Fenton 2013 and INTERGROWTH-21st Growth Charts with Logistic and Machine Learning Models

by Ioanna Kakatsaki, Nicolina Hilda Anagnostatou, Theano Roumeliotaki, Eleftherios Panteris, Theodoros Liapikos, Styliani Papanikolaou and Eleftheria Hatzidaki

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101726 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Postnatal growth faltering (PGF) significantly affects premature neonates, leading to compromised neurodevelopment and an increased risk of long-term health complications. Methods: This retrospective study at a level III NICU of a tertiary hospital analyzed 650 preterm neonates born before 33 weeks. Postnatal growth was evaluated using the Fenton2013 and INTERGROWTH-21st growth charts, with changes in weight z-scores from birth to discharge classified as normal growth (ΔZ ≥ −1), non-severe PGF (−2 ≤ ΔZ < −1), and severe PGF (ΔZ < −2). Results: Mean gestational and postmenstrual age at discharge was 30 weeks (SD 1.9) and 37.1 weeks (SD 2.7), respectively. Fenton2013 growth curves revealed a higher prevalence of non-severe and severe PGF (43% and 14.6%) compared to INTERGROWTH-21st (24.5% and 10.3%). A more rapid establishment of full enteral feeds was strongly associated with reduced severe PGF prevalence in both growth charts (p < 0.001), as was shorter hospitalization. Late-onset sepsis was associated with an increased risk of severe PGF, while being small for gestational age (SGA) was protective against severe PGF across both growth charts (p < 0.001). A trend of decreasing PGF prevalence was noted over the study years, most probably attributed to the implementation of updated nutritional guidelines. Interestingly, when machine learning classification models were evaluated in our Greek cohort, a notable decline in predictive accuracy depending on the growth standard applied was observed. Conclusions: Our study highlights the need for standardizing PGF definition in an attempt to enhance nutritional management and further investigate the long-term impacts of nutritional interventions on growth, neurodevelopment, and overall health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Metabolism in Pregnancy)

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4 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Power of Databases in Unraveling the Nutrition–Health Connection

by Andreu Farran-Codina and Mireia Urpí-Sardà

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101725 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Human activities across different sectors produce large volumes of relevant nutritional information [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Databases, Nutrition and Human Health)

17 pages, 825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Diet Quality Index and Its Constituents in Preschool Children Diagnosed with a Food Allergy as Part of the “Living with an Allergy” Project

by Malgorzata Kostecka, Julianna Kostecka, Paulina Kawecka and Magdalena Sawic

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101724 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Pediatric food allergies (FAs) are health conditions that adversely impact the quality of life of children and their caregivers. Aim: The primary objective of the present study was to assess the quality of the diets administered to allergic children based on the Healthy Diet Index (HID-10), to determine the influence of parental knowledge about FAs and the elimination diet, and to identify the factors that contribute to healthy food choices. Material and Methods: This study was conducted as part of the “Living with an Allergy” research and educational program for preschool children, which was implemented between June 2021 and June 2023 in the city of Lublin. Results: Food allergies were diagnosed and confirmed in 241 children, including 106 boys (44%). A higher number of unhealthy dietary factors (DQI-1) was significantly associated with gender, and lower DQI values were more often noted in boys (p < 0.05). In turn, a higher number of health-promoting dietary factors (DQI-3) was significantly associated with a younger age in children (OR 1.54; 95%CI 1.17–1.74, p < 0.01) and with an older age in parents (OR 1.43; 95%CI 1.2–1.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Children whose diets, including the necessary modifications, were recommended by a physician or a dietitian were characterized by significantly higher DQI values and a higher number of health-promoting dietary factors. The diets of children with FAs should consist mainly of unprocessed foods to control the intake of unhealthy products that suppress immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Nutritional Assessment in Children)

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24 pages, 538 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Mediterranean Diet Adherence During Pregnancy on Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials

by Sukshma Sharma, Simona Esposito, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Alessandro Gialluisi, Paola De Domenico, Giovanni de Gaetano, Marialaura Bonaccio and Licia Iacoviello

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101723 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is limited evidence on the association between maternal Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and risks of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and excessive gestational weight gain (eGWG), and hence a systematic review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials was conducted. Methods: A total of 30,930 articles from the Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were identified, published between January 2000 and April 2025. The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 were used to assess the quality of seven studies (one each were case-control and cross-sectional, three were RCTs, and two were prospective cohort studies). Results: Overall, the studies examined the risks of preeclampsia (four studies), GDM (five studies), and eGWG (three studies). Only one prospective cohort study out of four reported that MD adherence was associated with lower risk of preeclampsia (OR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.96 for highest vs. lowest tertile). MD adherence was associated with decreased risk of GDM in the intervention groups in four studies (two RCTs (OR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98 and OR: 0.72, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.97) and one each of cross-sectional (OR: 2.32; 95% CI 2.13 to 2.57 for a 1-point decrease in the dietary score) and case-control studies (high Vs. low MD adherence: OR: 0.20, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.70)). MD adherence was associated with decreased risk of eGWG in two studies: one RCT (RR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.96 for a 1-point increment in the MD score) and one cross-sectional study (OR: 1.78; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.02 for a 1-point decrease in the MD score). Conclusions: Findings indicated the protective associations between MD adherence and GDM and eGWG risks but not for preeclampsia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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20 pages, 1085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional and Physical Rehabilitation in Post-Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Ambulatory Patients: The NutriEcoMuscle Study

by Clara Joaquín, Irene Bretón, María Julia Ocón-Bretón, Alba Zabalegui, Diego Bellido, Pilar Matía Martín, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos, Ana Zugasti, María Riestra, Francisco Botella and José Manuel García-Almeida

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101722 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of malnutrition is high in post-intensive care unit (ICU) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. This paper presents prospective results from the NutriEcoMuscle study, a multicenter observational study. The study aimed to evaluate changes in nutritional and functional status in post-ICU COVID-19 patients following nutritional and physical rehabilitation interventions. Secondary aims included assessing adherence to and tolerance of the oral nutritional supplement (ONS) used in the nutritional intervention. Methods: The study enrolled adults who had been admitted to the ICU due to severe COVID-19. At hospital discharge, the patients underwent a nutritional intervention based on oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) with 100% serum lactoprotein enriched with leucine and vitamin D and a physical rehabilitation program. They were followed up during three months. Performed assessments included Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, Barthel index (BI), handgrip strength and Timed Up and Go test, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), nutritional ultrasound (US), and tolerance and adherence to ONS. Sample size was calculated based on handgrip strength, and parametric and non-parametric tests were used to assess differences between the baseline and three-month outcomes. Results: The study included 96 patients (71.9% male, mean age 58.8 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.8 kg/m², 36.5% obese). A total of 85 patients (62 men and 23 women) completed the 90-day follow-up. The mean weight gain after the intervention was 6.8 (SD 5.2) kg (similar in men and women; p = 0.263). The proportion of patients with malnutrition according to the SGA or GLIM criteria decreased from 100% to 11.8% and 36.4%, respectively (p < 0.00001 in both cases). The proportion of patients with functional limitations by BI decreased from 66.7% to 27.0% (p < 0.0001). Handgrip strength increased more than 40% in both men and women (p < 0.00001). The time to perform the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test decreased more than 40% in both men and women (p < 0.00001). According to BIA, the mean fat mass did not increase significantly in either men or women. The mean fat-free mass index (FFMI) increased significantly in both men and women. There were also significant increases in body cell mass, skeletal muscle mass index, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. The phase angle (PhA) increased significantly in both men (26.5%) and women (17.4%). In a multivariate analysis, age and baseline PhA were related to the PhA increase (adjusted R² = 0.5573). The US study showed a significant increase in the mean measurements of muscle area, muscle circumference, X-axis, and Y-axis in the rectus femoris. Regarding abdominal fat, there were no significant increases in total, superficial, or preperitoneal adipose tissue by US. Participants engaged in a median interquartile range (IQR) of 70 (0–120) min/week of strength exercise and 60 (0–120) min/week of moderate physical exercise. The supplement was well tolerated, and poor adherence (less than 50%) was low (4% of the participants). Conclusions: A three-month intervention, including ONS and physical rehabilitation, is associated with a significant improvement in nutritional and functional status. Patients gained weight primarily by increasing their muscle mass. There was no significant increase in fat mass, as measured by BIA or US. The intervention was well tolerated and had good adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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20 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Ketone Supplementation Enhances the Anti-Epileptic Effect of Levetiracetam in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk Rats

by Enikő Rauch, Csilla Ari, Dominic P. D’Agostino and Zsolt Kovács

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101721 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Background: It has been demonstrated that levetiracetam can decrease absence epileptic activity in both human patients and different types of animal models of absence epilepsy, such as the genetically absence epileptic Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rat. It was also suggested previously that exogenous ketone supplements (EKSs)-evoked ketosis not only decreases the number of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) but also enhances the anti-absence epileptic effect of pyrimidine nucleoside uridine in WAG/Rij rats. These findings suggest that EKSs may enhance the efficacy of clinically used anti-epileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam. Methods: We investigated the effect of not only levetiracetam (intraperitoneal/i.p. 200 mg/kg) alone and KEKS supplemented food (containing 10% ketone ester/KE and 10% ketone salt/KS in a normal rat chow) alone, but also the combination of levetiracetam and KEKS supplemented food on SWD number and SWD time for 5 days in WAG/Rij rats. For evaluation of SWDs, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were performed every day. Moreover, for the measurement of blood glucose and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, the blood was taken from the tail vein of rats after EEG registration. Results: It was demonstrated that the administration of both levetiracetam alone and KEKS food alone decreased the SWD number and time spent in SWD, compared to control. Moreover, after combined administration of levetiracetam with KEKS food, enhanced anti-absence epileptic effect was observed, compared to levetiracetam alone. Blood R-βHB level significantly increased after administration of both KEKS food alone and KEKS food in combination with levetiracetam. Nevertheless, these treatments did not significantly change the blood glucose levels. Conclusions: We can conclude that EKSs may be able to enhance the anti-epileptic effect of different drugs, and this combined treatment method may represent a promising new approach and effective therapy against epileptic seizures, especially in treatment-resistant patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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